Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences , 9(37) Special 2015, Pages: 152-162

ISSN:1991-8178

Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

Journal home page: www.ajbasweb.com

The Study of Local Community’s Perception on The Impact of Tourism towards The Physical Environment of Perhentian Island,

1Nik Nadia Izyan Binti Jamil, 2Mariana Bt Mohamed Osman, 3Mansor Ibrahim

1Postgraduate Student, Institute of Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Associate Professor, Urban and Regional Planning Department, Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design, International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 3Professor, Urban and Regional Planning Department, Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design, International Islamic

University Malaysia, 53100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: This paper discusses the local community’s perception on the impact of tourism Received 10 October 2015 towards the physical environment of Pulau Perhentian, Malaysia. It aims to identify the Accepted 30 November 2015 villagers’ perception and their opinions on the impacts of tourism on the island. As one Available online 31 December 2015 of the well-known tourist spots and destinations in Malaysia as well as in the world, Pulau Perhentian receives large numbers of tourists per year which has resulted in many Keywords: changes to its physical environment and influenced the community’s culture and Tourism Island, Community’s lifestyles as well as the island’s economy. As a small resort island, it has very limited Perception, Tourism Impact, Physical flat lands and very fragile environment, and thus the increase in capacity of its Environment occupants and populations may cause much impact on its natural resources and environment. Concerned with this issue, this study focuses on the impact of tourism on the physical environment of Pulau Perhentian, both natural and man-made environment. Questionnaires consisting six sections were distributed to 130 local people of the Pulau Perhentian. The information gained from the questionnaires was analyzed and the factors that gave high impact on the villagers and environment had been identified. The results of the study together with solutions and recommendations for a better tourism management which includes sustainable tourism planning strategies, appropriate IT applications with active and effective public participation are covered in this research.

© 2015 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved . To Cite This Article: Izyan, The Study of Local Community’s Perception on The Impact of Tourism towards The Physical Environment of Perhentian Island, Malaysia. Aust. J. Basic & Appl. Sci., 9(37): 152-162, 2015

INTRODUCTION but to understand and gather information on the perception of local people of Perhentian Island, Tourism is an important industry to many , Malaysia related to the physical countries especially the developing countries. But environment impacts of tourism to their island, both tourism industry has given many impacts towards the positive and negative impacts. environment and local community (Coccosis et al ., 2004). History And Setting of Perhentian Island: These impacts could be positive and negative In Malay, Perhentian Island known as Pulau not only towards its natural environment but also to Perhentian. Pulau means Island and Perhentian is the culture and livelihood of the people in the host actually derived from the word ‘henti’ means stop countries. The positive impacts are in the form of and Perhentian means a place to stop. Perhentian generating economic activities and income to the Island has long been a stopover for merchant vessels destination countries and also development to the since the era of Srivijaya maritime empire circa 13 attraction areas and many other benefits. However centuries ago. there are also many negative impacts arising from Perhentian Archipelago is located in the northern tourism activities especially to its natural part of the state of Terengganu under the district of environment and social and cultural impacts to local Besut, within the mukim (county) of . It people unless it is done in sustainable manner and takes about 20-40 minutes by speedboat to reach the taking into account the carrying capacity of the areas. island from Kuala Besut Jetty. The initiative of this study is not to get into Perhentian Island consists of two main islands depth of the causes and issues related to the impacts namely Perhentian Kecil (Smaller Perhentian Island) Corresponding Author: Nik Nadia Izyan Binti Jamil, Institute of Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. Phone: +60192416542; E-mail: [email protected]. 153 Nik Nadia Izyan Binti Jamil et al , 2015 Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(37) Special 2015, Pages: 152-162 and Perhentian Besar (Bigger Perhentian Island) and The survey is done during the site visit to several small rocky islets to the North-West namely Perhentian Island. The target respondents of this Pulau Serenggeh, Pulau Pusu Dara Besar, Dara questionnaire survey are the local community who Kecil, Pulau Rawa, and Pulau Tokong. (Department live in Perhentian Island aged 18 and above. The data of Fisheries Malaysia,2003) collected is based on the assessment of the local According to Department of Statistic Malaysia community towards the impacts of tourism upon (2010), based on the population and housing census them. The questionnaire survey is divided into six of Malaysia 2010, the total population of Perhentian sections; respondent’s demographic, respondent’s Island is 2,023 with 1,838 Malaysian and 185 others awareness, tourism impact on natural environment, are non-Malaysian. Majority are Malay (1765 tourism impacts towards man-made environment, people). The statistics shows that the total population other impacts of tourism and suggestion and of Perhentian Island increases compared to 1274 recommendation for development improvement in people in the year 2000 ( Local Plan Perhentian Island. 2020) It is assumed that tourism activities have The survey is to state a general picture of influenced the increase in population to the island. tourism impacts towards the local community in Tourism in Perhentian Island has started since Perhentian Island, so as to be able to understand the 1960’s on a very small scale basis. (Tan Wa Hin et need and opinion of local people on how tourism al ., 2001 and Perhilitan and Coral Cay Conservation, may impact their daily lives as well as physical 2005). Tourism in Perhentian Island really boost in environment. The data of population of villagers in 1992 during the ‘Visit Terengganu Year 1992’. Since Perhentian Island as reported by Statistics then, there are many developments in Perhentian Department is 2023 people in year 2010. Based on Island where infrastructures were built and other this population, the survey was able to get tourists related development sprung up both in 130respondents which are 6.5% of the local Perhentian Kecil and Perhentian Besar Islands, and community in the island. tourism became the main economic activities of the Subjects selected in the sample were based on island till today. specific criteria to ensure the samples are valid. The following criteria included: Significant of The Chosen Study Area: i. Local villagers / Working in Perhentian / This study is taken place in the Perhentian Island Others due to the connection between the tourist and the ii. One year / more than one year stay in local people as well as the potential of tourism sector Perhentian contribute to local people who inhabitant the place iii. Well known with Perhentian condition since before the establishment of Perhentian Island as recent and current world tourist attraction. This is also to study how the iv. Willing to participate and is in good mental local people in fishermen's village adapt with the emotion current status of Perhentian Island as a resort island v. Must be above 18years old as well as to identify the impacts of tourism sector towards local community in the prominent small Data Collection: island such as Perhentian Island. Data were collected from the local community The selection of Perhentian Island as a case who had lived more than one year in Perhentian study is mainly because geographically the area is Island as permanent residents or working on the located in the East Coast Malaysia, in the state of island as well as those staying there for quite some Terengganu which popular with its coastal and island time for whatever purposes. The data collected from tourism. Perhentian located facing the South China the survey will be used to prove or disprove the Sea and the location is one of the contributions theory reiterated from the literature review. towards its richness of sea resources and potential in The data can also be used to do further research tourism development. As mentioned before, and findings on the improvement of tourism industry Perhentian Island has many tourism attractions to in a small island as well as give ideas on how the offer but it also might exposed to many good and bad negative impacts could be mitigated or reduced impacts due to tourism which will be the concern by while positive impacts to be enhanced in the future. the researcher. One of the most concerns is the The population, community profile, their origin, impact towards the physical environment which and length of stay in the island were examined Wallis (2000) who lived for years in Perhentian according to the survey and some information were Island feels the effect of deterioration of the based on the Statistics Department and other related environment in the island. This is also felt by Tan agencies. Wa Hin (2000) who feels the degradation of the The questionnaire has been formulated and environment due to tourism though not drastically formatted according to the literature reviews. Several but its slowly make effects according to him. aspects of physical environment impact has been included in the questionnaire as well as other Sampling Design & Criteria: questions on other impacts of tourism such as 154 Nik Nadia Izyan Binti Jamil et al , 2015 Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(37) Special 2015, Pages: 152-162 economy and social impact. The questionnaire descriptive, factor analysis, correlation analysis and consists of six sections which are as follows: multiple regression. Tables were drawn from the data i) Section A: Respondent’s Demographic recorded and presented in diagrams and charts. ii) Section B: Respondent’s Awareness As for basic analysis such as using frequency iii) Section C: Impacts on Natural Environment method, it is the simplest way in SPSS to get both iv) Section D: Impacts on the Man-Made frequency distributions and summary statistics for Environment each variable in this research. For this research, v) Section E: Other Impacts of Tourism frequency analysis has been used for each variable vi) Section F: Suggestion and Recommendation including the Likert scale questions. Based on overall results from the frequency analysis, each variables Data Analysis: were rated and rank using average mean differences. For this survey, SPSS system was used There are several hypotheses developed for this extensively to analyze and organize the data that has research. The hypotheses have been tested using been collected during the fieldwork survey. The Spearman’s Rho Correlation (used to identify the method of data analysis is done according to strength of a relationship between two sets of data or suitability with the questions in the questionnaire variables). It will determine whether the hypotheses survey. are to be rejected or accepted. In this research, there are several methods that have been used to analyze the data such as Respondent’s Background: descriptive statistics which consist of frequencies,

Table 1: Distribution of Respondent’s Background

According to Table 1, the respondent’s total 32.3% and the least from aged 51 and above for background can be explained as follow: 10.78%. 3. The highest marital status of the respondents 1. The majority respondents are Malay with are married which is 64.6% followed by single with 98.46% of the total respondents. Only one Chinese 33.1% and only 2.3% from total respondents is respondent found working in a chalet at Perhentian widower. Besar while another one respondent from other races 4. The majority respondents which are 39.23% who work as a Policeman at Perhentian Kecil. acquired highest education until secondary school 2. The active respondents came from the while 22.31% acquired only until primary school. younger generation of aged between 18-35 years old This shows the highest number of respondents have with total of 56.92% of the total respondents. low education level followed by middle education Followed by age range from 36-50 years old with the level (STPM, certificate and diploma) with the total 155 Nik Nadia Izyan Binti Jamil et al , 2015 Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(37) Special 2015, Pages: 152-162

24.61% and the least gained high education level the boatman, chalet (chalet manager, operator, (Bachelor Degree and Master Degree) with the total receptionist and many other jobs related to chalet), 13.85%. In this research, education level is very chef, restaurant, tourist guide and waiter as can be important factor to determine the answers given by seen in Table2. While, non-tourism related or other the respondents for the questionnaire either occupations recorded as 36.15% and there is 10.00% according to their experience or knowledge. respondents did not answer the question. 5. There are 53.85% of the total respondents are working in tourism-related sector. This includes

Table 2: Distribution of respondents according to occupation

Respondent’s Household Status:

Table 3: Distribution of Respondent’s Household Status

156 Nik Nadia Izyan Binti Jamil et al , 2015 Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(37) Special 2015, Pages: 152-162

According to Table 3, the respondent’s the data, it can be assumed that the range of living household status can be explained as follow: period from 21 years and above is those who live in Perhentian Island since they were born which is their i. It is important for a respondent to live in origin (refer Table 4). Perhentian Island for at least one year to see the ii. For the purpose of living in Perhentian impact and changes of the island. Most of the Island, the highest number of respondents is origin respondents have live in the island for 1-5 years from the island which recorded as 52.3% from the (27.7%) followed by more than 35 years (26.2%), total respondents followed by working (34.6%), and 16-20 years (13.8%). The least is range from 11- others (11.5%) and education (1.5%). The others are 15 years with the percentage of 1.5%. According to such as marriage, family etc.

Table 4: Relationship between living period and purpose of living

Purpose of living in Perhentian Island is much least is 10.8% who live in other type of houses such related to the living period of a respondent. as living with their family, in laws etc. According to Table 4.4 above, the simple cross iv. The majority respondents (74.61%) gained tabulation table shows that the total of 68 less than RM2000 income per month, 13.85% of the respondents who live in Perhentian Island for more total respondents have income more than RM2000 than 16 years are due to their origin while others who per month and 11.54% did not mention their income. live less than 15 years are majority for the reason of This shows that, majority of the respondents have working (as highlighted in the table). low income per month as according to informal iii. There are 54.6% of the respondents owned interview and data gained from the survey, most of the house and land continued by 22.3% live in the the tourism-related sector will gain income from quarters which include chalet workers quarters and RM501-RM2000 monthly. This is roughly calculated also government quarters. 12.3% of the respondents by the respondents including the at least four months live in a rental houses and the houses usually owned they do not operated the chalet and other tourism by the island community itself because there is no based services due to monsoon (November- proper houses built by the government yet for rent February). While other profession especially except the one that is still under construction (which government servants will gain more than RM2000 is a new residential area in Perhentian Kecil). The per month.

Table 5: Cross tabulation between monthly income and occupation

Questionaire Section C: Impact to Natural Environment:

157 Nik Nadia Izyan Binti Jamil et al , 2015 Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(37) Special 2015, Pages: 152-162

Table 6: Distribution of Perception of Local People on the Impact of Tourism towards Natural Environment (According to Low, Average and High Impact)

Table 7: Impacts of Tourism towards Natural Environment Mean Differences

Questionaire Section D: Impact to Man-Made Environment:

158 Nik Nadia Izyan Binti Jamil et al , 2015 Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(37) Special 2015, Pages: 152-162

Table 8: Distribution of Perception of Local People on the Impact of Tourism towards Man-made Environment (According to Low, Average and High Impact)

Table 9: Impacts of Tourism towards Man-Made Environment Mean Differences

Questionaire Section E: Other Impacts:

159 Nik Nadia Izyan Binti Jamil et al , 2015 Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(37) Special 2015, Pages: 152-162

Table 10: Distribution of Perception of Local People on the Impact of Tourism towards Other Impact (According to Low, Average and High Impact)

Table 11: Impacts of Tourism towards Economy Mean Differences

Table 12: Impacts of Tourism towards Socio-Cultural Mean Differences

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION i. The respondents from the older age groups perceived that impacts of tourism on environmental Major Finding: pollution were low. There were several major findings identified to ii. The respondents in the higher education be elaborated in this subtopic. Generally it can be levels group perceived that the impact of tourism concluded that the perception amongst the residents towards the changes to flora and fauna in Perhentian of Perhentian Island regarding impacts of tourism Island is high. depends on the social background of the respondents iii. The respondents in the higher education such as age, levels of education, periods of staying in groups also perceived that tourism activities on the Perhentian Island, and the purposes of living in island give higher impact on environment pollution Perhentian Island. The following findings indicate and higher impact towards natural resources of the the perceptions of respondents towards the tourism island. impacts on the environment: 160 Nik Nadia Izyan Binti Jamil et al , 2015 Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(37) Special 2015, Pages: 152-162

iv. It was discovered that the respondents living questionnaires as well as informal interviews with and staying longer on Perhentian Island perceived the respondents. that the impact of tourism towards its urban From the interviews during the survey, it was expansion, environment pollution and natural found out that the older people who had been staying resources are low. longer or the pioneer inhabitants of the island opined v. The respondents who live long on the island that tourism gives more positive impacts towards the perceived that the impact of tourism towards its environment. According to them, during the time visual appearance is also low. before Perhentian Island was officially declared as vi. It was discovered that the original tourism destination, the condition of the environment inhabitants of the islands perceived lower impact of was worst. There were basically no proper facilities tourism towards the environment pollution and the and the village were unorganised. It was so natural resources of Perhentian Island. disorganised that there were no basic facilities such proper toilet and sewage were directly discharged The local people of Perhentian Island were into the sea. aware of the impacts of tourism towards their island - However due to tourism activities, the both positive and negative impacts. They perceived government has provided many infrastructure and that tourism gives low and insignificant impact facilities in Perhentian Island especially in term of towards the natural environment such as its natural sewage and environmental awareness and system. resources, flora and fauna, and erosion. However, This explained the reason of older peoples’ every respondent agreed that tourism gives high perception that tourism not only gives no negative impact towards certain aspect of physical impact whereas positively influence and enhance the environment especially with regards to cleanliness environment by introducing mitigations towards such as garbage and littering issues. environmental pollution. The findings however saw a different view from Other Findings: the respondents with higher education level. From On the impact of tourism towards man-made the survey, it was observed that this group believed environment, the local people of Perhentian Island tourism caused more negative impact towards the perceived that tourism caused high impact due to environment. Although they perceived that the infrastructural development such as developing new adverse impacts that is brought by tourism activities facilities and upgrading existing infrastructures. is not that extensive at present, but in the long run it Besides the findings on impact of tourism will give negative impact. Their views was based on towards physical environment, there are also other their observation from other similar island resorts impacts such as economy and social impacts. The whereas the elderlies viewed it based on their local local people perceived that tourism gives both past experience. The educated based their views on positive and negative impacts towards the economy more scientific observation such as the extinction of and socio-cultural influence to the island. turtles, corals and the other marine life. The local people believed that tourism gives lots These findings is in accordance with the findings of social benefits and monetary profits to the local elaborated by Holden (2000) and Reef Check economy and their personal income, however they Malaysia (2012) which stated that tourism also believed that it gives negative impact such as development and constructions as well as tourism increase in the imported labour which may deprived activities are among the threats towards marine life local people from getting the most of its economic especially the coral reefs which are the abode of one activities. However due to increasing demand for third of the oceans dwelling and nursery ground. tourism and looking at the benefits arising from it, However one of the boatman interviewed opined the local people agreed that the island should remain from his observations that the extinction of turtles as tourist destination and believed that the positive were not entirely due to tourism development alone, impacts of tourism is far higher than its negative but the deliberately of trawler net and natural disaster impacts. such as huge wave especially during monsoon seasons were amongst the main reasons for turtles Discussion of Findings: disappearance and corals damage around the island. In this dissertation, first and foremost, it is very Monsoonal affects were also contributing to the important to identify the background of the coastal erosion in the entire island especially in the respondents as it will determine their perceptions and fisherman’s village. Due to this natural phenomenon, opinions about the topic. As mentioned earlier, the the findings shows that majority of the local residents perception regarding impacts of tourism in believed that the most worrying factors that is Perhentian Island depends on the local inhabitant’s detrimental to the natural environment degradation of background such as age, levels of education, Perhentian Island is not entirely from tourism durations and purposes of living in Perhentian Island. activities but from natural causes. These perceptions were revealed through surveys and Since tourism contributes so much to the economic and incomes of the local people, the survey 161 Nik Nadia Izyan Binti Jamil et al , 2015 Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(37) Special 2015, Pages: 152-162 found out that they still prefer Perhentian Island to maintain environment health of tourism islands in remain as a resort island and to receive more tourists. Malaysia. 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