Journal of Sustainability Science and Management ISSN: 1823-8556 Volume 12 Number 2, December 2017: 135-160 © Penerbit UMT

AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF MIGRATORY BIRDS IN KENYIR, SETIU AND PULAU PERHENTIAN BESAR, ,

GERTRUDE DAVID1*, AZUAN ROSLAN1, MAZRUL ASWADY MAMAT2, ABDULMULA ABDULMAGID HAMZA2 AND MOHD TAJUDDIN ABDULLAH1

1Centre for Kenyir Ecosystems Reseach, Kenyir Research Institute, 2School of Marine Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: A field survey was done in Kenyir, Setiu and islands in Terengganu from March 2015 until February 2016. Mist nets were deployed at understorey level (>5 m) and canopy level (> 10 m for Setiu and > 15 m for Kenyir). Point Count was conducted at a 1 km distance and birds from the canopies and understorey were observed. A total of 106 individuals representing 26 species of migratory birds were recorded through mist netting and point count method throughout this period. The most abundant number of individuals came from the family Ardeidae with a total of 40 individuals (38%) from five species which are the Ardeola bacchus (Chinese Pond Heron), Egretta garzetta (Little Egret), Ixobrychus cinnamomeus (Cinnamon Bittern), Ixobrychus sinensis (Yellow Bittern) and Ardea cinerea (Grey Heron). While the second most abundant individuals came from the family Meropidae with only one species which is the Merops viridis (Blue-throated bee-eater) with a total of 20 (19%) individuals. According to Rajpar & Zakaria (2013), different habitat types will attract specific species of migratory birds based on vegetation structure and composition, food resources and microclimatic conditions that provide abundant resources for their survival. This paper presents a preliminary migratory avifauna list for Kenyir, Setiu and Pulau Perhentian Besar, Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia and state the various habitat types that influence the migratory bird species that utilise it as stopover sites.

Keywords: Birds, migratory, preliminary, point count, mist net.

Introduction the year because they are able to consume According to Newton (2007), migration is occurring rich food supplies. Breeding restrict known when individuals make regular return birds to fixed localities for specific period of movements to specific destinations each year. the year, because individuals need to remain or Migrations routes and flyways are travel paths visit their nests frequently in order to feed their that a species normally make when travelling young. According to previous research, birds from breeding grounds to wintering grounds use at least two types of system to navigate (Tamblyn et al., 2006). Flyways are considered which are the geomagnetic and celestial cues to be the major highways to the branches of (the sun by day and the stars at night) (Wiltschko migratory routes. Most birds spent the annual & Wiltschko, 2009). The migratory birds’ order non-breeding period at lower latitudes compared of arrival is greatly influenced by the condition to their breeding period, but some may migrate of the birds (Kokko, 1999). Islands serve as to the opposite hemisphere with similar latitudes habitats for endemic, endangered and migratory where the seasons are reversed. Migration species (Turner et al., 2002). caused bird distribution to be constantly Birds’ lives are significant in the east coast changing (Newton, 2007). Birds are also well- area of Peninsular Malaysia and its offshore equipped for long-distance migration compare islands as they fall under the East Asian- to other animals. Australasian Flyway migration route (Tamblyn The flight advantage is speed, which is et al., 2006). Previous studies on birds in Setiu faster than walking, running or swimming. have been conducted by Tamblyn et al. (2006) Some birds benefit from migrating throughout and also in Perhentian islands by Tamblyn et Gertrude David et al. 136 al. (2005). In Perhentian islands, Tamblyn et al. A one-year bird survey in multiple study (2005) recorded 30 species of birds. Tamblyn sites with various habitat types were conducted et al. (2006) recorded 1862 individual birds from March 2015 until February 2016. The representing 76 species from 30 families from objectives of this study are to document the point count and 84 individuals representing 26 migratory species encountered throughout this species and 15 families for mist-netting method survey and to justify the relationship between in the study site in Setiu Wetlands. In this study, the habitat types and the migratory species. Pacific Swallow (Hirundo tahitica) was the most recorded species with 242 observations. Materials and Methods The only bird survey study done in Kenyir was conducted by Sulaiman et al. (2015) at Tasik Kenyir is the geology park that has been Tanjung Mentong which recorded a total of 21 identified to have a potential to be a Geosite individuals representing 12 species belonging to in Malaysia. It is the largest man-made lake 10 families. in Southeast Asia with the total of 340 islands (Shaharom-Harrison et al., 2015). A field survey Wetlands are known as the border of has been conducted in Belukar Bukit (N 4° habitats between terrestrial and aquatic 53’ 25.362” E 102° 59’ 33.506”) from 25th of ecosystems (Beury et al., 2008). Wetlands are September until 2nd October 2015 and Taman highly important due to its role as a habitat for Pertanian Sekayu (N 4°58’177 E 102°57’467) various fauna such as mammals, birds, fishes, from 17th to 24th of October and both sites are reptiles, amphibians and aquatic located at Kenyir. (Nelson et al., 2000). Wetlands are considered among the most greatly impacted and degraded The Setiu Wetlands are situated in the habitats of all the ecological systems and these northeast of Peninsula Malaysia (Tamblyn et threatens the wetland birds worldwide (Hunter al., 2006) in the Terengganu state. The state has et al., 2001; Keller et al., 2003; Ma et al., 2009). 670,000 ha still remaining under forest cover

Figure 1: Map point of migratory birds in several localities in Terengganu. BB=Belukar Bukit, SKU=Sekayu, FRIM=Forest Research Institute Research Station, TB=Tasik Berombak, KLN=Kampung Limau Nipis, PPB=Pulau Perhentian Besar

J. Sustain. Sci. Manage. Volume 12(2) 2017: 135-160 AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF MIGRATORY BIRDS 137 while 5,168 ha are selected to be converted into from weathered granite. This area of Gelam plantation (Krishnapillay & Ong, 2003). The consists of an area of monoculture with man- wetlands formed a portion of the Setiu made irrigation and a small track network basin which consists of and delta, (Tamblyn et al., 2006). Wet gelam is intersped intertidal , sand flats and , with a dryer mix of Gelam dominated by grasses coastal brackish and saline and marshes, with scattered juvenile and the soil is sandy. Melaleuca forest or freshwater swamp forests and vegetation compromising mostly Peatswamp Forest of Melaleuca cejeputi, lowland dry forest with This forest is made up ofa lasting remnant of Dipterocarps and Nipah palm characteristics inland that has extended (Global Environment Facility, 1999). A field much further in the past (Tamblyn et al., 2006). survey has been conducted at Kampung Limau Acidic soils were permanently water-logged in Nipis (N05° 40’ 680” E102° 42’662”) from 5th this habitat. Dead vegetation will form a spongy to 15th of July 2015, Tasik Berombak (N05° layer and can accumulate up to 20 m thick. 39’23.1” E102º 43’18.6”) from 7 to 13th May Very dense understoreys (up to 10 – 15 m) and 2015 and Forest Research Institute Malaysia canopies formed (up to 20 m and above) due to (FRIM) (N 5° 32’ 50.606” E 102° 51’ 46.935”) the moist conditions. Dominant tree species in from 10th to 15th of January 2016 where three this area include Dipterocarps sp., Gonystylus sites are located in Setiu. sp., Durio s.p and Shorea sp which all species The Perhentian Island Archipelago is located have great commercial value. 21km off the mainland of Peninsular Malaysia, Terengganu. It is made up of 11 small islands Lowland Dipterocarp Forest with Pulau Perhentian Besar being the largest island with approximately 867 ha followed by Terengganu’s most extensive forest type and also Pulau Perhentian Kecil with 524 ha. Additional the most species-rich is the lowland dipterocarp islands off Perhentian Kecil are Susu Dara forest. Named due to its most dominant family Besar, Susu Dara Kecil, Rawa and Takong Laut. which is family Dipterocarps, various parts of All these islands together with their surrounding this state is coated by this forest type from the waters have been recently recognised as Marine level to about 300 m above sea level. The Parks (Tamblyn et al., 2005). A field survey has main canopy of this forest consists of trees been conducted in Perhentian Besar (N 5° 54’ dominated by Dipterocarps that can grow up to 9.767” E 102° 45’ 21.283”) from 14th to 20th of 20 – 35 m tall, while the emergent can reach a September 2015. height up to 40 m tall. These upper storeys shade a modest understorey layer of sapligs and trees such as Euphorbiaceae and Annonaceae. The Forest and Habitat Types of Study Sites with ground layer is often thin and consists of maily Migratory Species shrubs, climbers and herbs such as gingers, Melaleuca Forest palms, aroids, gesneriads and grasses. A forest with a seasonal freshwater swamp also known as Gelam (Melaleuca cajuputih) that Coastal Dipterocarp Forest can be seen to exist as two intrinsically linked Coastal dipterocarp forest is mainly consisting of subhabitat types: large sand “dunes” with limited exposed cliffs and species such as Bogak (Cycas vegetation (primarily melaleuca leucadendron) littoralis) and various Pandan (Pandanus) intersped with waterlogged forest. The species such as P. odoratissimus, P. dubius and formation is mainly consisting of beach ridges/ P. tectorius (Forestry Department Peninsular sand plains covered by Aeolian sands, underlain Malaysia, 2007). by back and fore-shore depositions, originally

J. Sustain. Sci. Manage. Volume 12(2) 2017: 135-160 Gertrude David et al. 138

Table 1: Study sites where migratory species is captured or observed (shade region) Study Sites Forest Types TM Tanjung Mentong Lowland Dipterocarp Forest KF Kampung Fikri Melaleuca Forest TB Tasik Berombak Peatswamp Forest SBW Sungai Buweh Waterfall Lowland Dipterocarp Forest BB Belukar Bukit Lowland Dipterocarp Forest PB Pulau Bidong Coastal Dipterocarp Forest SKU Sekayu Waterfall Lowland Dipterocarp Forest PR Pulau Redang Coastal Dipterocarp Forest FRIM Forest Research Institute Malaysia BRIS Forest KRS Kenyir Research Institute Lowland Dipterocarp forest PPB Pulau Perhentian Besar Coastal Dipterocarp Forest PAR Peladang Agro Resort Lowland DIpterocarp Forest TPS Taman Pertanian Sekayu Lowland Dipterocarp Forest RELA Pusat Latihan Rela Wilayah Timur Domesticated Flora LAG Laguna Resort Beach Vegetation SW Saok Waterfall Lowland Dipterocarp Forest

Point Count and Mist-netting density (Codesido & Bilenca 2000; Mills et al., According to Zakaria and Rajpar (2010), 2000) and thus making this method the best way point count and mist net methods are standard to study the relationship between efforts and techniques that are most commonly used precision together with accuracy of the estimates to sample different bird species population of population trends or population indexes. in different habitats. The most effective According to Farnsworth et al. (2002), methodological approach for monitoring tropical point count results can be used to justify the bird assemblages will be the combination of two presence and abundance of birds. However, techniques (Karr, 1971; Remsen & Parker 1983; the probability of the birds’ detection should Wallace et al., 1996; Gram & Faaborg 1997; be taken into consideration which is different Zakaria & Rajpar, 2010). according to species, habitat type and time of day or year (Blake, 1992; Ralph et al., 1995; Point Count Pacifici et al., 2008). Point sampling method is suitable to survey animals and birds in difficult According to Ralph et al. (1995), one of the most terrain (Rosli & Zakaria, 2011). Distance survey commonly used method in studying abundance, using point sampling is widely used to study distribution and ecology of forest birds is point on avian communities (Buckland et al., 1993). count. Point count method has been broadly Detection capability of birds will be different used to observe the density, diversity and depending on foliage density, canopy cover, relative abundance of bird species in different visibility and perception of sounds and the habitats (Blake, 1992; Thompson et al., 1999; observer’s skill (Schieck 1997; Whitman et al., Ralph et al., 1995; Rosenstock et al., 2002). This 1997; Blake & Loiselle, 2001). Point count was method involves visualization and vocalisation chosen because it allowed observers to locate of birds within fixed or moveable radius plots and observe rainforest birds through standing to identify species abundance, diversity and at a fixed location in a fixed time which aid in

J. Sustain. Sci. Manage. Volume 12(2) 2017: 135-160 AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF MIGRATORY BIRDS 139 identifying birds that are difficult to spot. Point (1993), Davison and Fook (2003) and Shi (2012) count also benefits in causing less disturbance with additional information by Wells (2007). to the area observed. To start a starting point Each species were grouped according to their for each point count, a random compass feeding guilds aided by Wells (1997, 2007). All bearing was chosen and then marked. The censuses were conducted by a single observer to intervals between point counts are 100m apart reduce observer bias and to avoid possible inter- and the total distance for this point count is 1 observer variability (Voon et al., 2014). km. The total numbers of point count stations The instrument used for point count is the are 10 stations. Point count is usually done in Bushnell marine waterproof binoculars (7 x 42 a radius of 25 m because it is not possible to magnifications). Point survey was done in days observe species past this distance (Watson et al., with no precipitation and strong winds (Peh et 2004) while observation of soft-singing canopy al., 2005). In extreme weather conditions, bird species will have a high probability to be missed census will be avoided in order to reduce the (Waide & Narins, 1988). Point count is usually possible adverse effects on the avian distribution done for a period of 10 minutes (Marsden et and abundance (Rajpar & Zakaria, 2013). al., 2001) to detect most bird species with least efforts and disturbance to obtain reliable results Mist Netting and reduce bias. Only observed species within the point count area were recorded and calls Mist netting is another method that leads to were used to assist in identification (Moradi more specific identification that also includes et al., 2009). Bird calls that were heard but cryptic species, sampling of genetic materials, could not be identified will be recorded and parasite and morphological data collection on compared with local bird songs (Scharringa, captured birds (Chmel et al., 2016). Mist-netting 2001). We reconfirmed doubtful sightings by method has been used broadly in ornithology repeated observations involving note-taking studies and proved to be more effective method and drawings which were later identified using for detecting small, highly cryptic bird species various field guides. Point count was conducted that have secretive behaviours or rarely vocalize twice a day which is from 0700 until 1000 hours (Ralph et al., 1993; Rappole et al., 1998). Mist- in the morning because detection rates will netting technique is the best standard technique decrease three hours after sunrise (Lynch, 1995) in both temperate and tropical forest (Willson & and it is the peak of birds activity (Azman et al., Moriarty, 1976). Mist-netting is also important as 2011) while the evening session is from 1600 it helps to reconfirm the species observed during until 1900 hours in the evening because birds point-count survey and it has the advantage of are normally active during this hours, permitting capturing individuals of several species (Azman better sighting for more convenient identification et al., 2011). However, the disadvantages of mist and data collection (Ramli et al., 2009). No netting method are time consuming and requires survey was made on rainy and windy days and large efforts (Humphrey et al., 1968; Meyers & birds belonging to the families Accipitrinae, Pardieck, 1993). In addition, this method focuses Apodidae, Hemiprocnidae and Hirundinae were more on the results of species distribution rather recorded during flight because these families are than abundance (Remsen & Good 1996). Nets rarely observed perching on the trees (Azman were checked every two hours interval to reduce et al., 2011). All observed birds were identified mortality caused by predators which can easily up to species level and extra information such detect the nets whereabouts (Wong, 1986). Birds as status of distribution, protection status were released at the location of their capture to and conservation status (according to IUCN reduce the disruption of their regular activities. Red List 2014) was referred from published According to Bibby et al. (1998), standard mist materials. Birds identification was aided by netting techniques can be practiced to survey Robson (2002), Strange and Jeyarajasingam the less noticeable species that is missed during

J. Sustain. Sci. Manage. Volume 12(2) 2017: 135-160 Gertrude David et al. 140 point count. Nets were established by tying both and GPS reading. Birds captured were placed in ends on aluminium poles or trees. These nets cloth bags before being measured and processed. can be operated at various heights. Five mist Birds were identified until species level (Ramli nets with four shelves (9 m x 2.5 m, 36 mm et al., 2009) and the external morphological data mesh size) were placed at canopy level by using of captured birds were recorded including their a slingshot and shoot over tall trees and five mist brooding patch, moulting stage and the nets that nets (12 m x 2.5 m high, 36 mm mesh size) were they were captured. The birds were marked with placed understorey based on their accessibility, nail polish before released at the captures sites. bird activities and the bird flyways. The methods Captured birds were released nearby to the spot of canopy mist-net installation were identical to they were captured to avoid disturbance to their that of Humprey et al. (1968). For setting up the daily activities (Hashim & Ramli, 2013). Birds canopy mist net, we selected a suitable site in identification was aided by Robson (2002), the forest and tall trees with almost the same Strange and Jeyarajasingam (1993), Davison height that is parallel against each other. We and Fook (2003) and Shi (2012) with additional cleared the area and smaller trees, branches and information by Wells (2007). lianas (< 10 cm in diameter) were cleared and cut to give space for the mist nets. We chose a Results and Discussion branch that is 10 m from the ground and shoot a line over the branches of tall canopy trees. After A. bacchus is the most recorded species with a that, we fixed out mist net against the two trees total of 28 observations because it is a common and use the pulley system (?) to bring the mist non-breeding winter visitor from September to upward or downward. According to Pardieck March and it is also easily spotted as its habitats & Waide (1992), mist nets of 36 mm mesh size are usually open areas. According to Zakaria were most efficient in catching passerine birds and Rajpar (2014), the Chinese Pond Heron which are the most abundant group of birds inhabits paddy fields, shallow marshes, , in tropical rainforest. However, our mist nets riverbanks, mangroves, tidal pools, streams, were not suitable for catching very large birds. fishing ponds and dry grasslands. Bitterns and The mist nets must be deployed under closed herons preferred scattered emergent vegetation canopy to avoid direct sunlight and allowing the especially along the water body edges for canopy to shadow the nets to prevent the birds foraging as emergent vegetation in shallow water from detecting it (Rahman & Abdullah, 2002). provide suitable breeding and foraging habitat The colour of mist net is black because black is for a variety of aquatic animals such as fishes, the least visible color when placed against any amphibians and invertebrates which is easy to background (Bub, 1991). catch in the shallow water due to low water depth (Rajpar & Zakaria, 2014). This explains Nets were opened from 0630 hours the abundance of the A. bacchus in Setiu. until 1830 hours depending on the weather conditions where the nets will be closed when The second most recorded species are there are heavy precipitations or strong winds Lanius cristatus (Brown Shrike) (Figure 2) (Ramli et al., 2009). These times depend on and Larvivora cyane (Siberian Blue Robin) the weather conditions and mist nets will be (Figure 3) with a total of two individuals closed in heavy rain conditions. According to respectively. This is because L. cristatus is a Rahman et al. (1995), the highest captures were common migrant from Eastern Palaeartic and recorded during the mid-morning hours. Nets Oriental Australasia (Robson, 2002). It arrives were checked every 2 hours intervals and closed in Peninsular Malaysia on September and will before dusk. Mist nets were closed during strong leave to breed in Eastern Palaeartic by May. It winds and rain to prevent the captured birds is a common and widespread passage migrant from being injured and facing hypothermia. and winter visitor principally at low elevations Nets data were recorded such as their height (Jeyarajasingam & Pearson, 2012). L. cyane is

J. Sustain. Sci. Manage. Volume 12(2) 2017: 135-160 AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF MIGRATORY BIRDS 141 LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC IUCN Red List

Distribution M M M M M M M M M R,M R/M R/M R/M 1 6 1 1 1 2 1 1 9 1 1 1

TOTAL 28

CDF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 1

MF 28

BV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

BRIS 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 0

DF 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

LDF 1 6 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Founder 1831) (Vigors, (Pallas, 1776) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Boddaert, 1783) 1771) (Tunstall, (Linnaeus, 1758) 1818) (Vicillot, (Pallas, 1811) (Bonaparte, 1855) (Linaeus, 1766) (Gmelin, 1789) (Gmelin, 1789) (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Name Blue throated flycatcher Siberian blue robin Common Kingfisher Black-capped Kingfisher Grey wagtail wagtail Yellow Paddyfield Pipit Red throated pipit Chinese Pond Heron Little Egret Cinnamon Bittern Bittern Yellow Grey Heron Table 2: Checklist of migratory species in kenyir, Setiu and islands according to different habitat types Setiu and islands according to different 2: Checklist of migratory species in kenyir, Table Family Species Muscicapidae Cyornis rubeculoides Luscinia cyane Alcedinidae Alcedo atthis Halcyon pileata Motacillidae Motacilla cinerea Motacilla flava Anthus rufulus Anthus cervinus Aredeidae bacchus Ardeola garzetta Egretta Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Ixobrychus sinensis cinerea Ardea 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 10 12 13 Bil

J. Sustain. Sci. Manage. Volume 12(2) 2017: 135-160 Gertrude David et al. 142 LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC M M M M M M R,M R,M R,M R/M R, M 2 1 1 3 1 1 4 3 9 4 20 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 3 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 18 (Blasius, 1858) (Horsefield, 1821) (Dumont de Sainte- Croix, 1820) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Drapiez, 1828) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1766) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pallas, 1764) (Linnaeus, 1766) (Boddaert, 1783) Arctic Wabler Arctic Chinese Sparrowhawk Black Baza Brown Shrike Shrike Tiger Common Sandpiper Dollarbird Blue throated bee- eater Tern Little Black-naped Oriole Collared kingfisher Phylloscopidae Phylloscopus borealis Accipitridae Accipiter soloensis leuphotes Aviceda Lnniidae Lanius cristatus Lanius tigrinus Scolopacidae Actitis hypoleucos Coraciidae Eurystomus orientalis Meropidae viridis Merops Laridae Sterna albifrons Oriolidae Oriolus chinensis Alcedinidae Todiramphus chloris 11 10 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 21

J. Sustain. Sci. Manage. Volume 12(2) 2017: 135-160 AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF MIGRATORY BIRDS 143

also a non-breeding winter migrant from Eastern Palaeartic that will visit Malaysia during winter

LC LC and come back to breed in Eastern Palaeartic

Vegetation; Vegetation; (Robson, 2002). It is a locally common passage migrant and winter visitor principally from low elevations up to 800 m south to Singapore R/M R/M (Jeyarajasingam & Pearson, 2012). Accipiter soloensis (Chinese Sparowhawk) (Figure 4) 2 1 is also one of the interesting migratory birds caught in the canopy in Belukar Bukit, Kenyir 0 0 and it usually migrate to Southeast Asia together with the Aviceda leuphotes (Black Baza) and it

2 1 feeds on frogs (Wells, 2010). The most abundant number of individuals

0 0 came from the family Ardeidae with a total of 40 individuals (38%) (Figure 1) from five

0 0 species which are the Ardeola bacchus (Chinese Pond Heron), Egretta garzetta (Little Egret), Ixobrychus cinnamomeus (Cinnamon Bittern), 0 0 Ixobrychus sinensis (Yellow Bittern) and Ardea cinerea (Grey Heron). While the second most

0 0 abundant individuals came from the family Meropidae with only one species which is the

0 0 Merops viridis Blue-throated bee-eater) with a 26 106 total of 20 (19%) individuals. There are abundant migratory waterbirds species from the family Ardeidae especially from the wetlands because these species rely on wetlands for breeding, nesting and over wintering (Tamblyn et al., 2006). Wetland habitats represent important sanctuaries for a wide range of specialists in many fragmented areas such as Setiu (Sebastian, (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pennant, 1769) number of Total individuals: number of Total species: MF=Melaleuca Forest; CDF=Coastal Dipterocarp Forest. 2002). Merops viridis (Blue-throated bee-eater) from the family Meropidae is a resident and migrant insectivore which is known to be sensitive towards habitat disturbance (Mansor & Sah, 2012). Previous studies have also stated Asian Koel White-breasted waterhen that insectivorous are more sensitive to habitat disturbance compare to other feeding guilds due to having high habitat specificity (Mansor & Sah, 2012). The most recorded habitat for this species is from lowland dipterocarp forest in Kenyir because they are strongly restricted to the forest interior especially in tropical forest where Cuculidae Eudynamys scolopaceus Rallidae Amaurornis phoenicurus habitat loss and its consequences are largely

22 26 affected (Sekercioglu, 2002). This species is R= Resident; M= Migrant; LC= Least Concern; LDF=Lowland Dipterocarp Forest; DF= Domesticated Flora; PS= Peatswamp BV=Beach rarely seen in other habitat due to the limited

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Figure 2: The total number of species according to families food resources in disturbed habitat, changes rare. Also present above 1100 m during autumn in microclimate and in rate of predation, and and spring passage. Its habitat is the forests and interspecific competition (Mansor & Sah, 2012). patches of freshwater swamp-forest within the From Figure 2, Ardeidae is the most dry-land habitat, occasionally also found in abundant family (40 individuals) and Rallidae secondary growth and it is often found solitarily and Scolopacidae both being the family with the in the middle and lower storey (Jeyarajasingam least number of individuals (only one individual & Pearson, 2012). each). This is because most migratory species Lusicinia cyane (Pallas) 1776 (Figure 3) – were recorded in wetlands as the wetland habitat Siberian Blue Robin – Murai Biru Siberia provides variables such as aquatic vegetation composition, vegetation cover percentage and This species can be found breeding in microclimate which affect on the distribution eastern Russia, northern China, Korea and and richness of waterbird in particular wetland Japan; wintering south to North-East India habitat such as Setiu (Rajpar & Zakaria, 2014). and the southern China through South-East Waterbirds often entirely rely on wetlands for a Asia to Sumatra, Borneo and the Phillipines variety of activities such as foraging, loafing and (Jeyarajasingam & Pearson, 2012). It is a locally nesting (Rajpar & Zakaria, 2009). common passage migrant and winter visitor found from low elevations until 800 m south to Singapore. It only occurs above 900 m during Muscicapidae autumn and spring passage. Its habitat includes Cyornis rubeculoides (Vigors) 1831- Blue- forests, shrubs, reddbeds and it is mostly found throated Flycatcher- Sambar Tekak Biru in the on the ground or lower storey. Lurks in the thick undergrowth and will flicks its tailed when This species is found breeding in the Himalayas it is surprised. through China, Myanmar, northern Thailand and Indo-China; northern populations will come to winter south to South and South-East Ardeidae Asia to Peninsular Malaysia (Jeyarajasingam & Ardeola bacchus (Bonaparte, 1855) – Chinese Pearson, 2012). The Blue-throated Flycatcher is Pond Heron – Pucung Danau Cina a less common and local passage migrant and winter visitor in the low elevations up to 1100 The most observed migratory species with a total m, south to Singapore where its population is of 28 observations. It is a common widespread

J. Sustain. Sci. Manage. Volume 12(2) 2017: 135-160 AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF MIGRATORY BIRDS 145 non-breeding winter visitor at low elevations, body mass and thus reduce the overall energy south to Singapore where it is uncommon. Its needs for the journey. Birds also have the ability habitat usually consists of mangroves, inland to convert the fatty acids in fuel reserves to the freshwater swamps, flooded rice fields, oil palm energy needed to supply energy to the wings. factory sludge ponds and sewage oxidation Act of breeding requires that birds remain within ponds (Jeyarajasingam & Pearson, 2012). restricted localities, that explains why breeding Usually forage in small flocks but group in large and migrating does not occur at the same time. numbers when traveling between feeding and Besides that, feather replacement can also roosting sites. A diurnal hunter that generally reduce flight efficiency temporarily, so moulting stays in thick covers, observing terrestrial and migration will not occur simultaneously. prey at the water’s edge and consumes largely Large bird species such as raptors span a large on small vertebrates and insects (Wells, 1999; area relative to body weight on the spread wings Jeyarajasingam & Pearson, 2012). Roosts in to provide good lifting in rising air currents. groups in small trees. This applies for broad-winged raptors, pelicans, storks, anhingas and cranes. These species Meropidae depend mostly on soaring-gliding flight than Merops viridis Linnaeus, 1758 – Blue-throated other birds (Kerlinger, 1989; Hedenström, 1993). Bee-eater – Beberek Leher Biru They usually travel low enough to be seen with the naked eye and sometimes be determined by A fairly common breeding migrant and non- geography and topography to form migratory breeding visitor from low elevations up to 670 streams. Birds are able to navigate depending on m and sometimes higher south to Singapore their sensory abilities. The eyesight of normal (Jeyarajasingam & Pearson, 2012). Breeding diurnal birds at night is the same with humans populations will disperse to Sumatra during but in addition, at least some bird species are the non-breeding season. Breeding migrants able to distinguish ultraviolet light and the plane will often prefers the beach shrub, open lightly of polarised light. Moreover, birds also have a wooded country, river sand-banks, abandoned good sense of hearing which allows individual dredge–mine land, grazing-grounds, large lawns migrants to detect the calls of other birds at gardens and tin mines while non-breeding night. Birds from the west of Eurasia must cross migrants will prefer the forest canopies of the Mediterranean Sea and Sahara Desert during peatswamp forest, mature tree plantations, migration while those from further east must tall secondary growth, the forest edge and go through the deserts of Southwest Asia and mangroves (Wells, 1999; Jeyarajasingam & Arabia. The natural vegetation of Southeast Asia Pearson, 2012. This species usually can be seen is categorized as rainforest or dry deciduous on open perches in open country and travels in woodland, with some savannah and grassland. noisy groups. Usually forms large groups in tall Many Eurasian species will become a winter trees. visitor in Africa and Asia simultaneously. Birds possessed timing mechanisms to When it comes to doing migratory birds ensure that individuals arrive in their nesting survey, Malaysia has the potential because the sites at suitable and optimum condition Peninsular Malaysia, which is the southernmost for breeding and leave before conditions extension of the continent of Asia, forms a becomes worse and unsuitable (Newton, natural flight pathway for migratory birds 2007). According to Newton (2007), seasonal which come together here before spreading out migration is possible because birds are able to further south to the Indonesian Archipelago and accumulate large body fats to fuel the flights. Australasia (Jeyarajasingam & Pearson, 2012). Small birds double their usual weight through The large numbers of migratory birds of prey fuel deposition while crossing large areas of can also be seen in Peninsular Malaysia during sea or desert and some species also reduce their breeding season.

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Migratory birds usually start to arrive in Meanwhile, recent decrease in bird populations both Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore as especially those inhabiting wetlands and early as July and August, but large numbers will migratory bird species can be associated with the arrive from September until November. From drainage and conversion of wetland areas. This March to late May, the migrant populations can affect the wetland birds that utilise these sites will return northward to spring. During for breeding, nesting and over wintering. Coastal winter, these migratory populations move populations are also pressured by the large-scale south and the resident population will increase of development, including and the (Jeyarajasingam & Pearson, 2012). Terengganu clearance of mangroves (BirdLife, 2005). is indeed a pathway for migratory birds because The presence of Brown Shrike (Lanius Titiwangsa Range and other parallel ranges along cristatus), Tiger Shrike (Lanius tigrinus) (Figure most of the central part of Peninsular Malaysia 4), Black-naped Oriole (Oriolus chinensis) is a major route taken by nocturnal migrants and Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) (Jeyarajasingam & Pearson, 2012). Another in Pulau Perhentian Besar has supported the route used by migrants that have crossed the fact that the Perhentian islands fall under the from Indo-China follows the East Asian Flyway and provides a haven for east coast plain. Singapore, lying at the southern endemic, endangered, coastal and migratory tip of Peninsular Malaysia is the point of species (Tamblyn et al., 2005). Coastal areas are meeting from these two streams on their way to not only fundamental for feeding and roosting wintering grounds in the south. Terengganu has sites for resident species but also serve as been a potential state as a birding destination as stopovers, food and shelter for migratory birds migratory birds use this state as a pathway and 9 (Tamblyn et al., 2005). Bird populations that are of the 10 hornbills found in Peninsular Malaysia deteriorating in the region have been associated can be found in Tasik Kenyir, Terengganu. with deforestation of lowland dipterocarp forest Most of the migratory species are recorded habitats (Peh et al., 2005). from the habitats in Setiu wetlands because The presence of forest bird species such the wetlands contains heterogenous vegetation as the Blue-throated Flycatcher (Cyornis which provides various food resources, suitable rubeculoides) and the Siberian Blue Robin loafing, safe foraging and breeding sites for (Luscinia cyane) indicate that the lowland wide array of avian species. Wetlands is selected dipterocarp forest and domesticated flora habitat by birds based on vegetation structure and in Kenyir and Setiu where these migratory birds composition, food resources and microclimate are recorded contains the resources and shelter conditions that provide optimal resources for needed by these migrants. their survival. The diversity of vegetation structure and composition gives physical arrangement features to the wetland habitats and Conclusion attract diverse bird species (Soderstorm & Part, Migratory shorebirds face two major threats 1999; Canterbury et al., 2000; Rajpar & Zakaria, which are coastal land reclamation as well as 2010). Vegetative structure and composition is excessive hunting and trapping. Throughout the main factor that determines the way birds South-East Asia, mudflats and connecting utilise their resources, select their habitats, mangroves have been greatly reduced due to determines the species abundance, distribution, increasing human population and the consistent diversity and density (Rottenberry, 1985; Block demand for land. This has reduced the number & Brennan, 1993). of ‘refuelling’ or staging points along migratory Wetland habitats in many fragmented areas routes between breeding and wintering grounds. such as Setiu provide fundamental refuges for The illegal shooting and trapping of shorebirds a wide range of specialists (Sebastian, 2002). for food in Thailand, Indonesia and to a some

J. Sustain. Sci. Manage. Volume 12(2) 2017: 135-160 AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF MIGRATORY BIRDS 147 parts in Malaysia, took a heavy toll every year 2014/59373) and Geran Geopark, UMT on migratory shorebirds both during spring and (GEOPARK/2015/53167) leaded by M. T. autumn passage (Jeyarajasingam & Pearson, Abdullah. 2012). Mitigation action and control must be taken to overcome this problem so that the References migratory birds especially shorebirds status can be protected and conserved and Terengganu Alexia, T., Craig, T., & Peter, R. (2006). can continue being one the passageway for Malaysia Tropical Forest Conservation migratory birds. Project Report of the Setiu Wetlands Phase: A Collaborative Project between the As a conclusion, different habitat types will Department of Wildlife and National Parks, attract different species of migratory bird species Malaysia (PERHILITAN) and Coral Cay based on vegetation structure and composition, Conservation. Coral Cay Conservation Ltd. food resources and microclimatic conditions that provide sufficient resources for their Azman, N. M., Latip, N. S. A., Sah, S. A. survival (Rajpar & Zakaria, 2013). Migrants M., Akil, M. A. M. M., Shafie, N. J., & are susceptible to threats in more habitats, sites Khairuddin, N. L. (2011). Avian Diversity or countries than sedentary species. Migration and Feeding Guilds in a Secondary Forest, promotes collaboration among ornithologists an Oil Palm Plantation and a Paddy Field in and conservationists from different nations and Riparian Areas of the Kerian River Basin, there is much support from international legal Perak, Malaysia. Tropical Life Sciences instruments. The most countries in need for Research, 22(2): 45-64. conservation of migratory species are developing Beury, J. H., Baker, D. S., & Huggins, D. G. countries such as Malaysia because these (2008). Wetlands in Three Ecoregions countries host many migratory species but their of the Central Plains. Kansas Biological biodiversity significance is often dominated by Survey Report, 147. 3p. endemic and threatened species. Conservation of migratory birds can be achieved if migration Bibby, C., Jones, M., & Marsden, S. (1998). caught the attention of wealthier countries to the Expedition Field Techniques: Bird Surveys. circumstances and needs elsewhere in the world London: Royal Geographical Society. 139 (Bibby, 1998). pp. BirdLife International. (2005). BirdLife Fact Sheet: 158 Sumatra and Peninsula Acknowledgements Malaysia. Available at: http://www.birdlife. We would like to thank Kenyir Research org/datazone/ebas/index.html. Accessed Institute for providing us with the field 15/01/17. equipments, accommodation, aid in logistic and Blake, J. G. (1992). Temporal Variation in Point administrative supports. We are also indebted Counts of Birds in a Lowland Wet Forest in towards the assistance of lab assistant from Costa Rica. Condor, 94: 265-275. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu botanist En. Mohd Razali Salam and photographer En. Blake, J. G., & Loiselle, B. A. (2001). Bird Mazrul Aswaddy Mammat. We would also Assemblages in Second-growth and Old- like to thank Universiti Malaysia Terengganu growth Forests, Costa Rica: Perspectives (UMT) for the transportation provided during from Mist Nets and Point Counts. Auk, 118: the field survey. We acknowledged financial 304-3. support from the Niche Research Grant Block, W. M., & Brennan, L. A. (1993). The Scheme (NRGS/2015/5313/2), Geran Galakan Habitat Concept in Ornithology: Theory Penyelidikan, UMT (GGP/68007/2014/127), and Applications. Current Ornithology, 11: Trans-disciplinary Grant Scheme (TRGS/ 35-89.

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Azhar, I. M. (2015). Preliminary Survey of to Forest Edge Affect the Abundance and the Bird Assemblage at Tanjong Mentong, Distribution of Forest-dependent Birds in Lake Kenyir, Hulu Terengganu, Malaysia. Tropical Coastal Forests of Southeastern Tropical Natural History, 15(1): 87-90. Madagascar. Biological Conservation, 120: Tamblyn, A., Turner, C., O’Malley, R., Hughes, 311-327. T., Hardingham, S., & Roberts, H. (2005) Wells, D. R. (1999). The Birds of Thai-Malay Malaysian Tropical Forest Conservation Peninsula: Non-passerines. (1st ed.). Project. Report of the Perhentian Phase, Academic Press. 648 pp. London, United Kingdom. Wells, D. R. (2007). The Birds of the Thai-Malay Tamblyn, A., Turner, C., & Raines, P. (2006). Peninsula. Volume II: Passerines. London: Malaysian Tropical Forest Conservation Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd. 648 pp. Project. Report of Setiu Wetland Phase, Wells, D. R. (2010). The Birds of Thai-Malay London, United Kingdom. Peninsula: Passerines. Christopher Helm Thompson, I. D., Hogan, H. A., & Montevecchi London. 856 pp. W. A. (1999). Avian Communities of Mature Whitman, A. A., Hagan III, J. M., & Brokaw N. Balsam Fir Forests in Newfoundland: Age- V. L. (1997). A Comparison of Two Bird dependence and Implications for Timber Survey Techniques Used in a Subtropical Harvesting. Condor, 101: 311-323. Forest. Condor, 99: 955-965. Turner, C. S., King, T. O’Malley, R., Cummings, Willson, M. F., & Moriarty, D. J. (1976). Bird M., & Raines, P. S. (2002a). Danjugan Island Species Diversity in Forest Understory: Biodiversity Survey: Terrestrial. Final Analysis of Mist-net Samples. Oeco1ogia, Report. 80pp. Coral Cay Conservation, 25: 373-379. London United Kingdom. Wiltschko, R., & W. Wiltschko. (2009). Avian Voon, A. M. F., Nasradhi, K., Rahman, M. Navigation. Auk, 126: 717-743. A., & Mohd-Azlan, J. (2014). Bird Diversity, Density and Foraging Wong, M. (1986). Trophic Organisation of Activities in a University Campus Understorey Birds in a Malayan Dipterocarp Landscape in Sarawak. Borneo Journal of Forest. The American Ornithologists’ Resource Science and Technology, 4(2): Union. 116 pp. 9-20. Zakaria, M., & Rajpar, M. N. (2010). Bird Species Composition and Feeding Guilds Waide, R. B., & Narins, P. M. (1988). Tropical Based on Point Count and Mist Netting Bird Counts and the Effect of Sound Methods at the Paya Indah Wetland Attenuation. Auk, 105: 296-302. Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia. Tropical Life Watson, J. E. M., Whittaker, R. J., & Dawson, T. Science Research, 21(2): 7-26. P. (2004). Habitat Structure and Proximity

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Guilds Feeding Frugivore Frugivore Frugivore Frugivore Granivore Granivore Granivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore

LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT NT NT NT NT IUCN Red List

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Distribution n/a

C B B B B B C C C C B B B B Strata U U U U U 0 2 6 6 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 1 2

Understorey 35 56 17 12 27 109

2 1 0 2 7 0 0 0 2 1 3 1 1 0 2 4 1 3

Canopy 22

Strata

CDF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3

MF 71 27

BV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PS 25 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 19 16

Forest Types Forest BRIS 5 5 1 1 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 1

DF 17 2 5 4 1 1 3 2 1 3 1 1 1 3 0 1 11 LDF 32 16 20

Table 3: Overall checklist of species in Kenyir, Setiu ad islands in Terengganu, Malaysia Terengganu, Setiu ad islands in 3: Overall checklist of species in Kenyir, Table (Hume, Eyton,1839 Blyth, 1842 (Hartlaub, 1844) Swinhoe, 1870 Blyth, 1845 Blyth, 1845 (Scopoli, 1786) Strickland, 1844 (Blyth, 1845) (Scopoli, 1786) (Scopoli, 1786) (Linnaeus, 1758) Lesson, 1839 (Blyth, 1845) (Linnaeus, 1766) (Lesson, 1832) (Salvadori, 1871) Blyth, 1844 Family Species Criniger phaeocephalus Pycnonotus plumosus Pycnonotus erythropthalmos 1878) criniger Tricholestes Pycnonotus simplex Pycnonotus goiavier Ixos malaccensis Hemixos castanonotus Pycnonotus finlaysoni Criniger finschi Alophoixus bres Pycnonotus cyaniventris Iole olivacea Pycnonotus melanoleucos Pycnonotus atriceps Pycnonotus brunneus Columbidae Chalcophaps indica chinensis Streptopelia Geopelia striata Pycnonotidae

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Granivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore insectivore insectivore insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore

LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT NT NT NT

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R M M

B C B B C B C U U U U U U U U U U U U U U 3 3 0 1 1 3 3 1 0 2 1 6 7 0 1 5 2 2 36 63 10 1 0 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 18 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 3 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 19 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 6 7 1 2 1 5 1 0 19 33

(Hartlaub, (Scopoli, 1786) (Temminck, (Temminck, (Swainson),1820 (Temminck), (Temminck), (Horsefield, 1821) (Blyth, 1842) (Hay, 1845) (Hay, (Ogilvie-Grant, (Linnaeus, 1758) (Vigors, 1831) (Vigors, Temminck, 1832 Temminck, (Linnaeus, 1758) (Boddaert, 1783) (Horsefield, 1821) (Raffles, 1822) Blyth, 1843 (Horsefield, 1822) (Scopoli, 1786) (Pallas, 1776) Caloenas nicobarica Ducula bicolour (Gmelin, 1789) curvirostra Trevon Muscicapidae Copsychus malabaricus Copsychus saularis Myophonus robinson 1905) Cyornis rubeculoides Cyornis tickelliae Cyornis rufigastra Culicicapa ceylonensis Ficedula zanthopygia Cyornis banyumas Enicurus ruficapillus Luscinia cyane Vangidae Philentoma pyrhoptera 1836) Monarchidae Hypothymis azurea Timaliidae Mixornis gularis Stachyris poliocephala 1836 Stachyris erythroptera malaccense Trichastoma 1844) Malacocincla sepiaria

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Frugivore Frugivore Frugivore Frugivore Frugivore Frugivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Insectivore Insectivore Nectarivore Nectarivore

LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

B B C B B C B U U U U U U U U U U 2 2 6 6 7 5 2 2 1 4 0 1 0 0 1 19 18 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 2 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 6 1 2 2 2 1 5 0 5 1 4 2 0 19

(Gmelin, (Reichenbach, Salvadori, (Hartlaub, (Latham, 1790) (Temminck, (Temminck, (Temminck & (Temminck (Scopoli, 1786) Temminck & Temminck (Temminck & (Temminck (Temminck, (Temminck, (Eyton, 1839) Müller and (Linnaeus, 1758) Jardine and Selby, Jardine and Selby, (Linnaeus, 1766) (Latham, 1790) Pellorrneum capistratum 1823) Malacocincla malaccencis 1844) Dicaeidae Prionochilus percussus 1826) Laugier, Prionochilus maculatus 1836) Laugier, Dicaeum trigonostigma Dicaeum cruentatum Dicaeum chrysorrheum 1829 Laugier, Prionochilus xanthopygius 1868 Chloropseidae sonnerati Chloropsis 1827 cyanopogon Chloropsis 1829) cochinchinensis Chloropsis 1789) Irenidae puella Irena Nectariniidae Arachnothera longirostra Arachnothera crassirostris 1854) Arachnothera robusta Schlegel, 1845 Arachnothera modesta Nectarinia sperata

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Piscivore Piscivore Piscivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Nectarivore

LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT NT VU

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R M M n/a n/a R/M

B B B B C B B B B B B C C C C U U U U U U U U 2 4 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 2 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 15 23 22 0 0 0 2 4 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 1 3 3 1 2 1 1 1 13 0 2 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 9 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 9 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 10 0 2 9 3 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 6 4 2 2 1 0 0 0

(Müller, (Müller, Shelley, 1878 Shelley, (Temminck, (Temminck, (Gmelin, 1789) (Linnaeus, 1758) Jardine, 1843 (Scopoli, 1786) (Linnaeus, 1766) (Linnaues, 1766) (Ljungh, 1797) (Linnaeus, 1766) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Boddaert, 1783) (Müller, 1843) (Müller, (Horsefield, 1821) Horsefield, 1821 Temminck, 1830 Temminck, (Horsefield, 1821) (Lesson, 1839) (Boddaert, 1783) (Temminck, 1825) (Temminck, Horsefield, 1821 (Linnaeus, 1758) Chalcoparia singalensis simplex Anthreptes Hypogramma hypogrammicum 1843) malacensis Anthreptes rhodolaemus Anthreptes Nectarinia jugularis Nectarinia calcostetha Nectarinia zeylonica Alcedinidae Alcedo meninting Alcedo euryzona Alcedo atthis Lacedo pulchella chloris Todiramphus Halcyon pileata capensis Pelargopsis Halcyon smyrnensis Picidae Meiglyptes tukki Meglyptes tristis Sasia abnormis validus Reinwardtipicus 1825) Dinopium benghalense Dinopium javanense Picus puniceus

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Granivore Granivore Granivore Omnivore Generalist Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore

LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R M M M M

C B B B C U U U U U U U U U U U U U

0 1 3 2 4 1 2 1 1 3 2 9 3 3 0 1 11 29

1 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 1 0 0 3 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 1 0 1 0

1 1 5 3 4 1 0 0 0 3 0 4 3 1 2 1 7 0

(Gmelin, (Lesson, 1830) (Scopoli, 1786) Hargitt, 1889 Hargitt, (Linnaeus, 1758) Raffles, 1822 (Horsefield, 1821) Vieillot, 1818 Vieillot, (Stephens, 1815) Pennant, 1769 (Sparrmann, 1788) (Linnaeus, 1758) Tunstall, 1771 Tunstall, (Linnaeus, 1758) Pennant, 1769 (Pallas, 1811) Vieillot, 1818 Vieillot, Linnaeus, 1758 Chrysophlegma humii Picus chlorolophus Picus miniaceus Calyptomenidae Calyptomena viridis Eurylamidae macrorhynchos Cymbirhynchus 1788) Motacillidae Motacilla cinerea Motacilla flava Anthus rufulus Anthus cervinus Estrildidae Erythrura prasina Lonchura punctulata Passerinae Passer montanus Argithininae Aegithina tiphia Strigidae Otus bakkamoena Cuculidae Cacomantis merulinus Surniculus lugubris sinensis Centropus Phaenicophaeus tristis

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Piscivore Piscivore Piscivore Piscivore Piscivore Piscivore Piscivore Frugivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore

LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT NT

R R R R R R R R R R M M R,M R/M R/M R/M R?M R?M

B B C C B B B U U U U U U U U U U U 5 1 3 0 1 1 1 0 3 6 9 9 5 1 1 1 2 10

0 7 3 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 28 15

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 3 6 2 4 1 1 1 1 28 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 7 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 0 0 0 0

(Shaw, (Shaw, (Gmelin, 1789) (Pennant, 1769) (Linnaeus, (Raffles, 1822) (Lesson, 1830) Horsefield, 1821 (Blasius, 1858) Temminck, 1836 Temminck, (Pennant, 1769) (Lesson, 1830) (Gmelin, 1789) Vieillot, 1817 Vieillot, (Sparrman, 1788) (Bonaparte, 1855) (Linaeus, 1766) Linnaeus, 1758 (Gmelin, 1789) Phaenicophaeus diardi Phaenicophaeus diardi Phaenicophaeus curvirostris 1810) Rhinortha chlorophaea Eudynamys scolopaceus 1758) Ardeidae Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Ixobrychus sinensis cinerea Ardea bacchus Ardeola sacra Egretta garzetta Egretta Caprimulgidae Caprimulgus macrurus Rhipiduridae Rhipidura javanica Cisticolidae Orthotomus ruficeps Orthotomus sericeus Orthotomus sutorius Rallidae phoenicurus Amaurornis Phylloscopidae Phylloscopus borealis Meropidae leschenaulti Merops

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Frugivore Frugivore Frugivore Frugivore Frugivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Insectvore Scavenger Scavenger Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore

LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT NT NT NT

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R,M

B B B B B B C C B C B U U U U U U U U 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 0 0 4 1 9 0 11 20 22 36 16 0 4 3 0 1 6 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 3 6 1 16 15 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 28 4 1 8 3 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 4 2 18 15 15 12 17

(Müller, (Müller, (Temminck, (Temminck, (Temminck, (Temminck, Wagler, 1827 Wagler, (Horsefield, 1821) (Temminck, 1824) (Temminck, (Linnaeus, 1766) (Lesson, 1839) (Scopoli, 1783) (Temminck, 1824) (Temminck, (Vieillot, 1816) (Vieillot, (Linnaeus, 1766) Linnaeus, 1758 (Linnaeus, 1766) (Temminck, 1823) (Temminck, Gmelin, 1789 Linnaeus, 1758 (Linnaeus, 1758) (Horsefield, 1822) Nyctyornis amictus viridis Merops Dicrurinidae Dicrurus paradiseus Dicrurus remifer Hirundinidae Hirundo tahitica Megalaimidae Megalaima mystacophanos 1824) Megalaima lineata Psilopogon australis Megalaima rafflesii Psilopogon haemocephalus 1776) Sturnidae Aplonis panayensis Gracula religiosa tristis Acridotheres Phasianidae argus Argusianus Gallus gallus Corvidae Corvus macrorhynchos Corvus enca Platysmurus leucopterus 1824) Hemiprocnidae comata Hemiprocne

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Piscivore Piscivore Piscivore Frugivore Frugivore Frugivore Frugivore Carnivore Carnivore Carnivore Carnivore Omnivore Omnivore Omnivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore Insectivore

LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT NT NT NT NT

R R R R R R R R R R R R R M M M M M R,M

B C C C C C B C C C C C C C U U U U U U 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 3 2 3 1 1 9 7 3 4 5 8 1 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 24 24 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 2 3 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 7 3 4 5 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 18

(Raffles, 1822) (Shaw & (Thunberg, (Thunberg, (Gmelin, 1788) (Hume, 1878) Linnaeus, 1758 (Temminck, 1832) (Temminck, (Horsefield, 1821) Linnaeus, 1758 (Dumont, 1820) Raffles, 1822 (Gmelin, 1788) Linnaeus, 1758 (Latham, 1790) Linnaeus, 1758 (Raffles, 1822) (Boddaert, 1783) (Pallas, 1764) Drapiez, 1828 (Gray, 1830) (Gray, Bucerotidae albirostris Anthracoceros 1807) Nodder, malayanus Anthracoceros corrugatus Aceros rhinoceros Buceros bicornis Buceros comatus Aceros Accipitridae Haliaeetus leucogaster Accipiter soloensis Spilornis cheela Haliastur indus leuphotes Aviceda Nisaetus cirrhatus Apodidae fuciphagus Aerodramus 1812) maximus Aerodramus Apus affinis Laridae Sterna albifrons Sterna sumatrana Laniidae Lanius cristatus Lanius tigrinus Scolopacidae Actitis hypoleucos

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Frugivore Frugivore Omnivore Omnivore Insectivore

LC LC LC NT NT

R R R R,M R, M

C C C C C Figure 3: Brown Shrike, Lanius cristatus Male Photo courtesy to En. Mazrul Aswaddy 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 9 5 4

0 0 4 0 0 14 22 108 0 0 1 5 0 26 50 256 0 0 3 0 0 6 7 23 0 0 0 0 0 15 19 57 0 0 0 0 4 24 45 151

Figure 4: Siberian Blue Robin, Larvivora cyane 0 0 0 0 0 21 42 158 Female Photo courtesy to Gertrude David 1 1 1 0 0 35 104 513

(Horsefield, 1821) (Linnaeus, 1766) Number of species Number Number of families Number Horsefield, 1821 Linnaeus, 1766 (Temminck, 1832) (Temminck, Number of individuals Number

Figure 5: Chinese Sparrowhawk, Trogonidae Harpactes diandii Oriolidae Oriolus xanthonotus Oriolus chinensis Anatidae javanica Dendrocygna Coraciidae Eurystomus orientalis Accipiter soloensis Juvenile Photo courtesy to Gertrude David J. Sustain. Sci. Manage. Volume 12(2) 2017: 135-160