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Dynamics of Estuarine Microphytobenthos in A DYNAMICS OF ESTUARINE MICROPHYTOBENTHOS IN A SHALLOW WATER SAND BOTTOM HABITAT by Jeffrey Garner Allison B.S., The University of West Florida, 2000 A thesis submitted to the Department of Biology College of Arts and Sciences The University of West Florida In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science 2006 The thesis of Jeffrey Garner Allison is approved: Joe E. Lepo, Ph.D., Committee Member Date Jane M. Caffrey, Ph.D., Committee Member Date Richard A. Snyder, Ph.D., Committee Chair Date Accepted for the Department/Division: George L. Stewart, Ph.D., Chair Date Accepted for the College: Jane S. Halonen, Ph.D., Dean Date Accepted for the University: Richard S. Podemski, Ph.D., Dean of Graduate Studies Date ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful for loving, caring, and kind family and friends through which my emotional stability, trust and support was upheld. I would like to thank my major advisor Dr. Snyder as well as my committee members, Dr. Lepo and Dr. Caffrey, for the opportunity to complete a Master of Science in Biology degree. My thesis work would not have been possible without their guidance and lasting direction. Likewise, the support of my colleagues, Matt Wagner, Mike McAllister, Alex Ren, Paige Cramer, Ashley Moore, Kristen Hellein, Joe Moss, Hugo Castillo, Alan Knowles, and Melissa Ederington-Hagy enabled me to accomplish my goals and were instrumental throughout experimentation and analysis. Technical information and assistance was generously provided by Jim Hammond, Jan Macauley, Steve McLin, and Tanya Streeter. I especially appreciate the ability to use the facilities at Gulf Islands National Seashore, thanks to Riley Hoggard and Permit #: GUIS-2005-SCI-003. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................1 A. Benthic Microalgal Communities...........................................1 B. Measuring Benthic Microalgal Production.............................4 C. Measuring Benthic Respiration...............................................7 D. Benthic Microalgal Biomass.................................................10 E. Benthic Nutrient Fluxes ........................................................10 F. Benthic Chamber Technique.................................................12 G. Measuring Phytoplankton Production...................................14 H. Microalgae in Biofilms .........................................................15 I. Enzymatic Activity Assays...................................................16 J. Study Area ............................................................................20 CHAPTER II. OBJECTIVES & HYPOTHESIS ...............................................23 CHAPTER III. MATERIALS & METHODS .....................................................24 A. Site Characteristics................................................................24 B. Physicochemical Determinations..........................................24 C. Chamber Procedures .............................................................25 D. Biofilm Analysis ...................................................................27 E. Water Column Analysis........................................................27 F. Sediment Procedures.............................................................28 G. Oxygen Determinations ........................................................29 H. Biomass Determinations .......................................................30 a. Chlorophyll a ..................................................................30 b. Biofilm Biomass by Optical Density ..............................31 c. Organic Content..............................................................31 iv d. Elemental Analysis .........................................................31 I. Compensation Point Determinations ....................................32 J. Nutrient Analysis ..................................................................32 K. Enzyme Assays .....................................................................33 L. Statistical Analysis................................................................37 CHAPTER IV. RESULTS ...................................................................................38 A. Ambient Physicochemical Conditions..................................38 B. Sediment, Water Column and Biofilm Biomass...................46 C. Benthic Chamber Results......................................................56 D. Compensation Point Analysis...............................................61 E. Chamber Nutrient Fluxes......................................................62 F. Enzyme Activity Data...........................................................64 CHAPTER V. DISCUSSION.............................................................................67 A. Conclusions...........................................................................80 REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................82 APPENDIX.....................................................................................................................98 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Sampling Dates, Incubation Times, and Ambient Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations of Bottom Water at Butcherpen Cove ..........................................39 2. Pearson Correlations for Benthic Chamber Production, Respiration, and Benthic Photopigments as well as Correlations with Biofilm Photopigments, Nutrients, and Physicochemical Parameters..........................................................52 3. Pearson Correlations for Phytoplankton Versus Biofilm Production, Respiration, and Benthic Photopigments as well as Correlations with Phytoplankton, Sediment, and Biofilm Photopigments, Nutrients, and Physicochemical Parameters..................................................................................53 4. Pearson Correlation Matrix for Biofilm Production, Respiration, and Photopigments; Biomass; Water Column Nutrients; Esterase Activity; and Temperature ...........................................................................................................54 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Location of Butcherpen Cove within the Pensacola Bay estuary in northwest Florida along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast; Approximate location of National Weather Service precipitation gauge and The University of West Florida ......................................................................................................22 2. (A) A dark benthic chamber with attached tubing for syringe sampling and current simulation device. (B) A benthic periphytometer containing acrylic sampling plates and glass slides. Image is from April 15, 2005, showing attached freshwater macroalgae. (C) A clear benthic chamber and greenhouse shade cloth. Internal stirring paddles are visible in this image..............................26 3. Total recorded rainfall (mm) in Pensacola, Florida during the experimental season of 2005 (February through August) ...........................................................40 4. Percent transmission of PAR (% PAR) to the benthos and bottom water salinity measures during 2005 (February through August) ...................................41 - - -2 -1 5. Mean (± 1 SE) light/dark sediment fluxes of NO3 + NO2 (µmol · m · hr ) - - and water column concentrations of NO3 + NO2 (µM) in 2005 (February through August) .....................................................................................................42 + -2 -1 6. Mean (± 1 SE) light/dark sediment fluxes of NH4 (µmol · m · hr ) and + water column concentrations of NH4 (µM) in 2005 (February through August)...................................................................................................................43 7. Mean (± 1 SE) water column concentrations of total kjeldahl nitrogen (µM) and total phosphorous (µM) in 2005 (February through August) .........................44 -3 -2 -1 8. Mean (± 1 SE) light/dark sediment fluxes of PO4 (µmol · m · hr ) and -3 water column concentrations of PO4 (µM) in 2005 (February through August)...................................................................................................................45 -2 -1 9. Mean (± 1 SE) light/dark sediment fluxes of SiO2 (µmol · m · hr ) and water column concentrations of SiO2 (µM) in 2005 (February through August)...................................................................................................................45 vii 10. Sediment core total carbon (nmol/cm2), total nitrogen (nmol/cm2), and total phosphorous (µmol/cm2) during 2005 (April through August) .............................47 11. Sediment core and biofilm carbon/nitrogen ratios during 2005 (April through August) .....................................................................................................47 12. Biofilm total carbon (µmol/cm2), total nitrogen (µmol/cm2), and total phosphorous (µmol/cm2) during 2005 (April through August) .............................48
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