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297 312 323 324 333 Unveröffentlichte Quellen 333 VII. WYKEHAMS SELBSTVERSTÄNDNIS ALS AUFTRAGGEBER UND Einleitung SEIN VERHÄLTNIS ZUM KÖNIGSHAUS 297 Als William of Wykeham an einem Sonntag im Oktober 1367 von Erzbischof SCHLUSSBETRACHTUNG 312 Simon Langham in der St. Pauls-Kathedrale in London zum Bischof von Winchester geweiht wurde, war dies der Auftakt für die Realisierung eines der ˙ 9˙ DANKSAGUNG 323 bemerkenswertesten Bauprogramme des 14. Jahrhunderts. 1 In den folgenden vier Jahrzehnten seiner Amtszeit sollte der Bischof die Errichtung zweier für SUMMARY 324 die Entwicklung der Kollegienarchitektur wegweisender Colleges in Oxford und Winchester finanzieren, den Umbau des Langhauses der Kathedrale von QUELLEN- UND LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 333 Winchester maßgeblich vorantreiben, mehrere Bischofspaläste in Hampshire ausbauen lassen und eine Grabkapelle in Auftrag geben, deren Monumenta- Unveröffentlichte Quellen 333 lität und Originalität zeitgenössische Sepulkralwerke in den Schatten stell- London, British Library 333 te. Wykehams ambitionierte Bauprojekte wurden zielstrebig und in rascher Oxford, New College, Archiv (NCA) 333 Folge umgesetzt und durch reiche Bildausstattung geschmückt. Nur wenige Oxford, New College, Bibliothek 334 Auftraggeber gotischer Architektur, Skulptur und Glasmalerei können mit Winchester College, Archiv (Winchester College Muniments) 334 einem derart umfangreichen und geschlossenen Werkkomplex in Verbindung Winchester, Hampshire Record Office 335 gebracht werden. Wykehams Bedeutung als „arguably the single most lavish patron of ar- Gedruckte Quellen und Textausgaben 335 chitecture in Richard II’s reign“ 2 ist in der englischen Forschung seit langem erkannt, jedoch bislang nur in Einzelbetrachtungen gewürdigt worden. 3 In der Forschungsliteratur 341 vorliegenden Arbeit werden erstmals alle von Wykeham finanzierten Bauten und ihre Bildausstattung einer umfassenden Analyse unterzogen und ein Profil ABBILDUNGSNACHWEIS 375 dieses bedeutenden Auftraggebers gezeichnet. Die Monografie kann sich auf eine Vielfalt an Quellen zur Biografie des PERSONENREGISTER XXX Bischofs und seiner Stiftungs- und Bautätigkeit stützen, deren Erschließung im 18. Jahrhundert im Umfeld der von Wykeham gegründeten Kollegien ihren ORTS- UND OBJEKTREGISTER xxx Ausgang nahm. 4 1758 verfasste Robert Lowth, der nach dem Studium in Win- chester College und New College in Oxford Professor für Poetik in Oxford und 1 Zur Bischofsweihe: Wykeham’s Register (1896 – 1899), Bd. 1, S. 8; Stephani Birching- toni Monachi Cantuariensis Historia de Archiepiscopis Cantuariensibus (1691), S. 47; Highfield 1953, S. 45. 2 Wilson 1997, S. 47. 3 Zu Wykehams Bedeutung als Bauherr auch: Hare 1988, S. 238; Phillpotts 2000, S. 115; Emery 2006, S. 431; Wilson 2009, S. 45; Goodall 2011, S. 289. Strong bezeichnete Wykeham als „one of the greatest patrons in the history of Britain“: Strong 2004, S. 82. 4 Diese werden ausführlich in Kapitel II vorgestellt. Einleitung später Bischof von London wurde, sein Life of William of Wykeham. 5 Dieses strukturierte Ansammlung an Gebäuden, die für die ersten Colleges kennzeich- gilt bis heute als Referenzwerk. Die zweite Standardbiografie legte 1887 George nend war, zu einem geschlossenen Baukomplex zusammengefügt. New College Herbert Moberly vor, der ebenfalls Winchester College verbunden war. 6 Beide wurde so zum Modell für die Kollegienarchitektur des 15. Jahrhunderts. 10 nutzten die Archivbestände der Colleges und schufen durch die Auswertung Mehrfach beleuchteten Architekturhistoriker zudem das künstlerische ˙10˙ und Veröffentlichung von Quellen gemeinsam mit Mackenzie Walcott (1852) Verhältnis der Gebäudekomplexe von New College und Winchester College ˙ 11˙ und Thomas Frederick Kirby (1892) die Grundlagen für die weitere Forschung zu den unter König Edward III. neu errichteten königlichen Gemächern auf zu Wykehams Aufträgen. 7 Zur Feier ihres sechshundertjährigen Bestehens Schloss Windsor, deren Planung Wykeham in seiner Funktion als königlicher gaben zudem New College und Winchester College im Jahr 1979 bzw. 1982 je Bauadministrator (1356 – 1361) mitverfolgt hatte. Von diesem Bau leiteten sie eine Monografie zu ihrer Geschichte heraus, die sich auch mit den erhaltenen Aspekte der Raumanordnung in den Colleges ab. 11 Gebäudekomplexen und der mittelalterlichen Baugeschichte befasste. 8 Ein anderer Zweig der Forschung widmete sich der Bearbeitung der um- Forschungsbeiträge zur Entstehungsgeschichte des akademischen Kolle- fangreichen Glasfensterzyklen der Collegekapellen in Oxford und Winchester. gienbaus, wie sie von Michael Kiene und Konrad Rückbrod in gesamteu- Da diese im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert zum Teil zerstört und nicht immer durch ropäischer Perspektive, von Robert Willis, John Harvey und Alan Cobban originalgetreue Kopien ersetzt wurden, stand neben Überlegungen zur Ikono- mit besonderem Blick auf Oxford und Cambridge und von Anthony Emery grafie und Datierung vor allem die ursprüngliche Anordnung der erhaltenen im Rahmen seiner monumentalen Studie Greater Medieval Houses in England Scheiben im Vordergrund. 12 and Wales vorgelegt wurden, setzten sich unter diesem Gesichtspunkt mit der Untersuchungen zur Baugeschichte der Kathedrale von Winchester setzten Architektur von New College auseinander. 9 Übereinstimmend sprachen sie sich mit einem weiteren Aspekt von Wykehams Bautätigkeit auseinander. 1846 dem von Wykeham beauftragten Bau eine Schlüsselrolle in der Entwicklung erarbeitete Robert Willis eine Bauchronologie des im 14. Jahrhundert erneu- der englischen Universitätsarchitektur zu. In diesem wurde erstmals die wenig erten Langhauses und sprach sich für zwei Bauphasen mit einem Baubeginn im Westen unter Wykehams Vorgänger, Bischof William Edington, und einer 5 Verwendet wurde die zweite Ausgabe: Lowth 1759. Zu Lowth: Mandelbrote 2008. Fortsetzung unter Wykeham in den 1390er Jahren aus. 13 Die jüngere For- Zuvor verfasste Thomas Martin ein Leben des Bischofs in lateinischer Sprache, das 14 posthum veröffentlicht wurde: Martin 1597. schung teilte diese Bauabfolge in weitere Kampagnen auf. Die im Langhaus 6 George Herbert Moberly war der Sohn von George Moberly, der über dreißig Jahre errichtete Grabkapelle Wykehams wurde im Zuge eines verstärkten Interes- lang Direktor von Winchester College war: Shipp 2008, S. 32, Anm. 138. Herangezo- ses der englischen Forschung an Memorialräumen (chantry spaces) mehrfach gen wird im Folgenden die zweite Ausgabe: Moberly 1893. 7 Walcott 1852; Kirby 1892a; Wykeham’s Register (1896 – 1899). Leider unterliefen 10 Nach Böker 1984, S. 274 leitete New College eine „neue Generation des Collegetyps“ Kirby bei der Auswertung der Quellen einige Fehler. Ein Exemplar mit händisch no- mit geschlossener Hofanlage ein. Kiene 1981, S. 150 beschrieb New College als Ende tierten Korrigenda seiner Annalen von Winchester College befindet sich im dortigen „der experimentelle[n] Phase der Typenausbildung“. Neben der Vorbildwirkung des Archiv. In diesem Zusammenhang ist auch Herbert Chitty (1863– 1949) zu nennen, Gesamtkomplexes wurden auch einzelne Bauelemente (Grundriss der Kapelle in der als Archivar von Winchester College weiteres Quellenmaterial sichtete. T-Form, die sich aus Chor und querriegelartiger Antechapel zusammensetzt, Kreuz- 8 Jackson-Stops 1979a; Harvey 1982. Zur Bau- und Ausstattungeschichte von New gang, Torturm, Position der Wohnung des Warden über dem Haupteingang usw.) College auch: Inventory of the Historical Monuments in the City of Oxford (1939), übernommen: Jackson-Stops 1979a, S. 186; Harvey 1992, S. 762. S. 84 – 91; Smith 1952; Lobel/Salter 1965, S. 144 – 162. Zu Winchester College auch: 11 Wickham Legg 1938; Kiene 1981, S. 142f.; Wilson 2002, S. 80; Emery 2006, S. 143, Harvey 1965. 205; Eavis 2011, S. 181f. 9 Willis 1886, Bd. 3, S. 256; Rückbrod 1977, S. 128 – 132; Kiene 1981, S. 137 – 150; Kiene 12 Le Couteur 1920; Woodforde 1951; Harvey/King 1971; Marks 1993, S. 173f.; 1983, S. 90 – 94; Cobban 1992, S. 581; Harvey 1992, S. 754 – 756; Emery 2006, S. 143. Mallet 2003; Eavis 2011, S. 179f. Emery geht es darüber hinaus auch um eine Einordnung des New College in der 13 Geschichte des Wohn- und Residenzbaus, insbesondere des courtyard house in der Willis 1846, S. 54 – 75. Nachfolge von Schloss Windsor: Emery 2006, S. 137. 14 Crook/Kusaba 1993; Hare 2012. Einleitung in übergreifende Analysen einbezogen. 15 Ihre Bedeutung wurde auch in der Der Überblick über die Forschungsgeschichte zeigt, dass sich die Untersu- deutschsprachigen Forschung gewürdigt. 16 chungen zu Wykehams künstlerischen Aufträgen stets auf Einzelaspekte der Neben den Colleges und seiner Bischofskirche bildeten die bischöflichen Aktivitäten des Bischofs konzentrierten. Die verschiedenen Facetten seiner Residenzen den dritten Tätigkeitsbereich Wykehams als Bauherrn. Obwohl die- Auftraggebertätigkeit wurden jedoch bislang nicht zu einem geschlossenen ˙12˙ se nur schlecht oder zum Teil gar nicht erhalten sind, gelang es der englischen Gesamtbild verdichtet. Gerade die von Wykeham finanzierten Werke bieten ˙ 13˙ Forschung durch Auswertung von Quellen, den Umfang und die Datierung jedoch reiches Material, um die Handlungsmöglichkeiten, Interessen und seiner Baukampagnen zu erschließen. 17 Diese Bauten können somit ebenfalls Intentionen eines bedeutenden Auftraggebers des 14. Jahrhunderts in einer in die Gesamtdarstellung der Aufträge des Bischofs einbezogen werden. vertiefenden Studie zu analysieren. Drei Forschungsbeiträge haben sich auch objektübergreifend mit Wyke- In den vergangenen Jahren wurde in der englischsprachigen Forschung hams Patronage auseinandergesetzt.
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