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THE US-JAPAN ALLIANCE AFTER the COLD WAR by Koji

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THE US-JAPAN ALLIANCE AFTER the COLD WAR by Koji NATIONAL SECURITY CULTURE AND ALLIANCE: THE U.S.-JAPAN ALLIANCE AFTER THE COLD WAR by Koji Haraguchi A dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science The University of Utah May 2016 Copyright © Koji Haraguchi 2016 All Rights Reserved The University of Utah Graduate School STATEMENT OF DISSERTATION APPROVAL The following faculty members served as the supervisory committee chair and members for the dissertation of Koji Haraguchi_______________________________ Dates at right indicate the members’ approval of the dissertation. Howard Lehman_____________________________, Chair May, 2, 2013 Date Approved Ronald Hrebenar_____________________________, Member May, 2, 2013 Date Approved Wesley Sasaki-Uemura______________ i_________ , Member May, 2, 2013 Date Approved Steven Lobell________________________________ , Member May, 2, 2013 Date Approved Mathew Burbank_____________________________, Member May, 2, 2013 Date Approved The dissertation has also been approved by Mark Button Chair of the Department/School/College of Political Science and by David B. Kieda, Dean of The Graduate School. ABSTRACT Why and how has the U.S.-Japan alliance survived the end of the Cold War? More generally what happens to an alliance when the international security environment changes? The present dissertation aims at developing a new model of alliance politics that explains the continuity of an alliance by focusing on cultural factors of international security. Building on the constructivist theory of international relations, the present dissertation argues that the U.S.-Japan alliance has survived even after the demise of the Soviet Union, against which the alliance was originally formed, because the two allies have interdependent national security cultures that are deeply institutionalized in their defense policies. The two allies not only share identity as capitalist democracies, but also embrace complementary norms of national security. Namely, to secure its longstanding norm of homeland protection, the United States needs Japan’s assistance in maintaining its military presence in Asia so that it can minimize threats from the region. For its part, Japan, in an Asian regional security environment full of threats, needs the United Sates’ assistance in maintaining the antimilitarist national security norm that grew from the bitter experience and memory of World War II. By analyzing domestic processes of revising basic defense policies after the Cold War in Washington and Tokyo, as well as the bilateral negotiations for the New Guidelines for Defense Cooperation between the United Sates and Japan, the present dissertation demonstrates that institutionalized national security cultures in both countries provided ideational bases for their post-Cold War national security policies. These ideational constructs established the foundation for defense policies that the two countries developed to deal with new sources of national security threats in the Asia Pacific region. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................iii LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................................. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................viii CHAPTERS 1 RESEARCH QUESTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW............................................1 Research Question............................................................................................................... 1 Why Did the U.S.-Japan Alliance Survive the End of the Cold War?.......................1 Literature Review................................................................................................................ 7 2 HYPOTHESES, METHODOLOGY, AND CONTRIBUTIONS..................................24 Hypotheses.........................................................................................................................24 Methodology.......................................................................................................................33 Contributions......................................................................................................................38 3 NATIONAL SECURITY CULTURE OF JAPAN.........................................................41 Introduction........................................................................................................................41 Development of Japan’s Postwar National Security Culture.........................................44 Antimilitarism and Pacifism............................................................................................. 49 Antinuclear Weapon Sentiment........................................................................................ 54 Civilian Control of the Military........................................................................................ 57 The Comprehensive Security........................................................................................... 62 Reliance on the United States for National Security.......................................................65 Concluding Thoughts: Back to the Future?..................................................................... 68 4 NATIONAL SECURITY CULTURE OF THE UNITED STATES............................ 70 Introduction........................................................................................................................70 What Is National Security Culture and Why Is It Important?....................................71 What Is National Security Culture of the U .S.?..............................................................73 Liberal Hegemonic Identity.......................................................................................... 73 The Norm of Homeland Security...............................................................................100 Respect for the Military...............................................................................................103 Why do Americans respect the military?..............................................................107 Institutionalization of respect for the military.......................................................112 Education..................................................................................................................120 How Does U.S. National Security Culture Shape Its Foreign and Defense Policy?... 121 Power Projection.......................................................................................................... 121 Extended Deterrence....................................................................................................127 U.S. Troops Abroad.....................................................................................................129 5 CASE STUDY: REDEFINITION OF THE U.S.-JAPAN ALLIANCE......................131 Introduction......................................................................................................................131 America’s National Interests in the Asia Pacific Region After the Cold W ar........... 134 Bill Clinton: The First Post -Cold War President..................................................... 134 The Bottom-Up Review of 1993 ................................................................................138 Redefining the U.S.-Japan Alliance and the Nye Report.........................................145 Japan’s National Interests in the Asia Pacific Region After the Cold War.................168 The Higuchi Report and the New National Defense Program Outline...................168 Bilateral Negotiations and Agreements..........................................................................182 The Final Report of the Special Action Committee on Okinawa............................182 The New Guidelines for U.S.-Japan Defense Cooperation......................................186 6. CONCLUSION............................................................................................................... 192 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1. Cultural Model of Alliance................................................................................................26 2. Confidence in Institutions............................................................................................... 106 3. U.S. Home Gun Ownership............................................................................................ 109 4. U.S. Public Opinion on Gun Control..............................................................................110 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Political science is social science not only because it studies social phenomena and events with scientific methods, but also because political scientists themselves form a society whose members collaborate, criticize, encourage, and compete for the common goals of understanding, explaining, predicting, and improving governance and politics throughout the world. The present dissertation is a product of this social endeavor. A large number of individuals made both tangible and intangible contributions to it over an extended period of time. The first group of those individuals is the members of my dissertation supervisory committee: Prof. Howard Lehman (Chair), Prof. Ronald Hrebenar, Prof. Lauren Holland, Prof. Wesley Sasaki-Uemura, Prof. Steven Lobell, and
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