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Parlez Français Itinerary Paris (5), Côte D’ Azur (2) DAY 1 DEPART Board your flight to the stunning of the world’s most famous paintings here. View capital of France. Impressionist masterpieces of Monet, Cézanne, Van DAY 2 PARIS Bienvenue à Paris! Your private bus and Gogh, Rodin, and others. Among the glorious arrays driver will escort you, along with an expert guide, of work you’ll find Déjruner sur l’herbe by Manet, and Highlights on a Paris City Tour. See the world famous Champs Blue Dancers by Degas. Next, explore Underground • Fifteen Hours Elysées, the Arc de Triomphe, Les Invalides, Palais Paris with a tour of a section of the fascinating Paris Intensive French du Luxemborg, and other sights. Visit Notre Dame Sewers. See a video presentation explaining the Language Study Cathedral to view its snarling gargoyles and exquisite city’s efforts to manage water throughout history • Paris City Tour rose windows. Transfer to your hotel or homestay and visit a museum that traces the workings of the family this evening. les égouts. Continue your underworld adventures • Notre Dame in the Paris Catacombs. Far below the city streets Cathedral DAY 3 PARIS Begin your intensive French language seven million Parisian lie motionless. Their skeletons, • Louvre Museum classes this morning in a program that will improve long disinterred from churchyard graves, are neatly • 2nd Level both your linguistic skills and cultural knowledge. stacked to form walls of nearly one kilometer Eiffel Tower Then tour the Louvre, the largest museum in the of walking passage. Float past the history and world, home to the Mona Lisa, the Venus de Milo, the • Palace of monuments that hug the banks of the Seine on your Versailles Winged Victory of Samothrace, and other treasures. Bateau Mouche cruise this evening. The world famous symbol of France was constructed • Musée d’ Orsay for the World’s Exposition in 1889. At that time it was DAY 7 CÔTE D’ AZUR Journey south on the high- • Paris Sewers and the tallest man-made structure on earth. Ascend to speed TGV train. Arrive in Avignon, an ancient town Catacombs Tours the second level of the Eiffel Tower for a panoramic full of history, life, youth, art, music, and activity. Protected by its ramparts, this was the home of the • Bateau Mouche view over Paris and the suburbs. French Popes for 68 years. Transfer to the glorious • TGV DAY 4 PARIS Encoure les cours de langes, then your Côte D’ Azur region of the French Riviera. The rest of • Nice City Tour afternoon is free for discovery. the day is free. • Monaco Tour DAY 5 PARIS Attend your language classes in the DAY 8 CÔTE D’ AZUR On your Nice City tour see morning. This afternoon take an excursion to the the city’s acclaimed museums, the Flower Market, • Eze and Perfume elaborate Palace of Versailles, home of Louis XIV, the Factory and the Promenade des Anglais. Continue to the Sun King. See the magnificent Hall of Mirrors, where hilltop village of Eze and tour a perfume factory. the Treaty of Versailles was signed, ending World Later travel to the elegant principality of Monaco to Meals War I. Take a walk through the formal gardens to • Breakfast/Dinner see the Monte Carlo casino, the Palais de Prince, and view elaborate fountains and statuary, and marvel at visit the Musée Océanographique. daily in Hotel the splendor in which royalty once lived. Program DAY 9 DEPART Return home with improved DAY 6 PARIS Enjoy your language classes cette • Three Meals Daily language skills and memories of your time in Iun matin, then tour the Musée d’ Orsay. Even if you pays de mereilles. in Homestay know little about art, you’re sure to recognize some TSA Tours Register and pay online at www.tsatours.com · 800.444.8885.

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Infrastructure and Everyday Life in Paris, 1870-1914
The Fragility of Modernity: Infrastructure and Everyday Life in Paris, 1870-1914 by Peter S. Soppelsa A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan 2009 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Joshua H. Cole, Co-Chair Associate Professor Gabrielle Hecht, Co-Chair Professor Richard Abel Professor Geoffrey H. Eley Associate Professor Dario Gaggio Copyright 2009 Peter S. Soppelsa For Jen, who saw me through the whole project. ii Contents Dedication ii List of Figures iv Introduction: Modernity, Infrastructure and Everyday Life 1 Chapter 1: Paris, Modernity and Haussmann 35 Part One: Circulation, The Flow of Traffic 99 Chapter 2: The Dream Life of the Métropolitain, 1872-1895 107 Chapter 3: Paris Under Construction, 1895-1914 182 Part Two: Hygiene, The Flow of Light, Air, Water and Waste 253 Chapter 4: Opening the City: Housing, Hygiene and Urban Density 265 Chapter 5: Flows of Water and Waste 340 Conclusion: The Fragility of Modernity 409 Bibliography 423 iii List of Figures Figure 1: Morice's Marianne on the Place de la République 74 Figure 2: The departmental commission's 1872 Métro plan 120 Figure 3: A standard CGO horse-powered tram 122 Figure 4: CGO Mékarski system compressed air tram, circa 1900 125 Figure 5: Francq's locomotive sans foyer 127 Figure 6: Albert Robida, L'Embellissement de Paris par le métropolitain (1886) 149 Figure 7: Jules Garnier’s Haussmannized Viaduct, 1884 153 Figure 8: From Louis Heuzé's 1878 Pamphlet 154 Figure 9: From Louis Heuzé's 1878 Pamphlet 154 Figure 10: Le Chatelier's 1889 Métro Plan 156 Figure 11: 1890 Métro plan from Eiffel and the North Railway Company 163 Figure 12: J.B.
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