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Slavic Idea in Political Thought of Underground Poland During World War II Idea Słowiańska W Myśli Politycznej Polski Podziemnej W Czasie II Wojny Światowej

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Slavic Idea in Political Thought of Underground Poland During World War II Idea Słowiańska W Myśli Politycznej Polski Podziemnej W Czasie II Wojny Światowej 1S[FHMŕE/BSPEPXPžDJPXZ3FWJFXPG/BUJPOBMJUJFTtOS /t World of Slavs / Świat Słowian *44/9 QSJOU t*44/ POMJOF t%0*QO Dariusz Miszewski* War Studies University, Poland / Akademia Sztuki Wojennej, Polska Slavic idea in political thought of underground Poland during World War II Idea słowiańska w myśli politycznej Polski podziemnej w czasie II wojny światowej Keywords: the Slavic idea, the Slavic nations, the Słowa kluczowe: idea słowiańska, narody sło- Polish-Soviet relations wiańskie, stosunki polsko-radzieckie During the Second World War, the Polish W czasie II wojny światowej polski rząd government put forward a plan for a new wysunął plan nowego ładu polityczne- political order in Central Europe. Its in- go w Europie Środkowej. Jej integracja tegration was to be based on the Polish- miała opierać się na federacji polsko-cze- Czechoslovak federation. Apart from the chosłowackiej. Oprócz idei federacyjnej federal idea among the groups in the oc- wśród ugrupowań w okupowanym kra- cupied country as well as in the emigra- ju, jak i na emigracji, szerzyły się idee im- tion, imperial and Slavic ideas spread as perialna i słowiańska jako ideologiczne ideological foundations of Central Euro- podstawy porządku środkowoeuropej- pean order. e Slavic idea was universal skiego. Idea słowiańska była na tyle uni- enough to exist spontaneously and as part wersalna, że występowała samoistnie oraz of the federal and imperial ideas. With- jako część idei federacyjnej i imperialnej. in them, the Slav countries were to form W ich ramach państwa słowiańskie mia- the basis for the regional integration of ły stanowić podstawę integracji regional- states between imperialist Germany and nej państw położonych między imperia- the USSR and the Baltic, Black and Adriat- listycznymi Niemcami i ZSRR oraz Mo- ic Sea. Promoting Slavic ideas in the coun- rzem Bałtyckim, Czarnym i Adriatyckim. try and emigration became problematic at Propagowanie idei słowiańskiej w kraju the time of the German aggression on the i na emigracji stało się problematyczne USSR. Soviet propaganda used it for op- w momencie agresji niemieckiej na ZSRR. portunistic purposes to intensify armed Radziecka propaganda wykorzystywała ją struggle in Nazi-occupied Slav nations and w celach koniunkturalnych do wzmoże- long-range ones for their post-war depen- nia walki zbrojnej w okupowanych przez dency. e research problems stemming Niemcy narodach słowiańskich oraz dale- * Correspondence address: Zakład Historii Nowożytnej, Akademia Sztuki Wojennej, al. gen. A. Chruściela “Mon- tera” 103, 00-910 Warszawa-Rembertów, e-mail: [email protected]. Dariusz Miszewski from it are the question of the attitude of kosiężnych do powojennego ich uzależnie - Polish authorities in the country and emi- nia. Problemami badawczymi stąd wyni- gration to Soviet Slavic propaganda as well kającymi były zagadnienia stosunku pol- as to Polish groups spreading the Slavic skich władz w kraju i na emigracji wobec idea. On the other hand, in relation to the radzieckiej propagandy słowiańskiej, jak occupied country, the issues of the Polish i do szerzących ideę słowiańską polskich underground groupings in general, the ugrupowań. Natomiast w odniesieniu do Slavic idea as such, the attitude towards the okupowanego kraju wysuwały się na plan USSR and its propaganda, the scope and pierwszy zagadnienia w ogóle ustosunko- forms of integration of the Slavic area af- wania się polskich ugrupowań podziem- ter the Second World War were discussed nych do idei słowiańskiej jako takiej, sto- as the most important. sunku do ZSRR i jego propagandy, zasię- In December 1939, Prime Minister gu i form integracji obszaru słowiańskiego Władysław Sikorski announced a new po- po II wojnie światowej. litical organization in Central Europe. It W grudniowej odezwie do kraju would be based on a “solidarity of Slavic z 1939 r. premier generał Władysław Si- states” between the Baltic, the Black Sea korski zapowiedział nową organizację po- and the Adriatic, to stop the aggression of lityczną Europy Środkowej. Jej podstawą the neighboring powers 1. He was in favor byłby „solidarny zespół państw słowiań- of the integration of Europe made up of re- skich” między Bałtykiem, Morzem Czar- gional federations 2. He intended to create nym i Adriatykiem, aby powstrzymać agre- with Czechoslovakia the Central Europe- sję sąsiednich mocarstw 1. Był za integracją an Federation 3. e emigre governments Europy złożoną z federacji regionalnych 2. of both countries signed a post-war agree- Federację środkowoeuropejską zamierzał utworzyć z Czechosłowacją 3. Emigracyjne 1 Odezwa Rządu z dnia 18 XII 1939 r. do ogó- łu społeczeństwa w kraju , [in:] Rzeczpospolita Polska czasu wojny. Dziennik Ustaw i Monitor Polski 1939- 1 Odezwa Rządu z dnia 18 XII 1939 r. do ogó- 1945 , edit. A.K. Kunert, Warszawa 1999, Monitor łu społeczeństwa w kraju , [w:] Rzeczpospolita Pol- Polski , “Angers” 19.12.1939, year 22, No. 277-284 ska czasu wojny. Dziennik Ustaw i Monitor Polski (Sikorski later did not use the Slavonic term in the 1939-1945 , red. A.K. Kunert, Warszawa 1999; Moni- official documents for the Central European union). tor Polski , „Angers” 19.12.1939, rok 22, nr 277-284. 2 E. Ponczek, Idea federacji europejskiej w pol- (Później Sikorski nie używał już w oficjalnych do- skiej myśli politycznej (1939-1945) , [in:] Proces in- kumentach określenia słowiański na związek środ- tegracji Polski z Unią Europejską , edit. P. Dobro- kowoeuropejski). wolski, M. Stolarczyk, Katowice 2001, pp. 211-212; 2 E. Ponczek, Idea federacji europejskiej w pol- J.R. Sielezin, Idea federacji polsko-czechosłowackiej skiej myśli politycznej (1939-1945) , [w:] Proces inte- jako element gry politycznej w latach 1939-1943 , [in:] gracji Polski z Unią Europejską , red. P. Dobrowolski, Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia w polskiej myśli poli- M. Stolarczyk, Katowice 2001, s. 211-212; J.R. Siele- tycznej , edit. M. Dymarski, J. Juchnowski, Wrocław zin, Idea federacji polsko-czechosłowackiej jako ele- 2004, pp. 137-138. ment gry politycznej w latach 1939-1943 , [w:] Euro- 3 E. Raczyński, W sojuszniczym Londynie. pa Środkowo-Wschodnia w polskiej myśli politycz- Dziennik ambasadora Edwarda Raczyńskiego 1939- nej , red. M. Dymarski, J. Juchnowski, Wrocław 2004, 1945 , Londyn 1960, p. 60; E. Duraczyński, Rząd s. 137-138. polski na uchodźstwie 1939-1945 , Warszawa 1993, 3 E. Raczyński, W sojuszniczym Londynie. pp. 86-87. Dziennik ambasadora Edwarda Raczyńskiego 1939- Przegląd Narodowościowy / Review of Nationalities nr 7/2017 Slavic idea in political thought of underground Poland…/ Idea słowiańska w myśli politycznej Polski podziemnej… ment in 1940-1942, open to other Cen- rządy obu państw zawarły w latach 1940- tral European countries 4. Yugoslavia and 1942 umowy o powojennym związku, Greece did the same in 1942. W. Sikorski’s otwartym na inne kraje Europy Środko- plans gained British support 5. e peace wej 4. Podobnie uczyniły w 1942 r. Jugosła- order combined with the concepts of polit- wia i Grecja. Plany W. Sikorskiego zyskały ical blocs, unions, confederations, or fed- poparcie Wielkiej Brytanii 5. Ład pokojo- erations as an alternative to the spheres of wy łączył z koncepcjami bloków politycz- influence and dominance of the superpow- nych, unii, konfederacji czy federacji jako ers in Europe and the world 6. Poland de- alternatywą dla stref wpływów i dominacji clared relations with the USSR on the ba- mocarstw w Europie i na świecie 6. Polska sis of sovereignty, territorial integrity and deklarowała stosunki z ZSRR na zasadach non-interference in internal affairs 7. Pres - suwerenności, integralności terytorialnej ident Edvard Beneš insisted on obtaining i nieingerencji w sprawy wewnętrzne 7. Pre- USSR approval for their project 8. zydent Edvard Beneš nalegał na uzyskanie zgody ZSRR dla ich projektu 8. 4 Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich (ZNO), Papiery Kazimierza Sosnkowskiego (PKS), sygn. 1945 , Londyn 1960, s. 60; E. Duraczyński, Rząd polski 16536/II, Protokół posiedzenia Rady Ministrów z 31 X na uchodźstwie 1939-1945 , Warszawa 1993, s. 86-87. 1940, pp. 19-20; Za waszą wolność i naszą , “Robot- 4 Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich (ZNO), nik Polski w Wielkiej Brytanii” (RPWB), 12.01.1941, Papiery Kazimierza Sosnkowskiego (PKS), sygn. No. 1, p. 2; J. Němeček, Czechosłowacko-polskie kon- 16536/II, Protokół posiedzenia Rady Ministrów cepcje federacyjne w okresie drugiej wojny świato- z 31 X 1940 , s. 19-20; Za waszą wolność i naszą , wej , [in:] Europa unii i federacji. Idea jedności naro- „Robotnik Polski w Wielkiej Brytanii” (RPWB), dów i państw od średniowiecza do czasów współcze- 12.01.1941, nr 1, s. 2; J. Němeček, Czechosłowacko- snych , edit. K. Ślusarek, Kraków 2004, pp. 344-349; -polskie koncepcje federacyjne w okresie drugiej woj- M.K. Kamiński, E. Beneš kontra generał W. Sikorski. ny światowej , [w:] Europa unii i federacji. Idea jed- Polityka władz czechosłowackich na emigracji wobec ności narodów i państw od średniowiecza do czasów rządu polskiego na uchodźstwie 1939-1943 , Warsza- współczesnych , red. K. Ślusarek, Kraków 2004, s. 344- wa 2005, pp. 48-53. 349; M.K. Kamiński, E. Beneš kontra generał W. Si- 5 R. Żurawski vel Grajewski, Foreign Office korski. Polityka władz czechosłowackich na emigra- wobec stosunków polsko-czechosłowackich (listopad cji wobec rządu polskiego na uchodźstwie 1939-1943 , 1940-sierpień 1942) , [in:] Między przymusową przy- Warszawa 2005, s. 48-53. jaźnią a prawdziwą solidarnością Czesi – Polacy – Sło- 5 R. Żurawski vel Grajewski, Foreign Office wacy 1938/39-1945-1989 , part 1, edit. P. Blažek, P. Ja- wobec stosunków polsko-czechosłowackich (listopad worski, Ł. Kamiński, Warszawa 2007, pp. 110-111. 1940-sierpień 1942) , [w:] Między przymusową przy- 6 E. Ponczek, Polska myśl o pokoju w latach dru- jaźnią a prawdziwą solidarnością Czesi – Polacy – giej wojny światowej (1939-1945) , Łódź 1999, p. 127; Słowacy 1938/39-1945-1989 , cz. 1, red. P. Blažek, P. B. Pasierb, Marian Seyda i resort planowania politycz- Jaworski, Ł. Kamiński, Warszawa 2007, s. 110-111. nego na obczyźnie, 1939-1944 , [in:] Polska – Kresy – 6 E. Ponczek, Polska myśl o pokoju w latach dru- Polacy. Studia historyczne , edit. S. Ciesielski, T. Kulak, giej wojny światowej (1939-1945) , Łódź 1999, s. 127; K.
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