Siedlungsgenetische Untersuchungen in Fars

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Siedlungsgenetische Untersuchungen in Fars Erdkunde10 Band 29/1975 SIEDLUNGSGENETISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN IN FARS Ein Beitrag zum Wustungsproblem imOrient Mit 3 Abbildungen, z. T. als Beilage I Gerhard Kortum Summary: Studies in the genesis of settlement in Fars. A neuen Stadt ?Marvdasht", der auch fiir den Distrikt to in the contribution the problem of settlement desertion (Dehestan) und die gesamte Ebene herangezogen wird, Orient bedeutet ?Ebene von Marv". Marv war ein zur sassa The of settlement in the more development densely nidischen Stadt Istakhr gehorender Bezirk in diesem settled central steppe and the nomadic areas of the south Teil der Ebene, der sprachlich auf dieWurzel ?Marg-", Iranian province of Fars has not been continuous between d. h. ?Grasland, Weidegebiet" zuriickzufiihren ist. its prehistoric origins and the modern phase of expansion. were Nomadische lafit besonders in Perioden In many areas, periods of flourishing settlement Nutzung sich, die Ge interspersed by periods of decline and settlement retreat. des Siedlungsriickgangs, fur die Ebene bis in on The numerous set This often took cyclical character. genwart verfolgen. Marvdasht als Siedlungsname ist tlement traces of different epochs, for example in the Marv fiirdas 11. und 18. Jahrhundert belegt. Die Reste die dasht Plain north of Shiraz, show that a number of systems ser literarisch iiberlieferten, spater wieder aufgegebe each other before the of the recent overlay development nen Ortschaften mussen in den iiber 100 Siedlungs modern settlement structure. The main sources for recon spuren verschiedener Epochen in dem beschriebenen struction of settlement development, apart from genetic Radius werden. Im Gegensatz zu der nahen, traces in the landscape, are archaeological maps, Persian gesucht schon im Mittelalter verlassenen Stadt Istakhr war topographies and the accounts of European travellers. nur In contrast to Central Europe, many rural areas in Fars Persepolis selbst nie eine Ansiedlung, sondern ist and Iran have a high incidence of settlement desertion. The als jahreszeitlich benutzte rituelle Palastanlage der reasons include climatic anomalies, dependence on quanats Achameniden zu deuten. and other delicate irrigation works, the phase-like devel In historischer Sieht hat sich der zentrale Ort der opment of nomadism and political unrest. frequent Ebene standig verschoben: Im westlichen, teilweise war vom Kor Rud bewasserten Neyriz-Becken die "In Persia villages are easily ruined, and restored heutige Stadt Marvdasht Nachfolgerin des nunmehr with difficulty." sekundaren Zentrums Zarqan und des safavidischen E. Stack in "Six Months in Persia", London 1882, von Kampfer Bazarortes Mirgascum. Dieser wurde Bd. S. 87. I, 1685, Le Bruyn 1737 und Niebuhr 1778 beschrieben und konnte in der Nahe des heutigen Dorfes Firuzi lokalisiert werden. Noch altere stadtische Zentren mit /. Methoden und Zielsetzungen siedlungsgenetischer iiberregionalen Funktionen waren die bislang nur teil in Sudiran Untersuchungen weise ausgegrabene Stadt Istakhr und die erst 1972 von Hansman bei dem Dorf Malyan (Dehestan In den sollen in folgenden Ausfiihrungen einige in einem 300 ha Siedlungshiigel (Tall) wer Beyza) grofien siidiranischen Bewasserungslandschaften deutlich identifizierte elamitische Stadt Anshan des 3. und 4. Ent dende der siedlungshistorischen v. Zentren waren Regelhaftigkeiten Jahrtausends Chr. Diesen jeweils von neolithischen bis zum moder wicklung Anfangen spater uberlagerte landliche Siedlungssysteme zugeord nen Ausbau werden. Bis in die herausgestellt Gegen net. Heute macht die Umgebung von Persepolis mit neu wart fiihrten Wiistungsprozesse und entfaltete zunehmendem pumpbewasserten Zuckerrubenanbau, zu einer oft Umwertung von Marv Siedlungssysteme zyklischen der Verstadterung sowie Industrialisierung der Raume. dasht und Tourismus eine Sonderentwicklung durch. Ein Rundblick von der Terrasse von uber Persepolis Diese wenigen Angaben iiber einen Raum inMittelfars die 1600 m hoch Marvdasht-Ebene nordlich gelegene mogen vorerst ausreichen, um die Labilitat, aber auch von lafit einen Grofiteil der 27 land Shiraz1) heutigen der Siedlungsstruktur sowie einige sich hier von 10 km erken Dynamik lichen in einemUmkreis aus Ansatze zu kenn Siedlungen ergebende siedlungshistorische nen Abb. Beil. In siidlicher an (vgl. 2, I). Richtung liegt zeichnen. Diese werden in Fars durch eine relativ giin der zur die junge, auf Hauptstrafie Provinzhauptstadt stigeQuellenlage begiinstigt. bliihende Landstadt die sich erst um eine Marvdasht, So kann man zwei durch zeitgenossische historisch 1935 errichtete Zuckerfabrik entwickelte und 1966 topographische Werke belegte Zeitschnitte dem heu schon 17 000 Einwohner zahlte. Der Name dieser um tigen Strukturbild gegeniiberstellen. Es handelt sich von von al das ?Farsnama" (d. h. Buch Fars) Ibn 1116 Strange und das alleDistrikte nach der Balkhi (Le 1912) *) Im folgenden werden Ortsnamen grofitenteils Gazetteer umschrie und seinerzeit bestehende Ortschaften beschreibende englischen Transskription des Village Hasan-e-Fasai von 1895 ben. ?Farsnama-ye-Naseri" des Gerhard Kortum: Siedlungs genetische Untersuchungen in Fars 11 (vgl. Demorgny 1913 und Busse 1972). Unzahlige Restform oder etwa in Ramdjerd als variierte Neu weitere Hinweise ergeben sich bei den durch Schwarz auflage der safavidischen Siedlungsstruktur gedeutet In von Abbott 1857 1896-1936 und Le Strange 1930 zusammengefafiten werden. den Aufzeichnungen va Beschreibungen der arabisch-persischen Geographen iiber die Distrikte Farrashband, Afzar und Qir und der reichen im 17. Jh. einsetzenden europaischen Karzin in dem unter 1200m liegendenGarmsir-Gebiet Reiseliteratur. Wichtige Grundlagen siedlungsgeneti von Fars wird ebenfalls deutlich, dafi dort innerhalb scherUntersuchungen sind der siedlungsarchaologische weniger Jahre Dorfer verlassen und wieder besiedelt Befund und eine genetische Interpretation der heutigen wurden. Moglicherweise verlief die tatsachliche Ent Strukturen, wie sie sich teilweise in den Village wicklung weitaus differenzierter, als sie in den weit Gazetteers niederschlagen. Drtliche Befragungen kon gehend materialmafiig bedingten Zeitschnitten deut nen nur von fiir die Ermittlung Flurnamen und lichwerden kann. In Fars wird im historischen Sied die Rekonstruktion des modernen Ausbaus sichere Er lungsbefund eine standige, oft zyklische Umwertung gebnisse bringen. Im Gelande und auf Luftbildern sind der Raume erkennbar. Dieses Merkmal lafit sichmit vielfach altere Ortslagen, oft auf neolithischen Tails der wiederholt vorgebrachten Hypothese verbinden, liegende alte Friedhofe sowie verfallene Kanale und dafi ein regelhafterWechsel von Besiedlungs- und Ver Qanate festzustellen. Bislang fehlen aber Hinweise auf fallsphasen seit vorgeschichtlicher Zeit ein allgemein flurgenetischeEntwicklungen, die beispielsweise auf fiir viele orientalische Landschaften kennzeichnendes das Alter der iranischenLangstreifenflur deuten konn Phanomen der Kulturlandschaftsgenese sei (vgl. Hut ten. Altfluren sind, sofern noch vorhanden, in den teroth 1969 und Ehlers 1971). Nach den bisherigen Ebenen teilweise unter der heutigen Oberflache zu Ergebnissen in Fars kann in modellhafter Vereinfa suchen.Die Wurzeln neolithischer Talis liegen bis zu chung festgestelltwerden, dafi die Abfolge alterer Aus 40 cm tief in den Alluvionen (so Tall-e-Bakun). Zu bauphasen keine prinzipiellen Veranderungen ergab. einer Losung dieser offenen Fragen konnten im Ge Seit etwa 1900 folgte dann die moderne Entwicklung, lande oder auf Luftbildern feststellbare Flurrelikte in die auf eine Optimierung der Inwertsetzung gerichtet eindeutig datierbaren, spater nicht wieder besiedelten ist.Das Umschlagen der Wandlungen in Entwicklung Wiistungslandschaften beitragen. Derartige Raume wird dabei teilweise durch die Diffusion der von den etwa sind durch siedlungsgenetischeUntersuchungen in Stadten ausstrahlenden Innovationen im Zuge der Teilen der im einigen zentralen Marvdasht-Ebene, Verwestlichung des Agrarraumes ausgelost. Als Bei Dehestan Sarvestan und einigen Hochtalern nachweis spiele seien hier nur die Verbreitung der Pumpbewas bar. - serung, die Mechanisierung der Landwirtschaft sowie - Einige Hauptfragenkreise der meist aus reichlicheren in bestimmtem Umfang die schubweise erfolgende Quellen schopfenden historischen Siedlungsgeographie und irreversibel gewordene Sefihaftwerdung von No inMitteleuropa lassen sich fruchtbar auf den Orient maden genannt. iibertragen. Genannt seien in diesem Zusammenhang Vor diesem theoretischen Hintergrund und der nur das Altlandschaftsproblem und die Erfassung und Kenntnis verschiedener Wustungsphasen erscheint eine von Deutung Wiistungsprozessen. Weniger erfolgreich Neubewertung dermittelalterlichen Quellen angebracht. aber lassen sich die verfeinerten Methoden an neuere bislang Auch historisch-topographische Arbeiten, wie wenden, insbesondere in Hinblick auf entwicklungs sieGaube 1973 fiirdie nordwestlich an Fars grenzende von Flur- und Orts Provinz geschichtliche Betrachtungen Arragan/Kuh-Giluyeh vorlegte, verstarken formen. die Auffassung, dafi die arabisch-persischen Geogra nur Die hier kurz entwickelten siedlungsgenetischen phen des Mittelalters keineswegs ?unglaubliche Liigen" miissen vorerst Betrachtungen sich mit der Entstehung (so Brugsch 1862/63) verbreiteten. Die noch von und sowie Bobek Verteilung dem Verfall landlicher Sied 1955 vorgebrachte Warnung vor allzu wort lungssysteme begniigen. Hierbei nimmt in einem inter licher Interpretation der oft uberschwenglichen Be Ansatz eine an disziplinaren geographische Verwertung
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