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Permain-Triassic Life Crisis on Land Author(S): G Permain-Triassic Life Crisis on Land Author(s): G. J. Retallack Source: Science, New Series, Vol. 267, No. 5194 (Jan. 6, 1995), pp. 77-80 Published by: American Association for the Advancement of Science Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2886044 Accessed: 21/01/2010 15:50 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=aaas. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Association for the Advancement of Science is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Science. http://www.jstor.org REPORTS moved from the oocyte by digestion with collage- 19. The Ca2+ response to BKwas observed to decrease throughoutthe Bowen-Gunnedah-Sydney nase (2 mg/ml, type IA,Sigma). Two-electrode volt- substantially when multipleCE runs were performed age-clamp measurements were performed with a in a short period. basins of easternAustralia. Ironically, this TEV-200 amplifier (Dagan) in the virtual-current 20. A. B. Bush, L. A. Borden, L. A. Greene, F. R. Max- was the traditionallyrecognized Permian- mode. IntracellularAg-AgCl electrodes were con- field, J. Neurochem. 57, 562 (1991). Triassic boundaryin Australiauntil 1970 structed with an initialinput impedance of -3 to 4 21. This result may be caused by sample dilution in the (6). At that time, correlationof palyno- megohms through 3 M KCIsingle-pull pipettes. The capillary-SCB transfer region. oocyte bath solution for measurements contained 22. T. B. L. Kist, C. Termignoni, H. P. H. Grieneisen, morph assemblagesfrom Australia with 140 mM NaCI, 2 mM KCI,2 mM CaCI2,and 10 mM Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 27,11 (1994); R. D. Smith, J. those of Pakistanencouraged the view that Hepes (pH 7.2). H. Wahl, D. R. Goodlett, S. A. Hofstadler, Anal. the boundarywas significantly higher in the 12. A narrow crack connecting the capillarychannel to a Chem. 65, 574A (1993). sequence:at the top of the palynozonechar- grounded electrolyte reservoir was made -10 cm 23. At gap distances less than 20 pum,damage was upstream from the capillaryoutlet with the technique sometimes apparent. Electricaland mechanical dis- acterized by Protohaploxypinusmicrocorpus described in M. C. Linharesand P. T. Kissinger [Anal. tress both may contribute to cell damage when very (7). Recent chemostratigraphicstudies of Chem. 63, 2076 (1991)]. small gap distances are used. boreholesin the CanningBasin of Western 13. T. Pozzan, F. DiVirgilio,L. M. Vicentini,J. Meldolesi, 24. "Grounding"through a crack in the capillarycreates B. M. E. Biochem. J. 234, 547 (1986); S. Sands and a voltage splitter, in which the relative current Australiahave demonstratedthat 13C/12C Fasolato, P. Barish, Brain Res. 560, 38 (1991); C. through the crack and to the end of the capillary is ratios in kerogen of marine shale became T. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 20351 (1990). Piz7o, Poz7an, determined by the relative resistances of the two interacted abruptly lower at the Permian-Triassic 14. Divalent cations in the separation buffer paths. Although most of the current passes through surface, causing a slow decrease in boundary(8). This dramatic isotopic ex- with the capillary the crack, some residual current flows through the was the electroosmotic flow rate until equilibrium capillaryoutlet and interferes with the voltage-clamp cursion is characteristicof numerousma- reached [see K. Yamamoto, S. Suzuki, M. Ueda, K. measurement. throughthe Permian-Triassic Kakehi, J. Chromatogr. 588, 327 (1991)]. This de- rine sections 25. M. Moriet aL, J. Biol. Chem. 263, 14574 (1988). crease reduced the velocity of a slow species by a boundary(9) and has been recognizedalso greater relativeamount than the velocity of a fast spe- 26. T. Jackson, Pharmacol. Ther. 50, 425 (1991). within nonmarine sequences of the Coo- 27. C. A. Briggs et al., Br. J. Pharmacol. 104, 1038 cies (assuming migrationvelocities remain positive). per, Bowen, and Sydney basins at the base 15. A 50-ml culture flask of PC-12 cells,differentiatedfor (1991). 4 days in medium containing P-NGF (25 ng/ml) was 28. E. M. DeLorme and R. McGee Jr., J. Neurochem. of the P. microcorpuspalynozone (10). pelleted, and cells were lysed in -70 ,ul of 70% 50,1248 (1988). The transitionfrom Glossopteristo Di- methanol containing -0.1 mM eserine to inhibitcho- 29. L. A. Greene, M. M. Sobeih, K. K. Teng, in Culturing croidiumfloras is abruptand profound.Only linesterase activity. Nerve Cells, G. Banker and K. Goslin, Eds. (MIT 16. With the use of the Hagen-Poiseuille equation and Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991), pp. 207-226. four genera and one species of megafossil estimations of diffusion and spontaneous fluid dis- 30. We thank L. Stryer and R. Dadoo for stimulating plants are known to have survived the placement [see H. A. Fishman et a/, Anal. Chem. 66, discussions, and Z.-J. Xu, S.-C. Hsu, C. Sims, and boundaryin the SydneyBasin (1 1), an ex- 2318 (1994)], the injectionvolume was calculated to R. Schneevis for technical assistance. We gratefully be -500 pl. This volume corresponds to -10-5 of acknowledge the laboratories of E. Shooter and D. tinction of 97% of Late Permianfossil leaf the entire lysate volume. Cells were differentiated at Julius for the donation of PC-12 cells and 5HT1c species. Leaves of Glossopterishave been -10% confluence (that is, -5 x 106 cells were in- complementary DNA, respectively. J.B.S. is a found in claystone partingsof the upper- corporated into the lysate), so that the sample vol- Howard Hughes Predoctoral Fellow, and H.A.F. is a ume contained the equivalent of -50 cells. W. R. Grace Fellow. Supported by grants from the most (or Bulli) coal only 19 cm below 17. L. A. Greene and G. Rein, Nature 268, 349 (1977). National Instituteof Mental Health (MH45423-03 and shalesbearing Dicroidium callipteroides (12). 18. M. D. Greaney, D. L. Marshall, B. A. Bailey, I. N. MH45324-05) and Beckman Instruments. I restrictedmy analysisto fossil leaves (Fig. Acworth, J. Chromatogr. Biomed. Appl. 622, 125 to avoid of namesfor fructi- (1993). 2 September 1994; accepted 1 November 1994 1) duplication fications (13), but the Permian-Triassiccri- sis also curtailedthe Late Permianevolu- tionary adaptive radiation of glossopterid on Land fructificationsin Gondwana(14). Permian-Triassic Life Crisis Fossil plants replacing the Glossopteris G. J. Retallack flora were low in diversity (Fig. 1). Al- thoughthe zonalindicator is the distinctive seed fernD. callipteroides,many assemblages Recent advances in radiometric dating and isotopic stratigraphy have resulted in a are dominated by the conifer Voltziopsis different placement of the Permian-Triassic boundary within the sedimentary sequence (15) or the lycopod Cylomeia(16). These of the Sydney Basin of southeastern Australia. This boundary at 251 million years ago was voltzialean conifers and small Isoetes-like a time of abrupt decline in both diversity and provincialism of floras in southeastern lycopodsare most closely allied to Eurasi- Australia and extinction-of the Glossopteris flora. Early Triassic vegetation was low in atic EarlyTriassic genera such as Annalepis, diversity and dominated by lycopods and voltzialean conifers. The seed fern Dicroidium Tomiostrobus,and Voltzia(17). Both Voltzi- appeared in the wake of Permian-Triassic boundary floral reorganization, but floras opsisand Cylomeiapersist into diverselater dominated by Dicroidium did not attain Permian levels of diversity and provinciality until floras dominated by the Gondwanan en- the Middle Triassic (244 million years ago). demic seed fern, Dicroidiumzuberi. Diversi- fication of Gondwananseed ferns contin- ued with the appearancein the Middle Triassicof Dicroidiumodontopteroides, a bio- The Permian-Triassicboundary has long for reassessingPermian-Triassic boundary stratigraphicevent that has been dated in been known as a majordiscontinuity in the events on land. High-precision 206Pb/238U New Zealandat about 244 Ma (18). The historyof life in the sea (1 ), but comparably radiometricdating of zirconsfrom a tuff at seed fern D. odontopteroidesis a prominent severeextinctions have not been apparent the Permian-Triassicboundary in marine element of diverse fossil floras that show fromrecent assessmentsof the fossil record sequences of China at 251 ? 3.4 (2u) regional differentiationthroughout south- of land plants (2) or animals (3). Geo- million years ago (Ma) (4), supportedby ern Pangaea(19). In Eurasiasimilarly, ex- chemicalapproaches to the vexing problem dating of tuffs in coal measures of the tinction of ruflorianand voynovskyancor- of correlationbetween marineand nonma- Gunnedahand
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