10, 2014 Sherubtse College, Bhutan

3rd International Seminar on Population & Development October 9 - 10, 2014 Sherubtse College, Bhutan

Linking Population, Environment & Development

Organized by Centre for Population & Social Research, Sherubtse College, Royal University of Bhutan, with support from UNFPA Bhutan About

3rd International Seminar on Population & Development October 9 - 10, 2014 Sherubtse College, Bhutan

Chair Mr. Tshering Wangdi, Director, Sherubtse

Organizing Committee Mr. Yeshey Dorji, UNFPA Mr. Sangay Thinley, Sherubtse Dr. Pankaj Thapa, Sherubtse Dr. Rama Kanta Barman, Sherubtse Mr. Jamyang Choda, Sherubtse Mr. Devi Bhakta Suberi, Sherubtse Mr. Sonam Dendup, Sherubtse Mr. Phurpa Dorji, Sherubtse

Review Committee Dr. Pankaj Thapa Mr. Jamyang Choda Mr. Sonam Dendup Mr. Ngawang Dendup

OPENING REGISTRATION DESK

THURSDAY 08:30hrs Conference Hall 9th October Programme Schedule in Detail

Day 1 : 09 October 2014

08:30 - 09:30 Participants Registration

09:30 - 09:40 Welcome Note by Mr. Tshering Wangdi, Director of Sherubtse College, Royal University of Bhutan

09:40 - 10:05 Opening Remark by Hon’ ble Dr. Sonam Kinga, Chairperson, National Council of Bhutan

10:05 - 10:30 Key Note by Mr. Yeshey Dorji, UNFPA Country Representative, Bhutan

10:30 - 11:00 Tea & Coffee Break

Day 1 - Panel I

11:00 - 11:30 Bholanath Bhattarai (Plenary Note), Population & Develop- ment: Challenges and Opportunities in Bhutan

Theme: Population and Development Session Chair: Professor Simon Baker (IPSR, Thailand)

11:30 - 11:55 Dr. K.V Marulkar. Complementing Economic Policies and Reforms to Demographic Change: An Indian Express

11:55 – 12:20 Dr. Deepak Suryawanshi. A Study of Labour Force in India

12:20 – 12:45 Leishipem Khamrang. Spatial Pattern of Socio-Economic Well-Being and Regional Disparity in Bhutan: A Geographical Perspective

12:45 - 14:00 Campus Tour & Lunch Break Theme: Population and Development Session Chair: Mr. Ngawang Dendup (Lecturer Sherubtse College)

14:00 - 14:25 Tempa Gyeltshen. Interaction between Formal and Informal Credit Markets in Rural Bhutan

14:25 – 14:50 Tshering Jamtsho. An Exploration of Demographic Transition & Demographic Dividends - its impacts in realizing sustainable socio-economic development in Bhutan

14:50 - 15:15 Tea Break

Theme: Population and Development Session Chair: Professor Yashpal Vyas (Indore Christian College, India)

15:15 - 15:40 Devi Bhakta Suberi. Good Governance for Sustainable Development - A Conceptual Development

15:40 - 16:05 Thinley Namgyel. Media and Good Governance: Media Use and Impact on the People of Khaling Gewog

16:05 - 16:30 Sangay Thinley. Government to Citizen (G2C) Services: Perspectives of Ordinary Citizens in Three Gewogs of Bhutan

Day 1 - Panel II

11:00 - 11:30 Lham Dorji (Plenary Note), Social capital, household welfare and happiness

Theme: Population and Environment Session Chair: Professor Pankaj Thapa (Sherubtse College)

11:30 - 11:55 Dr K.M Alaskar & Dr. M.S Dabade. Impact of Population Growth on Environment and Use of Green ICT

11:55 - 12:20 Md. Lokman Bhuiyan. Changes in soil physical & chemical properties as effected by long-term cultivation practices in Chechuria village under Dumuria Upazila.

12:20 - 12:45 Bhogtoram Mawroh. Household Water insecurity in the Rain- iest Place on the Earth- Cherrapunjee: Natural Constraints or Social Constrictions 12:45 - 14:00 Campus Tour & Lunch Break

Theme: Population and Environment Session Chair: Professor Søren Willert (Aalborg University, Denmark)

14:00 - 14:25 Arati Yadav. Natural Resources Management: A Study of Khasi Community of Meghalaya

14:25 – 14:50 Piyashi Debroy. Importance of Mangroves for Fisheries Well- being and Maritime Governance

14:50 - 15:15 Tea Break

Theme: Population and Environment Session Chair: Professor R. Balamurgan (Sherubtse College)

15:15 - 15:40 Dr. Pankaj Thapa. Multilevel Analysis of Agricultural Prob- lems in Bhutan using Geospatial Techniques

15:40 - 16:05 Tsho Tsho. - tion and Co-ordination

16:05 - 16:30 Phurpa Dorji. Economic Evaluation of Mitigation Measures used against Wildlife in Langchenphug Gewog

Day 2 : 10 October 2014

Day 2 - Panel I

Theme: Gender and Development Session Chair: Dr. Sonam Wangmo. (Sherubtse College)

09:00 – 09:25 Jyotisikha Dutta. Women Access to Housing: A Case Study of Slums in Guwahati City

09:25 – 09:50 Bhabesh Hazarika. Women Empowerment in Developing Countries through Participation in Home-based Activities: A Study in the Handloom Industry 09:50 – 10:15 Kinley Seden, Søren Willert & Dorji S. Impact of women’s education on the academic achievement of their children in Samtse Primary & Secondary Schools: An Enquiry

10:15 – 10:40 Tashi Tshomo. Perception of Bhutanese Women Parliamentar- ians and LG Representatives: A Study Based in Urban Thimphu

10:40 – 11:10 Tea Break

Theme: Population, Youth and Society Session Chair: Mr. Lham Dorji (NSB, Bhutan)

11:10 – 11:35 Bimal Sharma & Mr. Jigme Norbu. Causes, Effects and Na- ture of Domestic Violence in Bhutan

11:35 – 12:00 R. Balamurgan & Dr. S. Chitra. Bhutanese Youth and Unem- ployment-Issues and Concerns

12:00 – 12:25 Brian Young. The Impact of Development in Bhutan on Fami- ly, Identity and Everyday Life of Nomadic Yak Herders of Merak

12:25 – 12:50 Shankar Sampangni. Implementation of Disability Reserva- tion- A Caste Based Quota

12:50 – 14:00 Lunch Break

Theme: Population, Health and Environment Session Chair: Mr. Tshering Jamtsho (MoH, Bhutan)

14:00 - 14:25 Tashi Dorji. - tion in Bhutan

14:25 – 14:50 Ngawang Dendup. Valuation of Piped Drinking Water and Sanitation Infrastructure in Bhutan

14:50 – 15:20 Tea Break

15:20 – 15:40 Concluding Remarks Day 2 - Panel II Theme: Migration and Development Session Chair: Professor K.M Alasker (B.V Deemed University, India) 09:00 – 09:25 Yoshio Akamatsu. Depopulation and Rural Development

09:25 – 09:50 Simon Baker. Changing Dynamics of Labor Exploitation/ Hu- 2009-2012

09:50 – 10:15 V. Venkateshwarlu. Human Migration is an Essential Need for the Livelihood and competition among the intellectual classes around the globe - A Critical Study

10:15 – 10:40 Tshering Lhamo. A Review of Transnational Care in Asia: recommendations for Future Research

10:40 – 11:10 Tea Break

Theme: Migration & Development and RH. & Rights Session Chair: Dr. M.S Dabade (Assistant Professor, S B S K Patil College)

11:10 – 11:35 Tashi Chophel. Rural-Urban Migration in Bhutan

11:35 – 12:00 Barti Sharma. A Study of Women’s Reproductive Health

12:00 – 12:25 Subhasis Bhattacharya. Barriers to Maternal and Child Health care: A case study in Jalpaiguri, West Bengal

12:25 – 12:50 S.T.Bagalkoti & Ashwath Naik. MDGS and Reproductive Health: Are Overpopulated States Blocking India’s Progress?

12:50 – 14:00 Lunch Break

Theme: Health and Ageing Session Chair: Leishipem Khamrang (Senior Lecturer, RTC,Bhutan)

14:00 - 14:25 Dr. Sonam Wangmo. Case Study on the Role of School in Pro- moting Health in Trashigang District

14:25 – 14:50 Dr. Yashpal Vyas. Social Ageing in India and its Challenges 14:50 – 15:20 Tea Break

15:20 – 15:40 Concluding Remarks Abstracts

3rd International Seminar on Population & Development

Complementing Economic Policies and Reforms to Demographic Change: An Indian Express

Dr. Kedar Vijay Marulkar Dr. Mansingh S. Dabade Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Dept. of Commerce & Management, S B S K Patil College Shivaji University, Kolhapur Kurundwad, Dist. Kolhapur (Maharashtra, India), (Maharashtra, India) [email protected]

Abstract

A large number of young adults are poised to add to the working-age population of developing economies like India. Despite much interest in the expected growth dividend, the size and circumstances of the potential gains remain under-explored. This paper makes an attempt in assessing Indian economic policies and reforms vis-à-vis its demographic changes. The objectives of the present study are : to study the variation in the age structure of the population across Indian states, to identify the demographic dividend and to study the economic reforms under- taken during the last two decade and their association with demographic change.

The study is largely based on the secondary data available from government reports/re- cords. It also takes into consideration the views of the economists and sociologists about the policy prescriptions and their relation with demographic change during the same time.

level and growth rate of the working age ratio. This result is robust to a variety of empirical strategies, including a correction for inter-state migration. The results imply that a substantial fraction of the growth acceleration that India has experienced since the 1980s—sometimes ascribed exclusively to economic reforms—is attributable to changes in the country’s age structure. Moreover, the demographic dividend could add about 2 percentage points per annum to India’s per capi- ta GDP growth over the next two decades. With the future expansion of the working age ratio concentrated in some of India’s poorest states. But at the same time, it has also been found that there is a very little empirical evidence of complementarities between demographic variables and various facets of social development

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or the policy environment. It is possible that some of the social preconditions for has also been observed that economic policies and reforms most complementary to the demographic change were those applied at the national level. Research into such complementarities could throw further light on the likely trajectory of economic growth not just in India but also on the larger global stage, and partic- ularly in the emerging economies and South East Asian countries as the ongoing demographic transition is being witnessed by most of these countries.

The results suggest that substantial part of India’s growth acceleration since the 1980s can be attributed to demographic change. Also, while the largest ex- pansions in the working age ratio have occurred in southern and western states that have led India in terms of recent economic growth, the bulk of the remain- ing demographic transition will be concentrated in lagging states, thus raising the prospect of substantial income convergence among rich and poor states.

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A Study of Labour Force In India

Dr. Deepak V. Suryawanshi Dr. T.K.Jadhav Head Dept. of History, Principal, Sahakarbhshan S.K. Patil College, Sahakarbhushan S.K.Patil College, Kurundwad Kurundwad [email protected]

Abstract

An important characteristic of the population of a country is the size fertility and migration. All these factors determine labour force in a country. Each person in the population is a consumer of the goods and services that are available, only some proportion of the population participates in their production. It is obvious that the very young, very old as well as physically and mentally disabled persons are not useful for economic activity. It is, therefore, accepted that only those who can produce goods and services constitute the manpower of any nation. The economically active population is that part of manpower which actually takes part, or tries to take part, in the production of goods and services.

Objectives of the study: i) To know the size and proportion of population. ii) To know the labour force in India. iii) To know the active labour force in India. iv) To know the age and sex wise participation in economic activities. v) To know the labour force participation rate.

Methodology: Researcher will adopt the secondary data for this study. The data will be collected from various books, Government reports, web sites etc.

Researcher will focused in his research on the following topics - i) Concepts used in analysis of labour force data in India. ii) Crude labour force participation rates by States. iii) Workers by industrial categories. iv) Trends in labour force participation rate.

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Spatial pattern of socio-economic well-being and regional disparity in Bhutan – A geographical perspective.

Leishipem Khamrang Senior Lecturer Royal Thimphu College. [email protected]

Abstract

Socio-economic development over the space is highly uneven, characterized by dis- continuous pattern of development, owing to the variation in physical and resource round the structural policies inherently dominated by the capitalist mode of production. The trajectory of economic development under such economic regime in- dicates widening regional disparity both at spatial and social scale. Contemporary understanding of how the space is socially constructed and used. In many developing countries, the socially constructed spaces are found fragmented resulting to new - ture of economic development of a country, irrespective of its economic potentiali- of economically (more) potential. This has been a common development scenario and strategy of development in many developing countries. The ultimate production of space, characterized by uneven spatial activities in terms of distribution and functions, therefore, gains its importance in development discourse. Bhutan is not exception while many researchers and scholars have shown a great deal of interest on the prevailing unequal development scenario in the country. The western part of the country is more developed as compared to the central and the eastern part of the country with the curve of socio-economic well-being peaks in around Thimphu dz- ongkag and declines sharply towards the peripheral regions. The underlying socially constructed space in the country, therefore, needs special attention with critical emphasis on ‘who gets what, where and how’ that encapsulate the basic concept and characterized by dominant of few districts with little trickledown effect to the peripheral region. Analyzing spatial pattern of socio-economic well-being of the country can

4 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development provide useful tool to target development programme and public expenditure to areas where they are mostly needed. With this backdrop in mind, present study attempts to bring out spatial pattern of socio-economic well-being and development in Bhutan.

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Interaction between Formal and Informal Credit Markets in Rural Bhutan.

Tempa Gyeltshen RICBL Thimphu, Bhutan [email protected]

Abstract

This study investigates household’s credit demand, degree of loan rationing by credit sectors and households credit choice in rural Bhutan. The paper provides results from a survey of 120 households among three sub-districts of rural Bhutan. Bivar- credit source, despite huge interest rate differentials. Informal loans were mostly obtained for consumption purposes while; formal loans were mostly borrowed for long term investments. 88% of the households obtaining formal loans required collateral but collateral is rarely required in the informal sectors. Although value of land reduces likelihood being credit constrained in both formal and informal sectors, it - ings also suggest that complementary markets such as insurance market; commu-

Key words

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An Exploration of Demographic Transition & Demographic Dividends – Its impacts in realising sustainable socio-economic development in Bhutan

Tshering Jamtsho Demographer, MOH Thimphu, Bhutan [email protected]

Abstract

As in most developing nations and in particular Asia (Bloom & et al., 2003), Bhutan is also witnessing the wave of demographic transition. This is evident from sizeable decline in both fertility and mortality rates, coupled with steady improvement in child survival, and increasing longevity; there have been notable changes in the age structure and distribution of population. These consistent changes in fertility and mortality rates may have resulted in the overall transformations of population growth and the age structure in the country. of young population, and majority (63%) of the population comprises of working age groups 15-64 years. With this youthful age structure, the population is further expected to surge as a result of population momentum effect. Thus, this added productivity of existing major-share of working age group population and additionally, coupled with radical drop in the total dependency ratio from high of 92 per 100 persons of 15-64 years in 1994 (NHS, 1994) to 59 in 2012 (NHS, 2012); Bhutan – provided right policies are in place to reap such demographic ‘window of opportunity’ in order to enhance economic growth in a sustainable approach. Numerous overseas studies such as, (Bloom et al., 2001, 2003 & 2007; Fang, 2010; J Gribble & Bremner, 2012; Bloom & Canning, 2004; Ross, 2004; Daly, 2005; etc.) have emphasized on the existence of optimistic associations between demographic transition – in particular the change in age structure combined with sizeable shifts of population into the productive age groups, and its favourable impacts on the socio-economic growth. Therefore, this research anticipates carrying out in-depth study in gaining better in- sights into demographic transition; prospective demographic dividends; and assesses - able socio-economic development in Bhutan.

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Good Governance for Sustainable Development - A Conceptual Development

Devi Bhakta Suberi Lecturer Sherubtse College Royal University of Bhutan [email protected]

Abstract

Sustainable development was and still is a primary concern for international community. No country has yet achieved to integrate the social, economic, and environmental dimension of sustainability. MDGs failed to include the importance to development of good governance, and integrate the aspects of sustainable development as envisaged in the Millennium Declaration. Serious failure and inability to integrate the three dimensions of sustainability can be attributed to weaker political sustainability. Political sustainability is important for responding to social, economic and environmental challenges. Good governance has always been recognized to be a critical tool for advancing sustainable development. Good governance may not necessarily guarantee sustainable development; however its absence might severely affect and can, impede it. Good governance that promises the rule of law, free speech and open and accountable government has the potential to respond to challenges of different dimensions of sustainability. In other words, political sustainability can be achieved through the institution and development of good governance. Also, the primary objective of any development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives whereby achieving human development. In this paper the author would like to propose a unique model for sustainable development by applying the conceptual framework of human development in good governance.

Key words: Sustainable development, MDGs, political sustainability, good governance, human development

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Media and Good Governance: Media Use and Impact on the People of Khaling Gewog

Thinley Namgyel Lecturer Sherubtse College Royal University of Bhutan [email protected]

Abstract

Information is power. Media empowers people by providing information. Therefore, a government in which media plays an important role ensures Good Governance by empowering its people. With fertile ground of Good Governance in place, people can rip the fruit of development and raise their standard of living. Media in Bhutan is still at its infant stage and most of the people are not aware of the importance of media. of Khaling gewog under Tashigang Dzongkhag. The main objective of the study was - titative methods are used for the study. The result and understanding from this study may be useful in planning for future developmental activities.

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Government to Citizen (G2C) Services: Perspectives of Ordinary Citizens in Three Gewogs of Bhutan

Sangay Thinley Dean of Research and Industrial Linkages Sherubtse College Royal University of Bhutan [email protected]

Abstract

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has made the lives of people across the world very easy and convenient. In order to tap its potential and with good governance as one of the important pillars of the country’s development philosophy, of Bhutan initiated the G2C project to reach government’s services as close to the - though it is still early days to judge the success/failure of such a noble initiative since most of the Community Centres (CCs), through which the services are to be delivered, are still struggling to get the Internet connection needed for delivery of these services, the author attempts to study the impact and the experiences of people at the grassroots level in three Gewogs of Bhutan. The author will then present some recommendations after analyzing the transcripts of semi-structured qualitative interviews with people of will also employ results of quantitative surveys.

Key words: G2C, Good Governance, Community Centres, GNH

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Impact of Population growth on Environment and Use of Green ICT (Information Communication Technology)

Prof. Dr. K. Miyalal Alaskar Dr. Mansingh S. Dabade Professor & Head Assistant Professor (Department of Computer) S B S K Patil College Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Kurundwad, Dist. Kolhapur Institute of Management Kadamwadi (Maharashtra, India) Kolhapur Maharashtra India [email protected]

Abstract

Sixty years ago we were only 2 billion; at current rates we are growing from 6.8 billion in 2010 to 9 billion in 2050. Every day we see an additional 209,000 people on the planet. The consequences of this trend are mounting demand for water, food, clean air, energy, goods and an increasing amount of waste. At the current carbon footprint, we consume more than Earth can provide. Accord- ing to the WWF, humanity consumed in 2007 1.5 times what the Earth can provide. In other words, we needed 1.5 planets to support our needs. The general expectation is that the carbon footprint will double by 2030. Green ICT(Information Communication Technology) allows both to reduce the carbon footprint and the costs of an organization, in the short and in the long run. This paper indicate strategies both for an enterprise and a provider of green solutions from the point of view of using green solutions as well as from the point of view of delivering green ICT solutions. - tions, and the harnessing of ICT to improve the environmental performance of the rest of the organization’s activities. This paper is an invitation to co-invest in long- term sustainability and to contribute to a long and healthy life in a clean environment for future generations. This paper initially emphasis on an overview of the main challenges the world is facing and how to successfully tackle the environmental issues. Finally, we focus on ICT solutions which help lower both environmental impacts and costs. The solu-

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tions are manifold and not only help in building a sustainable society, but also help create new opportunities and reduce the overall costs.

Key Words: Green ICT, Population, Environment, Carbon footprint, Greening of IT, Greening by IT.

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Changes in soil physical & chemical properties as effected by long-term cultivation practices in Chechuria village under Dumuria Upazila.

Md. Lokman Bhuiyan Secretary General, BERF Bangladesh [email protected]

Abstract

- plain soil in Khulna region soils. To compare with the physical and chemical quality parameters in long-term cultivated and non-cultivated soils. Physical parameters such as particle size analysis, micro aggregate analysis, hydraulic conductivity, porosity and bulk density were determined. Soil reaction (pH) and Electrical conductivity (EC) were determined as routine analysis and chemical parameters such as Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sulfur (S), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Organic matter (OM), Organic Carbon (OC) were determined. . Eight sites in the agricultural region has been selected to choose for this study. Samples were collected from over three generation, over 100 years, over 50 years and 5-10 years long-term cultivation and virgin soils. Most soils are mainly silt loam in texture, massive in structure and friable to extremely hard in consistency. The average pH of the soils were medium to moderate alkaline as well as the soils were non saline to slightly saline in character. The highest value of cultivable soil range from 830 to 3120 ppm and in non cultiva- concentration in cultivable soil varies from 12.16 to 3.27 ppm and in non cultivable - cultivation time. Initial value of Ca in non cultivated soil is 1400 ppm and cultivated soil is 1200 ppm and then increasing the value of cultivated soil over the years. The OM drastically decreased by using the land than that of non cultivated land. Due to over use of land most soils of this area are going to lose its natural fertility. So, incorporation is needed to introduce new technique for reducing soil degradation.

Key words: Long term cultivation, soil organic mater, depletion, aggregate stability, natural fertility, sustainable agriculture

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Household Water insecurity in the Rainiest Place on the Earth - Cherrapunjee: Natural Constraints or Social Constrictions

Bhogtoram Mawroh Zahid Husain Ph.D. Research Scholar Professor North-Eastern Hill University North-Eastern Hill University [email protected]

Abstract

The area between Cherrapunjee and Mawsynram receives the highest amount of oro- graphic rainfall in the world. Though average annual rainfall in Cherrapunjee is 11,870 mm (1980 to 2010), such high atmospheric availability does not guarantee household water security, for many households suffer from acute water shortage. This water shortage is more pronounced in the dry/lean season, i.e., from November to February when almost no rainfall is recorded. Water shortage varies from time to time, place to place and household to household. Surprisingly, there are a few households having surplus quantity of water during the whole year. The geomorphic zones in which the settlements are located determine the scope and constraints to the type of sources and amount of water that can be accessed by the households. Access to safe and reliable sources is very essential for attaining water security at the household level. On the other hand, households located either in the urban centre of Cherrapunjee town or in the rural settlements display inter and intra variations in water shortage or water surplus pattern raising critical questions. To what extent does the natural environment determine the attainment of water security at the household level? At what level does the socio-economic set-up and political environment The present study has tried to answer these questions by looking into the water collection pattern among the households situated in the different geomorphic zones of plateau, mid- slope and valley. These geomorphic zones contain the urban centre of Cherrapunjee and the selected six rural settlements that have been selected for the present study. Data were collected in both the water surplus season, i.e., monsoon (June to October) and the water to assess whether in a naturally water surplus environment the physical environment is the all pervasive factor or the socio-economic and political factors get superimposed on the

Key Words: Cherrapunjee, household water security, lean season, geomorphic zones, water surplus-water shortage.

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Natural Resource Management: A Study of Khasi Community of Meghalaya

Arati Yadav Research Scholar Department of Geography North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong [email protected]

Abstract

For the Khasis, one of the three indigenous communities of Meghalaya (Jaintia and Garo), forests have been an important source of livelihoods, providing them not only with fuel, fodder and timber but also various forms of wild edibles in the form of fruit/roots and berries. The long years of interaction with the forests have equipped these indigenous people with a deep knowledge of conservation skills and techniques which they put to effective use in the management of their natural resources. This fact is clearly demonstrated by the systematic manner in which the ancient Khasi commu- the ingenious manner in which this vital resource has been put to use where each cat- large tracts of forest (Ka khlaw) were brought under the state control on the name of conservation. Since, the state falls under the purview of the Sixth Schedule area, the resources into various types on the basis of its ownership and uses. Through this paper, a theoretical attempt has been to assess and analyze the role of Khasi community in the management of one of their vital resources that is the forest resources which is supported by statistical evidences collected from secondary sources.

Key Words: Khasi, Indigenous Community, Livelihoods, Sixth Schedule, Autono- mous District Council

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Importance of Mangroves for Fisheries Wellbeing and Maritime Governance

Piyashi Debroy Central Institute of Fisheries Education India [email protected]

Abstract

The study was carried out in Pichavaram mangroves in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. Mangroves, growing in brackish coastal habitats, are unique in that they have important conjoint functions like carbon sequestration, eco-tourism and protection against natural ecosystem valuation on account of the fact that mangroves have huge potential for miti- - time governance was contingent valuation method (CVM). Application of CVM for valu- tentative involvement of stakeholders, who are directly concerned with the exploitation uses in the form of ecological services rendered by the mangroves. If the public are made aware of the importance of mangroves through CVM, we can avoid the further loss of this - gate proper maritime governance through stake-holder based management and co-management in terms of mangrove conservation.

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Multilevel analysis of agricultural problems in Bhutan using Geospatial techniques

Pankaj Thapa Assistant Professor [email protected]

Kezang Gaden , Tenzin , Namgay Dorji , Sabitra Basnet Geography Honours graduate, 2014 Department of Geography & Planning, Sherubtse College, Royal University of Bhutan

Abstract

Agriculture is the main revenue earner for Bhutan and the mainstay for about 62% of been a major target in almost all the development plans. Anomalies in the data such as the decrease of agricultural land from 7.7 in 1997 to 2.9 at present, and the lack of - cult to make realistic plans for agricultural development. Three main factors, namely problems. Parameters such as land use and land cover, topography, soil, temperature and rainfall form the basis for land and climatic factors focusing on rice production. - acteristics of land and primary data collected from various sample study sites. The results reveal that only 1% (389.51 sq. km) of the total land is highly suitable and 37.4% (14526.75 sq. km) is moderately suitable for agricultural use. The potential suitability is only 0.17% (64.36 sq. km)-highly suitable and 2.58% (1001.77 sq. km)-moderately suitable. The impact of climate was found to be highly positive especially in rain fed agriculture of the temperate regions. Two different sites with similar geographical conditions, but diverse agricultural patterns revealed distinct nature of human-wild- geospatial techniques.

Key words: Geospatial techniques, agricultural land use suitability, weather abnor-

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and Co-ordination

Tshotsho Lecturer in Economics School of Social Science Sherubtse College Royal University of Bhutan [email protected]

Abstract

The poor wildlife conservation outcomes that followed years of command and wildlife resource management strategies have forced policy making and researchers to consider the role of community in wildlife resource use and conservation. The conventional work on development of community and wildlife conservation considered communities as in- capable and hindrance to progressive social and economic change. There has been a wave of research afterwards where researchers and policy makers champion the role of community in promoting decentralization, local participation, and wildlife conservation. But the four assumptions (the state is willing to pass ownership and management responsibilities to local communities, communities are interested in conservation, local communities have knowledge and capacity to manage wildlife resources and wildlife conservation and rural economic development are compatible), that underlie community-based conservation turned problematic despite its recent popularity. Despite the substantial work done in conservation of wildlife and community protection, a theoretical study of human-wildlife attention. We intend to make an inroad to this end. The unsuccessful management of hu- behavior change. We suggest an integrated approach, combining political ecology and institutional economics that is able to address institutional developments and multiple interest groups within communities in the context of wildlife conservation. We stress that effective institutionalization of community-based wildlife conservation depends on local communities to have access to funds for implementing their rules and decisions. These funds should be locally created rather than external contributions by the governments and non-governmental organisations.

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Economic Evaluation of Mitigation Measures used against Wildlife in Langchenphug Gewog

Phurpa Dorji Lecturer Sherubtse College Royal University of Bhutan [email protected]

Abstract

In Bhutan the population of Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus), listed in the Appendix I by the CITES and in an Endangered (EN) category by IUCN red list, has decreased conservation given the highest priority, Langchenphu and neighboring Gewogs were declared as Khaling Wildlife Sanctuary and covers over 129 sq. miles. However, the residences in and around the sanctuary are severely affected by the presence of wild elephants. Every year the maize, paddy and gingers which are the major crops grown have been and non-lethal electric fencing has been put up to control the depredation of crops and - ferent mitigation measures adopted by farmers in Langchenphu Gewog. Household census was done for the data collection using structured questionnaire and focus group discussion. A total of 127 households were surveyed. Using user cost of capital, the cost effectiveness of different mitigations was evaluated. Probit model was Non-lethal and lethal electric fencings have proved successful in controlling the con- - mals. Although non-lethal electric fencing has proved effective in Langchenphu village but will it be sustainable and affordable?

Key words: Mitigation measures, solar fencing, guarding, lethal electric fencing

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Women Access to Housing: A Case Study of Slums in Guwahati City

Jyotisikha Dutta Senior Laboratory Assistant, Department of Women’s Studies, Gauhati University and PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Guwahati [email protected]

Abstract

The current urban situation in developing countries is expounding of the rapid deterioration of living conditions in human settlements, and as population growth continues un- abated it is only getting worse. There has been a huge shortfall in the housing supply and this acute shortage of urban housing has contributed immensely to the rapid formation and growth of informal settlements. Housing itself is the basic need of every individual that provides economic and social security to individuals in the society, housing measures the economic well- being of the individuals and his social status in the society. In case of women, housing is a key resource for them; it is an asset important to their economic condition and central to their physical and social well-being. It contributes to their bar- helps women to determine their own futures and make the decisions that affect their lives. Despite the fact that gender equality in rights to land and housing has been established in numerous international treaties and conventions, gender continues to be a major axis of shelter discrimination. Data gathered from 16 low-income urban communities in developing nations showed that only one-third of owner-occupiers were female. Although some housing programmes prioritize female heads, in male-headed households, title almost invariably goes to men. Guwahati, the Gateway of Northeast India, is also a fast growing metropolitan city and as a consequence, Guwahati has also acquire the problems various reasons of housing rights violations face by the women in low-income urban areas mainly slum areas of Guwahati city. The study also focuses on trends of urbanization in Guwahati and outlines the provision made for women to access housing in various schemes introduced by the Indian Government for urban housing. For the study, a four slums are selected from four constituencies of Guwahati purposively. A total of 200( 50 for each slum) women respondents are interviewed through a structured questionnaire for the study using simple random sampling. Focus group discussion is also use for the pur- pose. In the result, patriarchal, customary and religious laws and practices, low economic

20 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development status are found to be the main reasons of housing rights violations face by the women in the slums of Guwahati city.

Key words: Gender, Urbanization, Slum, Housing Access

21 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development

Women Empowerment in Developing Economies through Participation in Home-based Activities: A Study in the Handloom Industry

Bhabesh Hazarika Kishor Goswami Department of Humanities and Social Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur India India [email protected]

Abstract

There evolves debates on UNDP’s conceptualizations on women empowerment due to several drawbacks and its Eurocentric notion. The manifestation of empowerment at different levels and dimensions give rise to complexities and multidimensionality in empowerment process and its understanding. The understanding of empowerment is often plagued by the concepts and methodological issues. In recent years, the issue of analyzing and measuring the empowerment process and its magnitude through suitable indicators within the socio-economic nexuses is receiving importance in the context of developing economies such as India. Present paper aims at investigating to what extent the participation of women in home-based economic activities empowers rural women in Assam, a North Eastern State of India. It is based on primary data collected from 205 married women working in the handloom industry in six districts through a semi-structured interview schedule during January 2012 to June 2012. Present study emphasizes on the core concept of agency, resources, and achievement within the context of rural non-farm home-based activities represented in handloom industry. In order to capture the core concepts of em- - hold Decision Making, Freedom of Mobility, ownership of Assets and Income, Gender Preferences, and Domestic Violence. Finally, a Cumulative Women Empowerment Index of the women. Results show that majority of the married women working in the handloom industry enjoy a below average to average level of empowerment. There also exists spatial variation as well as gap in women empowerment in the state. More than 50 percent empowerment gaps are observed for indicators such as ownership, gender neutral, and free from domestic violence. The gap in ownership (69.78%) is severe, indicating the exclusion of women from exercising power and control over family assets, productive

22 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development resources, and income. The regression results show that age, educational attainment, empowerment level of the women. Participation in handloom commercial activities enhances women empowerment. While handloom income enhances women’s decision making and ownership, it reduces domestic violence against them. Education emerges crucial in the empowerment process as it facilitates women towards more involvement in the household decision making, pertains them towards their rights and less acceptance of domestic violence. Therefore, the ongoing efforts to send girls to school must be encouraged and policies should be more focused towards inclusion of women in educational and developmental programs. The study recommends that there should home-based activities.

Keywords: Women Empowerment, Measurement, Gender Preference, Domestic Vi- olence, Handloom, Assam

23 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development

Impact of women’s education on the academic achievement of their children in Three Lower and Secondary Schools of Samtse Dzongkhag: An Enquiry

Søren Willert Department of Learning and Philosophy, Aalborg University, Denmark [email protected]

Kinley Seden , Dorji S Kheng Samtse College of Education, Bhutan Royal University of Bhutan

Abstract

- - ly. Apart from leading to increased understanding, it is also hoped that useful guidelines

is targeted at secondary school students and their mothers and will explore the research theme in a retrospective manner. Focus group interviews with teachers will also be carried for the construction of meaning components that will enrich the second stage, which shall be targeted at school beginners and is planned to last for two years as from project start. During the second stage the research theme shall be explored in real time.

In both project stages the primary target population will consist in two equally-sized sub- groups, each composed of an as yet undecided number of mother-child units. Sub-groups shall differ with respect to mothers’ level of education (‘literate/non-literate’). Teachers form a secondary target population.

Both project stages will use a mixed methods design. Quantitative data will consist in progress reports for students of the target populations, possibly supplemented by quantitative items (e.g. Likert scales) from semi-structured interviews with mothers and/or students. Qualitative data will be derived from the following sources: (1) Focus group interviews (possibly based on group members’ quantitative self-ratings) with secondary

24 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development school students; (2) focus group interviews (possibly based on group members’ quantitative self-ratings)with mothers of secondary school students and school beginners respectively; (3) focus group interviews with teachers. Interview data may be supplemented by observation data from classroom and/or from mother-child interaction.

The study aims at answering the following research questions: 1. - cation; (2) child’s academic achievements in school as formally registered. 2. Do mothers’ school-related support activities vis-à-vis their children differ as a function of their level of education? – and if yes, how may such differences be de- scribed? 3. Do ‘interesting differences’ exist between the way in which research theme-related issues are perceived by members of the study’s three different sub-target groups, mothers, students and teachers. 4. - reality?

The study will be set in motion as from the beginning of the new school year, July 2014. At the Sherubtse Conference its basic rationale will be presented, together with a progress report.

Keywords scholastic achievement

25 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development

Perception on Bhutanese Women Parliamentarians and LG representatives: A study based in urban Thimphu

Tashi Tshomo Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan [email protected]

Abstract

Democracy necessitates balanced representation of men and women at all level of decision-making. However, despite gender-neutral policies and legislations in Bhutan, there is underrepresentation of women in both parliament and Local Government (LG). Further- - liamentary election 2013 despite several awareness programs aimed at increasing participation of women in parliament. The study investigates the opinion of people on a quota system for women in Parliamentary election and LG in Bhutan. Survey methodology and - chran equation. The questionnaire was distributed to a selected strata comprising of college students, CSO’s, ECB, civil servants, legislator (NC, NA) in urban Thimphu. Face- to-face interviews were done with the selected members of the people in all these strata. The survey data was analyzed using three package; Strata, SPSS and MS-excel. Content analysis of the interview was carried out. The study obtained people’s perception on Bhu- tanese women in parliament and LG. The reasons for underrepresentation of women were traditional gender roles, low education level in women and unwillingness of Bhutanese to elect women parliamentarians and LG representatives. To identify and provide training to civic education was seen as important means to increase the number of women candidates - liament and LG was quota system. The research reveals the opinions regarding the quota for women which is divided sharply between the gender. Female respondents were more likely to support quota than male respondents. The research points out the drawbacks associated with adopting a quota. However, it was found out that if a time bound quota is incorporated in these spheres (Parliament and LG); it would accelerate the number of women candidates. In addition, a quota may help to break the socio-cultural barriers faced by the women to participate in Parliamentary election and LG in Bhutan.

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Causes, Effects and Nature of Domestic Violence in Bhutan

Jigme Norbu Bimal Sharma Student Lecturer Department of Geography and Planning Department of Geography and Planning Sherubtse College Sherubtse College [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract

Domestic violence is recognized as growing societal problem in Bhutan imposing considerable impact on the individual and household. Lots of empirical studies have done - ly. The study used secondary data from Bhutan Multiple Indicator Survey, 2010 (BIMS) supplemented by individual data constructed for random selection of women. This research focuses on the data analysis of Eastern Southern, Central and Western dz- ongkhags of Bhutan. It is based on both secondary and primary data sources from Bhu- tan. Bhutan Multiple Indicator Survey (2010) and National Statistical Bureau (NSB) considered as a secondary data sources along with National Surveys, Census and Ad- ministrative data. Randomly selected household interviewed from each corner of the geographical division of the Bhutan were considered as a primary data. The data pro- Bhutan Multiple Indicator Survey, 2010 (BMIS) indicated, out of 11, 070, women re- spondent, 9460 (85.50%) did not experience domestic violence whereas 1610 (14.50%) experienced domestic violence at some point of time in their relationship. As per the individual data constructed, the prominent variety of domestic violence among the sur- and sexual violence. Study suggests that the domestic violence occur due to high acceptance rate with as high as 64.8%, socio-economic dependency, devaluation of relation with increasing number of year in relationship, extra-marital affairs, lack of education and under the

Key words: domestic violence, causes, consequences

27 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development

Bhutanese Youth and Unemployment - Issues and Concerns

R. Balamurgan Dr. S. Chitra Asst. Prof. in Mathematics Asst. Prof. in English Sherubtse College Sherubtse College Royal University of Bhutan Royal University of Bhutan [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract

Bhutan has been relying on its neighbours for skilled and unskilled labour requirements the Kingdom. Today the scenario is totally different. Majority of the expatriate workers working in Bhutan are either semi-skilled or unskilled labourers. Most of them are engaged as construction workers and as other manual labourers.

More than one-half of Bhutan’s population is under 25 years; that is about 56% of the whole population. The population of working age group is 4, 13, 613 as per Bhutan Liv- ing Standard Survey 2012 (BLSS-2012) of which, 31% is urban population and 69% is rural. Current unemployment rate is 2.7% for the whole country of which 5.8% is in urban areas and 1.6% in rural areas. The labour force participation is 59% of which 63% is in rural and 52% is in urban areas.

In the year 2013, 2,407 university graduates entered the job market but 3,567 sat for Civil Service Preliminary Exams. This means that graduates already employed or jobless graduates of the previous years also sat for the same exam. By the end of 2013, number of jobless graduates in general category was 1,966 and this number rose to 2,203 by January 2014.

- try will have 1, 20, 000 job seekers. The Royal Government will have to create 82,000 jobs in order to have full employment status (97.5% employment). This may not be possible with the current increase in employment opportunities, let alone 100% employment in the country.

With the number of private schools and colleges increasing in the near future, the situation is expected to grow grim further.

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The Impact of Development in Bhutan on Family, Identity and Everyday Life of Nomadic Yak Herders of Merak

Brian Young Graduate Student, Dartmouth College, USA [email protected]

Abstract

This project explores how capitalist development as well as Gross National Happiness family and identity of nomadic yak herders from Merak. In this project, I focus my inquiry on three generations within one family, analyzing the changing structure of the family, relationships between each generation, and different identities of each generation formed by, among other things, their different experiences with modernization and development. Development impacts the quality of everyday life of the individual in Bhutan. Research has been conducted through participant observation and open-ended interviews with people in each generation. This research will add to our understanding modern development affects family, identity, culture, everyday life, and relationships between generations in semi-nomadic yak herders from Merak. The forest industry and pastureland laws are impacting the ability viability of herders’ to sustain herding as their livelihood. Education is another area of development, which is impacting the children of families and creating new relationships, responsibilities, and imaginaries for the herders’ future livelihood. Roads and technology are other avenues of development, which are impacting economic, familial, social, and political changes. This research was conducted while living with a family from Merak in the jungle above Khaling. Thimphu and villagers in Challing and near Kanglung were also interviewed. I draw on Gramsci and hegemony as a methodology to analyze development in Bhutan and its affect on the everyday life of the nomadic herders from Merak.

29 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development

Implementation of Disability Reservation- A Case for Caste Based Quota

Shanker Sampangi Research Scholar in Cultural Studies The English and Foreign Languages University Hyderabad India. [email protected]

Abstract

The discourse encompassing the rights of the disabled is often seen from the perspective of sympathy of state policy and various institutions rather than focusing on their basic rights. After many years of struggles both at global and national level, the government and the concerned educational institutions could able to promise some rights in the legal set up, but this has been not put into practice. After 66 years of independence, the Indian state does not take any effective policy level initiatives to ensure the basic rights for the disabled groups and individuals. This discrimination necessitated the context for the as- sertion of rights of these groups in India in general and Andhra Pradesh in particular. Thus in this paper, I would like to attempt to focus and understand the context and the nature of opportunities and recruitments in employment sector for the persons with disabilities in various departments in both central and state governments. The Disability Act-1995 that was passed on January 01, 1996 advocates equal opportunities in all sectors of public act also emphasized to provide a platform for the disabled for their fullest participation by protecting their rights. But sadly even after the bill was passed, various organizations and institutions of State and Central Governments are following different kinds of rules and regulations for employing disabilities. For example some of the governmental organizations are employing disabled by providing caste based reservations in the disability quota itself while most of the government organizations are employing disabled without giving any caste based quota. In a country like India, which has a complex internal structure par- ticularly with the hierarchical caste system intact opting for a universal reservation policy proves to be unfair as by virtue of the system, it favors the upper class and upper caste only while ignoring the downtrodden that includes the lower castes. The universal policy thus favors already privileged ones. The universal policy of reservation for disabled thus perpetrates inequalities going against the spirit of reservation by keeping the underprivi- leged away from the opportunities to educate as well as for employment.

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Therefore the prime argument put forth in this paper is to present a case for caste based reservation in the disability quota so that the philosophy of reservation is met by considering the Vertical structure of the Indian society to enable equal opportunities.

Key Words: Disability, Caste, Reservation, Disability Act-1995, Andhra Pradesh, Implementation

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in Bhutan

Ngawang Dendup1, Tashi Dorji2, Kuenzang Tshering3 & Dendup Tshering4 1, 2, 4 School of Social Sciences, Sherubtse College 3 School of Life Science, Sherubtse College Royal University of Bhutan

Abstract

According to Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan 2013, hydropower generation account- ed for 13.9 percent of the total gross domestic product (GDP). The corporations over- seeing the electricity distribution within the country proposes to increase the electricity tariff. The increase in electricity tariff may be helpful in terms of its contribution towards national revenue, while on the other hand, it may force households to switch to cheaper energy sources like biomass. This in long run may negatively impact environmental conservation and income generation from hydro power. Eight different demand functions for - Bhutan.

Key words

32 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development

Valuation of Piped Drinking Water and Sanitation Infrastructures in Bhutan

Ngawang Dendup Kuenzang Tshering Department of Economics School of Life Science Sherubtse College Sherubtse College Royal University of Bhutan Royal University of Bhutan [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract

The objective of this study is to estimate the willingness to pay for piped drinking water and sanitation infrastructure in Bhutan. We used the hedonic pricing method to de- models, thus controlling for heterogeneity and unobserved effects. Economic valua- tions for environmental goods are essential to help prevent policies that would affect the natural environment adversely. We created a pooled cross-section using the Bhutan Living Standard survey 2007 and 2012 and developed models to estimate willingness to pay for piped drinking water and sanitation infrastructure. Our study reveals there is demand for water and sanitation infrastructures. The overall mean willingness to pay for sewage connection and piped drinking water is 1.47 and 0.31 percent respectively of household expenditure. This study should serve as basic information for entering into contracts with investors and private undertakings for such water and sanitation service delivery.

Key words: drinking water, sanitation, sewage, hedonic pricing method and valuat

33 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development

Depopulation and Rural Development

Yoshio Akamatsu Faculty of Agriculture Ehime University Japan [email protected]

Abstract

In 1991 Ohono, Japanese sociologist, presented with the concept of Genkai shuraku. Gen- kai shuraku, literally limited village or marginal hamlet, indicate that the village where people over the age of 65 count for more than 50% of the village population and facing a crisis of social community life. According to the survey of Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, 10,091 villages fell under the Genkai shuraku in 2010 and 2,213 increased from the survey in 2006. In recent years, depopulation is being obvious in many Asian counties include Bhutan, and understanding the trajectory and present situation of Japanese rural areas as a negative example will provide an opportunity to get a good les- son toward proper rural development.

As part of a COC project, Kyoto University has invited Bhutanese scholars to promote mutual understanding about depopulation problems through the Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) approach in Sasari, Nantan-city, Kyoto Prefecture since 2013. This presentation base on primary data collected through the semi-structured interview and - tan-city during the COC project and literature review by presenter.

34 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development

Changing Dynamics of Labor Exploitation/ Human Thailand, 2009-2012

Simon Baker Professor IPSR, Thailand [email protected]

Abstract

labour exploitation, including sexual servitude, or simply the transport of children for exploitative purposes. Thailand is a key destination country for victims of human traf- are simply deported back to Cambodia without access to support services to help them exploiters.

The aim of this study was to determine who among Cambodian deportees could be - It aims to understand more broadly about home conditions, migration procedures, work experiences and return processes.

35 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development

Human Migration is an Essential Need for the livelihood and competition among the intellectual classes around the globe - A Critical Study

V. Venkateshwarlu Research Scholar Dept. of Law Osmania University Hyderabad, Telangana State, India [email protected]

Abstract

The concept of migration is not new, it began when the man was born on the earth, basi- a different exposure and it develops leadership skills. Some religions such as Buddhism have philosophy of migration. Initially human migration was for food, cloth, shelter, health, and education, and to achieve these needs people created concept of religion and concept of politics and lead a most comfort life in the society. Besides, people invented various things for achieving these needs like airplane, automobiles, vessel for transport around the globe and information technology (IT) for communication among the people for their interaction. Due to these innovations, population growth is rapidly increasing day to day. Today, the global - ing growing population’s needs, supplying of food, cloth, shelter, health and education to Human migration took place mainly for food, security and health in ancient times, but issues like education, politics, compactness, cloths etc., have been added to these. Indeed, ironically, issues like religion, caste, politics, etc., are creating divisions among the people in the modern society. But, in the past there were no such divisions among the people and they lived harmonious life. Despite the fact that the development has been taking place across the world, the concept of humanity is losing day to day and at the same time competition is becoming a high range of task among the intellectual classes for employment and education around the globe. Besides these phenomena, the major political issue that prevails in the world is that developed countries like The USA and Britain have started denying the food, natural resources like, land, mineral sources, etc., to the fellow developing countries and trying to continue their supremacy around the globe. Another major issue within the nation states is that the intellectual classes with the political strategy have started denying the masses the food, health, education and employment and security to life.

36 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development

A Review of Transnational Care in Asia: Recommendations for Future Research

Tshering Lhamo Teacher Yangchenphug Higher Secondary School Thimphu Bhutan [email protected]

Abstract

International labour migration plays an important role in the socioeconomic development in East and Southeast Asia. Based on the unequal development among nations and access to resources, care resources are directed more from the poorer nations to the developed nations with the number of women migrants surpassing men covering a wide range of economic sectors from highly regulated industries to illegal and illicit activities like prostitution. Labour migration in the East and Southeast are increasingly feminised with millions of women working overseas mainly in the reproductive occu- pation like domestic work. The reason of migration ranges from household’s decisions to individual livelihood strategy to economic development policies of the countries dominated by its foreign agenda. The local newspapers in Bhutan constantly tell the stories of parents lamenting the loss of care workers. The newspapers are abound with the plight of working parents seeking assistance from family, relatives, friends, daycare centers, taking children to work, hiring domestic workers both legal and illegal to provide care for their children while they are at work. With the growing number of women and young couples entering the job market, juggling family and work has become a Over time, the employment ministry under Labour ministry recognizing this growing demand for domestics allowed the private agencies to train and provide baby-sitters Wangmo(2010), an evidence of move towards the privatization of care work. The Bhu- tan Association of Women Entrepreneurs (BAOWE),a non-governmental organization registered under CSO Act 2007 trained 47 women as domestic helpers who could ba- the relationship between policy of the state, implications of the polices on the migrant workers taking into account the social, political and the economic aspects through gen-

37 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development

der and diversity perspective. This review will compare and will make recommendations to look into possible areas of interest if further research or studies are intended in Bhutan. The review locates ‘care’ at the heart of discussion to realize the importance of care at the individual as well as the social, economic and political levels. The ex- Along with the scholarly articles, books, yearly reports, handbooks and newspapers were also studied.

Key words: International migration, Transnational, care, Asia, Transnational household, gender and diversity perspective

38 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development

Rural-Urban Migration in Bhutan

Tashi Chophel Lecturer Sherubtse College Royal University of Bhutan [email protected]

Abstract

Migration is the movement of people from one geographical area to another involving permanent or temporary residence or settlement. Rural- urban migration is a common phenomenon in every country. The rural-urban migration causes urban growth and depopulation in rural areas. There are various attraction factors such as higher incomes, community to migrate urban centers. There has been lots of study and analysis to com- bat the rural-urban migration but the effect isn’t effective moreover the implementation and policy is only aware by the few concentrated people. Following this backdrop the With urbanization there are lots of problems associated apart from environmental - creased school drop out children due to un-affordability, life under constant threat and increased crime rates and economic crisis leading to out caste of low earning people in poverty and slum areas. Contrary there is predisposition thinking and attitude in the mind set of immigrants; the urban areas being much comfortable with better economic opportunities, health and other livelihood. The reason can be attributed as there is less awareness to the immigrants about the harsh reality of urban growth and its scenario.

39 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development

A Study of Women’s Reproductive Health

Bharti Sharma Research Scholar Department of Sociology Indore Christian College, Indore, India [email protected]

Abstract

Everyone has the right to enjoy reproductive health, which is a basis for having healthy children, intimate relationships and happy families. Reproductive health encompasses key areas – every child is wanted; every birth is safe, every young person is free of HIV and every girl and woman is treated with dignity and respect.

The process of rapid urbanization in India has led to an alarming deterioration in the quality of life of city dwellers. The lack of attention to rural-urban migration and the natural increase of urban population have led to large segments of underserved and disenfran- chised people living in urban poverty. Cities suffer multiple problems such as infrastruc- - ral water courses, dust and air pollution, frequent epidemics, inadequate health care and issues relating to proliferation of slums. The aggregate impact of the distress is especially debilitating for the urban poor living in slums.

of things. A woman is supposed to be he foundation stone of the unit of family. Especially in Indian societies the women folk are the ones on whom the whole household depends. But reproductive health problems remain the leading cause of ill health and death for women of childbearing age worldwide. Impoverished women, especially those living in developing countries, suffer disproportionately from unintended pregnancies, maternal death and disability, sexually transmitted infections including HIV, gender-based violence and other problems related to their reproductive system and sexual behaviour. Because young people often face barriers in trying to get the information or care they need, ado- lescent reproductive health is another important focus of today.

Reproductive health problems are the leading cause of women’s ill health and death worldwide. When both women and men are taken into account, reproductive health conditions are the second-highest cause of ill health globally, after communicable diseases. Because

40 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development reproductive health status depends so heavily on income and gender, addressing this issue becomes a matter of social justice, ethics and equity.

Reproductive health issue is strongly corelated to the two variables formal education and awareness. It will be evaluated in this project. The slum population in Indore city is also growing very fast. The total number of legal slums in Indore is 427.

The paper discusses the various reasons as to why the efforts are not paying off the way they should. It will also be clear as to what changes can be made to make the implemen- strengthening the whole system?

41 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development

Barriers to Maternal and Child Health care: A case study in Jalpaiguri, West Bengal

Subhasis Bhattacharya Assistant Professor Department of Economics Cooch Behar College [email protected]

Abstract

India have a lot of scope to enhance her maternal and child healthcare (MCH) indicators as steered by the outcomes of NFHS and DLHS level study. Beyond subjective evidence, there are modest organized evaluation of what supply factors are critical for utilization of MCH services. The complex relationship between the socio-economic factors and supply of MCH care turn the situation more critical. In case of illiterate tribal women, lack of education can be regarded as a cause of low utilisation of MCH care without considering paper based on the outputs of primary survey in a district Jalpaiguri of West Bengal with extreme geographical barriers and huge poverty.

To observe the MCH care situation in terms of quantity and quality. Also the ailments frequencies, hospitalisation rate, and gender barriers were observed by the study.

The study based on primary data collection and used general statistical chart analysis of the tabulated data and also dummy dependent Probit regression model used to identify appropriate results.

One fourth of the sampled married women are found married before the age of 15 years. The gender inequality distribution of ailments manifests more prominently when data to be delivered at a hospital than is the second or third child. The education status of the way of MCH care and the situation is more prominent for the Muslims. The Scheduled tribes women have some negative impact on all levels of MCH care. The study added strong association between advices of health personal and seeking MCH care, even the level of association increases if the advices generated from some trained health personal.

42 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development

MDGs and Reproductive Health: Are Overpopulated States Blocking India’s Progress?

S.T.Bagalkoti Ashwath Naik Karnatak University Karnatak University India India [email protected]

Abstract

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) set benchmarks for measuring key development outcomes to be attainable by 2015. Gender equality, though, is explicitly mentioned in many of the goals and targets, advancing gender equality increases the likelihood of achieving other goals too. With less than a year for achieving the goals, it is necessary to identify the impediments in reaching these targets. Lessons from the past would guide the policy responses to improve the score card for achieving MDGs. Attainment of these goals would also help any country to move higher up in the human development ladder. The analysis of population growth and its gender dimensions provides an effective tool for understanding the dynamics of gender inequalities related to structural and policy impediments in achievement of MDGs. It would be of particular help in identifying the development priorities post-2015.

The present paper attempts to link the current trends in population growth with fertility rates and mortality rates. There are not only considerable interstate differences in population, population growth rates, fertility and mortality rates; but close association can also be found between these variables. Increase in mortality risks weakens the survival prospects which negate the development process of a region which lead to increase in fertility rate. Thus, the prevailing high infant, maternal, and child mortality rates, on the one hand, and high fertility, on the other, are associated with high population growth. This is a major concern in the poor performing regions of India. High population growth, mortality and fertility rates are found in the states of UP (undivided), Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh (undivided), Orissa, Assam which together constitute around 49% per cent of the country’s population. Further, these are the states where the performance of economic and social sector is poor and considerable share of population is still engaged in primary sector. The TFR is still far higher than the targeted level, so are IMR, CMR and MMR.

Literature provides various indicators namely, institutional births, male and female

43 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development

literacy level, contraceptive usage, mean age of marriage for girls, male and female work participation rate, urbanisation rate, percentage of girls married below age 18, improved sanitation and drinking water coverage, immunisation coverage, nutrition - portant covariates at state level. The current study analyses the demographic dynamics with respect to the above indicators using data from Census of India (2011) and DLHS-III (2007-08) for the major states of India. The distance to the MDG levels is farther for UP, Bihar, Orissa, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, etc, hence, greater is the attention needed for achievement of targets and for accelerating the demographic transition, hence progress in socio-economic indicators, which is slow. The study reiterates the problems of these poor performing states and suggests interventions required to break the vicious cycle of high population growth and poor performance in economic and social sphere and gender development.

44 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development

Case Study on the Role of School in Promoting Health in Trashigang District

Sonam Wangmo(PhD)1, Johannes D. Schmidt (PhD.)2, Tashi Dorji3, Yezer4 Assistant Professor, Sherubtse College, [email protected] 1 Professor, Aalborg University, Denmark2 Lecturer Sherubste College3 PhD. Fellow, Aalborg University, Denmark4

Abstract

The Royal Government Bhutan (RGoB) recognizes education and health as es- - ment of its iconic development of Gross National Happiness (GNH) (MoE, 2007). Therefore, it receives paramount importance which is evident from annual budget allocation in these two sectors. For example, 24 percent of the total budgets in 9th 5 year planwere allocated to health and education sectors.

The promotion of health in the school was recognized as early as 1984 by then was Education Division and Ministry of Social Services (MoE, 2007). It resulted in establishment of School Health, which later, merged with the curricu- program in 1998. The mandate of this Unit/ Program is to promote healthy living by providing information on emerging health issues in the schools.

The promotion of health in the school is very crucial because of young population. According to Population and Housing Census of Bhutan, 2005 (PHCB), 59 percent total population is younger than 25 years, 42 percent below age 15 and 30% younger than 10. These are group of people who are enrolled in the school and promotion of health in the school will help to inculcate health related knowledge, attitudes and behavior at the very early age (MoE, 2007) Recently, children, adolescents and youth faces especial health challenges with rapid social change, competitive educational and employment opportunities. There is increase in youth involvement in substance abuse, suicide, accidents, teenage preg- nancy and HIV/AIDS. All these health problems can be addressed if school takes active role in promotion of health. Moreover, schools worldwide have been recog-

45 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development

nized as the best setting to address adolescents and youth related health (MoE, 2007). Health and education is also related meaning poor health conditions effects students’ ability to come to school, stay in school or opportunity to learn and poor education outcomes affect health. The promotion of health in school - ties through providing the health related information and advice by students. Currently, health is given due importance in the schools but it is not taught as subject or module in the schools. However, as per the policy of MoE, it is mandatory for every school to have health club and health coordinator.

46 3rd International Seminar on Population & Development

Social Aging In India And Its Challenges

Prof. Yashpal Vyas Ph.D. Head, Department of Sociology Indore Christian College, Indore [email protected]

Abstract

India has always been known as the country for its social fabric of the society with its inherent family value system most conducive to its social growth, cohesion and harmo- ny where in the elderly people since times immemorial have always enjoyed the fruits of social assurance and social insurance both. Indian society with its socially ingrained institutions, in all its manifestations and with the features of social cohesion has been an umbrella to the ageing population and has offered an all time shelter and physical, mental, emotional and moral support to the elderly. The institution of the family takes the responsibility voluntarily, sacredly and religiously to look after the ageing parents and cater to all their needs and comforts. The respect , reverence, recognition, status in decision- making that is usually associated with the Indian grandparents and their commanding position is nevertheless worth mentioning and is remarkable and it helps build up social cohesion and binding and a process of socializing for the younger generation as well. In India, the mutual family love and affection, emotional binding, kin- ship, responsibilities and duties typical to joint families are great binding forces and any attempts on the part of the State to support the aged people might not bring fruitful results. The grandparents look to the general welfare and the family care and concern and provide for the conducive developments of the family. The government had so far little to bother about such welfare considerations in this direction as is customary with the developed nations where States have the sole responsibility to look after them.

The impact of the globalization, westernization and growing female consciousness, and also migration towards metros and other countries whether for work or study, have done more harm than good and with them brought other side effects and consequences quite detrimental to the institution of family as a means of rendering support and shelter to the elderly who been the worst hit as a transitional process of modernization and have more contributed to the decline of Indian family value system.

The proposed work endeavors to study the Day Care Centers for the elderly and

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Old Age Shelter Houses in the city of Indore in Madhya Pradesh, India and to observe, record and analyze the impact of modernization and emerging nucle- ar families on the Indian family system and also the responsibility and the challenges of the State to cope with this rising alarming trend and need for such centers in future years to come and also its consequences on the posterity and re- actions of the society as it might severely affect the process of socialization.