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Population Viability Analysis for Endangered Roanoke Logperch

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Population Viability Analysis for Endangered Roanoke Logperch Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern Biology Faculty Publications Biology, Department of 6-4-2016 Population Viability Analysis for Endangered Roanoke Logperch James Henry Roberts Georgia Southern University, [email protected] Paul L. Angermeier U.S. Geological Survey, [email protected] Gregory B. Anderson Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/biology-facpubs Part of the Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology Commons, and the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Roberts, James Henry, Paul L. Angermeier, Gregory B. Anderson. 2016. "Population Viability Analysis for Endangered Roanoke Logperch." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, 7 (1): 46-64. doi: 10.3996/ 032015-JFWM-026 https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/biology-facpubs/127 This article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biology, Department of at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Articles Population Viability Analysis for Endangered Roanoke Logperch James H. Roberts,* Paul L. Angermeier, Gregory B. Anderson J.H. Roberts Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, 4324 Old Register Road, Statesboro, Georgia 30458 P.L. Angermeier U.S. Geological Survey, Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 G.B. Anderson Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 Abstract A common strategy for recovering endangered species is ensuring that populations exceed the minimum viable population size (MVP), a demographic benchmark that theoretically ensures low long-term extinction risk. One method of establishing MVP is population viability analysis, a modeling technique that simulates population trajectories and forecasts extinction risk based on a series of biological, environmental, and management assumptions. Such models also help identify key uncertainties that have a large influence on extinction risk. We used stochastic count-based simulation models to explore extinction risk, MVP, and the possible benefits of alternative management strategies in populations of Roanoke logperch Percina rex, an endangered stream fish. Estimates of extinction risk were sensitive to the assumed population growth rate and model type, carrying capacity, and catastrophe regime (frequency and severity of anthropogenic fish kills), whereas demographic augmentation did little to reduce extinction risk. Under density-dependent growth, the estimated MVP for Roanoke logperch ranged from 200 to 4200 individuals, depending on the assumed severity of catastrophes. Thus, depending on the MVP threshold, anywhere from two to all five of the logperch populations we assessed were projected to be viable. Despite this uncertainty, these results help identify populations with the greatest relative extinction risk, as well as management strategies that might reduce this risk the most, such as increasing carrying capacity and reducing fish kills. Better estimates of population growth parameters and catastrophe regimes would facilitate the refinement of MVP and extinction-risk estimates, and they should be a high priority for future research on Roanoke logperch and other imperiled stream-fish species. Keywords: endangered species; extinction; fish; population viability analysis; risk Received: March 20, 2015; Accepted: February 3, 2016; Published Online Early: February 2016; Published: June 2016 Citation: Roberts JH, Angermeier PL, Anderson GB. 2016. Population viability analysis for endangered Roanoke logperch. Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 7(1):46-64; e1944-687X. doi: 10.3996/032015-JFWM-026 Copyright: All material appearing in the Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission unless specifically noted with the copyright symbol &. Citation of the source, as given above, is requested. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. * Corresponding author: [email protected] Introduction Small populations are more susceptible to catastrophes; inbreeding depression; and environmental, demographic, Population size is often considered the primary and genetic stochasticity (Groom et al. 2006). Such risks determinant of long-term viability (Shaffer 1981). This are exacerbated in small populations with weak density association results from a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic dependence, a low exponential growth rate, or a small factors that have stronger effects when abundance is low. carrying capacity (K) (Hanski 1990; Lande 1993). Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management | www.fwspubs.org June 2016 | Volume 7 | Issue 1 | 46 Population Viability for Endangered Roanoke Logperch J.H. Roberts et al. Figure 1. Photograph of an adult male Roanoke logperch Percina rex, approximately 135 mm in total length. Copyright Chris Crippen, Virginia Living Museum, November 2012. In theory, there exists a minimum viable population parameters, we can assess the influence on extinction of size (MVP) above which a given population’s risk of demographic, life-history, environmental, and manage- extinction from all of these factors is acceptably low ment factors, as well as uncertainty about these (Shaffer 1981). Therefore, despite some criticisms (e.g., quantities. Model outputs can then be incorporated into Flather et al. 2011), the MVP has long been a popular tool conservation plans to enhance their cost-effectiveness. for setting quantitative abundance targets for recovery Roanoke logperch Percina rex is a stream fish that of poorly studied, nonexploited fish and wildlife species persists in seven isolated populations in Virginia and (Brook et al. 2011). The MVP of a focal species is expected North Carolina (Roberts et al. 2013; Figure 1). Within to vary based on taxonomy, life history, and environ- these populations, the species is patchily distributed mental variability (Gilpin and Soule 1986; but see Reed et among silt-free riffle habitats (Rosenberger and Anger- al. 2003). Theoretical and empirical estimates of MVP meier 2003). Loss of silt-free habitat, habitat fragmenta- range among species from hundreds to hundreds of tion by dams, and catastrophic fish kills from chemical thousands of individuals, numbers far greater than the spills are among the most serious ongoing threats to actual current population sizes of many imperiled logperch populations (Rosenberger 2007). Due to these species (Allendorf et al. 1997; Reed et al. 2003; Traill et threats and perceived historical declines in the species’ al. 2007), suggesting that many imperiled populations distribution, the species was listed as ‘‘endangered’’ in will not be viable over the long term. 1989, pursuant to the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA The difficulty of accurately estimating species-specific 1973, as amended). Various federal and state manage- MVP presents one of the biggest challenges to the ment agencies are involved with assessing the status and broader use of the MVP concept in conservation facilitating the recovery of the species. The success of planning. In some cases, time series of observed these activities relies upon an understanding of current population extinctions can be used to model empirical population sizes and their temporal variances, the MVP relationships between population size, other ecological of the species and whether or not extant populations factors, and extinction risk (e.g., Newmark 1987; Pimm et exceed this threshold, and the potential demographic al. 1988; Berger 1990; Morita and Yamamoto 2002) and consequences of alternative management tactics. How- thereby establish MVPs. However, such data are not ever, population size has never been estimated for most available for the majority of species of conservation populations, and the demographic data necessary to concern. For species for which population extinctions characterize population dynamics have not been previ- cannot be observed, population viability analysis (PVA) is ously compiled. Furthermore, threats and risks to a commonly used alternative tactic for modeling Roanoke logperch populations have not been quantified, extinction probability (Morris and Doak 2002). In PVA, and there have been no previous attempts to character- simulation models are parameterized based on assump- ize the relationship between population size and tions about demography and life history, environmental extinction risk, so no MVP thresholds exist. These variability, and management activities and then used to knowledge gaps hamper the recovery of the species. forecast population size over some time horizon into the Such gaps are common across the speciose darter group future. This process is repeated thousands of times, to (Percidae: Etheostomatinae), despite the potential for obtain a count of how often population size remained PVA to provide insight into the demographic and above zero (or some other threshold) for the duration of environmental factors most closely tied to persistence the simulation. By iteratively changing model input of darter populations (e.g., Williams et al. 1999). Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management | www.fwspubs.org June 2016
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