Instituto De Biociências Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Animal

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Instituto De Biociências Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Biologia Animal INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOLOGIA ANIMAL LUAN DIAS LIMA O PAPEL DOS HIDROCARBONETOS CUTICULARES EM INTERAÇÕES SIMBIÓTICAS ENTRE MIRMECÓFILOS E FORMIGAS UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL PORTO ALEGRE 2020 i O PAPEL DOS HIDROCARBONETOS CUTICULARES EM INTERAÇÕES SIMBIÓTICAS ENTRE MIRMECÓFILOS E FORMIGAS LUAN DIAS LIMA Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Biologia Animal. Área de concentração: Biologia e Comportamento Animal. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Lucas Augusto Kaminski. UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL PORTO ALEGRE 2020 ii O PAPEL DOS HIDROCARBONETOS CUTICULARES EM INTERAÇÕES SIMBIÓTICAS ENTRE MIRMECÓFILOS E FORMIGAS LUAN DIAS LIMA Aprovada em 30 de abril de 2020. BANCA EXAMINADORA Prof. Dr. Geraldo Luiz Gonçalves Soares (UFRGS) Profa. Dra. Viviane Gianluppi Ferro (UFRGS) Prof. Dr. Fábio Santos do Nascimento (USP) iii Dedico esta tese aos meus pais Lucélia e Roseval, ao meu irmão Marcus, minha avó Cenilda e minha tia Eleuza, meus melhores exemplos. iv EPÍGRAFE “The universe is an extremely beautiful place, and the more we understand about it the more beautiful does it appear.” — Richard Dawkins v AGRADECIMENTOS Gostaria de agradecer ao meu orientador Professor Lucas Augusto Kaminski por aceitar me orientar sem me conhecer, pelas discussões e correções envolvendo os trabalhos, incentivo, ajuda em campo e entusiasmo sempre. À Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal pela oportunidade, pelo ensino gratuito e de qualidade e pelos recursos que possibilitaram as coletas. À CAPES pela bolsa de doutorado, sem a qual eu não teria condições de realizar essa pós-graduação. Aos meus coautores Professsores Laura Carolina Leal de Sousa, Fábio Santos do Nascimento e ao meu antigo coorientador José Roberto Trigo (in memoriam) por todo o suporte e exemplo de cientistas, assim como a Diego Santana Assis pela ajuda no desenvolvimento do terceiro capítulo. À minha mãe Lucélia Aparecida Dias Lima, ao meu pai Roseval Ferreira Lima, ao meu irmão Marcus Henrique Dias Lima, minha avó Cenilda Casaroti Dias e a minha tia Eleuza Ferreira Lima pelo incentivo, apoio durante toda minha vida e por acreditarem em meu potencial. Aos membros da minha banca de acompanhamento, qualificação e doutorado Professores Dirleane Ottonelli, Geraldo Luiz Gonçalves Soares, Paula Beatriz de Araújo e Viviane Gianluppi Ferro pelas valiosas sugestões e discussões. Aos Professores Tristram Wyatt pela ajuda com material recente e revisão do primeiro capítulo da tese e John Alcock por disponibilizar uma foto sua para publicação no primeiro anexo. À Natália Pinheiro Sommer por todo apoio, pelos bons momentos dentro e fora da universidade por sempre estar disposta a animar meu dia, a comemorar e me ajudar com a saúde mental. À Carla Andressa Marques da Silva por toda a parceria e companhia de sempre e por ser minha família em Porto Alegre. Aos meus amigos Rafael Deboleto Rodriguez Cristaldo, Renan da Silveira Rodrigues, Jeferson Azevedo Silva Santos, João Paulo dos Santos Vieira de Alencar, Gláucio Lazari e Otaviano Ferreira do Nascimento Neto por sempre estarem presentes não importando a distância e pelos bons momentos fora do meio acadêmico. vi Aos meus amigos que não falam, Sansão (in memoriam), Fred, Leona e Dobby por sempre se manterem por perto e por não terem paciência de esperar eu terminar alguma atividade para fazermos algo juntos e assim auxiliarem no processo de eu me tornar mais eficiente. Ao conterrâneo Gabriel Nakamura de Souza por abrir sua casa para mim em Porto Alegre e pela valiosa ajuda no primeiro ano de doutorado. Ao Sci-hub e Researchgate que me possibilitaram ter acesso a uma quantidade maior de estudos para escrever essa tese. Ao Sistema de Autorização e Informação em Biodiversidade (SISBIO) pela autorização para coleta e transporte de espécimes (Nº 62345-1). Ao Marcelo Andrade (Estação Ecológica Serra das Araras), Gerson Mainardi e Francisco “Chico” (Parque Natural Municipal Saint’Hilaire) por permissão e suporte logístico durante os trabalhos de campo. À Ana Paula Moraes Goetz, Camila Da Silva Goldas, Carolina Veronese Corrêa da Silva, Guilherme Oyarzabal, Hélio Soares Júnior e por apoio técnico durante trabalhos de campo e/ou identificação de família de um inseto parasitoide e fotos. Ao meu time (Ursalien) dos festivais composto por Marluci Müller Rebelato, Cristiano Marcondes Pereira, Daniel Ludwig Sphor, Marcos Müller Rebelato, Otávio Lavarda Pivotto, Rochele Zimmermann, Geise Bernardo, Pâmela Melo da Luz, Vinícius Yuri Kingeski Ferri, Debora Wolff Bordignon, Raphael Idalgo Mena, Rafael Wolter Martell, Isadora Brauner Lobato, Lucas Gestaro da Silva, Pedro Segalla, Nícolas Heldt, Débora Knauth, Tatiana Heck, Magda Martins e Lisandra Dias por me mostrarem como enxergar o mundo com outros olhos e pelas raves que funcionaram como terapia, o que era tudo que eu precisava para sair de um momento difícil e me motivar a finalizar essa tese. Aos meus familiares Maria das Graças da Silva, Natalino Paulino da Silva e Cassiano Fernandes da Silva pelo apoio durante as idas ao Mato Grosso para coletas e experimentos. Aos diretores do Laboratório de Morfologia e Comportamento de Insetos, Laboratório de Ecologia de Insetos e Laboratório de Helmintologia, Professores Gilson Moreira, Helena Piccoli Romanowski e Cláudia Calegaro Marques, respectivamente, por disponibilizarem a estrutura de seus laboratórios e estarem dispostos a ajudar. Aos colegas dos laboratórios (alguns que se tornaram amigos) José Ricardo Assmann Lemes, Lady Carolina Casas Pinilla, Riuler Corrêa Acosta, Júlia Fochezato, Juliane Bellaver, Diego da Silveira Martins, Marcelo Felipe Vargas, Rosângela Brito, Denis Santos da Silva, Gabriela Thomaz, Guilherme Atencio, Carla Almeida, Leandro Duarte e Demitreo Machado vii que sempre estaviveram dispostos a ajudar, além dos momentos compartilhados dentro e fora da universidade. À Flora Dresch pela oportunidade de uma orientação de iniciação científica e me proporcionar aprender a ensinar. Aos Professores do meu estado, William Fernando Antonialli Junior e Claudia Andrea Lima Cardoso por estarem sempre dispostos a ajudar com o desenvolvimento da tese. Em resumo, espero não ter deixado de mencionar ninguém e alguns poderiam ser encaixados em mais de um agradecimento, mas sou grato a todos que contribuíram diretamente ou indiretamente durante o período do doutorado. A todos, muito obrigado! 4 SUMÁRIO RESUMO ............................................................................................................... 5 ABSTRACT............................................................................................................ 6 INTRODUÇÃO GERAL....................................................................................... 7 PARTE I – ECOLOGIA QUÍMICA TEÓRICA................................................ 25 CAPÍTULO 1 Chemical cues doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_842-1................ 26 CAPÍTULO 2 Chemical strategies mediated by cuticular compounds in myrmecophilous organisms: a systematic review................................................ 33 PARTE II – ECOLOGIA QUÍMICA EXPERIMENTAL................................. 107 CAPÍTULO 3 The adaptive significance of chemically insignificant cues in the symbiosis between caterpillars and ants on plants........................................ 108 CAPÍTULO 4 Chemical convergence in a guild of facultative ant-tended caterpillars and host plants.................................................................................... 148 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS................................................................................ 183 ANEXOS.................................................................................................................. 187 ANEXO 1 Camouflage doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_698-1.......................... 188 ANEXO 2 Folivory and weak ant association by lycaenid caterpillars in a host tree in the subtropical Atlantic Forest.......................................................... 212 1 5 2 RESUMO 3 4 As formigas são insetos sociais que utilizam pistas e sinais químicos para 5 orientação, reconhecimento e comunicação, principalmente os hidrocarbonetos 6 cuticulares (HCs). Para lidar com formigas, organismos que convivem com elas 7 (mirmecófilos) apresentam estratégias químicas baseadas nos HCs que podem ser de 8 semelhanças adaptativas como mimetismo ou camuflagem ou não envolverem 9 semelhanças adaptativas, como na insignificância ou na ausência de convergência dos 10 compostos. Em Lepidoptera, a mirmecofilia é difundida em duas famílias de borboletas: 11 Lycaenidae e Riodinidae. Os objetivos desta tese foram: definir o termo “pistas 12 químicas” e resumir seus aspectos principais e como podem ser usadas por organismos 13 e evoluírem para “sinais químicos”; descrever e avaliar a similaridade dos perfis de HCs 14 e estratégias químicas de organismos mirmecófilos tais como a camuflagem, 15 insignificância e mimetismo e formigas em interações facultativas e/ou obrigatórias. 16 Para isso foram realizadas revisões de literatura, estudos experimentais e análises 17 químicas. Assim, através de revisão de literatura o termo “pistas químicas” foi definido 18 e diferenciado de sinais químicos demonstrando sua importância para todos os 19 organismos. Uma revisão sistemática foi realizada e revelou a importância da dieta e 20
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