A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS •

Vol. 33, No. 39 September 24-30, 1990 With the help of Tianjin Evening News, Tkachova, a Russian who has been separated from her mother for 43 years, was reunited with her mother Cao Lijun (an American citizen of Chinese origin) and her sister Kaliya in Tianjin, her hometown. Top: Three generations of one family revisit their native town and have a picture taken at the Goddess Temple (from left granddaughter Alina, Tkachova, Cao Lijun and Kaliya). Bottom: Granddaughter Alina at the Tianjin TV Station has some fun trying on a Song Dynasty headdress. Photos by Chang Jinsheng Beijing«^r VOL. 33, NO. 39 SEPT. 24-30, 1990

11th Asiad—A Gala Sports Event CONTENTS • In a recent interview witli Beijing Review, He Zhenliang, chairman of the Chinese Olympic Committee, talked at length NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 about China's fight for its legal standing in the international sports arena from 1950 to the 1980s. He also discussed the Cambodia: A Historic Step arrangement of events for the llth Asian Games, the Asiad's Toward Peace influence on Asian sports development, and the benefits to China as host of the Asiad (p. 14). EVENTS/TRENDS 5 7

China Adopts Three Draft Laws Shanghai Mayor on Pudong Project Cambodia Takes a Key Step to Peace n At a news conference held by the Shanghai municipal More Railways for the 1991-95 government on September 10, leaders of the related depart• Period ments of the State Council and Zhu Rongji, mayor of Shang• News in Brief hai, answered questions from Chinese and foreign reporters on the development and opening up of the Pudong Development INTERNATIONAL Zone (p. 19). Cambodian Issue: Solution in Sight 8 The First Light of Peace for Cambodia Korea's First High-Level Talks 11 Malaysia Enjoys Stable Economic • At the recent Jakarta meeting the four factions of Cambodia Growth 11 declared the formation of the Supreme National Council, CHINA which marked a major breakthrough in the effort to seek a reasonable solution of the Cambodian conflict. A fair and llth Asiad—An Unprecedented comprehensive settlement of the Cambodian question is not Sports Meet 14 only beneficial to the war-torn Cambodian people but also Historical Data on the Asian conducive to peace for Indochina as a whole (pp. 4, 5 and 8). Games ' 16 For Your Reference: China and the Asian Games 18 Korea: First Meeting in 45 Years Shanghai Mayor on Pudong Development 19 • Prime Ministers of the two sides of Korea met, for the first Olympiad in Science: time in 45 years, to discuss peaceful reunification of their China—A Force to Be Reckoned country. The meeting was seen as a positive step towards a With 23 better mutual understanding needed to ease long years of New Features of China's Fourth tension between the two side? (p. 11). Census 27

BUSINESS/TRADE 29-31 China to Build Six More Railways CULTURE/SCIENCE 32-34 o China has created a plan to develop its railway network COVER: The Asian Games Torch sym• during the next Five-Year Plan period (1991-95). Six major bolizing unity, friendship and progress railroads will be constructed, which will greatly expand the being lit at Tiananmen Square in Beijing capacity of railway transportion and ease traffic tensions. High marked the prelude to the llth Asian speed railway operations will also be experimented with during Games, the period, (p. 10). Photo by Xue Chao

General Editorial Office Published every Monday by BEIJING REVIEW Subscription rales (1 year); Tel: 8314318 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037 Australia J\.$30.50 TLX: 222374 FLPDA CN The People's Republic of China New Zealand NZ.$40.50 FAX: 8314318 Distributed by China International Book UK .CI 6.50 English Dept. Tel: 8315599 Ext. 546 Trading Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN) USA US$30.50 P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China Canada. ..Can.$30.50 NOTES FROM THE EDITORS

Cambodia: A Historic Step Towards Peace

by Our Guest Commentator Yang Mu

historic step towards peace and national reconci• political resolution of the Cambodian problem. liation has been taken as Cambodia's four warring The second channel is through talks among the four A factions announced the formation of the Supreme factions of Cambodia. The tripartite Democratic Gov• National Council (SNC), in Jakarta on September 10. ernment of Cambodia headed by Norodom Sihanouk, in The new progress, achieved by the four factions — the a conciliatory overture, issued several peace initiatives. Sihanoukist group, the Son Sann group, the Democratic However, because of a lack of sincerity on the part of the Kampuchea Party and the Viet Nam-installed Phnom Phnom Penh regime, no agreement was reached. The Penh regime, is largely attributed to the efforts by the success of the informal Jakarta meeting held on Septem• United Nations, which has been working hard to end the ber 9-10 was, indeed, unexpected; it was the fruitful 12-year-long Cambodian conflict. result of active consultations between the five UN Secur• The SNC will be the only legal and authoritative ity Council permanent members, the mediation efforts of power for Cambodia during the transitional period, the ASEAN countries and the compromises made by the which entails a complete Vietnamese pullout from Cam• four factions of Cambodia. The world opinion and trend bodia and UN supervised elections until a new govern• for peace and development has also played a role. ment comes to stay. As a symbol of Cambodia's inde• The founding of the SNC is merely the first step pendence, sovereignty and national unity, the SNC will towards f)eace. The peace-loving states and opinions internationally represent the country and exercise top throughout the world are waiting to see what is going to authority domestically. Its establishment has been hailed happen next in Cambodia, whose road ahead will be full ^by the UN Secretary-General and Security Council, the of both roses and brambles. The newborn SNC is con• ASEAN and the world community at large. fronted with four urgent tasks: Since December 25, 1978, the day Viet Nam invaded —To hold the first SNC conference to elect its 13th Cambodia across its border, the war has lasted nearly 12 member, namely the SNC's president. Norodom Sihan• years. So the formation of the SNC marked a major ouk is the most likely candidate. The conference is also breakthrough in the effort to seek a reasonable solution going to work out a division of authority among repre• to the Cambodian conflict. sentatives of the four Cambodian factions and form a However, the founding of the Supreme National delegation to attend the UN General Assembly. Council has gone through a twisted course of struggles, —To sponsor the Second International Conference on consultations and mutual •compromises. It was not until Cambodia in Paris, so that the various documents for the Paris International Conference on the Cambodian the political settlement of the Cambodian issue can be problem was held in August 1989, with 19 countries and signed. The conference, once held, will go down in his• 23 factions participating, that Cambodia entered a new tory as the fourth major international meeting on an period of peace process. Although no agreements were Indochinese issue. reached, the conference laid down the basic principles for —To entrust, while signing the documents concerning a peaceful resolution: The Cambodian problem must not a comprehensive political settlement of the Cambodian be resolved militarily, but with an overall political reso• issue, the United Nations with all necessary power to lution; the United Nations must play an important role guarantee the all-round and solid implementation of the in the process; and in the country's future organ of power entire package, including free and fair election. the quadripartite principle should be implemented and —To set the stage for-free and fair election, which is Prince Norodom Sihanouk's role should be brought into seen as yet another key step towards a comprehensive play. political resolution. This means to tackle a number of After the Paris conference, negotiations for the politi• questions, such as Vietnamese troop withdrawal from cal resolution were carried out in two channels. Cambodia under UN supervision, cease-fire, the The first was the consultation meeting of the five arrangement of troops of the four Cambodian parties, permanent members of the UN Security Council; within illegal Vietnamese immigrants, and the illegal border a year, six rounds of such consultation have been held in agreement signed by Viet Nam and the Phnom Penh Paris and New York among representatives of these five regime. member states. At their fifth round of consultation held In short, there is an arduous course ahead for Cam• in Paris on July 16-17, two documents concerning Cam• bodia if it is to reach an all-round political settlement, bodia's interim political power and military arrange• achieve national understanding and unity, and turn it• ments were issued after 20 hours of intense debates. self into a peaceful, independent, neutral and non- Their sixth consultation meeting in New York resulted aligned country. There will be compromises and recon• in an agreement on three documents: a document on fair ciliations amidst struggles and differences. But so long as election in Cambodia under the United Nations sponsor• the four parties work together in a spirit of reconciliation ship; a document on the protection of human rights; and sincerity, so long as the United Nations continues to and a document on international guarantee. The afore• play its constructive role, a new, peaceful Cambodia will mentioned five documents made up a package for the emerge from the horizon. •

BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30 1990 EVENTS / TRENDS

made over the last decade in search of a political solution to China Adopts Three Draft Laws the Cambodian issue. The progress, achieved after he Standing Committee of enterprises, wasteland develop• compromises were made among the National People's Con• ment and production of agricul• the four parties—the Sihanouk T gress (NPC), upon the con• ture, forestry, animal husbandry, group, the Son Sann faction, the cision of its 15th Session on and fisheries. Democratic Kampuchea Party S* tember 7, adopted three draft During the last meeting of their and the Viet Nam-installed laws effecting authors' rights, the 10-day session held in the Great Phnom Penh regime, is attributed national railways, and the protec• Hall of the People in Beijing, the first to the efforts of the United tion of returned overseas Chinese country's top law-makers also ap• Nations, which has all along been and their relatives. proved the appointment of a new working to end the 11-year-old These laws have been deliberat• chief for the State Commission Cambodian conflict. ed by the 100-odd Stranding Com• for Restructuring the Economy Under the auspices of the Unit• mittee members who made many (SCRE) which is the agency res• ed Nations, the Paris Internation• modifications and improvements, ponsible for mapping out China's al Conference on Cambodia last said Chairman Wan Li, who pres• reform programme. year laid down the basic princi• ided over the ballot. Chen Jinhua, 61, former presi• ples for a comprehensive political The copyright law draft aims to dent of the China Corporation of solution to the Cambodian prob• protect authors' lawful rights and Petrochemical Industry, was ap• lem. Recently, after six rounds of to promote their intellectual crea• pointed as SCRE minister, a post consultations, the five permanent tivity and interests. The lavt', the previously held by Premier Li members of the UN Security first of its kind in China, becomes Peng. The move will enable Li Council adopted a package of five effective as of June 1, 1991. The Peng to concentrate on the affairs documents for the same purpose. law also protects the copyright of the State Council. All this laid the groundwork for of foreigners who publish their Chen, familiar with China's the Jakarta meeting and set the works first in China. economy and experienced in stage for the establishment of the The law on railroads, passed managing giant economic entities SNC. with 94 approvals, seven objec• like China's Petrochemical Cor• In their joint Jakarta declara• tions and nine abstentions, clari• poration, is described as the per• tion, the four parties accepted the fies the policies concerning the son best able to "blaze a new trail UN package as the basis for a country's railroad construction, and make timely decisions". political solution to the Cambod• transportation business, safety, The meeting also appointed ian issue. and the legal liabilities of viola• Feng Lanming as deputy In Beijing, Indonesia and tors. It will become effective on secretary-general of the NPC France, which co-chaired the Par• May 1 next year. Standing Committee, and Duan- is International Conference on DeHberated at the 14th session mu Zheng as vice-president of Cambodia, were hailed for their and carefully reviewed at the the Supreme People's Court and successful sponsorship of the Jak• 15th assembly, the third draft law member of the Judicial Com- arta meeting and their great me• on protecting the interests of re• mitttee. Two international labour diation efforts. turned overseas Chinese and their pacts were also ratified. • The peace initiative put for• domestic relatives was approved ward by Norodom Sihanouk in by an overwhelming majority. Beijing last month also helped The law, effective beginning Cambodia Talces a bring about the agreement on the next year, prohibits discrimina• Key Step to Peace establishment of the SNC. tion against returned overseas The SNC will serve as Cam• Chinese and their relatives at rw^he announcement to form bodia's legal authority during the home. It also protects their pri• I a supreme national council transitional period of the Viet• vate property in China and au• (SNC) by the four Cambod• namese pull-out and the UN- thorizes preferential policies for ian parties at the conclusion of supervised elections, until a new them while in China or when their two-day Jakarta meeting on government is formed. As a sym• making trips abroad. September 10 was considered a bol of Cambodia's independence, Local governments are urged key step toward peace for the sovereignty and unity, the SNC to encourage returned overseas once war-torn. Asian country and will represent the country inter• Chinese and their relatives to in• a major fruit of the world nationally and exercise top au• vest in industrial and commercial community's unremitting efforts thority domestically.

BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30, 1990 5 EVENTS / TRENDS

A Chinese Foreign Ministry tional economic development, network, which now includes spokesman issued a statement on during the coming Eighth Five- the Baoji-Chengdu, Chengdu- September 11, welcoming the es• Year Plan period (1991-95). Chongqing, Chengdu-Kunming, tablishment of the SNC of Cam• The State Council recently ap• Guiyang-Chongqing and bodia. proved the construction of a ma• Xiangfan-Chongqing trunk lines. The spokesman said, "There ex• jor railway linking Chengdu with The construction budget for the ist in reality four political and Daxian City in Sichuan Province new line, shared by the state and military forces in Cambodia. in the next five years. the province, is estimated at ^ Therefore, the SNC, composed of Sichuan is a tucked-away prov• billion yuan. representatives from these par• ince, inaccessible because of its According to Sun Yongfu, vice- ties, is of special significance to almost impassable mountains. minister of railways, the con• the realization of the national re• The new line, when completed, struction of the Xian-Ankang conciliation and the maintenance will connect with another artery railway, which will include the of peace and stability in Cambod• line from Xian to Ankang in longest tunnel ever to be exca• ia." Shaanxi Province, which will be vated in China, extending 18 km He said that Prince Sihanouk, built simultaneously, thus creat• through the Qinling Mountain an outstanding patriot and publ• ing a short-cut access from nor• Range, is but one of "six gigantic icly recognized leader of the thwest China to the province. projects of railway construction" Cambodian people, enjoys a high This newly approved line, China is going to build during the level of international prestige. If stretching a distance of 310 km next Five-Year Plan period. the SNC elects Sihanouk as its from Daxian in the east via Nan- The other lines include the chairman, the decision will win chong, Suining and Deyang to 2,000-km-long Beijing-Jiujiang popular support of the Cambodi• Chengdu in the west, will become railway, to run parallel to the two an people as well as other mem• a part of the provincial railway existing major lines, the Beijing- bers of the international com• Guangzhou and munity. Dashan No.2 Bridge, a key project of the Xuzhou Beijing-Shanghai rail• As a close neighbour of Cam• railway hub, opens for operation. GAO MEIJI ways from north bodia, the spokesman said, China China down to east strongly hopes that Cambodia and south China. will become an independent, A Beijing-Jiulong peaceful, neutral and non-aligned (Kowloon) railway country, maintaining friendly re• will be also built, lations with its neighbouring which will run countries. through Hebei, Shan• "We hope that the four parties dong, Henan, Anhui, of Cambodia will enhance under• Jiangxi and Guang• standing, trust and co-operation dong provinces, ac• among themselves in the SNC so ross the Yellow and as to achieve genuine national re• Yangtse, China's two conciliation. China is ready to longest rivers. A establish and continue contacts 14-km-long railway with all the parties of the SNC," bridge, the longest the spokesman said. ever in Asia, will span He added that China will con• the Yellow River. This tinue to contribute to the final artery line will ease settlement of the Cambodian is• traffic tension and ov• sue along with the rest of the in• erburdened transport ternational community. • capacity of the two ex• isting lines and stimu• late local economy. More Railways for A third Qin- The 1991-95 Period huangdao-Shenyang track will be laid to hina has made an elaborate alleviate he already plan to develop its railway saturated traffic in C network, by far a bot• north and northeast tleneck on the chain of the na• China. In northwest

6 BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30,1990 EVENTS / TRENDS

China, a principal line will be rectly dial 182 countries and re• built between Baoji in Shaanxi, News in Brief gions around the world. Present• and Zhongwei in Ningxia. When ly, there are 900,000 domestic di• completed, this line will faciUtate Cai Chang Passes Away rect dialing phones and 350,000 the exploration of local petroleum Cai Chang, a veteran of the international direct dialing custo• and coal resources and greatly Chinese revolution and outstand• mers in China. boost the local economy. ing leader of the Chinese women's Beijing-Tianjin Highway In southwest China, a line will movement, died on September 11, The Beijing-Tianjin Express• be constructed between Nanning in Beijing, at the age of 90. in Guangxi and Kunming in way, the first interprovincial ex• A native of Hunan Province, pressway in China, opened on Yunnan. It will run about 870 km Cai joined the revolution in 1919 through Yunnan, Guizhou and September 12 to exclusively serve and the Communist Party of the coming 11th Asian Games. Guangxi along the border line in China (CPC) in 1923. She partic- the area. Construction of this line Telephones, traffic monitors pated in the Long March in 1934 and lighting are yet to be installed is of economic and defence signif• and made tremendous contribu• icance. and service centres constructed, tions to women's emancipation but the road was temporarily put In order to deliver more coal during different periods of the from Shanxi to central and south into operation to serve athletes Chinese revolution. and tourists arriving at Tianjin China, another railway from Since the founding of New Houma in Shanxi to Yueshan in Airport, more than 100 kilo• China in 1949, Cai was a member metres east of Beijing. Henan has been planned. of the seventh to 11th Central Only passenger cars will be al• Sun said that upon completion Committee of the CPC, vice- lowed to travel on the road dur• of the six projects, China's rail• chairwoman of the Standing ing the month-long trial oper• way transportation will greatly Committee of the fourth and fifth ation. The four-lane, 26-metre- expand its handling capacity. To• National People's Congress, and wide road will allow cars to travel day, the annual growth rate of the chairwoman of the first to third at speeds of over 120 kilometres railway's capacity to handle pas• All-China Women's Federation per hour. After the games, the sengers is only 1.2 percent while and honorary chairwoman of the road will be closed to traffic to the number of travelling passen• fourth federation. complete construction and instal• gers rose as rapidly as 10 percent. She assisted in improving wom• lations, scheduled to conclude be• In 1988, the number of passen• en's scientific, cultural and polit• fore the end of this year, when the gers travelling by train, nation• ical qualities, strengthening their road will be formally opened. wide, soared to 1.3 billion. self-esteem and self-confidence, Railway transportation ac• fostering public respect for wom• Economy Picks Up counts for 56 percent of the na• en and children and safeguarding tion's total land, air and water• A routine meeting of the State their legal rights and interests. Council was told that China's in• way transportation capacity. Al• Cai was also an activist of the though China has a total railway dustry is showing gradual growth, progressive international wom• with the August industrial output mileage of 52,800 km (1988), or en's movement. 2.24 times that of 1949, the year increasing by 4.6 percent over New China was founded, the Direct Calls From Tibet the same period last year. With mileage per person presently is People in Lhasa, capital of the a bumper grain harvest expected less than five cm. Tibet Autonomous Region, are this year, the overall national eco• Sun also said experiments with now able to telephone 500 nomic situation is looking posi• high-speed railway operations Chinese cities and 100 foreign tive. will be undertaken during this countries without operator assist- The major problems in the na• period. The ministry has desig• ance^ as a direct-dialing automat• tional economy continue to be nated the Guangzhou-Shenzhen ic telephone service began opera• sluggish markets and poor econo• railway as the first to be techni• tion on September 13. mic efficiency, participants cally transformed so that trains China has basically complet• stated. on the line will have a speed of ed a national automatic long• The meeting proposed to esta• 160 km per hour, doubling that of distance telephone network, link• blish a special state grain stor- | conventional trains. It will lay ing 606 cities across the country. age system, which would allow the foundation for an even faster Lhasa was the final provincial the purchasing of surplus grain train of 200 km per hour in the capital to join the network. from farmers and guaranteeing future. by Li Xingjian Of the 606 cities, 218 could di• production. •

BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30, 1990 7 INTERNATIONAL

Cambodian Issue: Solution in Sight

by Fu Ying

ecent signs point to a final and approved of the documents widely acclaimed and welcomed. resolution of the 12-year- worked out by the five per• On August 27, in their sixth R old Cambodian conflict. manent members of the UN Se• round of consultations on the On September 9, after two curity Council and were willing Cambodian question, the five days of meetings in Jakarta, In• to use them as a framework for a permanent members of the UN donesia, the high-level represen• political solution to the Cambod• Security Council reached agree• tatives of the four parties of ian question. Furthermore, they ment on three documents con• Cambodia accepted the docu• agreed that the United Nations cerning Cambodia's future elec• ment adopted by the five per• should play a decisive role in tions under UN supervision, pro• manent members of the United seeking a comprehensive politi• tection of human rights and an Nations Security Council—the cal solution to the conflict. international guarantee for Cam• United States, the Soviet Union, This statement proved the sin• bodia's sovereignty and territori• China, Britain and France—and cerity and flexibility of the res- al integrity. In a joint statement agreed on a formula for the esta• .istance forces in politically re• after the meetings, the five mem• blishment of a Supreme National solving the problem and was bers urged the conflicting parties Council of Cambodia and the way to elect a Meeting in Beijing: Chinese Premier Li Peng (middle) with Prince Norodom Sihanonk (third chairman of the coun• from left). Son Sann (second from right) and Khieu Samphan (second from left). cil. The four parties WANG JINGDE announced the forma• tion of the Supreme National Council on September 10. This was a major break• through in the process of seeking an end to the Cambodian con• flict. In late August, leaders of the tripar• tite Cambodian resist• ance forces — Prince Norodom Sihanouk, Khieu Samphan and f« PI % Son Sann — held an important meeting in Beijing and issued a joint statement. The three leaders agreed to participate in the Jakarta conference g BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBEK 24-30, 1990 INTERNATIONAL in Cambodia to ac• cept the entire pack• age as a basis for a solution. In the past year, great efforts by the various sides went into the attempt to seek a just and com• prehensive political solution to the con• flict. In August 1989, an international con• ference on Cambodia was held in Paris at the proposal of Prince Sihanouk. Partici• pants included the five permanent mem• bers, six ASEAN countries, three Indo- Chinese nations and On March 5, Prince Sihanouk visits a liberated village. representatives of the UN-secretary-general, Javier The three resistance forces coor• that all foreign troops in Cam• Parez de Cuellar. After in-depth dinated their actions and adv• bodia should withdraw complete• discussions, the conference made anced on the battleground. This ly under UN supervision and headway in troop withdrawal raised international concern. verification; during the tran• verification, international super• Some people began to look for sitional period, a Supreme Na• vision and post-war reconstruc• new approaches to a political so• tional Council should be es• tion, but was stalled over the lution. Australian Foreign Min• tablished that would embody issue of the formation of an in• ister Gareth Evans, for example, Cambodia's sovereignty and ev• terim government during the proposed that during the transi• entually, fair and free elections transitional period from cease• tional period the United Nations should be held to allow the Cam• fire to general elections. This was take charge of the administration bodian people to decide the fu• primarily because Hanoi and the of Cambodia so as to sidestep the ture of their country. Phnom Penh regime were reluc• endless quarrels among the four However, the countries dif• tant to face the realities and sides over the distribution of fered on the formation of an in• wanted to exclude the Khmer power. This formula aroused terim government and the armed Rouge, the main resistance force, much international interest. forces. The focal point was from a future government. This The five permanent members I whether the existing government was an attempt to preserve the hold a special responsibility over and forces should be preserved. status quo ieft over from the the maintenance of world peace China believed that a coalition Vietnamese aggression and was and settlement of regional con• headed by Prince Sihanouk in naturally rejected by the interna• flicts. To keep the momentum of which the four parties partici• tional community. a political solution to the Cam• pate was the best alternative. Although failing to reach an bodian question, starting Janu• Concerning the armed forces be• agreement, this conference esta• ary this year, the five countries longing to the four factions, blished the principles for a com• held regular consultations — al• China suggested that once a prehensive political solution to most once each month — in Par• ceasefire is realized, the forces the Cambodian problem and is and New York. In the first be concentrated to a designated stressed that the four parties four rounds of consultations, placj, away from the elections, should participate in the process they agreed that the conflict and eventually, the forces would on an equal basis. This paved the should only be resolved political• be demobilized or reduced to the way for the negotiations and con• ly rather than militarily and that same low level to avoid a civil sultations that followed. the United Nations should play a war. The five countries, however, The failures at the negotiating larger role in the process of a did not reach an agreement on table led to military escalations. political solution. They also held this issue.

BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30, 1990 9 INTERNATIONAL

In addition, the Association Viet Nam is willing to study the was clearly stated that during of Southeast Asian Nations Chinese proposals on the inter• the transitional period, the Unit• (ASEAN) in February invited im government during the tran• ed Nations would send both mil• the four Cambodian parties to a sitional period and the disposal itary and civil bodies to su• consultation meeting in Jak• of the four military forces. The pervise the four factions' forces. arta. The meeting produced a Vietnamese deputy foreign min• After a ceasefire is reached, all \ 17-clause document but, because ister invited Chinese officials to the forces should be concentrat- | of Viet Nam and the Phnom Hanoi to further discuss the is• ed on designated spots and wea• Penh regime's insistence on the sue. pons stored elsewhere. In anoth• so-called "genocide" issue, a fin• In response to the invitation, er document, it was stipulated al agreement failed to be esta• China sent a delegation headed that on the basis of consultations blished. by Xu Dunxin, assistant foreign among the parties concerned, a In June, another meeting was minister, to Hanoi in the hope Supreme National Council, com- | held in Tokyo and all the four that Viet Nam might change posed of representatives and not• factions were present. However, its obstinate position, although ed figures of the Cambodian the nieeting strayed away from China is well aware of Hanoi's people, be established as the sole the Paris conference's spirit and caprice on the Cambodian issue. legitimate body and source of tried to set up a bipartite govern• It turned out that Viet Nam was power. The five countries wel• ment rather than a quardripar- as stubborn as ever. On the tran• comed Prince Sihanouk to be the tite Supreme National Council, sitional government, China sug• leader of the council, which will forcing the Khmer Rouge to re• gested that a Supreme National exercise the power to administer fuse to sign any agreements. Council that holds real power be the country and conduct gener• Likewise, the accord did not gain set up to be responsible for Cam• al elections. Although not com• international recognition. bodia's administrative affairs or pletely satisfactory, the two do• The direct cause of the Cam• the United Nations take charge. cuments constituted a basic | Viet Nam, however, rejected bodian problem is Viet Nam's framework for a political solu- | both choices and insisted on invasion and protracted occupa• tion and the situation took a turn preserving en masse the present tion of Cambodia, and China has for the better. Hence the recent Phnom Penh regime. On the is• been a major country supporting success of their sixth round of sue of the armed forces, Viet the Cambodian people's struggle talks. against Hanoi. Therefore, China Nam opposed the stationing of and Viet Nam should have UN peace-keeping forces and de• How to achieve an early solu• played a key role in the process manded instead that the four tion to the Cambodian issue was of finding a political solution to forces freeze on the spot. Its aim, a major topic during Chinese the conflict. This has also been a obviously, was to keep the terri• Premier Li Peng's talks with common aspiration of the inter• tory under control of Hanoi and leaders of Indonesia, Singapore national community. The two the Phnom Penh regime. As a and Thailand on a recent visit. countries held two rounds of result, the consultations ended China reached a consensus with consultations to politically re• up fruitlessly. these countries that the time was solve the question, but no sub• Under the circumstances, con• ripe for a political solution to the stantial results came out of them sultations among the five per• Cambodian conflict. The three because of a lack of sincerity on manent members of the UN Se• Southeast Asian nations support the part of Viet Nam. In May, curity Council became the sole the documents reached by the Dinh No Liem, first deputy for• channel of hope in achieving pro• five permanent members, consi• eign minister of Viet Nam, came gress. On July 16, just on the eve dering them the framework for to Beijing supposedly to inspect of the first anniversary of the a fair and reasonable solution. the Vietnamese Embassy. The Paris conference, they held their They also expressed the de• Chinese side exchanged views fifth round of consultations. This sire that the Supreme Nation• with him and reached some con• round turned out to be the most al Council be established imme• sensus. For example, Viet Nam difficult. The meeting on the se• diately. agreed that the Cambodian ques• cond day lasted from 9:00 in With the establishment of the tion must be resolved in a com• the morning till 11:00 at night. Supreme National Council of prehensive and political way; Agreement in principle was Cambodia, conditions for a polit• Viet Nam is willing to accept reached on two documents con• ical solution are ripe. The war- UN verification on its troop cerning the military arrange• torn Cambodian people have withdrawal and promised it ment and the transitional admin• waited too long for the war there would not return to Cambodia; istration. In one document, it to end. •

10 BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30, 1990 INTERNATIONAL

Koreans First High-Level Talks

rime ministers of the two that incite confrontation, a re• ing is in accordance with the sides of Korea, in their moval of all legal and institu• interest of all Korean people. P first high-level talks in 45 tional mechanisms which are In recent years, more and more years, September 5-6 in Seoul, contrary to national unity, a re• Koreans have demanded the separately stated their positions moval of the physical barriers reunification of their moth• on the removal of existing polit• dividing the North and the erland. Not long ago, represen• ical and military confrontation. South, and a realization of free tatives from the north and south In a long speech, Yon Hyong travel and contact between the sides held a pan-national confer• Muk, prime minister of the De• two sides. ence in Panmunjom to discuss mocratic People's Republic of Yon also pointed out three the peaceful reunification of Korea, called on the two sides to problems that should be urgent• Korea. end political and military con• ly resolved: the two sides enter In South Korea, both the rul• frontation and implement the the United Nations as one mem• ing party and the opposition three principles of independ• ber; South Korea discontinues parties voiced support for the ence, peaceful reunification and the "team spirit" joint mili• recent talks. This shows that national unity to reunify Korea tary maneuvers with the Unit• peaceful reunification of Korea in the form of confederation. ed States, and releases the ac• has become the irresistible com• He stressed that reunification tivists who were detained for mon will of all Korean people. must be based on mutual in• visiting the North. The talks, though reaching no terests and unity rather than as South Korea's premier, Kang results on major issues, marks a one side dominating the other. Yong Hun, on his part, adv• good beginning because after Yon stated that political and anced proposals for North- 45 years of estrangement, both military confrontation is the pri• South exchange and coopera• sides have at last sat down and mary cause of distrust between tion, confidence building, arms talked to each other face to face. the two sides and must be re• reduction and a draft agreement The talks gave each side a bet• moved first. He recommended on improving relations between ter understanding of the other's six proposals to remove the pol• the two sides. stand on issues. This will help itical confrontation, including, Both sides have realized that alleviate tensions and promote the termination of mutual slan• dialogues are better than con• the process of Korean reunifica• dering and political activities frontation. This high-level meet• tion. •

Malaysia Enjoys Stable Economic Growth

by Yu Jinglr

alaysia is one of the capita gross domestic product icts a 9 percent growth of the countries of the As• was US$2,120 in 1989. economy in 1990. M sociation of Southeast This is the fourth year of con• Because of the inflow of for• Asian Nations whose economy tinuous and stable growth. The eign capital and an increased in• has developed rapidly. Its per Central Bank of Malaysia pred• vestment by the private sector of

BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30,1990 11 INTERNATIONAL the Malaysian economy the unemployment rate dropped to 6 percent in May this year from 7 percent in 1989. Some enter• prises, rubber and palm planta• tion lacked a sufficient labour force. It is estimated that em• ployment will reach saturated levels. The first quarter of this year saw a 10 percent economic growth, the highest quarterly growth rate since 1980. In the first four months this year Malaysia's investment to• talled US$6.3 billion and for• eign investment comprised US$3.8 billion of that total fi• gure. Total foreign investment will reach US$11.1 billion by the end of this year, compared with US$4.08 billion last year. The domestic investment was US$2.5 billion of the total in• vestment in the first four months of this year, and in 1989 the domestic investment of the whole year was only US$3.1 bil• lion. Meanwhile, Malaysia's for• eign debt has decreased to US$14.81 . billion from US$18.55 billion in 1987. Malasyia has achieved out• standing successes in recent years due to its pursuit of an effective economic policy. Malaysia is taking measures to save the large tortoise, an endangered Economic Readjustment species. > Since 1970 Malaysia has car• Malaysia depends on exporting policies. The new policy stipu• ried out a new economic policy, oil, timber, rubber, palm oil, tin lates that in enterprises export• stipulating that foreigners can• and electronic products. Because ing more than 50 percent of not hold more than 30 percent the price of primary products their products or employing of the shares in Malaysian com• declined and the US electronic more than 350 Malaysian em• panies and their surplus share- products market diminished, the ployees, foreign businessmen holds must be sold out. These Malaysian export-oriented econ• can hold all their shares. Those measures caused the foregin omy suffered serious blows in enterprises whose products are investors to hesitate in moving 1985, when the country's econo• listed as priority and which forward. From 1980 to 1985 the mic growth was a negative 1 produce sophisticated products annnual average foreign invest• percent, unprecedented since can allow foreign companies to ment in Malaysia was only World War II. own 51 percent of their shares. about US$100 million. In face of such difficulties, The time limit of leased indus• The economic development of Malaysia began readjusting its trial land rented by foreign bus-

12 BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBEK 24-30, 1990 INTERNATIONAL inesspeople will be 60 to 99 guarantees the stability of its ex• The Malaysian government years. Stimulated by a series of ports. plans to build an airport with favourable policies including- three runways in Sepang, a those in taxation, foreign capital Renewal of Products 70-kilometre distance south has come into Malaysia in large from the capital of Kuala Lum• amounts. Between 1987 and The electronics industry of pur. Kuala Lumper airport has 1989 the country attracted Malaysia accounts for 16 per- | only one runway atKi will reach US$9.35 billion in foreign capi• cent of the total amount of ex• its capacity in 1995. After the tal. ports. Because of structural Sepang airport is built, it will changes in its economy Malay• meet demands for the next 50 Economic Structure sia will increase the output years. of various electronic products, Foreign investors note that Malaysia has actively used such as the assembly of mini- Malaysia has a strong appeal in foreign capital to develop its chips and other electronic parts. Southeast Asia. It has a low la• manufacturing industry in or• To use advanced foreign tech• der to reduce heavy reliance on nology on an extensive level, bour wage, the price of goods is primary products and electronic nearly two thirds of electronic low and the educational level products. Over 50 percent of for• industrial projects recently ap• of the population is higher than eign investment is put into elec• proved by the Malaysian gov• other Southeast Asian countries. tronics, textile, rubber and plas• ernment produce finished elec• Most of Malaysian workers are tic industries which manufac• tronic products including recor• educated in English. In ad• ture products for export. Other ders, colour television sets, dition, there is a dependable industries, such as the petro• hardware equipment of compu• supply of technical labour chemical and plastic films in• ters and acoustics. Malaysia forces, while management per• dustries, have also received a plans to decrease the propor• sonnel and engineers can meet large proportion of foreign capi• tion of spare parts of semi• the demands of foreign inves• tal. The food, timber and furni• conductors made at home to 61 tors. Malaysia also boasts a low ture industries have developed percent from 80 percent, in• population density, 53 persons rapidly. In 1987 the output val• crease the proportion of elec• per square kilometre. All these ue of the manufacturing indus• tronic products from 7 percent |I favourable conditions are key try first surpassed that of agri• to 15 percent and the proportion points attracting overseas capi• culture and became Malaysia's of consumer electronic products tal. largest economic sector, making from 13 percent to 25 percent in The Gulf crisis caused by the up 22.4 percent of the gross the next four years, thus increas• Iraq's invasion of Kuwait has domestic product. In 1989 the ing the proportion of electron• made the Malaysian busines- manufacturing industry ac• ic finished products with high• speople both happy and worried. counted for 25.6 percent of the ly additional value. The Malaysian economy which gross domestic product. Now exports petroleum can benefit Malaysia exports primary prod• Investment Environment from the oil price rises. If this ucts, energy products and indus• leads to the economic depression trial manufactured goods. Ma• The Malysian government has of the industrialized countries, laysia ranks first in the world in paid particular attention to im• Malaysian export-oriented econ• the output of rubber, palm oil proving the investment environ• omy will suffer some loss. How• and pepper, and third in ex• ment. During the period of ever, some economists estimate ports of electronic products be• the Fifth Five-Year Plan hind the United States and Ja• (1986-1990) it has increased in• that the current Gulf crisis will pan. Therefore, although the vestments in the infrastructures not cause any negative influence price of primary products has such as harbours, transportaion, upon Malaysia's economy. If the recently declined, this has not water supply, electricity and te• situation does not take an unex• seriously affected the Malaysian lecommunications. When for• pected turn, Malaysia's econo• economy because Malaysia ex• eign capital flows into the coun• my will continue to grow until ports a variety of goods and try, the various infrastructures 1995. By the end of this centu• has opened exporting markets will be ready to meet the de• ry Malaysia will become anoth• in many countries. This mixture i mand. er "little dragon." •

BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30, J990 13 CHINA

INTERVIEW: 11th Asiad—an Unprecedented Sports Meet

by Our Staff Reporter Cui Lili

joining the Olympic Games and participate in the Asian Games, other sports activities. For inst• China had to wage long-term ance, we fought for over a year struggles. With the support of for the right to participate in many friendly countries and the 15th Olympic Games held friends, China's rightful position in Helsinki, Finland, in 1952 and in the Asian Games was restored received the invitation to parti• in 1973 and it participated, for cipate only the day before the the first time, in the Seventh opening ceremony. By the time Games held in Tehran, Iran, in the Chinese delegation arrived in 1974. Since that time, the people Helsinki, there were only a few and sports circles from various days left in the games and just Asian countries, along with the He Zhenliang. one Chinese athlete was in time Chinese pubhc, have hoped that e Zhenliang, the incum• for the swimming event. China could someday host the bent chairman of the China is now a member of 74 Asiad. This hope has come true H Chinese Olympic Com• international sports organiza• after more than ten years' ef• mittee, has worked with the state tions. In 1971, however, we had forts. The Chinese people, as sports departments since the contacts with only three in• hosts to the Uth Asian Games, mid-1950s, devoting his efforts ternational sports organizations warmly welcome Asian athletes to friendly international sports —table tennis, skating and ice and friends to Beijing. exchanges. Beijing Review in• hockey—and even this small Q: The media has frequently com• terviewed him on the eve of the number was a major accomplish• mented that the 11th Asian 11th Asian Games. ment. It was not until 1971, the Games is an unprecedented event. Question: China is hosting this year China's legal seat in the Un• What are the main indicators of grand spectacle of the Asian ited Nations was restored, that this? the international status of the A: Three things. First, in this Games as planned after painstak• People's Republic of China was sports meet there are 308 events ing and thorough preparations. recognized. Then, in 1979, on the in 27 fields and an additional What are your feelings now about basis of China's concept of "one two demonstration events, a the games? country, two systems," the In• greater number than any pre• Answer: The Chinese people are ternational Olympic Committee vious Asiad and Olympic very proud to be able to hold solved the Taiwan problem; thus Games. Secondly, all 38 mem• such a grand sports meet on their China's legal right in interna• bers of the Olympic Council of own land. I'm no less excited tional sports organizations was Asia (OCA) signed up for parti• than the average citizen. fully restored. cipation in the Asian Games, a In the 30 years preceding the The Asian Games are the re• first in Asiad history. Thirdly, 1980s, my colleagues and I had a sult of the Asian people's efforts about 6,400 athletes and officials long and arduous struggle trying to strengthen exchange and unity will participate. This figure in• to win the legal rights of the Peo• among various Asian countries creases to 10,000 if referees, re• ple's Republic of China in inter• and to develop their sports fol• porters and guests are included. national sports world. Influenced lowing the overthrow of outside In addition, there will be some by hostile forces, some interna• rule and control after World 100,000 tourists and visitors. In tional sports organizations took War II. Ten Asiads have been short, this will be a grand and an unfriendly attitude towards held since the first in India in gala time as China and other China and prevented China from 1951. To defend its legal right to Asian countries interact on a

14 .BGUiNG, REVIEW, SEPTEMBEB 24-30, 1990 CHINA massive scale. but also sports. When talking gondo, as well, will eventually Q: Are there any particularly new about sports, it is generally as• become an international event features in the arrangement of ev• sumed 4hat ancient sports refer (it is not included into the 11th ents? to Greece and modern sports to Asian Games because it is now A: In oui arrangement of events, those of Europe and America. only popular in a few Asian we took Asia as a whole into Does Asia have its excellent countries). Are there other sports consideration. We have two guid• sports events? Yes, it does have, items representative of Asia? ing ideas: First, we introduce but these events are often ig• Yes. There are a lot. Some of the traditional and outstanding nored. them have already been shaped sports events of Asian countries Judo, for example, is common and others need to be standar• to the rest of the world. in Japan and has become a world dized. We included three new Asia's ancient culture includes activity through the efforts of items into this Asiad. They are the kabaddi and sepak takraw not only poems, languages, arts the Japanese. The Korean Tai- which are popular in South and Southeast Asia respectively, as The opening ceiemony of the 11th A«ian Games Village. well as martial arts which origin• XU XIANGJUN ated in China and is well known throughout the world. Those who have seen these three sporting events are very impressed and said that the sports are quite suitable to the people of Asia and developing countries. The kabaddi, for example, is done on a 12-square-metre wood floor or playground, without any equipment. Needing to both at• tack or defend, the athletes should be quick and bold but may not hurt their opponents. We looked at the sport and thought it worthy for inter• national exhibition. The same is true of the sepak takraw. The sepak takraw can be played in ordinary stadiums and gymna• siums with a net set up in the middle. The sport, requiring sharpness, boldness and good team work, combines the fea• tures of football, volleyball and other ball games. Martial art is not only a form of combat but also a way for body building with self- discipline and self-perfection. A friend of mine from West Ger• many commented that the mar• tial art had been successfully mixed with the ancient Oriental philosophy and so had spread quickly in the world. Some say that China included the sport in the list of competitive events in order to win gold medals. This is a misunderstanding. There are

BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBllR'i4^3tt,>49'90 15 CHINA only six gold medals for this ev• sport's development ent and some other countries, in Asia. such as Japan in the shadow- That China, the boxing event, are strong challen• host of the games, gers. hopes to do well is Second, we arranged events only natural. But we from the angle of future develop• have made no ar• ment f Asian sports and of mak• rangements for these ing some world sports events to events with the inten• become more popular and devel• tion of promoting our op more quickly in Asia. Based national interests. on these considerations, we in• Q: Can you tell us cluded challenging events, popu• something about Asian lar in many parts of the world sports and the signif• but not in China. Take golf for icance of the games to example. China began to have a Asian sports? few golf courses only four years A: Some Asian sports ago and lightweight boxing events are at the which is well known in other world level. For ex• Asian countries but was restored ample, Asia leads the only recently and so was at a low world in table ten• level in China. In addition, we nis, badminton, div• listed sailing, canoeing, women's ing, archery and soccer events. The first two get hockey and is at the popular everywhere while Asian world level in gym• women soccer players are gener• nastics, weightlifting, ally thought to be stronger than ZH/lNo YA\HUI their men's counterparts. An in• shooting and boxing. A Taiwan athlete practises martial art movements ternational women's soccer Asia lags behind, before the games. championship is to be held next however, in most ev• year and the inclusion of a wom• ents. Take the Seoul Olympic gold medals and 11.2 percent of en's soccer event in the Asian Games in 1986. The Asian ath• the total medals available, an in• Games will further promote the letes won just 8.7 percent of the dication that Asian athletes need

Historical Data on the Asian Games AsianGames 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Date Mar. 4-11, May 1-9, May Aug.24- Dec.9-20, Dec,9-20, Sept.l-16,Dec.9-20, Nov. 19 Sept.20- 24-3 unel. Sept.4, -Dec.4, Oct.5, 1951 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 Place New Delhi, Manila, Tokyo, Jarkata, Bangkok, Bangkok, Tehran, Bangkok, New Seoul, Delhi, India Philippines Japan Indonesia Thailand Thailand Iran Thailand India S.Korea Number of Countries 11 18 20 17 18 18 25 25 33 27 & Regions Number of Athletes 489 970 1,422 1,545 1,945 1,752 2,363 2,879 3,345 3,420 Sports Officials 555 648 634 1,250 1,419 Events 6 8 13 13 14 13 16 19 21 25 Gold Japan,24 Japan,38 Japan,67 Japan,73 Japan,78 Japan,74 Japan,74 Japan,70 China,61 China,94 Medals India, 15 Philip• Philip• India, 10 S.Korea, S.Korea, Iran,36 China,51 Japan,57 S.Korea, pines, 14 pines,8 12 18 Iran,8 S.Korea,8 S.Korea,8 Indonesia, Thailand, Thailand, China, S.Korea, S.Korea, Japan, 5i 10 12 9 33 20 28

16 BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30, 1990 CHINA to catch up. Asian sports experts donated money and paintings, meets benefited greatly from believe it is necessary to streng• provided benefit performances the events which rapidly pushed then co-operation and exchange and volunteered to plant trees their economic development. among Asian countries and to and beautify the environment. Fourthly, the games will enh• learn from each other's strong Such activity has taken place ance understanding between the points in order to promote the throughout the country. Chinese people and the people development of Asian sports. Secondly, the games will devel• of other Asian countries and re• Positive influence in this regard op Chinese sports, not only com• gions. Asia is the most complicat• is expected of at the Asian petitive sports events but also ed of continents. It is the place Games. mass sporting activities. At the of origin of Buddhism, Islam, Q: This is the first time for China 1961 international table tennis Christianity, Catholicism and to hold such a major international championship, China won the Hinduism. Each country has its sporting event. How will it benefit championship for the men's team own social system, ideology and China? and women's single event for the cultural background and their A: China will benefit in the fol• first time. These positive results people are of different races. lowing four ways. First, the gave a great impetus to an up• What glue can bind them togeth• games will strengthen the cohe• surge of mass ping pong activi• er? Sports. The Asian Games is sion of the Chinese nation and ties in China. like a friendly bridge. Through call up the patriotism of the Thirdly, the Asian Games will it, the Chinese people can under• Chinese people. The slogan "The expedite China's economic devel• stand people from other Asian 11th Asian Games wins honour opment. Guangdong, Henan and countries and, in turn, introduce for China, I contribute to it" ex• other provinces which had pre• them to socialist China. presses the common aspiration of viously hosted the national Q: What do you think about the the Chinese people. They have games or international sports participation of Taiwan athletes

For Your Reference China and the Asian Games n 1948, India invited de• many Asian countries and per• Iran, Japan and Pakistan. The legates from 13 Asian coun• sonages demanded that the Peo• bill was adopted with five affir• I tries including China, Iran ple's Republic of China's legal mative votes and one abstention. and Pakistan to discuss the ways position in the union be recog• In November 1973, the Coun• and means of organizing an nized and made unremitting ef• cil of the Asian Games Union Asian sports union. The follow• forts towards this goal. held a special meeting in Tehran. ing year, India again sponsored a In September 1973, when After intensive debates, the ex• meeting of sports organizations the executive committee of the ecutive committee's resolutioh of Asian countries. The group Asian Games Union met in decided to set up an Asian games Bangkok, delegates from Iran about Iran's bill was approved union and hold the first Asian proposed a bill suggesting that with 38 affirmative votes, 13 ne• Games in New Delhi in 1951. the All-China Athletic Federa• gative votes and five abstentions. From February 27 to June 25, tion should represent China in The All-China Athletic Federa• 1951, a nine-member delegation the Asian Games Union. The bill tion's membership in the Asian of the All-China Athletic Fed• pointed out that without the par• Games Union was recognized eration headed by Wu Xueqian ticipation of the People's Republ• and the status of the Taiwan visited the first Asian Games ic of China, the Asian Games sports organization as the repre• held in India. Union could not fully represent sentative of China was cancelled. In 1954, China severed its con• Asia. The proposal was firmly In September 1974, China sent nections with the Asian Games supported by the president and its sports delegation to take part Union due to the Taiwan prob• secretary-general of the Asian in the 7th Asian Games and has lem. Games Union, as well as by the participated in the ensuing Asian For a long time thereafter. executive committee members of Games since.

BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30, 1990 17. CHINA

in the games? In the words of a Taiwan leader, Olympic Committee members A: We are very happy that ath• the breakthrough will bring an think China should host the 27th letes from both sides of the Tai• overall change. He meant that Olympic Games. We also feel wan Straits can participate in the the breakthrough in sports prom• that the year 2000 is a propitious games together for the first time. otes exchanges in other fields be• time because it is the 51st anniv• Since the 1984 decision of the tween both sides. Taiwan, in its ersary of the founding of New Olympic Council of Asia to hold show of support for the 11th China. As we celebrate the 41st the 11th Asian Games in China, Asian Games, has sent its sports anniversary this time, we can the Taiwan athletes expressed teams, reporters, visiting groups also make an enduring contri• their desire to come to Beijing. and art ensembles, more than bution to Asian sports activities After the Taiwan Olympic com• 1,000 members in all. In addi• and to the friendship and unity mittee joined the OCA in 1986, tion, many tourists are expected. of the Asian people. The year the Asian Olympic Council The three television stations in 2000 then is a good opportunity members on both sides of the Taiwan have sent reporters to for all of us. Straits signed an agreement on Beijing so that they can report on Germany, France, Brazil, Tur• April 6, 1989 regarding Taiwan's the progress of the games back to key and Puerto Rico and some of participation in Beijing Asian Taiwan. This activity not only those who lost their chance to Games and in other sports activ• brings great influence to the host the 26th Olympic Games of ities on the mainland. Last year, world of sports but also gives 1996 have already set their eye 12 Taiwan sports teams partici• great impetus to the reunifica• on the 27th Olympiad. So, there pated in the sports competitions tion of the motherland. will be an intense competition in on the mainland. Q: Does China plan to host this regard. At present China is In the past, there have been the 27th International Olympic focusing on the Asian Games many Taiwan compatriots visit• Games? and hasn't had the time to make ing their relatives and friends A: The 27th Olympic Games will a final decision whether it will and touring the mainland. This be held in 2000, the year a new apply for right to sponsur the is the first time, however, for century starts. The games will Olympics. Despite this, I won't Taiwan sports teams to visit the thus be of special significance. say China won't try. • mainland. It is a breakthrough. A lot of the International

Gdligrapher Son Xinshu from Shandong Province presented to the 11th Asian Games two 23m X 16m Chinese characters, Xiong Feng (meaning heroic posture), which he wrote with a 26-kg brash on a 62m X 23m piece of cloth. ZHENG WEI

18 BEUING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30,1990 CHINA

Shanghai Mayor on Pndong Development On September 10, the people's government of the Shanghai Municipality held a press conference at which, the relevant departments of the State Council and the people's government of Shanghai released nine laws and regulations regarding the development and opening up of the Pudong Development Zone. Leaders of the relevant departments of the State Council and mayor Zhu Rongji answered questions from Chinese and foreign reporters. Following are excerpts.—Ed. Time: Is Pudong just a copy of specially for the event. This ac• cracy. other special economic develop• tion will certainly reinforce the With the support of the Party ment zones in China? Though authoritative and serious nature Central Committee and the State the prospects for the plan are of the legislation and increase Council, I'm fully confident that inspiring, the inadequate and the confidence of overseas inves• these laws and regulations will poor infrastructure of Shanghai tors in Pudong. be very useful to the Pudong portend bureaucratic problems. I also want to tell you that all project and help to attract for• Some people describe them as these documents have been sub- eign investment. Of course, we'll stark as the Great Wall in Bei• mited to by Premier Li Peng. jing. How will you tackle these also continue to study and im• questions of bureaucracy? We have managed to make prove these rules and regu• Mayor Zhu: In April this year, and translate into English and lations. Premier Li Peng declared in Japanese all of these laws and To me, a good investment cli• Shanghai that the opening and regulations in such a short per• mate does not necessarily mean development of Pudong is an im• iod of time in order to present only such favoured treatment as portant strategic decision of the them to the press. This action tax reduction or exemption. It Party Central Committee and speaks of efficiency, not bureau• should also include various oth- the State Council. It is another At the news conference from left to right (front row): Dal Jle (chief of the General significant step in China's policy Customs Administration), Chen Yuan (vice-president of the People's Bank of of reform and opening to the China), Huang lu (deputy mayor of Shanghai), Zhn Rongii (mayor of Shanghai), outside world. During my visit Wang Daohan (adviser to the municipal government) and Xiang Hnaicheng (vice- to Hong Kong and Singapore minister of Finance). earlier this year, I said that in hght of this strategic decision we were working on a set of special rules and regulations. We fin• ished the drafting in August af• ter four months of effort. Both the Party Central Committee and the State Council have shown great interest in the Pu• dong project, and, personally. General Secretary Jiang Zemin and Premier Li Peng have in• volved themselves in our legisla• tive work. Three of the re• gulations will be announced by leaders of relevant departments of the State Council who came

BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30, 1«90 19 CHINA er faciois. As I've often men- tablished a working committee hai? It is said that the People's ; lioned, Shanghai's overall super- to solve the problem; the goal Bank will first approve some I iority is demonstrated in its was to require only one stamp. Sino-foreign joint financial ven• I highly compact industrial struc- The goal still remains a goal, yet tures and then foreign bank i ture, its powerful scientific and our work has greatly improved. branches. Has there been any technological resources and its If this was not the case, how change in this arrangement? advanced managerial expertise, could Shanghai boast six out of Chen Yuan: According to our i Sure, one of our major tasks is the ten best foreign-invested en• schedule, the People's Bank of ; to improve local infrastructure. terprises based on a nationwide China will first approve two However, I don't think the in• election. Is this not an evidence Sino-foreign joint financial ven• frastructure in my city is that of the good investment climate tures, and then consider the es• : bad. For instance, in the three in Shanghai? In my recent visit tablishment of foreign bank economic and technological de• to the United States, I experi• branches in Shanghai. If ever• velopment zones at Minhang, enced something similar. So, if ything goes smoothly, we are Hongqiao and Caohejing, there you say our bureaucracy is as going to accept the application i are a number of successful stark as stone, I'll say the of the two joint financial ven• I foreign-invested enterprises and bureaucracy in your country is tures as soon as possible and give \l the three zones can still ac- as hard as stainless steel. them official application forms. I commodate foreign-funded busi- China Daily: With the increasing After approving these two, we'll ; nesses {Beijing Review issue No. tension in the Gulf, the world is soon turn to foreign bank I 36 carried an article about the discussing a global economic de• branches. \e economic and technologi• pression. If such a depression Wenhui Bao (Shanghai): In the cal zones.—Ed.). Moreover, at takes place, what positive or ne• bonded zone at Weigaoqiao, some places in the Pudong New gative impact will it have on the can state-owned, collective and Area, new infrastructure has Pudong project? township enterprises engage in been put in place in preparation Chen Yuan: (vice-president of industrial production or import for the start of construction. the People's Bank of China): So and export business? You just By the way, the preferential far as finance is concerned, we mentioned in your address that policies implemented in the haven't felt any direct, negative there will be some difficulties in ! three zones I just mentioned are effect caused by the Gulf crisis the bonded zone. What kind of the same as those adopted for on China's economy, but there difficulties? Pudong. Of course, a bonded may be some indirect effects in Dai Jie: (Chief of the General zone will be set up in Pudong the future. Administration of Customs of and this will be a big difference. Economic News Agency (Japan): China): Only those enterprises But, there are already bonded When will the People's Bank of which are authorized to handle warehouses in each of the above China approve the opening of import and export business can three zones. Foreign banks can foreign bank branches in Shang• enter the bonded zone. The cus- now establish branches in Shang• hai; they are not confined to Pu• Chinese and foreign reporters at the news conference. P/: if!- n XM WEI dong only. They can do it in Puxi (the city proper) as well. Therefore, investment is wel• come not only to Pudong but j Puxi, particularly in the three I above-mentioned development I zones. In regard to bureaucracy, I'm not going to deny its existence. I hate it as much as you do. Un- I fortunately, bureaucracy is a i global problem. Some years ago, a project applicant could not get an application approved before he got over one hundred official : seals stamped on his application form. On my suggestion, we es•

20 BEIJING REVIEW. SEPTEMBER 24-30, 1990 CHINA toms will not accept any town• Financial Times, Standard projects using the third Japanese ship enterprises which have not Charter Bank (Shanghai loan is determined by the State been given permission. Since the branch): As just announced, for• Planning Commission. Accord• Weigaoqiao Bonded Zone is the eign bank branches in Pudong ing to the original plan, only one first of hs kind in China, it will will enjoy tax reduction or ex• project, the harbour dock near inevitably encounter this or that emption. What about the tax the Baoshan Iron and Steel Com• problem in its initial operation. rate for the four existing foreign plex, is connected with the Pu• This is what I mean. bank branches, will it still re• dong project. It is, however, not Wen Wei Po (Hong Kong): Is main at the current 50 percent? a local one. This harbour project there any difference between Mayor Zhu Rongji also men• will, of course, share the tran• bonded zone and bonded ware• tioned now that enterprises in sportation facilities with Pu• house? Does the former enjoy the three development zones in dong. So, regarding the list of more preferential treatment? Puxi will enjoy the same prefer• loan projects, there is not a sin• Dai Jie: The basic intent of the ential tax rate as is designed for gle one that is directly designed bonded zone is to promote im• Pudong. Will the existing four for the Pudong project. With a port and export. Those commod• foreign branches have the same view to meeting the development ities that are usually under li• option? needs of Pudong and the wishes cense control will be allowed Mayor Zhu: I got the document of many Japanese friends, it is freedom from licensing within concerning the establishment of hoped that the Japanese loan the zone, so the enterprise can foreign bank branches in Shang• programme will include projects make full use of the facilities in hai from Vice-President Chen directly related to the develop• the bonded zone to operate tran• Yuan only yesterday evening. So ment of Pudong. However, the sit trade. Goods from other parts I can only tell you how I under• decision is beyond the authori• of China, when being transport• stand the regulations. That is to ty of our local government and ed into and out of the bonded say, if a foreign bank applies to must be determined by the State zone, are considered import or the People's Bank of China Council. export goods by customs. There• and obtains approval, it will be Wen Wei Po (Hong Kong): Are fore, the border of the bonded granted permission to establish the three newly established de• zone will be strictly designated. its branch in Shanghai, either in velopment companies (the Reuters: Mr. Mayor, as you said Pudong or Puxi. Its income tax Shanghai Jinqiao Export Pro• earlier, investment by foreign rate will accordingly be reduced cessing and Development Co., companies here is not only a from 50 percent to 15 percent, the Weigaoqiao Bonded Zone matter of tax reduction, but the same as the banks in the Shen• Development Co. and the Lujia- overall climate. Part of this cli• zhen Special Economic Zone. zui Financial and Trade Devel• mate is also political stability For the present there are four opment Co.) in Pudong taking a and legal protection for foreign foreign branches in Shanghai. If position against the introduc• investors. Since June 4 last year, they want to enlarge their busi• tion of possible future foreign- many foreign businessmen have ness scope as specified in the re• invested enterprises? Do they in• come to believe that both factors gulations and so enjoy the pre• tend to preempt those enter? have deteriorated. How bad do ferential tax rate, they have to Huang Ju: The three compan• you think these problems are af• apply again. They are not auto• ies will open on September 11. fecting the Pudong project. matically eligible. In short, mat• Their obligation is to organize or Mayor Zhu: Investment climate ters will be conducted in a legal co-ordinate any concrete project does depend on political stabili• way and everyone will be equal within each of their respective ty. I think the political situation before the regulations. zones. Overseas businesses and in Shanghai is stable, even more Kyoto News Agency: Recently, joint ventures inside the zones stable than before last June. This the Japanese media reported will receive services and their ac• has been attested to by many that the Shanghai municipal tivities will be co-ordinated by foreign friends visiting Shanghai goyernment required a share of the three development compan• and I hope that foreign investors a Japanese loan 810 billion yen ies. The former and the latter and entrepreneurs will continue to China for the development of are not leaders and the led. The to be confident in Shanghai's in• Pudong. Is the report true? If so, three new development compan• vestment climate. It is a stable what did the Japanese side have ies will become joint ventures or place for investment with least to say? share holding firms with ov• risk. You should be confident; Huang Ju: (Deputy Mayor of erseas investors. Similarly, the you are welcome to Shanghai. Shanghai): The programme for three old development compan-

BEUING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30, 1990 21 CHINA ies in Puxi—for example the I don't think my name is a quota is fulfilled, Shanghai can Minhang Development Co. symbol of Pudong development. use the rest of the revenues for —have no administrative power In fact, the project is the strateg• the development of Pudong and over the joint ventures or other ic decision of the Party Central other construction. firms in each development zone. Committee'and the State Coun• As of now, the existing three The three new companies in Pu- cil. No matter who is in the may• development zones in Puxi are dong have their own charters. If or's chair, the decision must be nearly filled up. Pudong, in con• you are interested, you may go carried out. I still have another trast, is ripe for development and request a copy. three years to go before the end and an ideal choice for foreign The Independence (Britain): of my term of office. investors. The central govern• Mayor Zhu, while you were in Time: Some people attribute ment has designated 350 square Hong Kong, you said that the Shanghai's lagging behind in kilometres of land in Pudong as Bund would become a banking economic development to the a development zone, the largest street. Will the municipal gov• fact that much of its revenues in China. Moreover, the bond• ernment and other official or• are sent to the central govern• ed zone approved by the cen• ganizations find it difficult to ment. I wonder, how much of tral government is also the first find new quarters? The Pudong the revenues earned in Pudong in the country. All this proves Development has become so po• will be sent to the central gov• that Shanghai has the power and pular and synonymous with the ernment? And, since there are the superiority to further imple• mayor's name that some people already three economic develop• ment the policy of reform and worry what will happen if the ment zones in Shanghai, why opening to the outside world. mayor leaves at some point. Is does Shanghai need a fourth one Generally speaking, the policies there any ground for such con• — Pudong? Does Shanghai want announced here for Pudong are cern? to use the new zone to demon• chiefly based on those practised Mayor Zhu: I do hope the Bund strate a new economic policy? in economic and technological will become a banking street. As Mayor Zhu: The support from development zones, but there are for the question of our evacua• the central government has some elements of policies found tion from the old bank building, made it possible for us to start in special economic development it depends on the price offered. construction of the infrastruc• zones. A continuation of the on• We usually issue bids for the ture with domestic investment. paid transfer of land-use rights going opening-up policies, the and now the price of land ar• The central government has set a new Pudong zone will instill a ound the Bund might be quite quota of the revenue Shanghai new vitality into long-term gov• high. has to hand in, and after the ernment goals. •

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BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30, 1990 CHINA

OLYMPIAD IN SCIENCE: China: A Force to Be Reckoned With

by Our Staff Reporter Feng Jing

hina did quite well at the China has also since joined the Zhongsun, Chen Jiangong, Su International Mathemat• international physics, chemistry Buqing, Duan Xuefu and Jiang C ics, Physics, Chemistry and computer Olympiad compe• Zehan. Similar competitions and Computer Olympiads held titions and won a total of 31 were held in the following years. respectively in Beijing (China), gold, 25 silver and 20 bronze During the "cultural revolu• Harlingen (Holland), Paris medals. tion," however, such activities (France) and Minsk (USSR) International Olympiad com• were suspended and not restored this summer. Five gold and one petitions are of keen interest to until 1978. Since then, na• silver medals went to the partici• China's young people. tionwide mathematics, physics, pants in the mathematics Olym• Three decades ago, before chemistry and computer compe• China entered international in• titions have been held every piad, two golds, one silver and tellectual competitions, it began year. These include the national two bronzes went to the five par• to organize its own science com• mathematics league contests for ticipants in the physics competi• petitions for middle school stu• senior middle school students, tion, four gold medals for chem• dents and, in 1956, a mathemat• the national mathematics compe• istry went to all the four Chinese ics contest for senior middle titions for junior middle school students and one gold, two silver school students was held in Bei• students, and the Olympic math• and one bronze medals for the jing, Tianjin, Shanghai and ematics invitation championship computer competition were won Wuhan at the suggestion of not• for primary school students. by the four Chinese entries. ed mathematician Hua Luogcng Also, there have been numerous China ranks first in the physics and under the guidance of oth• local contests and competitions. and chemistry and second in the er mathematicians including Fu Since its first participation in mathematics and computer Olympiad IMO gold medal winners: (from right to left) Zhou Tong (China), Wang lianhna (China), competitions, demon• Vincent Ufforgue (France) and Evgenia Malinnikova (USSR). YANG WUMIN strating its intellec• tual prowess in such competitions. The Olympiad When China parti• cipated in the 27th International Math• ematics Olympiad (IMO) in 1986 for the first time, it walked away with three gold, one silver and one bronze medals, com• ing in fourth overall. Since then, China has done well at the 28th, 29th, 30th and this year's 31st IMO.

BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30, 1990 23 CHINA the international Olympiad com• collected a total of 1.5 million and friendship between various petitions, China's domestic con• yuan in funds. The committee countries. tests have not only been for sent invitations to 59 countries During the IMO competition, promoting the secondary school and regions and received answers team heads and competitors students' study of science but from 57 of them. In the end, 54 from various countries and re• also for selecting the best com• countries and regions participat• gions visited the Great Wall, the petitors for international com• ed in the Beijing IMO competi• Forbidden City, the Temple of petitions. Before attending the tion, the biggest in its history. Heaven and other historical and Olympiads, the competitors are According to the IMO princi• scenic spots in Beijing. They also examined by experts and under• ple, all participating countries, had a gathering with the stu• go special training. except the host country, can dents from Beijing's ten secon• Wu Wenhu, head of the provide mathematical problems dary schools. Chinese team to this year's In• for the competition. Some 35 ternational Computer Olympiad, countries contributed 108 ques• Basic Education said, "The Chinese students per• tions to the organizing commit• form quite well in international tee, and the examination com• Professor Du Xilu, the chief competitions because they com• mittee, composed of 17 well- tutor for the Chinese IMO team, pete a lot at home." Jiang known Chinese mathematicians said after the competition, "The Xiaoye, the computer champion, from research institutes and contestants representing the na• is a good example. He has won universities, selected 30. They tional level were selected on the prizes at a series of domestic were then handed over to the basis of improving China's gener• competitions—the first place at competition committee made up al education in mathematics." the national software contest of the heads of the 54 participat• In the more then four decades for secondary school students in ing teams. The competition com• since the founding of the Peo• 1987, second prize at the nation• mittee, in the end, selected six ple's Republic, the government al computer contest in 1988, first questions, determined by major• has attached high importance to place at the Beijing computer ity vote, which were provided by the basic secondary and primary competitions in 1987, 1988 and India, Czechoslovakia, Romania, school education, considerably 1989, first prize at the Beijing Turkey, West Germany and Hol• expanding its scale and raising software contest in 1987 and a land. Mathematics experts say its quality. By 1988, the num• silver medal at the Second Bei• that the questions posed this year ber of primary schools through• jing Children's Scientific Compe• were the most difficult in IMO out the country totalled 793,000, tition in 1989. history. with a combined enrollment of This year's IMO produced 23 125.358 million, and the number The Beijing IMG gold, 56 silver and 76 bronze of secondary schools totalled medals but no special prize. more than 90,000 (including Chen Xitong, mayor of Bei• Evgenia Malinnikova of the 17,000 senior middle schools), jing, called the 31st IMO and the Soviet Union, Vincent Lafforgue with a total enrollment of 47.615 11th Asian Games the city's two of France, and Wang Jianhua million (including 7.46 million most honourable events of 1990. and Zhou Tong of China re• senior middle school students). After its first participation in ceived full scores of 42. The distribution of primary and the IMO in 1986, the Chinese Gennadiy N. Yakovlev, chair• secondary schools has been grad• Mathematical Society applied to man of the Executive Committee ually rationalized with the rapid be the host of the 31st IMO to of the IMO and chairman of the development of regular primary the Executive Committee of Mathematics Olympic Centre of and secondary schools in the the International Mathematics the Soviet Union, made a special countryside, and in the industri• Olympiad. Approval was given trip to Beijing and was pleased al, mining, border and national the following year. with the Beijing IMO, saying minority areas. Today, almost To make solid preparations for that all 305 competitors from 54 every county in China has com• the IMO, the State Education countries and regions did well plete secondary schools or senior Commission, the China Associa• this time. There was also unan• middle schools while junior mid• tion for Science and Technology, imous concensus by the team dle schools are universalized the Chinese Mathematical So• heads and competitors from var• in the townships and primary ciety, the State Natural Science ious countries that China had schools in the villages. This is Foundation and the Beijing peo• done a good job preparing for the shown from the fact that the con• ple's government jointly set up competition. The IMO competi• testants for this year's Olympiads an organizing committee and tion strengthened the exchange not only include those from large

24 BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30, 1990 CHINA

these science students are more j difficult than those for ordinary school students. Foreign lan• guage teaching in these classes ; is intensified and the teaching methods used in all subjects are more flexible. Wan Bangru, principal of the secondary school attached to I Qinghua University, said, "The length of the courses in mathe• matics, physics and chemistry of• fered by China's secondary schools is six, five and four years | respectively, a period which ' helps lay a solid foundation for students in their study of science. We have been clearly successful in our teaching of basic theories j and basic knowledge, but our se• condary school education is not perfect. There are many prob- ; lems which need to be dealt with, j For instance, students have a | limited range of knowledge, their manual operation ability, poor and their aptitude not fully YANG miMlN The Portagaese competitors are all smiles before the contest. lapped. Moreover, the methods used to teach them are one di• mensional." and medium-sized cities but also been changed to stimulate stu• The shortcomings in China's i from county or town-level secon• dent interest. Regular "emu• secondary school education were j dary schools. lation teaching" activities in pri• evident during the Olympiads. A general education in China mary and secondary schools help Cai Shengmin, leader of the covers 12 years. Regarding math• enhance teaching skills through Chinese International Chemistry ematics, the syllabus mapped out discussion and peer appraisal by Olympia team, said, "Most of by the former Ministry of Edu• teachers. At the same time, posi• our contestants lost marks in the cation has clearly defined the tive teaching experiences are al• lab portion of the tests. This objectives, content and curricu• ways promptly summed up by is because we neglect laborato- j la for primary and secondary the educational department in ry work and laboratories in se- • schools. Chinese, mathematics, charge and introduced to other condary schools are always poor- J physics and chemistry, as basic schools. ly equipped." He believed that I subjects, are all given high im• The responsible department China "should not feel content portance. A senior middle school also offers favourable study con• because we have captured a few graduate, during 12 years of ditions for outstanding students medals. Instead, we should ana• schooling, must attend 4,000 who show special interests in lyse our shortcomings in the Chinese classes, 3,000 mathemat• science. In recent years, as part competition and thus improve ics classes, 600 classes of physics of the college-secondary school our teaching methods." and 500 classes of chemistry. associated experimental teaching With the progress of edu• programme, a number of senior Extra-Curricular Training cational reform, achievements middle school students, chosen have been made in enhancing from all parts of China, have Yu Jialian, winner of the IMO senior middle school students' in• been enrolled in experimental gold medal, was a member of the terest in learning science and lay• science classes in the secondary mathematics, physics and com- ! ing a good foundation for secon• schools attached to Qinghua, Bei• puter clubs at his school, the dary school education of science. jing and Beijing Teachers' univ• Tongling No. 1 Middle School in Mathematics programmes have ersities. The study materials for Anhui Province.

BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30, 1990 25 CHINA

Such extra-curricular clubs are also been demonstrated. Wang pected by all society. popular in China's secondary Jianhua, who got full marks at Contestants of the Olympiads schools. The secondary school at• this year's IMO, completed all were also fortunate to receive the tached to Qinghua University, his studies of senior middle guidance and help of team lead• for example, has more than a school courses in mathematics, ers and tutors from universities dozen interest groups involved in physics and chemistry during and research institutes who vol• mathematics, physics, chemistry, the first year of senior middle unteered their spare time. model airplanes, electrical engi• school. His self-study fostered his A 20-square-metre room in neering, computer, radio, astron• capacity for independent think• the computer centre of Qinghua omy, geography, biology and for• ing. He rarely took a difficult University was where Wu Wen- eign languages. These groups problem to his teacher without hu trained four International carry out regular and special first racking his brains to find Computer Olympiad candidates. after-school activities, so that the solution. Wu, a scholar whose mind is as members, under the guidance of alert, quick and meticulous as a computer, twice led teams to their teachers, can learn from Diligent 'Gardeners' each other through the exchange international competitions. His of ideas and experiences. The In China, teachers are likened training methods have success• school provides these interest to gardeners and students to fully inspired many candidates groups with necessary funds and their carefully cared-for see• to work throiigh the reasoning facilities such as laboratories. dlings. When the winners of the required for mathematical prob• Like Yu Jialian, most Chinese Olympiads were asked by report• lems. students who attended the Olym• ers about their experiences and On the eve of the International piads are members of one or a the reason for their success, all Chemistry Olympiad, just before number of interest groups in mentioned, without exception, Cheng Tieming, deputy head of their schools. Without exception, their teachers. Wang Qinggen, the Chinese team, was ready to they all feel the benefit provided winner of the International take the team to Paris for the by these after-school activities. Chemistry Olympiad gold medal competition, his wife was sum• moned to Hong Kong on busi• Outside of school, related de• and a farmer's son, took a liking to chemistry under the guidance ness. At the time, his daughter partments also contribute to the was also preparing for the univ• extra-curricular activities of se• of his chemistry teacher. He Qiu, in his hometown's middle school. ersity entrance examination. Al• condary school students. The na• though he wanted to stay in Bei• "My teacher's class was clear and tionwide Chinese Mathematical jing to coach his daughter, he interesting; I was totally spell• Society, the Physics Society, the instead chose to take the team to bound by the chemical, experi• Chemical Society and the Com• the competition. puter Society, as well as their ments because they seemed to me like a magic show," Wang said. "We spent a lot of energy on branches in various provinces, these kids. But, it's not just for have all established special in• Zhou Tong, who got full marks at the mathematics competition, the medals. We hope to build stitutions designed to stimulate self-confidence and discover our said a teacher in his primary youngsters' intellectual develop• weaknesses during the competi' school aroused his interest in ment. tion so as to improve our secon• mathematics. Later, his middle Jiang Xiaoye, gold medal win• dary school education and in• ner of the recent International school teacher gave him a lot of spire more children to love and Computer Olympiad, took a lik• help, providing him with nearly dedicate themselves to science," ing to computers during his first all of his reference books. When said Yan Xuanshen, chief tutor year in junior middle school be• he was ill and his parents were for the Chinese chemistry Olym• cause of the influence of his eld• not at home, his teacher took piad team. him to the hospital. "I'm very er brother. At the time, the com• When he met the four Interna• grateful to my teachers for the puter class in his school was not tional Chemistry Olympiad gold support they provided and, in re• open to him and so he regis• medal winners, Cui Mengyuan, tered in the computer course for turn, I always hope to show them secretary-general of the Chinese youngsters which was sponsored my gratitude by getting good Chemical Society, asked them to by non-school social groups. The marks." analyse their own weaknesses in courses offered him more oppor• China currently has more than the competition. "The real big tunities to work with computers 5.5 million primary school teach• prize in chemistry is the Nobel," under the guidance of specialists. ers and nearly 3 million secon• he told the four young people, The value of self-teaching out• dary school teachers whose hard clearly noting that no goal is too side of the school curriculum has work is acknowledged and res• high for them to aim. •

26 BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBEK 24-30, 1990 CHINA New Features of China's Fourth Census

by.Shen Yimin hina's fourth census was employees has increased dramati• maintains the comparability of the successively completed on cally; last census, but also reflects the July 10, 1990. As China has —With the development of the progress in the present economic Ca vast population and is still a commodity economy, the migrant reform. In particular, the 1990 developing country, it was very population increased dramatical• census added two items based on difficult to take the census. Accur• ly. The number of people entering the 19 used in 1982: ate population data, however, are one prefecture or one city to en• 1. Taking into account the mig• not only an important basis for gage in business or industry can rant population, including "places government decisions but also of reach more than 1 million; where one lived five years ago," concern to many international re• —As the household contract "urban and rural types of one's search personnel. responsibility system, with remu• original residence" and "reasons There have been three censuses neration linked to output, is car• for moving." I carried out at irregular intervals ried out in China's rural areas, and 2. In households classification, since the founding of New China as the ration system for per-capita investigation of the nature of re• in 1949. The State Council decid• cotton cloth, living necessities and sidence is added so as to provide a ed that beginning in 1990, a cen• other goods has been abolished, basis for the study of proportion sus will be taken every ten years. farmer's enthusiasm to fill out re• of agricultural population turned There are many common points sident forms has decreased dra• into non-agricultural population, in China's four censuses. For in• matically. As a result, the number and to make decisions as to wheth• stance, the stardard time for the of people failing to register their er the situation suits the level of census is zero hour, July 1, the residence greatly increased. economic growth. target for the census is the resi• —Influenced by the peak birth With regard to registration, dent population and the error rate period of the 1960s, the country is those items which involve re• for the total population figure is now facing another baby boom. sidents' family matters and per• required to be less than one thou• However, the problem of above sonal affairs (such as adopted \ sandth. In addition, the 1990 cen-, norm births in rural areas is even children or illegitimate children), \ sus has some new features. more serious. Some rural women, are handled through a process of ! in order to skip local family plan• personal visits instead of the pre• ning supervision, leave home for vious public registration in order Background Features other places to have a child. Cases to dispel any concern. The public The previous three censuses like that often occurred was mobilized on a scale larger were all conducted under a social• —With the development of a than previous times. About 7 mil• ist planned economy. With Chi• socialist planned commodity econ• lion census staff were selected na's introduction of economic re• omy, people in all circles demand from the Party and govarnment form and opening to the outside more information about the popu• departments, enterprises and in• world, however, the fourth census lation, hoping to obtain processed stitutions, and grass-root rural was conducted under a relative• and analysed census data. This re• cadres. ly developed planned commodity quires that the data processing economy. work meet the needs of every Difficulty, Accuracy field. The features of our time are The difficulty for the fourth seen in the following aspects. census lay in the effort to clarify —As the economic reform dee• How Is It Done? the status quo of above-quota new pens, great changes have taken Some new measures were used births and migrant population, place in the work force. Much of in the 1990 census in such fields which had an important bearing the rural population has moved as programme designing, exten• on the accuracy of the census. towards non-agricultural indus• sive mobilization of society, in• Family planning is one of Chi- i tries and, in the trades and occu• vestigation, registration of above- na's basic policies. In order to pations closely related to the com• quota population, registration of dispel the worries of grass-roots modity economy, the number of flowing population and quality cadres and the masses and to as• The author is deputy director of the control and data processing. certain information on above- Census Office under the State Council. The programme design not only quota births in this census, the

BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30, 1990 27 CHINA

I Census Office under the Stale tered by census staff in charge of rect survey. In 1982, Tibet directly 1 Council registered children borne the census area where the units are conducted its first census, but the outside the family planning sys• located. items survey only accounted for tem and allowed them to apply for Those who live in mountain half of the country's total. After residence. As for those cadres who areas, roadsides and self-built cot• the survey, data processing was had violated the family planning tages are registered by census staff done with the help of the Sichuan policy but concealed the truth for in the census areas; Census Office. I fear of political disgrace and los• Those who have no permanent The 1990 census is the second ing material benefits, they were residence and live on the streets, one conducted in the Tibet Auton• ! not held responsible for the fault in open grounds and under bridges omous Region but the data will, • so long as they owned up in the should also be timely registered for the first time, be tabulated census. As for those who were re• when they are asked by the local with computers. The number of luctant [o tell the truth for fear census staff, and be given a "certi• census items increased from nine being of punished, efforts were ficate card" indicating that he or in 1982 to 18, just three fewer than made to help them understand she has been counted. The cards that of the national census. These I that the purpose of the census is should be taken by the residents so three items include "moving" and I for the government to clarify na- that they are not registered agam. "the number of people away for j tional conditions and furnish a After the above measures were more than one year from their reg- scientific basis for formulating put into practice, and based on the isted residences." It was also the various policies for social and eco- present situation reported by var• first time that such items as mar• riage, the situation of women at [ nomic growth. ious locations, it appears the cen• sus and registration work on child-bearing ages and the number : Today, there is a large migrant above-quota and migrant has po• of births and deaths were direct• population in China and so the pulation achieved the antici pated ly counted in Tibet. The data ob• : situation is quite different from results. tained through the census will in• the previous three censuses. In ac• dicate for the first time the to• cordance with the living situaiton In Remote Areas tal birth rate, the infant mor• of China's migrant population, tality rate and average life ex• i I he following is stipulated: The census conducted on Chi• pectancy of the population in the Those living away from their na's boarder provinces and regions Tibet Autonomous Region. This residence must be registered to• is more difficult and attracts grea• will add new and valuable data to gether with the household; ter world attention. China's family planning and med• Those living in a rented house Take Tibet for an example. ical health system and population must be registered in the census' When the first and second nation• studies. ; area where the house is located; al censuses were conducted respec• The land area of the Tibet Those living in the dormitories tively in 1953 and 1964, the census Autonomous Region accounts for ; of factories and enterprises, as data of the Tibet Autonomous Re• one-eighth of the country's total. \l as in work sites must be regis• gion was obtained from an indi- A vast but sparsely inhabited land, poor transportation and commun• ication facilities, and about half of Table: A Comparison of China's Four Censuses the newly added items the task more difficult. Approved by the I Year Number Number of Using funds Population Quality Census Leading Group under the for local size sampled State Council, the census taking in of items census staff (million according to -1.16 per the Tibet Autonomous Region be• census thousand gan on June 1, and ended on (million yuan) results -0.014 per July 10. people) (million thousand After verification, the national people )-l-0.15 census will then enter the data col• per thousand lection phase. This work will be 1953 6 • 2.5 by grass- 580.6 divided into three steps: the man• root funds ual collating work on major data 1964 9 5.35 20 694.58 will be completed by the end of 1982 19 over 6 400 1,008.18 September 1990; 10 percent sam• 1990 21 about 7 - -- ple collating work in advance will be completed by computers before Note: The 1953 census was conducted simultaneously with grass-root elections; the column "population size according to census results" indicates the number of the end of May 1991; and all the people in the mainland; in the column of "quality sampled," the minus means the computerized collating work will number of people who failed to be registered; while the plus means the number of be completed before the end of people registered more than once. September 1992. •

28 BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30, 1990 BUSINESS / TRADE New Plan, Policy In order to attract more in• ceeding the US$30 million that i vestment, the following prefer• the Preparatory Committee of | For East Zhuhai ential policies have been formu• the International Submarine ; lated for the east zone: Management Bureau requires of i In order to realize its develop• • Investors in the islands may a precursive investor. ! ment strategy, the city of Zhu• enjoy the land-use right to the According to the guidelines of ; hai, Guangdong Province re• whole island or part of the is• the resolution of the 3rd UN cently announced an imple• land. The longest term is 70 Conference on Maritime Law, a \ mentation programme regard• years. country engaged in prospecting | ing foreign investment direction • An investor engaged in ocean resources is eligible to ap- | and preferential policy for the energy, transportation, telecom• ply for the status of a precur- ; major islands in the new Zhuhai munications and water supply sive investor to the Preparato- \ East Zone. may enjoy a 10 percent to 14 ry Committee of the Maritime ; The Zhuhai East Zone, also percent reduction in total land- Bureau of the United Nations in I called the Wanshan Manage• use fees. order to get permission to devel- j ment Zone, has 76 small or large • An investor, undertaking op an ocean area no bigger than ; islands, and covers a land area of export-oriented, technology- 150,000 square kilometres. 82.54 square kilometres and a intensive and high-tech projects, Chen Bingxin, deputy direc• sea area of about 3,000 square may enjoy a 5 percent to 10 per• tor of the National Bureau of ; kilometres. It is only three naut• cent reduction in land-use fees, Oceanography, said that China's ical miles from Hong Kong. while Taiwan investors are eligi• application shows the country Rich in mineral resources, the ble for another 3 percent to 5 has a strong force for ocean ex- [ east zofte is an important fishing percent reduction. ploration and that China is play• ground and building materials Also announced were projects ing an increasingly important producing base. Having 146 bays to invite foreign investment. role in international maritime which are 9 metres to 25 metres These involve the development affairs. j deep, the zone has the natural of land and island resources, fish Officials of the United Na- | conditions for building large breeding and construction of tions and the Preparatory Com- : harbours, warehouses, bonded new factories. • mittee of the International Sub- i warehouses and international marine Management Bureau be• transit bases. lieved that China's application i Functional programmes for would help promote the works of \ major islands in the east zone China Sets Eye on the Preparatory Committee of I are the following: Guishan Is• Offshore Mining the International Submarine | land will be a political, economic Bureau and enhance the explor- ; and cultural centre of the east Li Daoyu, permanent repre• ation and development of inter- i zone where some 50,000 to sentative to the United Nations, national ocean resources. • i 100,000-ton harbours will be submitted on August 22 an ap• built and large storage, tourist, plication to the United Nations financial, cultural, educational asking for the demarcation of an and health undertakings will be international submarine mining Qinhuangdao's developed. Wailingting Island is area and participation in explor• ETDZ Develops expected to develop tourism, re• ation of ocean resources. sidential quarters, warehouses, Abundant multiple-metal no• From 1985 to June this year, fish breeding and poultry rais• dule resources have been already the Qinhuangdao Economic ' ing. Dangan Island, a natural verified in the international and Technological Develop• protection region, will develop ocean area of the northeast Pa• ment Zone approved the esta- | animal husbandry, tourism, fish cific Ocean. Some countries be• blishment of 61 productive cn- i breeding and poultry raising. gan exploration in the area as terprises. Of these, 32 used for- I Wanshan Island is expected to early as the 1960s. eign funds for a total of ! set up 200,000 to 300,000-ton China began prospecting in US$94.99 million. Some 18 en- ; harbours, develop petrochemi• the area in the 1970s. An official terprises now in operation have i cals, ship-building industry, in• of the China National Bureau of managed to bring in good econo- | ternational materials concentra• Oceanography said that China mic returns. The zone's gross in- j tion and distribution transporta• had invested a total of US$60 dustrial output value is expected ! tion. million for exploration, far ex• to reach 200 million yuan this

BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30, 1990 29 BUSINESS / TRADE year, accounting for 7 percent of well in Japan, Singapore, the the Qinhuangdao's total indus• Beijing Opens United States and Italy. trial output value. Duty-Free Shop The mineral water comes from the scenic Fushou Mountain, Shi Fuhua, director of the A duty-free shop opened in Pingjiang County, Hunan Prov• zone's Management Committee, Beijing on September 9. It is the ince, where most people who said that the infrastructure for first of its kind China has esta• drink the mineral water live a water, electricity, gas, and cen• blished in an urban area. long and heahhy life. Many ex• tral heating as well as telecom• Located on the fourth floor of perts in medicine, environmen• munications and roads has been the Changan Market at No.l5 tal protection, commodity in• completed and, some 80,000 Fuxingmen Wai Street, Beijing, spection and other health con• square metres of standard hous• the shop is jointly managed by cerns believe the mineral water ing, 30,000 square metres of cold the China National Duty-Free contains a variety of trace ele• warehouses and sftorage, 28,000 Merchandise Corp. and the ments such as Uthium, strontium square metres of bazaars, res• Changan Market of the Beijing and zinc which are good for taurants and hospitals have also Dongan Group. Zhang Yan- health. been finished. ming, general manager of the Using an environmentally Director Shi, confident of the shop, said that about 300 cus• sound operation process, the zone's prospect, said that the tomers can be simultaneously mineral water factory has an an• zone wanted to accomplish the served in the shopping area of nual output of 2,500 tons. The 1,416 square metres. Foreign mineral water has been used following three things in the travellers can select from more as health supplements by the next few years: than 1,000 items of name-brand Chinese women's volleyball • Foreign businessmen are in• foreign products and a large team. It won a gold medal at the vited to . undertake land devel• variety of high-grade domestic First Food Fair held in China in opment projects in co-operation products such as jewelry, handi• 1988, and also won the right to with Chinese partners. Some for• crafts, perfume, cosmetics, ligh• bear the title of the 11th Asia eign businesspeople have already ters, ties, woolens, garments, | Games logo. held talks about co-operation in leather shoes and bags. Liu Kangning, deputy gover• the field. Some 3 to 5 square Management reasons require nor of Hunan Province said, that kilometres may be provided for that customers are limited to when the 45 wells in Pingjiang development. tourists who will soon leave County are tapped, the annual • A Taiwanese industrial city China. While shopping, they output is expected to reach 260,- will be set up on one square kil• must show their passports, exit 000 tons. The province is willing ometre. Taiwan compatriots are air tickets and baggage declara• \o pool foreign funds and import encouraged to invest in construc• tions provided by the Chinese advanced foreign technology to tion of electronic, toy and textile customs houses when they en• improve the quality and expand projects. tered China. production capacity. Besides, there are the Beijing by Li Ming • Foreign businessmen are in• Airport Duty-Free Shop, the on- vited to share factories in elec• flight Duty-Free Shop of the tronics, textiles, light industry China National Air Food Co. and machinery. and the Diplomatic Personnel Small Motors Put The plan is already being car• Duty-Free Shop situated by the ried out. The first-stage con• Sanyuan Overpass in northeast on Sale struction of a Japanese wire Beijing. By June this year, the Shi- producing factory, for example, by Yao Jianguo jiazhuang Electrical Machinery has been completed, and is ex• Plant (SEMP) in Hebei Province pected to go into operation with• had produced a total of 2.1 mil• in the year. When commissioned lion fractional horse power mo• in 1992, the factory will produce Mineral Water tors, 1.5 million of which were 12,000 tons of stainless wire, exported, accounting for more making itself the largest stainless Seeks World Sales than 70 percent of its total out• wire producer and exporter in Fushoushan mineral water, a put. Asia. drink even British Queen Eliza• SEMP, China's special small by Kou Zhengling beth II liked very much, sells horse power motor producer, can

30 BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30, 1990 BUSINESS/TRADE manufacture more than 300 al horse power motors worth 140 siderably from the first quarter kinds of motors such as single- million yuan a year. of the year, reaching US$23,439 phase capacitor starting frac• by Han Baocheng I billion by the end of June. There tional horse power motors, are still some 12.67 million single-phase resistance starting ounces of gold in reserve. motors, fractional horse power • The Second International | multiple-velocity motors, verti• New Ink Business Boiler and Welding Exposition | cally different-step motors, wat• Attracts Foreigners Manufacture and Equipment i er pump motors, sewer mach• Exhibition will be held at the j ine motors, servomotors, wash• j The Yinghe Y-OA tubepack- China World Trade Centre in ing machine motors and vehicle aged, high-grade quicksetting Beijing from November 6 to 12. air conditioner motors. i printing ink porduced by thei On display will be many newly ! These motors are produced in ! Kexing Ink Screen New Tech• developed products from 200 ! companies, factories and scien- j line with standards set by the nology Co. in Beijing has been tific units in 16 countries and j International Electrical Com• well received by foreign busi• nessmen since it first came off regions including the United ; mission. Their installation and the production line. At the Bei• States, Switzerland, Japan and \ outline are in accordance with jing New Technological Prod• Italy. The exhibition is spon- | IEC34-7 standards and their ca• ucts Sales Exhibition held in sored by the Ministry of pacity also conforms with DIM Hong Kong in March 1989, for• Machine-Building and Electron- | 42673 standards of the Feder• eign businessmen placed or• ics Industry, the Ministry of : al Republic of Germany wide• ders worth US$2.5 million for Energy Industry, the Ministry of ly used in EEC. They can be Yinghe ink. In May this year, Chemical Industry and the Min- | attached to small machines such orders worth US$2 million were istry of Labour and Personnel as wood-working machinery, placed at the Asian New Tech• as well as the Huaneng Group \ medical apparatus and instru• nology and New Products Sales Corp. and the China National j ments, water pumps, compres• Exhibition held in Japan. Petrochemical Corp. sors, fans, air conditioners and Yang Xiaoying, general mana• • The Kunming Tenghua condensers. ger of the company said that the Joint Operation Stock Co. Ltd. The plant, which began to ex• ink is long-lasting, quick drying signed a letter of intent with j port in 1966, has sold its prod• and non-toxic. It is of the same a Japanese firm in Kunming, ; ucts in more than 30 countries quality as British and Japanese Yunnan Province for the joint and regions in Western Europe, ink but it is blacker and avail• production of jewelry. Central America, the Middle able at a cheaper price. According to the letter of in• East and Southeast Asia as well Yang said her company also tent, the joint venture to be esta• as Hong Kong and Macao. It produces the Yinghe Y-model blished will have a total invest• ranks first in China in export ink screen. Compared with the ment of 1.8 million yuan, with volume among the country's similar products produced by two-third of the shares contri• similar enterprises. other countries, it is 1.67 times buted by the Chinese side and In recent years, SEMP has de• harder and 1.44 times less break• the remainder by Japan. The Ja• panese side will offer the tech• veloped complete sets of special able. Its service life is doubled, nology and equipment needed but the consumption is 30 per• equipment for plastic machi• for production. Some 70 percent cent less. nery, building machinery, elec• of products will be sold abroad. tronical instruments and electric The ink screen was given a The term of co-operation is 10 motors. Its explosion-proof tools patent in 1987. It can be used for years. various types of inks, papers and won a gold medal at the Eurek Rich in gem and jade deposits, printers of different types in Fair held in Brussels. Yunnan Province has been an China and abroad. As of 1988, the plant used 1.26 important gem and jade produ• by Hong Lanxing billion yen in loans granted by cer in south China. Tenghua ex• the Japanese government to con• ported US$350,000 jewelry in duct technological transforma• 1989, and US$150,000 worth in tion using advanced foreign News in Brief the first half of this year. The equipment imported from the company has prepared 10 mil• United States, Switzerland, Ja• • According to statistics re• lion yuan worth of jewelry for pan and Federal Germany. By leased by the People's Bank of the 11th Asian Games to be held the end of 1991, it is expected China, China's foreign exchange in Beijing from late September to produce 1.2 million fraction• reserves have increased con• to early October. •

BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30, 1990 31 CULTURE/SCIENCE ments of carved wooden boards for printing Buddhist Scriptures in Western Xia language were Western Xia Relics Found in Ningxia also found. A few of them fairly large collection of valuable complete. Most of these printing relics of the Western Xia blocks have both sides carved A Dynasty (1038-1227) was with Western Xia ideograms of recently found in the Hongfo Pa• different sizes. Although the goda in Helan County of north• wood has decayed with the pas• western China's Ningxia Hui sage of time, many words are still Autonomous Region. They in• clear and legible. clude painted sculptures, boards The tangka is a religious silk for printing in the Western Xia painting done in a style that pre• language and silk paintings, most vailed in Tibet during the Tang the first examples ever found in Dynasty (618-907). Together China. with the above-mentioned dis• The discovery proves that the coveries, about ten comparative• Hongfo Pagoda was originally ly intact tangka and other colour built in the Western Xia period. silk paintings were found, along Experts say this is the first West• Painted clay head of a Buddha statue with hundreds of frayed strips ern Xia pagoda ever found in found in the Hongfo Pagoda. and remnants. The paintings China. have smooth lines, bright colours The Western Xia Dynasty held metres to the northwest. and vivid figures. What draws sway from the 11th to the 13 th particular attention is that some century. It developed a unique Recently as Ningxia's cultural of the paintings reveal short culture, with its capital at Yin- relics protection department was comments and annotations in an chuan, now capital of today's repairing the pagoda, they found excellent state of preservation. Ningxia Hui Autonomous Re• a large quantity of cultural relics There is one carved wooden gion. scattered about near the upper figure Guanyin (Bodhisattva). The Hongfo Pagoda, 15 kilo• tip of the central column. Though 24 centimetres in height, metres from Yinchuan, was ori• Preliminary sorting out it is beautifully decorated and ginally a Buddhist pagoda in a brought to light more than ten covered with gold, reflecting the temple. It is about 25 metres high painted clay heads of Buddhist Song Dynasty (960-1279) style of and has a singular a'ppearance, figures and nearly ten bodies, sculpture. In addition, the dis• with upper half built in Lamaist along with lots of shards. The covery includes painted picture style and lower half with eave- Buddha statues look serene and board carved with flowers, West• rafters. The pagoda is now split benign. What archaeologists ern Xia-Han language bilingual with many crevices and leans 1.8 found interesting as well as rare lined paper, wooden slips in• were several Buddhist fi• scribed with the Western Xia Fragments of carved wooden boards for printing gures with painted faces. ideographs and bronze coins of Buddhist Scriptures in Western Xia language. the Song Dynasty. Their rare upturned This is the next significant ar• moustaches characterize chaeological discovery made in northern minority na• the course of maintaining and tionalities. According to protecting ancient architecture associate research fel• and cultural relics in Ningxia as low Xu Cheng, vice- well as all over the country, fol• president of the Ningxia lowing that of the numerous Archaeological Insti• Western Xia classics and writ• tute, these clay sculp• ings at the Heicheng site. Inner tures, having the same Mongolia, in 1914. On inspecting facial features as clay some of the objects and photos, male attendants in the many experts find it hard to con• Dunhuang Grottoes, are strain their admiration. most probably works of Because there are few objects the Western Xia period. and written records about the More than 1,000 frag• Western Xia, any discovery in

BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 24-30, 1990 CULTURE / SCIENCE

this field is extremely valuable. Renaissance, the classical period one, entitled Natural Beauty and According to some professionals, and piodern times. Human Wonder, includes two although the dates and authen• The Protection of Ancient Ar• episodes—Natural Beauty and ticity of these relics still need to chitecture in Europe and The Beautifying Nature, which were i be authoritatively and finally as• Protection of Famous Cities in completed in 1988. The second [ sessed, they certainly fill in gaps Europe are respectively the for• episode won a special award at j in the array of Western Xia cul• eign parts of the two independent the Lausanne International Film tural relics, and will be highly documentary films entitled An• Festival in 1989. The second useful in studying Western Xia's cient Architecture and Famous film. Ancient Architecture, and history, architecture, painting, Cultural Cities in the series on the third. Famous Cultural Ci- | sculpture and printing technolo• Protection of Cultural and Na• ties, axe now being shot. The j gy. The value of some relics, they tural Heritage. The Chinese following five are provisionally say, is hard to determine at pre• parts of the two documentaries named Treasures Underground, sent. began to be shot in China's 25 Ancient Wall Paintings, Ancient Currently, departments con• provinces in July 1990. Sculpture, Natural Reserves and cerned are busy restoring these I The Protection of Ancient Ar• Protection of Rare Wild Animals. ' precious relics. • chitecture in Europe introduces Founded in 1960, the Beijing | the basic theory and practice of Scientific and Educational Film j European countries in protecting Studio is one of the biggest of its ancient architecture and gener• kind in China. In the past 30 alizes them as "the principle of years, it has produced over 900 i Documentary on being faithful and scientific." films. Among them more than 70 | Cultural Heritages This film also points out that the have won best film awards from | protection of ancient architec• the Chinese government and 1 ture in Europe is based on teach• film institutions and 39 have i documentary film series ing all the people to attach great won awards at international i entitled Protection of Cul• importance to the protection of scientific and educational film | A tural and Natural Her• cultural heritage, and that China festivals. j itage is now being shot by the lags behind in this respect. by Hong Lanxing I Beijing Scientific and Education• The Protection of Famous Ci• al Film Studio. Three episodes of ties in Europe introduces some the series, namely The Protec• unique and practical methods tion of Ancient Architecture in concerning the preservation of Europe, The Protection of Fa• such world-famous cultural ci• Protection for mous Cities in Europe, and Euro• ties as Florence, Athens, Paris pean Architecture have been re• and Venice. The film states that Grottoes cently completed with aid from one of the fundamental ques• UNESCO and co-operation from tions is to protect a city's indivi- f • ihe Dunhuang Grottoes in i the French, Italian and Greek duahty and cultural versatility. I Gansu, the Yungang Grot- i governments. These three films are directed toes in Shanxi's Datong European Architecture focuses by Yu Zhongning. It is the first and the Longmen Grottoes in on the architecture of Greece, time since the founding of the Henan's Luoyang are China's Italy and France. Against the People's Republic of China for three largest treasure-houses of background of European cul• this country to produce such a grotto art. In recent years, the ; ture, the film gives a systematic scientific documentary with aid protection of these cultural relics introduction to the evolution of from UNESCO and to give a sys• has received renewed attention the different types of European tematic introduction to the de• and changed from a "dust- architecture, citing representa• velopment of European architec• wiping" stage to more "high• tive buildings. ture and its preservation, in the tech" preservation. One of the most important fea• form of film. The Protection of Dunhuang tures of European architecture is H. L. Teller, a UNESCO repre• Grottoes. The main area of Dun• that it bears evident marks of its sentative in China, said the three huang Grottoes, centred on the age. Based on this, European Ar• films have outstanding cultural Mogao Grotto, includes the Yu- chitecture is divided into six sec• and educational value. lin Grotto in Anxi and the grotto \ tions, introducing the architec• The Protection of Cultural clusters within the Qianfodong | ture of ancient Greece, ancient and Natural Heritage consists of (Thousand Buddha Cave) in Rome, the Medieval period, the eight separate films. The first Dunhuang. The grottoes with a j

BEIJING REVIEW, SEPTEMBtR Z4 (« 1990 CULTURE / SCIENCE total of 549 caves were first cut monitors all changes in the grot• ly controlled the collapse of in 366. There are some 53,000 to environment. The tempera• stone statues, but their slow de• square metres of frescoes and an ture, humidity, wind direction cay even now has not been effec• excess of 3,000 coloured statues, and speed, the time and strength tively resolved. making it the largest, oldest and of sunshine, ground tempera• Between July 3 and 6 this year, most concentrated collection of ture, evaporation and other data more than 40 experts and scho• rich grotto art. For more than acquired through monitoring can lars gathered in Datong, Shanxi a thousand years, natural and be directly analysed by compu• Province, to discuss future mea• man-made forces have caused ter. The information provides sures for protecting Yungang the frescoes and coloured statues I the basis for prompt protective Grottoes. They agreed that water of Dunhuang Grottoes to dis-^ measures to prevent decay. Mo• was the most general and serious colour, fade, peel and collapse. reover, the research and applica• threat to the Yungang Grottoes They have become moth-eaten, tion of materials on recent re• during the long-term, slow inter• damaged and mildewed. Given novations will help restore the action of water and rock. In ad• such a situation, adequate pro• original styles and features of the dition, humidity, temperature, tection for the historical and ar• damaged grotto murals. Accord• sudden climatic changes and ser• tistic treasure-house is a very ing to Dunhuang authorities, ious pollution around the grotto aggravated decay of the statues. complicated technical project. once the ongoing research and Comprehensive protective mea• Over the past 40 years since trial application of new technol• sures needed, therefore,to be the founding of the People's Re• ogies are complete, they will be taken. public, the Chinese government able to maintain the Dunhuang has repeatedly allocated funds Grottoes in their original styles It was agreed that the key to for organizing and strengthening and keep any naturally occurring protection was control of the water. This principally meant a scientific research contingent damage to a minimum. solving the problem of stagnant to protect cultural relics. Their The Protection of Yungang Grot• and congealed water in the grot• efforts have borne fruit in keep• toes. The Yungang Grottoes, toes' upper layer. The work re• ing the Dunhuang Grottoes pres• carved during the Northern Wei quires erecting a water-proof lay• erved. Some 2,550 square metres period (386-534) in the fifth cen• er on top of the grotto and of frescoes and 288 damaged tury, are renowned throughout building a drainage system. The statues have been restored or re• the world for their size and the experts also suggested that a pro• vigorous, firm style of their stat• novated and the precipice of Mo- tective fringe around the grottoes ues. The 53 existing grotto caves gao Grotto reinforced. At the be set up to protect the stone and more than 51,000 statues of same time, a systematic classifi• statues from ultraviolet radia• cation and analysis of "diseases" different sizes are gems of an• tion and from the corrosive in• afflicting the frescoes have been cient Chinese sculptural art. fluence of dust, wind, sand, rain made, theoretical studies of caus• Yungang Grottoes were cut in a and snow. Such a protective zone es behind the natural decay con• I loosely structured stratum of ge• would moderate the sudden al• ducted and a number of well- neral sandstone in the Jurassic ternating change of dry and written research papers pub• Period, where the stones were humid temperature. At the same lished. rough and coarse. Over 1,500 time, attention needed to be paid Of particular benefit to this years, wind, water, earthquake to improving the surrounding en• process has been the use of a and other elements; both natural vironment, reforestating, and re• variety of high technology mea• and man-made, caused the grot• ducing coal dust. In addition, it sures. The digital processing and toes to cave in and expose the is necessary to continue research computer management system at statues to weathering and serious on materials for salt-washing, the archives of the Mogao Grotto damage. In some grotto caves, sealing and protecting the stone is being used for drawing, photo• the statues on the outer walls surface of statues. graphing and recording the fi• were completely exposed to the At present, the relevant de• gures and colour of the frescoes. elements and the inscriptions partments are redoubling their These are, in turn, stored. In this thereon almost all disappeared. efforts to complete the necessary way, even if Dunhuang Grottoes After the founding of New work within five years. During are damaged by serious natural China, the government has at• the project, high-tech, modern disaster, the artwork can be com• tached great importance to the instruments and equipment, pletely and accurately reprod• protection of the Yungang Grot• such as weather monitoring uced. The modern Environmen• toes and organized several large- equipment, will be used to pro• tal Meteorological Monitoring scale maintenance and reinforce• tect the valuable art of the Yun• Station set up with foreign help ment projects. The work basical• gang Grottoes. •

34 BEIJING RKVltVV, StFIE.MBER 24-30, 1990 ART PAQE

Sport Sculpture The Windsurfer is the largest sculpture at the I Ith Asian Games' Qinhuangdao Aquatic Sports Centre. The Monument to a Hero, expressing the strength and beauty of weight lifters, is at Zhaoqing City, Guangdong Province, known as the home village for weight lifters. These sculptures were created by sculptor associate professor Li Deli. Me was born in Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province in 1938 and now teaches at the Central Academy of Fine Arts.

A Monument to a Hero. Norsemanship. Exceptional Foods!

Oysters were the earliest marine animals bred by mankind. They eat essential sea ele• ments during their lives and are more nutritious than any other animal on earth. Golden Oyster ser• ies foods, processed with fresh live oysters from the South China Sea and by up-to-date scientific and technolog• ical methods, retain the nutritious elements of live oysters and are free of pollutants. They are an essential health food and are much sought after by discerning consumers in Japan, Europe and America.

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