Recursos Del Diseño Con Tipografía En El Cine

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Recursos Del Diseño Con Tipografía En El Cine RECURSOS DEL DISEÑO CON TIPOGRAFÍA EN EL CINE TESIS DOCTORAL DE EMILIO LÓPEZ LÓPEZ DIRECTOR SEBASTIÁN GARCÍA GARRIDO PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO BELLAS ARTES Y NUEVAS TECNOLOGÍAS UNIVERSIDAD DE MÁLAGA ÁREA DE DIBUJO/DISEÑO DEPARTAMENTO DE ARTE Y ARQUITECTURA 2015 1 CONTACTO: [email protected] 2 AUTOR: Emilio López López http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9214-9827 EDITA: Publicaciones y Divulgación Científica. Universidad de Málaga Esta obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial- SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional: Cualquier parte de esta obra se puede reproducir sin autorización pero con el reconocimiento y atribución de los autores. No se puede hacer uso comercial de la obra y no se puede alterar, transformar o hacer obras derivadas. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Esta Tesis Doctoral está depositada en el Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga (RIUMA): riuma.uma.es 4 UNIVERSIDAD DE MÁLAGA Área de Dibujo/Diseño · Departamento Arte y Arquitectura 2015 Sebastián García Garrido, Doctor por la Universidad de Salamanca y Catedrático de Escuela Universitaria de la Universidad de Málaga, perteneciente al área de Dibujo y al departamento de Arte y Arquitectura HACE CONSTAR: que habiendo dirigido la tesis doctoral titulada “Recursos del diseño con tipografía en el cine”, realizada por D./Dª Emilio López López en el programa de doctorado Bellas Artes y Nuevas Tecnologías, ésta cumple las condiciones para que su autor/a pueda optar al Grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Málaga. Málaga, octubre de 2015 Sebastián García Garrido 5 6 RECURSOS DEL DISEÑO CON TIPOGRAFÍA EN EL CINE TESIS DOCTORAL DE EMILIO LÓPEZ LÓPEZ DIRECTOR SEBASTIÁN GARCÍA GARRIDO PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO BELLAS ARTES Y NUEVAS TECNOLOGÍAS UNIVERSIDAD DE MÁLAGA ÁREA DE DIBUJO/DISEÑO DEPARTAMENTO DE ARTE Y ARQUITECTURA 2015 7 8 9 10 AGRADECIMIENTOS A Carmen López Ferrer y a Sebastián García Garrido. 11 12 ÍNDICE 1. Introducción 15 1.1. Antecedentes y novedad de la propuesta 1.2. Metodología y objetivos 2. La construcción de la identidad visual de los géneros cinematográficos a través de la elección de tipografía y el diseño 21 2.1. Tipografías más habituales según los distintos géneros 2.2. Títulos como logotipos 2.2.1. Los logos de los grandes estudios 2.2.2. La llegada de los blockbusters 2.2.3. El merchandising. El modelo de La guerra de las galaxias 2.2.4. La aparición del video doméstico 2.3. Diseño con tipografía para los teasers 2.3.1. Los teaser pósters 2.3.2. Los teaser trailers 2.4. Las adaptaciones de los logos. Imagen y tipografía - Virados de colores y texturas - Decoración estática - Técnicas del dibujo animado - Efectos especiales ópticos o digitales 3. Diseño con tipografía en los carteles cinematográficos 85 3.1. Tipografía como textura y objeto gráfico 3.2. Títulos como elementos reales, arquitectónicos y del paisaje 3.3. Disposición en retícula 3.4. Títulos como máscara de imagen 3.5. Reinterpretación de otras identidades visuales 3.5.1. Señalética 3.5.2. Iconos de la cultura popular 3.5.3. Elementos del periodismo clásico y otros materiales gráficos 3.5.4. Las nuevas tecnologías 3.5.5. Diseño editorial y productos de consumo cotidiano, packaging 3.5.6. Escribir con luz. La estética del neón 3.6. Inspiración retro 3.6.1. El propio cine como referente 3.6.2. La marca Saul Bass 3.6.3. Celebración de la estética píxel y la electrónica más primitiva 3.6.4. Juegos formales y piezas de colección 13 4. Secuencias de títulos de crédito principales. Clasificación 185 4.1. Filmación directa del texto impreso 4.1.1. En negativo: cartelas y cine mudo 4.1.2. En positivo - Papel: libros, periódicos, carteles y tarjetas - Tejidos y otros materiales - Escritura ante la cámara - Proyección sobre figuras 4.2. Técnicas de animación 4.2.1. Gráficos abstractos y geométricos 4.2.2. Animación del cartoon clásico - Otras combinaciones de técnicas analógicas 4.2.3. Nuevas técnicas y tendencias en la animación 4.3. Texto sobreimpreso. La impresora óptica 4.3.1. Tipografía como máscara de imagen 4.3.2. Tipografía sobre secuencia narrativa 4.3.3. Títulos sobre texturas naturales - Tejidos - Luces y texturas microscópicas 4.3.4. Fondos de tipografía como textura 4.5. Imagen de síntesis digital 4.5.1. Texturas de síntesis microscópicas y mecanismos interiores 4.5.2. Emplazamiento en el espacio real - Reinterpretación de señalética preexistente. Apropiación de otras identidades visuales 4.5.3. Interacción de los títulos con los elementos reales 4.6. Culto a la rapidez en el montaje y a lo digital 5. Uso expresivo de sobreimpresiones con tipografía en movimiento en el contexto argumental 295 5.1. Herencia de los intertítulos. Textos explicativos que contextualizan el relato temporal y/o geográficamente 5.2. Representación gráfica del plano sonoro 5.3. Representación gráfica del pensamiento e ideas 5.4. Apropiación de identidades visuales comerciales. Realidad aumentada 5.5. Un nuevo mundo de pantallas y mensajes 6. Conclusiones 330 7. Bibliografía 332 14 1. Introducción Se podría partir de una interpretación del diseño con tipografía1 como una aproximación a la fisicidad de la palabra escrita como objeto, textura o elemento gráfico, trascendiendo su mero componente semántico, pero a la vez combinándolo en un mensaje coherente que aúna forma, contenido y medio. La línea de investigación propuesta se centra en el estudio y clasificación de los recursos empleados en el diseño con tipografía en el medio cinematográfico. Se considerarán estas unidades desde el punto de vista estético/formal, sin olvidar su aporte narrativo, por su condición de elemento significativo de lectura autónoma y/o a la vez integrado en la estructura diegética de la obra cinematográfica. Esa integración, basada en la coherencia de estilo gráfico global, se estima que vertebra la concreción de la identidad visual de la obra para ayudar a convertir el producto en marca comercial. Por otro lado, se parte de la hipótesis de la aparente influencia recíproca que se establece entre los diseños de secuencias de título de crédito principales, sobreimpresiones con tipografía, teasers y pósters con lo desarrollado en géneros mixtos tan heterogéneos como el spot publicitario, el vídeo musical y, sobre todo, el vídeo arte y el cine experimental2. La estética de todos estos formatos va estrechamente ligada a la incorporación de nuevas técnicas de producción para estos diseños. De ahí la necesidad de clasificar esas técnicas y su aplicación a la composición con tipografía. El diseño de carteles experimenta transformaciones, no solo en forma sino también en contenidos, con cada nuevo avance técnico empleado en su consecución. Recuérdese la invasión de formas geométricas planas y coloridas que determinó la llegada de softwares como Adobe Illustrator a principios de los noventa. Pero será en las secuencias de títulos de crédito donde la incorporación de nuevas técnicas, no solo informáticas, tenga como resultado cambios más dramáticos en los diseños ofrecidos. Tras esa primera ola de los programas de diseño gráfico que facilitaría la labor del diseñador hasta hacerla rentable desde su propio hogar, unos diez años después, una segunda revolución la protagonizarían las posibilidades de animación y composición tipográfica con los nuevos y asequibles softwares de edición de vídeo y animación a finales de los noventa. Finalmente, la distribución mundial garantizada por la irrupción de Internet completaría un cuadro en el que forma tipográfica, contenido y medio nunca han estado tan estrechamente relacionados. Por ello se estima oportuno analizar este impacto y describir ciertas técnicas 1 Subráyese la distinción entre diseño con tipografía y diseño de tipografía. 2 No se olvide que esta bidireccionalidad se traduce en una confluencia de estilos y autores al serles encomendada, directamente, la ejecución de los diseños de créditos a videoartistas y publicitarios. 15 que dotan a la tipografía tradicional de movimiento en pantalla, al igual que la generación de tipos específicos que se basen y aprovechen al máximo las posibilidades intrínsecas del diseño en pantalla. Es algo que hoy demanda el mercado, de ahí también el interés de esta aportación. Como afirma el tipógrafo Christian Schwartz, en una entrevista para la revista digital Graffica, al hablar de los caminos poco estudiados en el diseño tipográfico: Una gran cantidad de tipos de letra para pantalla son solo adaptaciones de tipos de letra para impresión. Creo que el diseño de tipos específicamente para la pantalla es un ámbito muy fértil para que la gente trabaje y sigue siendo un terreno inexplorado1. Inexplorado porque, además, se debe tener en cuenta el factor temporal, combinado con la cinética, el diseño para el movimiento, la esencia de la animación tipográfica para la pantalla. Por desgracia, avance e innovación tecnológica no significan necesariamente progreso artístico o estético. An animator who has perfected (Adobe) After Effects but uses a poorly drawn font is capable of making something that may have a lovely, expressive cadence but remains intrinsically ugly. I do not believe that quality and beauty are ultimately subjective. I believe there are fundamentals of form and communication that trascend time. Kyle Cooper2 Sirva esta clasificación, además para recoger y ofrecer interesantes muestras de la aplicación de todo tipo de técnicas, populares o menos conocidas, en el vasto y rico campo de la composición con tipografía para la pantalla. 1.1. Antecedentes y novedad de la propuesta Uno de los atractivos del presente estudio radica en su originalidad y en lo exhaustivo del análisis y clasificación de cada uno de los aspectos del medio cinematográfico relacionado con la tipografía. Por supuesto, ya existen numerosas publicaciones sobre carteles cinematográficos, ordenados por épocas, géneros e incluso autores, pero estas siempre se centran en el contenido fotográfico o ilustración, relegando la componente tipográfica a un limbo incomprensible.
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