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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19359-7 — Forging the Kingdom Judith Green Index More Information

Index

abbeys: Benedictine, 1, 3, 17, 23, 26, 54, 77, 113, 118, 120, 141, 159, 161, 188, 194, 78, 84, 128, 129, 135, 137, 143, 169, 174, 202, 203, 218, 224, 239, 240, 241 185, 236, 242, 255; Cistercian, 26, 47, Æthelstan, king, 53, 223, 239 133, 137, 166, 170, 171, 179, 242 Æthelwig, abbot of Evesham, 144, 148 abbots, 16, 19, 26, 50, 53, 56, 57, 86, 87, Æthelwine, bishop of Durham, 138 90, 125, 126, 132, 142, 144, 147–8, 177, Æthelwine ealdorman of East Anglia, 55 191, 255; see also Ælfric of Eynsham, Æthelwold, bishop of Carlisle, 233 Ælfwig of New Minster, Winchester, Æthelwold, bishop of Winchester, saint, 23, Æthelwig of Evesham, Ailred of Rievaulx, 55, 135, 137, 174, 179, 187, 188, 189 Baldwin of Bury, Benedict of Selby, Æthelwulf, king of Wessex, 143 Leofric of Peterborough, Paul of St Ailred, abbot of Rievaulx, saint, 17, 26, 143, Albans, Samson of Bury, Scolland of St 147, 170, 242 Augustine’s, Serlo de Percy of Whitby, Alan, count, of Richmond, 62, 183, 185, Spearhafoc of Abingdon, Wulfric of St 190, 236 Augustine’s Alan de Neville, 99 Aberdeen, 34 Albion, 38, 53 Abernethy, 43 Aldhelm of Malmesbury, saint, 24 Abingdon Abbey, 244 alehouses, 155 Adelelm, treasurer of King Stephen, 168 Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, 25, 110, 142, Adeliza, queen, 97, 183 144, 146, 168, 169, 178, 193 Ælfgar, earl of Mercia, 33, 38 Alexander, king of Scots, 44 Ælfgifu, consort of King Cnut, 95, 113, 118 Alexander III, pope, 90, 127 Ælfheah, bishop of Winchester, archbishop Alfred, king, 2, 70, 169, 188, 189, 200, 237, of Canterbury, saint, 32, 141, 167, 202, 239, 241 204, 245, 246 Alfred the Ætheling, 35, 77, 95, 108, 118, Ælfhelm, ealdorman of Northumbria, 55 122, 242 Ælfhere, ealdorman of Mercia, 55 Alney, treaty of, 203, 228 Ælfric, abbot of Eynsham, 27, 125 Alnwick, 45, 166, 230 Ælfthryth, queen, 55, 95 Andover, 141 Ælfwig, abbot of New Minster, 144 Andrew Buccuinte, 219 Æthelﬂaed, lady of the Mercians, 226 Angles, 53, 239 Æthelred, king, 27, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 50, Anglo-Norman Anonymous, 19, 21, 52, 55, 59, 63, 79, 81, 84, 92, 95, 104, 125

295

296 Index

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 24, 29, 37, 57, 59, Battle Abbey, 46, 133; chronicle, 114 92, 105, 108, 111, 113, 120, 201, 206, Bayeux Tapestry, 18, 28, 36, 51, 79 239, 241, 244, 245, 249 Bede, 2, 53, 176, 181, 239, 240 Annandale, 232 beneﬁt of clergy, 89 Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, saint, Beorhtnoth, ealdorman of Essex, 27, 31, 19, 23, 25, 26, 87, 92, 125, 128, 130, 138, 179 140, 143, 144, 160, 177, 215, 246 Berkshire, 66, 168 Ansger the staller, 105, 162, 205, 208 Bermondsey, 86, 185, 215, 216 antisemitism, 258 Bernard de Balliol, 183 appeal, 73, 153; appeal to Rome, 14, 50, 53, Beverley, 133 88, 89, 99, 127, 128, 130, 135, 136 Bible, 14, 18, 24, 50, 146 archbishops: see Canterbury, York Birinus, saint, 187 archdeacons, 128, 129, 131, 132, 136, 138, bishops, 8, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25, 26, 49, 168, 169 50, 53, 56, 57, 59, 70, 81, 86, 87, 88, 92, archdeaconries, 50, 128–9, 131–2, 233, 257 125–48, 171, 172, 177, 179, 180, 189, archers, 65, 253 191, 223, 230, 240, 255, 256, 258; and architecture: Gothic, 7, 179, 185, 191; the law, 145–7, 217; appointment of, 87, Romanesque, 7, 175, 185, 212 90, 137–9, 191, 231, 236;as aristocracy, 2, 5, 7, 45, 51, 57, 98, 100–24, peacemakers, 141–3; conduct of, 131; 152, 253, 256 curial, 255; estates of, 15, 109, 137, 231; Armagh, archbishopric of, 130 noble birth of, 255; pastoral care, 125, armies, 5, 10, 15, 33, 64, 65, 107, 108, 228, 126, 136 251 Bishop’s Stortford, castle, 145 Arthur, king, 51, 53, 224 Bishop’s Waltham castle, 145 Assandun, battle of, 84, 203, 224, 240, Bodmin, 224 241 bookland, 104 assemblies, 3, 7, 59, 61, 73, 197, 211, 257 border: Anglo-Welsh, 3, 36, 39, 40, 54, 164; assize: grand, 76; of Arms, 65; of Clarendon, Anglo-Scottish, 40, 42, 43, 45; of Mercia, 67; of darrein presentment, 76; of mort 193; of Wessex, 193 d’ancestor, 98, 115; of Northampton, 67, Boston, 257 94; of novel disseisin, 115; utrum, 76 Boulogne, see Eustace, count of astrology, 13, 21 bowing, 124 astronomy, 13 Brecon, 165 Aubrey de Coucy, earl of Northumbria, Brian, count, 223 229 bridges: Bow, 214; Cobham, 214; Oxford Aubrey II de Vere, 184, 219 (Grandpont), 194; see also London Bridge Augustine, saint, 12 Brihtheah, bishop of Worcester, 167 Augustinians, 49, 86, 135, 137, 138, 166, Bristol, 38, 111, 122, 244 195, 198, 213, 215, 224, 242 Britain, 1, 5, 26, 33, 37, 38, 53, 54, 189, Avranches, Compromise of, 89 239; kings of, 1, 5, 38, 53, 54, 239; see also Arthur Baldwin, abbot of Bury St Edmunds, 176 British Isles, 4, 52, 77, 102, 129, 239 Baldwin de Redvers, 110 Brittany, 223 Balliol family, 232; see also Bernard de Brunanburh, 241 Bamburgh, 31, 33, 34, 41, 42, 44, 61, 180, Brus family, 232 181, 228, 229, 230 Buckinghamshire, 172 baro, 105 building materials: stone, 1, 5, 7, 16, 29, 54, barons, 13, 57, 60, 72, 92, 93, 97, 105, 118, 100, 159, 167, 173–9, 213–16, 253, 256; 165, 218, 234, 257 timber, 16, 174, 182, 256 Bartholomew, bishop of Exeter, 146 bureaucracy, 5, 7, 222, 249 Bath, 5, 53, 81; diocese of, 128, 175 Burghal Hidage, 215

Index 297

burh, 2, 5, 16, 104, 155, 181, 193; burh charters, 13, 18, 48, 53, 54, 60, 73, 80, gate, 104, 181 93–4, 105, 108, 117, 125, 133, 134, 135, Burton Abbey, 109 151, 157, 164, 166, 167, 170, 171, 172, Bury St Edmunds Abbey, 125, 133 199, 207, 217, 225, 239; bishops’, 134, Byland Abbey church, 179 135; coronation, 60–1, 73, 80, 118, 119; for towns, 157; of the Mowbray family, Cadwaladr, 164 167; womens’, 151 Caen: abbey of St Stephen, 79, 147, 176, Cheddar, 174 193, 213; quarries, 174 Chepstow, 39, 182 Caerleon, 183 Cheshire, 30, 163, 226–7, 232, 234 Cambridge: lawmen of, 226; round church Chester, 30, 48, 54, 158, 163, 226–7; abbey at, 177 (St Werburgh’s), 128, 161, 166, 226, 227; Cambridgeshire, 162 bishop of, 144; diocese, 175, 264; earls of, canons, 78, 133, 168, 170, 195 162, 171, and see also Hugh I, Hugh II, Canterbury, 81, 83, 157, 159, 196, 202, Ranulf I, Ranulf II, Ranulf III; lawmen of, 217, 246; archbishops of, 24, 31, 84, 138, 226 139, 140, 144; see also Ælfheah, Anselm, Chester-le-Street, 138 Dunstan, Hubert Walter, Lanfranc, chevaler, 105 Robert of Jumièges, Stigand, Theobald, Chichester, diocese of, 175; see also Hilary, Thomas Becket, William; archdiocese, 50, bishop of 54, 143; Christ Church cathedral priory, chrism, 80, 81, 132 23, 133, 137, 138, 139, 170, 175, 185, Christina, 36 186; church, 176–7, 204; ‘glorious choir’, Christina of Markyate, 22 177; shrine of Thomas Becket, 86;St churches, 6, 7, 8, 13, 17, 29, 48, 64, 84, 85, Augustine’s abbey, 135, 175 103, 109, 110, 111, 117, 126, 127, 129, Cantred Rhos, 39 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 155, 158, capital (city), 1, 5, 8, 158, 174, 187, 189, 159, 166, 169, 174–97, 203–4, 190, 198–200, 259 212, 216, 218, 237, 251, 255, 256, Carham, 41, 42, 233 259; as meeting places, 155; consecration Carlisle, 16, 43, 44, 232, 233; bishop of, see of, 126, 131, 132; local, 134, 155, 159; Æthelwold; diocese, 128, 233; mint, 233 minster, 134, 161, 192, 193 Carthusians, 139 Cicero, 160 castles, 8, 18, 36, 40, 44, 45, 48, 49, 54, 56, Cinque Ports, 156 94, 100, 105, 106, 110, 111, 120, 144, cities, 159, 174, 187–97, 198–220, 222, 145, 163, 167, 181–97, 198, 206, 207, 257; see also Chester, Exeter, Lincoln, 208, 221, 227, 233, 235, 253; motte-and- London, Winchester, York bailey, 181, 182, 190; see also Alnwick, Clare family, 154 Bamburgh, Bishop’s Stortford, Bishop’s Clarendon, Constitutions of, 90, 136, Waltham, Carlisle, Chepstow, Chester, 139 Colchester, Conisbrough, Dover, clergy, 4, 19, 50, 60, 69–70, 89, 92, 114, Downton, Durham, Ely, Exeter, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134–5, 139, 148, Hedingham, Lincoln, London, 159, 167, 172, 242, 246, 247, 258 Newcastle, Norham, Orford, Oxford, clerical marriage, 50, 131, 134 Richmond, Rockingham, Salisbury, clerical wives, 116, 151, 258 Tickhill, York clerks, 21, 50, 53, 88, 89, 99, 101, 132, 133, cavalry, 65, 104, 253 135, 138, 139, 146, 169, 193–6, 206, 230, ceorl, 104, 181 231 chapters (cathedral), 8, 23, 127, 133, 136, clerks accused of crime, 53, 88–9, 135 189 Cleveland, 43 Charlemagne, palace of, 175 cniht, 104, 105 Charterhouse, 86 cnihtengild, 211, 218

298 Index

Cnut, king, 3, 6, 27, 32, 33, 35, 42, 55, 59, archdeacons’, 129; bishops’, 87, 129, 60, 63, 65, 79, 81–2, 84, 92, 95, 102, 104, 134; borough, 226; church, 88, 89, 117, 109, 113, 118, 137, 154, 176, 188, 194, 134, 136, 151; hundred, 52, 62, 63, 64, 202, 203, 204, 210, 214, 218, 220, 224, 65, 76, 98, 115, 122, 125, 153, 155, 171, 226, 228, 231, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 172, 173, 225, 234, 253, 254, 257, 259; 242, 244, 245, 252, 257; his son Swein, lords’, 76, 114, 115, 122, 226; manorial, 33, 118 155; royal, 7, 13, 17, 20, 21, 22, 25, 33, Cnut IV, king of Denmark, 33, 34, 238 35, 43, 51, 53, 55, 56, 59, 64, 72, 75, 76, coinage, 2, 8, 64, 66, 70–2, 99, 196, 247, 84, 88, 89, 100, 108, 109, 110, 122, 132, 252 138, 140, 172, 174, 175, 185, 193–6, 212, Colchester: castle, 54, 182; legendary 216, 237, 247, 249, 254, 256; shire, 62, history of, 158 76, 103, 104, 171, 172, 211, 239, 247, Coleman, 126 253, 254, 259; town, 157; wapentake, 62, Cologne merchants, 200, 214 155, 171, 172, 173; see also exchequer, Combe, 167 husting commendation, 106, 162 Coventry, 128, 163; Abbey, 161 commune: see Gloucester, London, Oxford, Crediton, 128, 223 Winchester, York Crowland Abbey, 68, 161, 245 confession, 74, 132, 136 crown pleas, 207, 210, 233 confirmation, 126, 136 crownwearing, 78, 82–4 Conisbrough castle, 184, 235 crusade, first, 68, 130 conquests, 1, 4, 6, 15, 22, 37, 103, 151, 221, Cumberland, 41, 43, 120, 233, 236 222, 238, 252; by Danes, 1, 4, 6, 15, 22, Cumbria, 41, 42, 44, 228, 232, 233, 235 36, 37, 151, 221, 222; by Normans, 1, 2, Cuthbert, saint, 11, 23, 41, 141, 153, 179, 4, 6, 15, 22, 23, 26, 27, 30, 36, 37, 45, 48, 230, 232 50, 66, 67, 71, 79, 91, 105, 123, 151, 169, Cynesige, bishop of Lichfield, 167 190, 206, 218, 221, 222, 223, 237, 239, 251, 252, 259 Danelaw, 6, 32, 62, 104, 156, 244 Copsi, earl of Northumbria, 42, 229 Danes, 1, 3, 19, 22, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 35, Corbridge, 230 37, 41, 42, 56, 108, 110, 139, 151, 152, Corfe, 20, 77, 95 159, 192, 194, 201–5, 224, 226, 240, 241, Cornhill family, 17, 199, 218 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 252 Cornwall, 30, 109, 128, 222–4; see also David, earl of Huntingdon, 28 Reginald, earl of David, king of Scots, 17, 44, 83, 111, 143, coronation, 1, 5, 37, 53, 60, 77, 80–3, 90–4, 164, 229, 231, 233, 234, 242 212, 219, 250; anticipatory, 83, 93, 112; David the larderer, 191 oath, 73, 254; queen’s, 95; rite, 80–2 deaneries, 257 councils: Bari, 130; Clarendon, 88, 129; deans, 233; rural, 128, 129, 131, 134 Clermont, 130; Lateran I, 130; Lateran II, Denmark, 3, 33, 34, 36, 37, 67, 79, 95, 122, 130; Lateran III, 131; London, 202, 203, 238 213; Oxford, 139, 194; Rheims, 50, 130, Derby, 156 131, 140; Rome, 50, 87, 130; Tours, 131; Derbyshire, 225 Westminster, 88, 122; Winchester, 13, 92, Devizes castle, 144 96, 113–14, 129; Woodstock, 69; Devon, 30, 66, 94, 223; ealdormanry of, legatine, 13, 92, 96, 113–14, 127, 131, 223 142; royal, 59, 61, 88, 98, 129, 131, 139, Dialogue of the Exchequer, 21, 157 196 disseisin, 76, 111, 115, 254 count, 61, 62, 105 Domesday Book, 11, 28, 38, 41, 45, 49, 57, courts, 3, 9, 10, 29, 52, 63, 73, 88, 90, 99, 66, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 115, 121, 109, 117, 134, 135, 136, 168, 171, 172, 123, 152, 160, 161, 162, 165, 171, 182, 173, 201, 209, 224, 255, 257; 190, 193, 215, 226, 234, 235, 244

Index 299

Domesday Inquest, 63, 64, 94, 102, 152 eastern region, 1, 30, 37, 110, 155, 237, Donald, king of Scots, 43 244, 257 Dorchester, 128, 175, 192 East Midlands, 32, 62, 225 Dorset, 30 Edgar, king, 1, 5, 38, 50, 53, 55, 59, 62, 70, Dover, 156, 157, 185; castle, 36, 181 71, 77, 79, 81, 84, 98, 135, 137, 139, 161, dower, 119, 150 188, 194, 204, 218, 225, 226, 239, 240, Downton castle, 145 241, 242, 259 drengage, 232, 235 Edgar, king of Scots, 34, 44 Dublin, 226 Edgar Ætheling, 36, 37, 42, 43, 44, 56, 141, Duncan, king of Scots, 43 205 Dunstable, 49 Edith, queen, 20, 35, 36, 56, 78, 85, 95, 156 Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury, saint, Edith, saint, 7 23, 50, 55, 77, 80, 135, 137, 139, 167, Edmund, bishop of Durham, 54, 137 175, 176, 242 Edmund, king of East Anglia, saint, 20, 79, Durham, 54, 109, 132, 137, 139, 141, 153, 84, 245, 250 167, 169, 229–32, 242; bishops of, 144; Edmund, king of the English, 153, 156, 241 see also Ealdhun, Edmund, Geoffrey Edmund Ironside, king, 32, 36, 37, 63, 79, Rufus, Hugh du Puiset, Ranulf Flambard, 113, 202, 203, 228, 240, 241, 242 Walcher, William Cumin, William of Edward the Confessor, king, saint, 2, 20, 41, Sainte-Barbe, William of Saint-Calais; 54, 56, 59, 66, 67, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 85, bishopric of, 230; castle, 140, 144; 91, 95, 96, 112, 140, 141, 156, 175, 180, cathedral, 177, 179; mint, 232; shrine of 188, 204, 212, 217–18, 223, 243, 249, 252 St Cuthbert, 179; treaty of, 44 Edward the Elder, king, 62, 188, 189 Edward the Exile, 36, 141 Eadburh, saint, 189 Edward the Martyr, king and saint, 20, 77, Eadmer, 14, 23, 24, 26, 140, 238 78, 79, 95, 108, 139 Eadric Streona, ealdorman of Mercia, 32, Edwin, earl of Mercia, 36, 37, 56, 102, 154, 55, 59, 113, 194, 202, 203, 226, 240, 161, 162, 163, 182, 194, 205, 226, 235, 241 240 Eadwig, king, 188, 225 Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen, 6, 83, 84, 95, Eadwine Psalter, 185 96, 196 Eadwulf, abbot of Malmesbury, 25 Ely, 37, 46, 48, 78, 147, 169, 177, 179, 244; Ealdgyth, wife of King Harold II, 161 bishops of, see Geoffrey Ridel, Nigel; Ealdhun, bishop of Durham, 109, 153, castle, 144; diocese, 128; Isle of, 111 231 Emma, queen, 6, 25, 35, 81, 95, 118, 188, ealdormen, 31, 55, 61, 65, 72, 80, 100, 101, 241 161, 172, 223, 235, 252, 258; see also Emperor: Claudius, 182; Constantine, 217; Æthelmaer, Æthelweard, East Anglia, Henry III, 141; Henry IV, 19; Julius Essex, Mercia, Northumbria, Wessex Caesar, 26; Otto III, 54 Ealdred, bishop of Worcester, archbishop of empire, 3, 4, 6, 21, 54, 121; Norman, 4 York, 37, 42, 81, 140, 141 Empress Matilda, 62, 72, 92, 93, 95, 96, Ealswith, queen, 188 108, 112, 113, 114, 131, 140, 164, 195, earls, see Chester, East Anglia, Essex, 208, 213, 217, 219, 251 Gloucester, Hereford, Huntingdon, England, kingdom of, 92, 93 Leicester, Mercia, Northumberland, Eric Bloodaxe, king at York, 41, 190, 225, Northumbria, Orkney, Wessex 228 East Anglia, 31, 47, 55, 101, 120, 163, 167, Eric, earl of Northumbria, 42, 55, 235 244, 245; diocese, 128; ealdorman, 55; Erkenwald, bishop of London, saint, 213, see also Æthelwine; earls, 55; see also 219 Ralph, Thorkell the Tall; kings, see Ernulf, abbot, bishop of Rochester, 145 Edmund Ernulf de Hesdin, 123

300 Index

Essex, 31, 32, 66, 205, 208; ealdorman of, fosterage, 150 see Beorhtnoth; earl of, see Geoffrey II de Fountains Abbey, 47, 142, 166, 171 Mandeville France, 6, 34, 50, 51, 69, 70, 71, 83, 101, Etheldreda, saint, 7 102, 116, 138, 146, 193, 223, 243; Eustace, count of Boulogne, 62, 185 merchants from, 200 Eustace, son of King Stephen, 83, 92, 93, frankpledge, 63, 153 111, 250 fraternities, 149 Eustace FitzJohn, 165, 166, 235 Frawin, sheriff of Cornwall, 223, 224 Everswell, 180 freemen, 2, 29, 57, 64, 65, 98, 115, 162 Evesham Abbey, 161; chronicle, 244; see Frideswide, saint, church of, Oxford, 193, also Æthelwig, abbot of 194, 195 exchequer, 20, 21, 59, 64, 97, 140, 172, friendship, 143, 147, 149, 160–1, 165, 191, 206, 227, 234, 236 166 excommunication, 13, 87, 114, 131, 144 frontiers, 39, 42, 59, 100, 225, 230, 248, Exeter, 48, 110, 146, 157, 223; bishops of, 251, 259 see Bartholomew, William Warelwast; Fulford, battle of, 36 castle, 110, 157; diocese, 128, 175 Furness Abbey, 179, 234 exile, 14, 38, 55, 74, 93, 130, 132, 139, 202, 204, 217, 223, 229, 230 Gaimar, 28, 105, 158, 207, 245 eyre, 77, 236 Gainford, 183 Eysteinn II, king of Norway, 34 Gainsborough, 32, 224 Galloway, 143 fairs, 16, 46, 48, 136, 185 gender, 9, 173, 186 familia, 150 Geoffrey, count of Anjou, 93 family, 8, 15, 17, 37, 41, 47, 56, 58, 60, 66, Geoffrey de Clinton, 64, 187 91, 102, 116, 118, 122, 139, 143, 149, Geoffrey I de Mandeville, 162 150–5, 159, 160, 161, 163, 167, 168, 170, Geoffrey II de Mandeville, earl of Essex, 195, 199, 205, 218, 225, 226, 229, 230, 108, 111, 164, 205, 207, 208, 213, 251 234, 244, 247, 254; clerical, 168, 242, Geoffrey of Monmouth, 53, 158, 195, 216, 258; daughters in, 7, 23, 58, 116, 117–18, 223, 239 122, 152, 255; see also husbands, Geoffrey Plantagenet, bishop of Lincoln, marriage, widows, wives archbishop of York, 138 Faversham Abbey, 79, 85 Geoffrey Ridel, bishop of Ely, 140 felonies, 73 Geoffrey Rufus, bishop of Durham, 231 femininity, 14 Gerald of Wales, 22 feud, 58, 72, 74, 111, 141, 153, 254 Gerard, bishop of Hereford, archbishop of fields, 8, 47, 111, 116, 120, 122 York, 129 fines, 46, 60, 66, 67, 99, 114, 153, 207, 209, Gerbod the Fleming, 39, 226 236 Germany, 30, 179, 257 Flanders, 30, 71, 152, 200, 226, 243, 257; Gervase of Cornhill, 17, 218 Count Robert of, 33 Gervase of Howbridge, 199 fleets, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 65, 67, 84, Gesta Stephani, 111, 144, 164, 218 113, 156, 202, 204, 224, 228 Gilbert Foliot, bishop of Hereford and Flemings, 16, 39, 102, 200, 243 London, 125, 130 Flintshire, 39 Gilbert the Universal, bishop of London, Fontevraud Abbey, 79, 86 139, 146 forests, 46, 60, 89, 99, 106, 236, 253; Gilbertine canons, 137, 147, 166 Oxfordshire, 195; Staffordshire, 46; gilds, 8, 29, 149, 155, 158, 159, 195, 199, Yorkshire, 190–1, 236; see also New 201, 204, 211, 214, 217, 218 Forest Gilling, 183, 235 Forne son of Sigulf, 233 Glanvill, 21, 22, 73, 75, 152, 249

Index 301

Glanville family, 168; see also Hervey de, Hastings, 156; battle of, 27, 36, 37, 85, 86, Ranulf, Roger de 91, 92, 106, 114, 141, 144, 154, 161, 162, Glastonbury Abbey, 79, 147 181, 194, 205, 240, 242 Gloucester, 38, 39, 43, 68, 82, 111, 165, Havelock, 28, 158, 245 183; Abbey, 86, 175, 187; commune, 157; Headington, 194 earl of, see Robert Hebrides, 34 Gloucestershire, 66 Hedingham castle, 184 godparenthood, 151, 160 heiress, 44, 58, 59, 117, 118, 165, 184, 254 Godstow, 195 Helmsley, 166 Godwin, earl of Wessex, 15, 35, 36, 56, Henry I, king, 25, 29, 39, 44, 48, 49, 53, 58, 60, 102, 108, 122, 167, 204, 215, 60, 61, 62, 64, 68, 69, 71, 74, 76, 78, 79, 224, 249; family of, 15, 36, 37, 56, 60, 83, 85, 87, 88, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97, 101, 66, 102, 122, 154, 163, 170, 204, 109, 110, 112, 118, 119, 127, 129, 131, 254 139, 140, 141, 142, 146, 154, 170, 187, Goltho, 174, 181 189, 190, 193, 195, 206, 207, 214, 215, Goscelin of Saint-Bertin, 20, 245 216, 224, 229, 233, 236, 240, 246 Gospatric, earl of Northumbria, 43, 229 Henry II, king, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 15, 17, 28, 40, granges, 137 45, 49, 50, 53, 58, 61, 62, 66, 69, 74, 75, Grantham, 66 76, 78, 79, 80, 83, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, Greenwich, 202, 203 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 111, 112, 119, 127, Gregory the Great, pope, 130, 239 128, 129, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 143, Gregory VII, pope, 19, 50 160, 163, 164, 169, 170, 172, 180, 181, Gresley, 109 184, 191, 193, 196, 206, 209–10, 217, Grimsby, 158 221, 230, 233, 236, 250, 253, 254, 259 Gruffydd ap Cynan, king, 39 Henry de Ferrers, 166 Gruffydd ap Llewelyn, king, 33, 38 Henry, earl of Northumberland, 164 Gundulf, bishop of Rochester, 169, 213 Henry Murdac, archbishop of York, 171 Guy, count of Ponthieu, 36 Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester, papal Guy de Balliol, 183 legate, 13, 49, 113, 128, 131, 138, 140, Gyrth, son of Earl Godwin, 36 145, 180, 188, 189, 218, 231, 255 Gytha, wife of Earl Godwin, 122 Henry of Huntingdon, 17, 21, 25, 111, 158, 168, 241, 246 Hadrian’s Wall, 40 Herbert Losinga, bishop of Norwich, 125 hagas, 201 Hereford, 38, 39, 54; bishops of, see hagiography, 22, 23, 24, 255, 256 Gerard, Gilbert Foliot, Leofgar; earls halls, 7, 104, 105, 174, 180, 181, 182, 183, of, see Miles of Gloucester, Ralph of 184, 185, 186, 189, 195, 198, 207, 212, Mantes, Roger 213, 214 Herefordshire, 38, 165, 172, 187, 227 Hamelin Plantagenet, 184 Hereward the Wake, 28, 162 Hampshire, 36, 66 heriot, 104, 122 Harold Godwinson, earl of Wessex, king, hermits, 23, 135, 168, 255 34, 36, 37, 38, 78, 81, 86, 91, 92, 112, Hervey de Glanville, 168 140, 141, 144, 154, 161, 162, 181, 194, hierarchy, 6, 9, 14, 18, 83, 126, 148, 173, 240, 247; his son, Harold, 34 254, 257 Harold Fairhair, king of Norway, 41 Hilary, bishop of Chichester, 133, 146 Harold Hardrada, king of Norway, 33, 36 Holy Land, 35, 69, 180 Harold Harefoot, king, 33, 79, 81, 86, 95, Holy Trinity Aldgate, 211, 213, 218 118, 194 homage, 19, 36, 43, 45, 50, 56, 87, 91, 92, Harthacnut, king, 26, 63, 79, 81, 95, 118, 93, 98, 113, 127, 128, 191; liege, 93 188, 241 homicide, 10, 74, 75 Hartlepool, 34 homilies, 18, 27, 125, 237

302 Index

honour, 105, 155, 166, 171, 234, 235, 236 Jerusalem, 69, 177 Hospitallers, 70, 177 Jervaulx Abbey, 179 hospitals, 8, 135, 189 Jews, 69, 108, 131, 159, 191, 200, 218, 219, hostage, 38, 40, 45, 141, 164, 202 258 housebreaking, 72 Jocelin of Brakelond, 26, 148 housecarls, 63, 105, 253 John, king, 5, 52, 199, 210, 224, 227, 257 Hubert Walter, archbishop of Canterbury, John of Cornwall, 223 186, 215, 220 John of Crema, papal legate, 131 Hugh I (d’Avranches), earl of Chester, 39, John of Hexham, 29 162–3, 226, 235 John of Salisbury, 13, 21–2, 51, 125, 146, Hugh II, earl of Chester, 163 160, 249–50 Hugh of Avalon, bishop of Lincoln, saint, 139 John of Worcester, 31, 51, 57, 141, 246 Hugh de Lacy, 165 John the Larderer, 236 Hugh de Mareni, dean of St Paul’s, 168 Jordan Fantosme, 28, 218, 243 Hugh de Port, sheriff of Kent, 170 judges delegate, 127, 136, 148, 171, 255 Hugh du Puiset, bishop of Durham, 179, Jumièges Abbey, 175, 212 232 juries, 2, 74, 75, 76, 99, 129, 135, 172, 254 Hugh FitzWilliam of Kilpeck, 187 jurisdiction, 2, 8, 67, 73, 87, 89, 90, 122, Hugh of Buckland, sheriff, 207 127, 134, 149, 163, 201, 204, 232, 233, Hugh the Chanter, 26 250–1, 259; infangthief, 114; sake and Humphrey de Bohun, 164 soke, 114 hundreds, 52, 62, 63, 64, 65, 76, 98, 103, justice, 7, 14, 21, 27, 67, 72–6, 77, 80, 88, 115, 122, 125, 128, 153, 155, 171, 172, 97, 99, 114–15, 134, 143, 153, 165, 168, 173, 225, 234, 235, 244, 253, 254, 257, 222, 232, 236, 247, 259 259; see also courts justices, 2, 21, 62, 64, 77, 101, 140, 165, Hundred Ordinance, 62 166, 187, 206, 207, 208–9, 210, 219, 221, Hungary, 141 222, 227, 230, 233 hunting, 21, 38, 79, 173, 183, 193, 195, justiciar, chief, 64, 98, 133, 160, 165, 168, 209, 253 209, 219, 220; of Cheshire, 227 husbands, 14, 117, 119, 145, 150, 151 Jutes, 53 husting, 157, 201, 209, 210, 211 Hwicce, 225 Kenilworth, 187 Hyde, 188 Kent, 30, 31, 36, 66, 146, 167, 170, 172, Hythe, 156 222 Kilpeck, 187 identities, 3, 159, 199, 221–48 Kings: of Britain, see Arthur; of Denmark, Ilbert de Lacy, 183 see Swein Estrithson, Swein Forkbeard; of inheritance, 36, 58, 61, 67, 94, 98, 100, 116, East Anglia, see Edmund (St); of 117, 124, 151, 152, 163, 216, 254;by Northumbria, see Oswald; of Norway, women, 93, 111, 116, 117, 118, 163;in see Eysteinn, Harold Fairhair, Harold Normandy, 152 Hardrada, Magnus Barelegs, Magnus intermarriage, 151, 238, 247 Olafsson, Olag Tryggvason; of Scotland, interregnum, 91, 250 see David I, Donald, Duncan, Malcolm invasions, 2, 18, 30–45, 84, 86, 241 III, Malcolm IV, William the Lion; of the investiture, 19, 50, 87, 90, 127, 128 English, see Æthelred, Æthelstan, Cnut, Ipswich, 48, 226, 257 Eadwig, Edgar, Edmund, Edmund Ireland, 3, 11, 34, 54, 100, 122, 130, 226, Ironside, Edward the Confessor, Edward 244, 254 the Martyr, Harold, Harold Harefoot, Irish Sea, 30, 33, 48, 226, 234 Harthacnut, Henry I, Henry II, John, Isidore of Seville, 12 Richard, Stephen, Swein, William I, Ivo Taillebois, 233, 234 William II; of Wessex, see Æthelwulf,

Index 303

Alfred; of York, see Eric Bloodaxe; Welsh, Leofwin, earl, son of Earl Godwin, 36 see Gruffydd ap Cynan, Gruffydd ap Leofwine, earl of Mercia, 55, 226 Llewelyn, Owain Leominster, 161 kingship, 1, 4, 11, 19, 22, 52–99, 143, 154, Liber Eliensis, 169 199, 239, 259; overkingship, 1, 44, 52–4, Liber Vitae, of Durham, 169; of New 239 Minster, 81, 169 Kingston, 81 Lichﬁeld: bishop, see Cynesige, Roger; kinship, 101, 116, 150–5 cathedral, 175; diocese, 128, 139 Kirkham priory, 166 Life of King Edward, 20, 175, 212 Kirkstall Abbey, 179 Lincoln, 30, 83, 84, 129, 144, 156, 157, knight(s), 17, 28, 36, 43, 51, 57, 60, 65, 67, 163, 174, 192–3, 226; battle of, 51, 92, 68, 69, 76, 93, 101, 104, 107, 108, 110, 95, 110; bishops of, see Alexander, 111, 141, 143, 144, 148, 150, 155, 161, Geoffrey Plantagenet, Remigius, Robert 172, 187, 204, 245, 253; service, 57, 58, Bloet, Robert de Chesney; castle, 192, 62, 65, 108, 143, 151, 169, 206, 231, 232, 193; cathedral, 175, 178, 192–3; diocese, 235, 254 128, 132, 138, 139, 175; Eastgate, 144, 193; lawmen, 226; school, 146 Lacy family, 154, 155, 234 Lincolnshire, 4, 142, 163, 164, 224–5 Lambeth, 186, 215–16 Lindisfarne, 41, 42 Lancashire, 41, 44, 234–5, 236 Lindsey, 32, 62, 224, 225 Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, 23, 50, lineage, 8, 100, 116, 152, 167 54, 82, 91, 92, 96, 125, 127, 129, 131, literacy, 63 132, 138, 140, 145, 167, 169, 176, 177, lithsmen, 65, 67, 203, 243, 253 186, 246 Liulf of Bamburgh, 230 language, 6, 28, 45, 51, 63, 100, 124, 126, London, 1, 5, 8, 9, 17, 30, 31, 32, 36, 37, 132, 237–8, 248, 249, 256; Brittonic, 79, 84, 91, 93, 96, 105, 130, 155, 156, 237; Cornish, 222, 237; Latin, 25, 28, 61, 158, 159–60, 194, 198–200, 243, 257, 63, 126, 217, 237, 239, 246; 259; aldermen, 158, 211, 220; Aldgate, Northumbrian, 237; Old English, 126, 204, 211; Baynard’s Castle, 211, 212; 132, 237, 256; Old French, 100, 126, 132, bishops of, see Gilbert Foliot, Gilbert the 237, 256; Old Norse, 100, 237, 256 Universal, Maurice, Richard FitzNigel, Laon, 146, 157 Richard I de Beaumais, Richard II de Laughton-en-le-Morthen, 182 Beaumais, Robert of Jumièges, Wulfstan; Launceston, 233 bridge (London Bridge), 198, 203, 204, law, canon, 13, 87, 127, 133, 136, 139, 145, 207, 214; castles, 206, 212–13; charter 146 of Henry I for, 94, 207–8; church of St lawcodes, 2, 14, 27, 107, 125; Æthelbert, Mary Colechurch, 214; church of St 146; Æthelred, 27, 194; Cnut, 27; Mary le Bow, 220; commune of, 157, Edgar, 59, 194, 204, 218, 225–6; 199, 208; farm of, 207–8, 210; folkmoot, Edmund, 153; Edward the Confessor, 14, 211; gates of, 198; Guildhall, 186, 214; 199; Henry I, 74, 119; ‘London Ludgate, 213; mayor, 201, 210, 211; Collection’, 199, 211; William the militia, 211, 217; mint, 200, 203, 210; Conqueror, 94 peace-gild, 217; port-reeve, Wulfgar, 204; lawmen, 158, 226 Queenhithe, 214; reeves, 207; seal, 159, Leicester, see Robert, earl of 217; sheriffs of, 157, 207–11, 217, 219; Leo IX, pope, 126 shipmen of, 194, 217; sokes, 201;St Leofgar, bishop of Hereford, 144 Paul’s, 79, 175, 177, 202, 204, 211, 213, Leofric, abbot of Peterborough, 144, 161 217, 246; Steelyard, 214; Tower, 54, 64, Leofric, bishop of Exeter, 223 159, 182, 198, 204, 207, 208, 211, 212, Leofric, earl of Mercia, 55, 56, 161, 167, 213, 216; walls, 8, 158, 198, 201, 204, 194; his family, 102, 154 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216; see also

304 Index

Holy Trinity Aldgate, husting, Matilda de Senlis, queen of Scots, 44 Lundenwic, moneyers, Westminster Maurice, bishop of London, 213 Abbey mercenaries, 253 Londoners, 31, 32, 94, 113, 114, 157, 198, merchants, 16, 72, 108, 158, 198, 200, 214 199, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, merchet, 122 209, 210, 217, 218, 219, 220, 257 Mercia, 8, 41, 200, 202, 225, 227, 228, 239; lords, 2, 8, 10, 11, 15, 16, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, see also Ælfgar, Edwin, Leofric, Leofwin, 39, 40, 41, 44, 47, 48, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, earls of; Ælfhere, Eadric Streona, 65, 66, 67, 68, 76, 99, 100–24, 148, 149, ealdormen of 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 159, 160, 161, Merlin, 13, 109, 216, 223 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 171, 172, Michael, saint, 12 181, 182, 184, 186, 187, 209, 211, 223, midlands region, 32, 47, 62, 102, 120, 155, 228, 230, 232, 235, 243, 252, 253, 254, 167, 221, 225, 237, 257 256, 259 miles, 105 lordship(s), 1, 3, 8, 9, 28, 29, 40, 45, 47, 54, Miles of Gloucester, earl of Hereford, 13, 56, 57, 68, 154, 162, 163, 167, 171, 182, 111, 165 183, 222, 225, 227, 232, 233, 234, 235, mills, 16, 116 251, 257 mints, 70–2, 156, 193, 200, 203, 210, 226, Louth Park, 142 232, 233 Lothian, 41, 43, 228, 242 Modwenna, saint, 109 Lundenwic, 200 moneyers, 5, 8, 64, 71, 72, 156, 190, 200, Lynn, 48, 49 209 Morcar, earl of Northumbria, 36, 37, 56, magic, 12, 13, 136, 258 102, 154, 161, 162, 205, 235, 240 Magna Carta, 59, 199 Mortemer, 86, 184 Magna Carta of Cheshire, 227 murder, 10, 14, 20, 35, 42, 55, 72, 74, 77, Magnus Barelegs, king of Norway, 33, 39 89, 90, 95, 108, 109, 131, 142, 153, 155, Magnus Olafsson, king of Norway, 33 159, 161, 186, 194, 217, 219, 229, 231, Magonsaete, 225 246; ﬁne, 60, 73, 209, 238, 247 Malcolm II, king of Scots, 41, 42 Malcolm III, king of Scots, 42, 43, 44, 54, networks, 140, 149, 161–72 233, 259 New Buckenham, 184 Malcolm IV, king of Scots, 45 New Forest, 79, 91, 159, 188 Maldon, battle of, 31, 104, 106 Newark castle, 144 Maldon, Song of, 27 Newcastle, 44, 49, 230 Malmesbury Abbey, 24 Newhouse Abbey, 142 Malton, 166 Nigel, bishop of Ely, 110, 111, 144, 169 Man, Isle of, 34 nobles, 1, 2, 10, 18, 22, 36, 55, 64, 98, 100, marcher lordships, 3, 40, 225, 227, 232 104, 108, 125, 138, 141, 167, 198, 200, Marches, 165 218, 219, 242, 249, 256 Margaret, queen of Scots, 36, 43, 122 Norfolk, 66, 183 markets, 16, 34, 46, 48, 185, 254 Norham castle, 44, 140, 144, 231 marriage, 8, 14, 16, 34, 35, 50, 58, 60, 67, Normandy, 3, 4, 19, 32, 34, 35, 36, 64, 87, 73, 83, 91, 95, 96, 109, 116, 117, 118, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 102, 105, 111, 116, 119, 122, 131, 134, 136, 145, 150, 151, 152, 154, 167, 189, 220, 223, 239, 242, 152, 153, 155, 163, 165, 166, 183, 196, 244, 247; dukes of: Richard I, 34; Robert 238, 241, 247, 254, 258 I, 35; Robert II, 43, 68, 92, 154 masculinity, 14, 15 Northallerton, 42, 110 Matilda I, queen, 95, 96, 140 Northampton, 146, 147, 177 Matilda II, queen, 24, 25, 44, 95, 96, 213 Northamptonshire, 167 Matilda III, queen, 83, 85, 92, 95, 96, 114 north-east region, 41, 102

Index 305

northern region, 2, 3, 28, 30, 32, 37, 40, 41, Oxford, 59, 60, 139, 146, 156, 159, 193–6; 44, 45, 110, 115, 121, 156, 165, 166, castle, 194, 195; commune, 157;St 189–92, 228, 233–7, 242, 254 Clement’s, 194; schools, 146, 174; see North Tynedale, 45 also St Frideswide’s church Northumberland, 42, 43, 44, 49, 164, 166, Oxfordshire, 66, 172, 194, 195 228, 229, 233, 236 Northumbria, 41, 225, 228, 229; earls of, palaces, 18, 175, 180, 182, 186, 187, 188, 196 see Aubrey de Coucy, Copsi, Eric, papacy, 4, 50, 88, 89, 126, 127–8, 130, 131, Gospatric, Morcar, Robert de Mowbray, 133, 135, 255, 256 Siward, Tostig, Walcher bishop of papal legates, 50, 85, 89, 92, 96, 113–14, Durham, Waltheof, Uhtred; ealdormen 127, 130, 131, 140, 142, 231, 255 of, see Ælfhelm; king of; see Oswald Paris, 50, 146 Northumbrians, 37, 113, 226, 229, 234 parishes, 70, 134, 149, 160, 211, 212, 214, north-west region, 16, 102 257 Norway, 33, 34, 118, 200, 245; kings of, see parliament, 59, 103 Eysteinn, Harold Fairhair, Harold patriarchy, 6, 9, 14, 18 Hardrada, Magnus Barelegs, Magnus Paul, abbot of St Albans, 168 Olafsson, Olaf Tryggvason Payn FitzJohn, 165 Norwegians, 3, 33, 34, 240, 241, 242; peasants, 8, 11, 15, 16, 28, 29, 39, 47, 48, language: see Old Norse 66, 100, 104, 110, 116, 119–23, 124, 137, Norwich, 131, 159, 257; bishop of, 49; see 253, 254 also Herbert Losinga; cathedral church, Pecsaete, 225 176, 177; diocese, 139, 175 lawmen of, Pembrokeshire, 16, 39 226 penance, 84–6, 127, 131, 132, 136, 196 Nottingham, 156 Penitential Ordinance, 92 Nottinghamshire, 225 Peter of Blois, 131, 184 numeracy, 258 Peter of Goxhill, 142 nuns, 7, 12, 14, 56, 96, 131, 147, 179, 195 Peterborough Abbey, 177 Peter’s Pence, 126 oaths, 2, 19, 36, 38, 44, 57, 67, 74, 92, 98, pipe rolls, 46, 58, 66, 67, 68, 69, 77, 83, 94, 99, 106, 112, 113, 124, 145, 153, 161, 109, 115, 118, 158, 195, 210, 219, 223, 164, 203, 239, 248, 249, 254 229, 236 Odard, sheriff of Northumberland, 230 Pipewell Abbey, 167 Odo, bishop of Bayeux, 16, 36, 43, 170, 215 policing, 63, 115, 158 Offa’s Dyke, 38, 40 Pontefract, 155, 183, 234, 235 Olaf, saint, 203 prebends, 132 Olaf Tryggvason, king of Norway, 141, 202 precentor, 133 ordeals, 14, 19, 74, 128, 141 priests, 14, 19, 22, 70, 72, 74, 80, 81, Orderic Vitalis, 23, 121, 245 126, 132, 134, 144, 168, 214, 242, Orford, 184 258 Orkney, 34, 242 primacy, 50, 54, 92, 127, 129–30 Osbern of Canterbury, 246 primogeniture, 116, 152, 255 Osbert of Clare, 78, 147, 189, 212 Pseudo-Isidore, 127, 145 Oseney Abbey, 195 punishment, 10–11, 14, 19, 74–5, 88, 147 Osgod Clapa, 55, 203, 204 Osulf of Bamburgh, 42 Quadripartitus, 21 Oswald, bishop of Worcester, archbishop of queens, 22, 24, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 93, 94–6, York, saint, 24, 135, 137, 178 97, 132, 186; of England, see Adeliza, Oswald, king of Northumbria, saint, 20, 181 Ælfthryth, Edith, Eleanor, Emma, Owain, king of Strathclyde, 41 Matilda I, Matilda II, Matilda III; of Owain Gwynedd, 40 Scots, see Margaret, Matilda de Senlis

306 Index

Ralph, earl of east Anglia, 37, 163 ridere, 104, 105 Ralph de Diceto, 217 ridings, 62 Ralph of Langford, 168 Rievaulx Abbey, 17, 26, 47, 142, 147, 166, Ralph of Mantes, earl of Hereford, 38 170, 242 Ramsbury, 128 Rights and Ranks of People, 104 Ramsey Abbey, 133 Ripon, 133, 179 Ranulf de Glanville, 168, 230, 236 ritual, 1, 7, 53, 78, 84, 124, 149, 159, 185, Ranulf Flambard, bishop of Durham, 64, 187, 197 97, 132, 140, 168, 231 rivers: Clyde, 232; Dee, 53; Derwent, 191; Ranulf I (Meschin), earl of Chester, 163 Eden, 232; Forth, 41; Foss, 190; Humber, Ranulf II, earl of Chester, 163, 164 5, 31, 32, 37, 40, 153, 227, 235; Mersey, Ranulf III, earl of Chester, 227 5, 40, 41, 44, 153, 227, 234, 235; Orwell, rape, 10, 72 203; Ouse, 189, 190, 191; Ribble, 41, Raunds, 181 234; Solway, 44, 52, 259; Swale, 182; Reading Abbey, 79, 85, 86, 178 Tamar, 223; Tees, 1, 41, 98, 183, 229; reeves, 18, 61, 62, 63, 64, 201, 207; Thames, 37, 96, 175, 194, 202, 203, 204, hundred, 62, 128; manorial, 47, 103; 214, 216, 257; Tweed, 41, 44, 52, 228, (port-) reeve, 205, 207 229, 231, 259; Tyne, 43, 49, 229; Usk, 38; regalia, 80–4 Wye, 183 regent, 95–6, 97, 101 roads, Roman, 183, 192, 206, 232; Ermine Reginald, earl of Cornwall, 160, 164 Street, 192; Stane Street, 206; Watling regions, 2, 3, 8, 11, 16, 33, 38, 41, 47, 61, Street, 32, 113 70, 101, 148, 149, 153, 171, 192, 193, robbery, 72, 74, 219 201, 202, 221, 222–37, 242, 244, 257; see Robert, count of Mortain, 223 also Cleveland, Cumbria, East Anglia, Robert, earl of Gloucester, 25, 93, 108, 111, eastern, East Midlands, Lindsey, Lothian, 113, 164, 249 midlands, north-east, northern, north- Robert, earl of Leicester, 8, 114, 142 west, Teesdale, Tweeddale Robert Bloet, bishop of Lincoln, 17, 132, relics, 7, 11, 20, 23, 24, 77, 78, 85, 174, 140, 193 175, 176, 179, 187, 188, 189, 213, 216, Robert de Bellême, 39, 227 230 Robert I de Brus, 166, 229 relief, 60, 105 Robert de Commines, earl of Northumbria, Remigius, bishop of Lincoln, 192 109, 229 retinues, 17, 42, 64, 65, 104, 107, 108, 109, Robert de Mowbray, earl of Northumbria, 188, 219 33, 34, 43, 183, 229 Rhuddlan, 38, 39 Robert de Vaux, 233 Richard I, king, 5, 81 Robert I d’Oilly, 160, 194 Richard I de Beaumais, bishop of London, 132 Robert II d’Oilly, 195 Richard II de Beaumais, bishop of London, Robert FitzWalter, 211 168 Robert of Jumièges, bishop of London, Richard de Lucy, chief justiciar, 61, 98, 114, archbishop of Canterbury, 138, 167, 204, 160, 165, 208 205, 212 Richard du Hommet, 160, 164 Robert of Torigny, 94 Richard FitzGilbert (Strongbow), 164 Robert Pullen, 146, 195 Richard FitzNigel, 21, 22, 169 Roche Abbey, 179 Richard of Anstey, 117 Rochester, 27, 48, 86, 169, 170, 175, 178, Richard of Hexham, 29, 242 215; bishop of, see Ernulf, Gundulf; Richard of Ilchester, bishop of Winchester, castle, 144 140 Rockingham castle, 183 Richmond, castle, 49, 182, 183, 197; Roger, archbishop of York, 146, 179, 191 archdeaconry, 233 Roger, bishop of Coventry and Lichﬁeld, 46

Index 307

Roger, bishop of Salisbury, 25, 97, 98, 110, 164, 183, 191, 196, 228, 231, 233, 234, 140, 144, 168, 169, 180, 185, 195 241, 242, 243, 252, 259 Roger, bishop of Worcester, 138, 146 seals, 54, 88, 90, 93, 94, 159, 217, 229 Roger, earl of Hereford, 144, 164 Selby Abbey, 147 Roger de Glanville, sheriff of serfs, 8, 11, 121, 122, 124 Northumberland, 230 serjeanty, 106 Roger de Stuteville, sheriff of sermons, 18, 27, 108, 121, 126 Northumberland, 230, 233 Settrington, 153 Roger d’Ivry, 160 Shaftesbury, 77, 79 Roger FitzRichard, 230 Sherborne castle, 144, 180 Roger of Howden, 219 sheriffs, 2, 17, 38, 39, 52, 57, 62, 63, 64, 66, Roger of Montgomery, 39, 154, 166 69, 74, 75, 76, 97, 98, 99, 101, 103, 115, Roger of Ramsbury, 168 128, 129, 131, 153, 157, 162, 165, 170, Roger Picot, sheriff of Northumberland, 172, 187, 194, 205–6, 207, 208, 209, 211, 230 217, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 227, 229, Roger the Poitevin, 109, 234 230, 233, 234, 236, 245, 246, 254 Rome, 14, 42, 50, 53, 54, 85, 87, 126, 127, Shetland, 34 129, 130, 132, 146, 158, 170, 173, 216, ship-sokes, 156 217, 227, 256; St Peter’s, 177, 188; see shires, 52, 62, 63, 64, 98, 103, 116, 153, also appeals 156, 171, 172, 206, 225, 249, 257 Romney, 156 Shrewsbury, 54, 110; Abbey, 166 Rosamund Clifford, 180 shrines, 11, 23, 24, 80, 86, 135, 136, 137, Rouen, 79, 218 159, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 187, 188, 189, 196, 213, 219, 244 Saewold, sheriff of Oxfordshire, 194 Shropshire, 165, 227 saints, 7, 9, 11, 12, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, Simon Bloet, dean of Lincoln, 132 29, 80, 126, 136–7, 148, 158, 159, 176–8, simony, 25, 50, 131, 134, 139 196, 199, 237, 255, 256; see also Ailred, Siward, earl of Northumbria, 42, 55, 56, Ælfheah, Æthelwold, Aldhelm, Anselm, 137, 228, 229, 233, 235, 245 Augustine, Birinus, Cuthbert, Dunstan, slavery, 11, 22, 75, 109, 121, 122, 250 Eadburh, Edith, Edmund, Edward the slaves, 8, 28, 42, 48, 120, 121, 122, 124, Martyr, Erkenwald, Etheldreda, 150, 200, 259 Frideswide, Michael, Modwenna, Olaf, slave trade, 122, 131 Oswald, Swithun, Thomas Becket, Sleaford castle, 144 Valentine, Virgin Mary, Wilfrid soke, 66, 114, 162, 201, 235 Salisbury, 57, 99; bishop of, see Roger; Somerset, 30, 174 castle, 144 Song of the Battle of Hastings, 82 Samson, abbot of Bury St Edmunds, 26, 148 Southwark, 167, 198, 204, 215, 216 sanctuary, 14, 145, 188, 220 Spearhafoc, abbot of Abingdon, 138 Sandwich, 32, 156 St Albans Abbey, 168, 176 Scandinavia, 6, 33, 34, 71, 91, 102, 158, St Andrews, archbishopric, 130 243, 244, 245, 246 St Davids, 54, 130 Scandinavians, 4, 30, 37, 41, 51, 106, 121, St Germans, diocese, 128, 223 122, 158, 201, 203, 204, 214, 224, 225, St Ives, 48 228, 232, 235, 237, 242, 243, 244, 246 St Michael’s Mount, 223 schools, 6, 22, 50, 146, 174 Staffordshire, 46 Scolland, abbot of St Augustine’s Stamford, 156, 225, 257; lawmen, 226 Canterbury, 175 state, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 22, 70, 149–50, 221, Scotland, 16, 34, 40, 54, 130, 143, 229, 247 222, 248–51 Scots, 4, 11, 17, 28, 29, 34, 37, 38, 40–5, 54, Stephen, king, 2, 13, 40, 50, 52, 60–1, 62, 86, 92, 110, 120, 121, 122, 141, 142, 144, 66, 69, 70, 72, 75, 78, 79, 83, 85, 87, 91,

308 Index

92, 93, 95, 96, 103, 108, 111, 112, 113, Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, 120, 121, 129, 130, 138, 139, 140, 144, 21, 83, 93, 111, 130–1, 138, 140, 146, 157, 163, 164, 168, 191, 193, 195, 206, 160 207, 208, 209, 211, 231, 232, 234, 236, Theobald d’Etampes, 195 242, 249, 250, 253; William son of, 93, Thetford, lawmen of, 226 234; see also Eustace Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, Stigand, bishop of Elmham, Winchester, saint, 2, 14, 17, 23, 53, 69, 83, 86, 88–9, archbishop of Canterbury, 97, 127, 131, 99, 125, 127, 128, 138, 146, 148, 158, 138, 141, 167 159, 160, 161, 180, 186, 199, 200, 214, Stoneleigh Abbey, 86 216–17, 218, 256 Stow, 48, 161 Thomas of Bayeux, archbishop of York, Strathclyde, 41, 128, 232 129, 190 Southampton, 30, 31 Thorkell the Tall, 32, 55, 202 Suffolk, 66, 148 Thorney Abbey, 161 Sulgrave, 181, 182 Thurstan, archbishop of York, 129–30, Sussex, 36, 46, 66 141, 144, 147, 166, 168, 191 Swein, king, 27, 31, 32, 35, 36, 79, 81, 86, Tickhill castle, 166, 183, 235 92, 113, 156, 194, 202, 224, 239, 244, Tintagel, 223 245, 250 tithes, 16–17, 50, 69, 70, 125, 131, 134, Swein Estrithson, king, 33, 37 137, 145, 166, 169, 255 Swithun, saint, 12, 23, 174, 187–8 tithings, 115 Symeon of Durham, 137, 229, 231 Tostig, earl of Northumbria, 33, 38, 41, 42, synods, 126, 131, 134, 257 102, 229, 234, 235 Tovi the Proud, 55 Tanshelf, 183 towns, 6, 8, 16, 30, 46, 48, 49, 66, 123, 135, taxation, 3, 7, 36, 67, 69, 70, 99, 160, 172, 149, 150, 155–60, 163, 172, 181, 184, 253, 259; aids, 57, 58, 61, 66, 68, 69, 210; 186, 187–96, 211, 218, 220, 237, 243, for Holy Land, 69; of boroughs, 66, 68;of 252, 256, 257 counties, 69; of knights, 68, 69; of Jews, treaties, 34, 35, 72, 93, 111, 112, 142, 69; of London, 210; geld, 56, 60, 63, 64, 163–4, 228; see also Alney, Durham 67, 68–9, 96, 97, 195, 210, 224; danegeld, Tutbury priory, 166 65, 68–9, 203, 241; heregeld, 67, 156, Tweeddale, 44 204; gifts, 68, 69; tallage, 66, 68; tolls, 66, tyranny, 22, 238 114, 115, 131, 156, 157, 209; tribute, 6, 31, 36, 39, 40, 42, 45, 67, 84, 97, 202, Uhtred, earl of Northumbria, 32, 41, 42, 55, 203, 221, 245, 246, 250; see also tithes 113, 231 Teesdale, 43, 183 Templars, 70, 85, 177, 200 vacancies, ecclesiastical, 86, 89, 99 tenants-in-chief, 14, 56, 57–8, 65, 67, 87, Valentine, saint, 188 98, 102, 119 viceroy, 96–7, 102 tenure, 56–8, 76, 87, 98, 100, 111, 123, 124, Vikings, 11, 31, 34, 38, 41, 46, 86, 107, 122, 135, 142, 162, 207, 230, 232, 235, 254, 151, 165, 174, 189, 190, 211, 226, 235, 257 241 Textus Roffensis, 27, 146, villages, 46–8, 109, 111, 116, 120, 122, 149, 169, 217 155, 160, 192 Thanet, 30 villani, 8, 122, 124, 259 theft, 73, 74, 122 violence, 9, 10, 28, 51, 72, 108–14, 120, thegns, 47, 101, 102, 103–4, 106, 109, 113, 153, 157, 159, 185, 222, 249 141, 150, 161, 163, 181, 182, 194, 222, Virgin Mary, 7, 8, 12, 18, 232, 235 82, 256

Index 309

Walcher, bishop of Durham, 141, 153, 229, William, count of Aumale, 191, 236 231 William Cumin, 44, 231 Wales, 3, 16, 33, 34, 36, 38–40, 68, 122, William de Mareni, 168 130, 164, 226, 227, 247, 254 William de Mountﬁtchet, 164 Walkelin, bishop of Winchester, 23, 97, 188 William de Percy, 168 Walter Espec, 165, 166, 235 William de Pont de l’Arche, 214, 215 Walter FitzAlan, 164 William de Roumare, 142, 163, 164 Walter Map, 22, 131 William I de Warenne, 186 Waltham Abbey, 78, 86 William, earl of Gloucester, 165 Waltheof, earl of Northumbria, 56, 153, William FitzHerbert, archbishop of York, 182, 229, 230, 235, 245 170–1, 191 wapentakes, 62, 64, 65, 98, 115, 155, 171, William FitzOsbern, 36, 39, 182, 227 172, 173, 225, 232, 244, 257 William FitzOsbert, 159, 219 wardship, 58, 67 William FitzStephen, 17, 158, 199, 211, Wark, 166 216, 217, 218 Warkworth, 230 William Giffard, bishop of Winchester, 189 Warwick castle, 187 William Maltravers, 155 Watton, 147, 166 William Marshal, 27, 101, 108, 117 Weber, Max, 5, 249 William of Canterbury, 17 Welsh, 4, 34, 37, 38–40, 45, 53, 54, 122, William of Corbeil, archbishop of 144, 163, 183, 227, 239 Canterbury, 138 Wessex, 2, 41, 56, 66, 187, 202, 225, 227, William of Lancaster, 234 228; see also Godwin, Harold William of Malmesbury, 23–5, 26, 34, 76, Godwinson, earls of; Æthelwulf, Alfred, 86, 95, 111, 113, 114, 122, 126, 178, 218, kings of 222, 240 Westminster, 82, 83, 88, 122, 186, 198, William of Newburgh, 219 204, 205, 206, 207, 220 William of Poitiers, 26, 36, 107, 181, 206 Westminster Abbey, 20, 78, 80, 82, 85, William of Saint-Barbe, bishop of Durham, 92–3, 133, 147, 175, 198, 206, 212, 219 232 Westmorland, 41, 234 William of Saint-Calais, bishop of Durham, Whitby, 34; Abbey, 168 231 widows, 14, 20, 32, 58–9, 60, 72, 78, 109, William Warelwast, bishop of Exeter, 140 117, 118–19, 143, 145, 150, 189, 254 wills, 73, 117, 134, 150, 151 Wigod of Wallingford, 194 Wilton Abbey, 85 Wilfrid, saint, 24 Wiltshire, 29, 66, 168 William I (the Conqueror), king, 2, 11, 26, Winchester, 25, 36, 79, 81, 82, 92, 93, 96, 28, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39, 42, 43, 46, 50, 54, 128, 129, 137, 156, 159, 174, 177, 187–9; 56, 59, 63, 66, 67, 73, 78, 79, 81, 82, 85, bishops of, see Ælfheah, Æthelwold, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 102, 103, 107, 112, Henry of Blois, Richard of Ilchester, 114, 116, 120, 126, 138, 140, 148, 154, Stigand, Walkelin, William Giffard; 156, 161, 162, 169, 181, 182, 188, 205, castle, 145; fair of St Giles, 48; New 206, 212, 218, 226, 229, 231, 240, 242, Minster, 81–2, 169, 188–9; 257 Nunnaminster, 189; Old Minster, 23, 79, William II (Rufus), king, 34, 39, 43, 48, 51, 133, 174, 176, 177, 179, 187–8 60, 64, 76, 78, 79, 82, 93–4, 105, 112, Windsor, 148 140, 143, 154, 163, 188, 190, 206, 212, witan, 59, 139 215, 233 witchcraft, 136 William IV (the Lion), king of Scots, 28, 45, Witney, 49 191 wives, 14, 78, 116, 117, 119, 150, 151, 243, William, bishop of London, 205, 206 258 William Cade, 200 Wolvesey, 180

310 Index

women, 6, 7, 11, 14, 15, 22, 29, 109, 117, Wulfstan II, bishop of Worcester, 122, 126, 119, 121, 135, 150, 151, 152, 170, 173, 141, 143, 144, 167, 178 186, 246 Woodstock, 49, 69, 180, 193, 194, 195, 196 York, 30, 37, 41, 42, 43, 45, 133, 174, Worcester, 63, 83, 84, 161, 178; bishop of, 190–2, 224, 226, 228, 231, 235, 236, 243; 38, 225; see also Brihtheah, Ealdred, archbishops of, 92, 93, 132, 140, 233; see Oswald, Roger, Wulfstan I, Wulfstan II also Ealdred, Geoffrey, Gerard, Henry Wreocensaete, 225 Murdac, Oswald, Roger, Thomas of writs, 52, 64, 75–6, 97, 98, 99, 111, 117, Bayeux, Thurstan, William FitzHerbert, 123, 135, 172, 194, 204, 205, 207, 221, Wulfstan I; archdiocese of, 26, 50, 54, 232, 237, 239, 254 128, 129, 133, 139, 143, 231, 233, 236; Wulfric, abbot of St Augustine’s, castellan of, 42; castles at, 42, 190; Canterbury, 175 commune, 157; lawmen, 226; Minster, Wulfric Spot, 225 170, 175, 176, 177, 179, 190–2; see also Wulfstan I, bishop of Worcester, London, moneyers archbishop of York, 18–19, 27, 50, 63, Yorkshire, 2, 4, 37, 62, 102, 147, 153, 166, 73, 104, 108–9, 118–19, 121–2, 125, 167, 170, 174, 179, 182, 183, 189, 192, 139–40, 145, 167, 179; works: 234, 235–6, 242 Episcopus, 19, 125; Institutes of Polity, Yorkshiremen, 37 18; Sermon of the Wolf to the English, 27, Young King, 28, 79, 83, 99, 108–9, 121–2 112, 217