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The History of Sewers

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The History of Sewers The History of Sewers P – P in Paris 1 I’m driving down the road . 2 I’m driving down the road . 3 And I notice a treatment plant . 4 And I think . what treatment plant is that? 5 Raise your hand if this sounds familiar?? 6 The History of Sewers P – P in Paris 7 { The Orkney Islands (Scotland) are the ltilocation of excavations shhiowing early drainage systems. 8 StldScotland - 3200 BC { First lavatory-like plumbing systems were fitted into recesses in the walls of homes - with drained outlets. { Certain liquid wastes drained to areas either under or outside of bu ildings /homes. 9 The E arl y Y ears { Drains were constructed of sun-baked bricks or cut stone. { Babylonia was documented by many as the origin of the earliest known place to mold clay into pipe (via potter' s wheel) { People in larger homes squatted over an opening in the floor, their waste going into a cesspool below 10 { Until Roman times, Minoan plumbing and drainage were the most developed in what was then the Western World z Many of the drains from 2000 BC are still in service today on Crete { In Egypt, certain more well-to-do homes had "toilets" - the toilets used beds of sand to catch/contain the wastes z Servants cleaned the sand regularly 11 300 BC - 500 AD Greece { Pippoadadboes of lead and bronze were u udbysed by the Greeks to distribute water. { Greece had a system of aqueducts, but for the most part, few above-ground structural arches were incorporated; a lot of tunnels through hills, siphons under valley/rivers, etc. { Sewers in Athens delivered storm water and human wastes to a collecti on basi n outsid e of town, { From there brick-lined conduits took the wastewater to agricultural fields which used the wastewater for irrigation and to fertilize crops 12 800 BC - 300 AD Rome { Around 800 BC the Romans constructed the Cloaca Maxima, the central sewer system, to drain the marsh upon which Rome was later built { The initial purpose of the early sewers was to accommodate storm water runoff { It wasn’t until later that sanitaryyg sewage was added to the flow. 13 800 BC - 300 AD Rome - LiLatrines { Latrines - elongated rectangular platforms with several adjacent seats { Roman officials would sometimes continue discussions with visiting dignitaries while sitting on them 14 DjDejec tiEffiti Effusive AtAct: { Damages to be paid by the throwers of wastes into the street - if the person hit was injured { And only if the incident happened in daytime hours { No damaggpes paid for clothing 15 WHAT ??? No money for damaged clothes?? 16 800 BC - 300 AD Rome { Roman courtesyy, also extended to visitors, and to people with emergencies: z Huge vases were provided at the edges of towns at entrance roads and at exit roads (i.e., early port-a-potties.) { Vendors worked the streets of Rome and other cities providing access to pottery jars (and "modesty capes") - for a price. { Men would also be available with a board to put down over the “sewer” so you could step across and not get your clothing wet 17 Very little progress was made from 100 BC through early nineteenth century { The Roman Emppygire fell in early AD along with the concepts of baths, basic sanitation, aqueducts, engineered water or sewage syy,stems, etc. { During this period the main form of waste disposal (solid or liquid) in European cities such as Paris and London was simply to dispose of it in the streets. { Diseases were commonplace; epidemics decimated towns and villages. The rat population thrived among the mess and stench. Twenty-five percent (or more) of the ancient European population died of disease (cholera, plague, etc.). 18 Paris { Paris was founded upon the ruins of the Roman city Lutece in 360 AD { It used the water from the Seine for drinking water { The wastewater was poured onto fields or unpaved streets { Around 1200 Philippe Auguste had the streets paved and drains put in 19 Early Paris { In the 12th century the waterways and the moat that surrounded Paris helped to cleanse the city { Tanners and dyers worked along different canals z Their chemicals were dilute enough to help purify the water but not kill the fish { AdAround the 14th century each section around Paris created dumps outside the city walls 20 Paris { In 1370 Hugues Aubibriot, a Pariiisian provost had a vaulted, stone walled sewer built in the "rue Montmartre". This sewer collected the wastewater and took it to the "Ménilmontant" brook. { The Ménilmontant sewer, was initially an open wash and later a closed conduit. { It was called the "Great Drain“ - grand ègout (ZAY-goo) or ègout de ceinture. 21 In the beginning . { Sewers were little more than gullies that ran down the center of the street { Construction, repair, maintenance and the upkeep of sewers was not clearly defined { The city hired contractors when needed 22 Early Paris { State and municipal authorities intermittently addressed the problem of human and other types of waste { Every epidemic brought about new ordinances z Three years after the plague of 1530 a royal decree ordered property owners to construct cesspools in each new dwelling 23 Paris { In 1539, when plagues again swept Europe, King Francois I ordered house owners to build cesspools (indoor pit toilets) for sewage collection in new houses, constructed so they leaked and did not have to be emptied often. { In 1721 the Parliament of Paris required property owners to reimburse the city for the cost of cleaning the sewers which ran under dwellings z Since they were paying, people thought they could dump anything in the sewer 24 Sewer Laws { In 1736 an ordinance was issued which set a fine for householders and corporal punishment for their servants if found dumping garbage in the covered sewers { In 1772 architects proposed an underground system that was similar to what we have today { But resources and unavailability of materials at thetimemadetheprojectimpossible 25 Covered Sewers { Cov ered seeewers hid theitheir contents btbut were more difficult to clean { They weren’t all the same diameter z Making maintenance difficult { The lklack of even hihtheight made it difficult for air to circulate { There was no incline z Flow didn’t flow 26 Covered Sewers { EeptExcept when it rained, oor if the seeewer was near a fountain { Records were poorly kept, some sewers were totally forgotten { Until a sudden downpour, then people would complain { It was decided Paris wasn’t ready to be responsible for covered sewers 27 Early Paris { ClCesspools were not t hiiifhhe main recipient of the majority of the city’s organic waste { Paris produced enormous quantities of mud impregnated with rotting organic material including horse manure { It made excellent fertilizer but gave off offensive odors { Stree t sweepers and cesspool cleaners ttkook the waste to dumps scattered throughout the city 28 Early Paris { In 1761 muniiicipa l author ities didesigna tdted Montfaucon, northeast of Paris, as the city’s primary dump { In 1781, the city closed other refuse heaps leaving Montfaucon as the city’s only dump { And the place that prisoners were tortured, killed and hung, allowing their flesh to fall off of the bones as they decayed z It was also the didumping ground for { Dead animals from the slaughter houses { Contents of cesspool pits 29 Montfaucon { Had it’ s version of toshers and mudlarks who would wade nude through the piles of excrement to look for objects of value to sell { The cesspools were also dried out, aged for years and sold to farmers for fertilizer or “poudrette.” { Late 19th century engineers and public hlthhealth offici a lswould come toseethe sewer system as the antithesis of dumps like Montfaucon 30 Michel-Etienne Turgot { Was the mayor of Paris from 1729 – 1740 { Constructed a large reservoirat the hdhead of the new sewer for flushing { Built five foot walls along the sewer with footbridges { When he died in 1779 his sewer was abandoned 31 Before the Second Empire { Until the 1820’sseeewers weeere bu ilt using hewn stone { Millstone and cement mortar were used for fabrication { Using cement allowed curved sewer floors - making cleaning easier { Using millstone reduced the cost and duration of construction 32 New Sewers { In 1824 sewers were in their infancy and those that were there, weren’t being cleaned routinely { Around 1835, new sewers were constructed that were 6 feet high or more 33 Mid 19th Century Paris { Was an unsanitary, dangerous and congested city. { Between 1800 and 1850, the population had literally doubled to more than one million inhabitants,,/ 2/3rds of whom lived well below the poverty level. { Nothing had really changed since the reign of Louis XIV and the Parisians were suffering. 34 Paris Mid 19th Century { Parihdis had an out brea k of Cholera in 1832 that killed approximately 20,000 people { The second outbreak of cholera was in 1849 { People had two theories of what was causing the disease 35 Paris – Cholera 1830’s Epidemic { One was the Miasmatists who believed peopleweremade ill bypoidisoned air z Florence Nightingale and Edwin Chadwick supported this theory { The other, “Contagionists” believed that disease was passed by physical contact, whether from human to human, or through the consumption of infected food or water. z Drs. John Snow and William Budd were among those who thought that infected drinking water seemed to be the likeliest source of disease and particularly cholera 36 Cholera { Dr.JohnSnowcompared the mortality rate of the two private water companies supply ing waterate to ttehe Soho district (London). { He thought the water was being contaminated by the sewer pipes { After the handle was removed from theBroad Street water pump it ended the local Soho outbreak (1853 – 1854) 37 Cholera { Dr.
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