DOCSLIB.ORG

Sydenham to Bankstown Environmental Impact Statement

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sydenham to Bankstown Environmental Impact Statement SYDENHAM TO BANKSTOWN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT > Technical Paper 9 - Biodiversity assessment report Transport for NSW Sydney Metro City & Southwest Sydenham to Bankstown upgrade Environmental Impact Statement Technical Paper 9 – Biodiversity Assessment Report August 2017 Table of contents 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 The project ........................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Purpose and scope of this report ....................................................................................... 12 1.4 Secretary’s environmental assessment requirements ....................................................... 13 1.5 Legislation and policy......................................................................................................... 14 2. Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 17 2.1 Approach ............................................................................................................................ 17 2.2 Desktop research ............................................................................................................... 17 2.3 Field survey ........................................................................................................................ 19 2.4 Staff qualifications .............................................................................................................. 22 2.5 Assumptions and limitations .............................................................................................. 23 3. Existing environment .................................................................................................................... 31 3.1 Environmental context ....................................................................................................... 31 3.2 Desktop studies ................................................................................................................. 33 3.3 Flora and vegetation .......................................................................................................... 42 3.4 Groundwater dependent ecosystems ................................................................................ 51 3.5 Fauna and fauna habitats .................................................................................................. 52 3.6 Aquatic habitats ................................................................................................................. 61 3.7 Threatened species, populations and communities .......................................................... 62 3.8 Other ecological matters of national environmental significance ...................................... 65 3.9 Protected and sensitive land .............................................................................................. 66 4. Impact assessment ...................................................................................................................... 67 4.1 Construction impacts ......................................................................................................... 67 4.2 Operational impacts ........................................................................................................... 72 4.3 Cumulative impacts ............................................................................................................ 72 4.4 Key threatening processes ................................................................................................ 73 4.5 Impacts on matters of national environmental significance ............................................... 73 5. Framework for biodiversity assessment ....................................................................................... 75 5.1 Landscape features ........................................................................................................... 75 5.2 Native vegetation ............................................................................................................... 78 5.3 Threatened species ........................................................................................................... 78 5.4 Avoid and minimise impacts .............................................................................................. 79 5.5 Impact summary ................................................................................................................ 81 5.6 Biodiversity credits ............................................................................................................. 88 6. Mitigation measures ..................................................................................................................... 91 6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 91 6.2 Avoidance of impacts ......................................................................................................... 91 Transport for NSW | Sydenham to Bankstown upgrade EIS – Biodiversity assessment report| i 6.3 Mitigation of impacts .......................................................................................................... 91 7. Biodiversity Offset Strategy .......................................................................................................... 97 8. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................... 99 9. References ................................................................................................................................. 101 EPBC Act Assessments of Significance .................................................................................... 161 Table index Table 1-1 Secretary's environmental assessment requirements – biodiversity ................................. 13 Table 2-1 Likelihood of occurrence assessment criteria .................................................................... 18 Table 2-2 Survey effort ....................................................................................................................... 20 Table 2-3 Staff qualifications .............................................................................................................. 22 Table 3-1 Vegetation in the study area .............................................................................................. 43 Table 3-2 Turpentine – Grey Ironbark open forest on shale .............................................................. 44 Table 3-3 Degraded Turpentine – Grey Ironbark open forest on shale ............................................. 45 Table 3-4 Broad-leaved Ironbark – Grey Box – Melaleuca decora grassy woodland ....................... 46 Table 3-5 Planted native species ....................................................................................................... 47 Table 3-6 Exotic scrub or forest ......................................................................................................... 48 Table 3-7 Exotic grassland ................................................................................................................. 49 Table 3-8 Noxious weeds and WoNS recorded in the study area ..................................................... 50 Table 3-9 Identification of protected and sensitive land ..................................................................... 66 Table 4-1 Proposed removal of vegetation within the project area .................................................... 67 Table 4-2 Key threatening process .................................................................................................... 73 Table 5-1 Landscape features ........................................................................................................... 75 Table 5-2 Vegetation zones ............................................................................................................... 78 Table 5-3 Predicted threatened species in the project area .............................................................. 79 Table 5-4 Ecosystem credits required to offset impacts of the project .............................................. 89 Table 6-1 Mitigation measures ........................................................................................................... 92 ii | Transport for NSW | Sydenham to Bankstown upgrade EIS – Biodiversity assessment report Figure index Figure 1.1 The Sydney Metro network .................................................................................................. 2 Figure 1.2 Overview of the project ........................................................................................................ 3 Figure 1-3 Project area layout ............................................................................................................... 4 Figure 2-1 Survey effort ....................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 3-1 Vegetation .........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2020 Majura Ainslie Plant List.Xlsx
    Plant Species List for Mount Majura and Mount Ainslie, Canberra Base data from Ingwerson, F; O. Evans & B. Griffiths. (1974). Vegetation of the Ainslie-Majura Reserve . Conservation Series No. 2. AGPS Canberra. Re-organised, revised and updated by Michael Doherty, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences and Waltraud Pix, Friends of Mt. Majura With advice from Isobel Crawford, Australian Botanical Surveys Current version of 01.10.2020 Names: Census of Plants of the Australian Capital Territory, Version 4.1, 2019 Enquiries:Version 3.0 [email protected] (8th June 2012) subsp. = subspecies Form ? = questionable status or identity f = herb, forb sp. aff. = having close affinities with i.e. similar but not quite the sameo = herb, orchid syn. = synonymous with i.e. most recent previous name, or alternativeg = nameherb, grass sens. lat. = in the broad sense of the species concept gl = herb, grass- or sedge-like var. = variety s = shrub (including creeper and climber) sp. = species i.e. identity yet to be finalised st = shrub / small tree spp. = species in the plural i.e. more than one species t = tree MM Mount Majura. Notionally north of “Blue Metal” Road; MA Mount Ainslie. Notionally south of “Blue Metal” Road (VVV) Species occurrence checking; currently focused on Mt. Majura rather than Mt. Ainslie. No ticks next to name = species reported but not yet confirmed for Mt Majura and Mt Ainslie. Status is locally native except for: PE = Planted Exotic PN = Planted Non-local Native WE = Weed Exotic WN = Weed Non-local Native ‘Planted’ status refers to individuals which are planted but not spreading ‘Weed’ status refers to species reproducing in the wild Scientific name Common name MM MA Status Form Family Isolepis sp .
    [Show full text]
  • Jervis Bay Territory Page 1 of 50 21-Jan-11 Species List for NRM Region (Blank), Jervis Bay Territory
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
    [Show full text]
  • FNCV Register of Photos
    FNCV Register of photos - natural history (FNCVSlideReg is in Library computer: My computer - Local Disc C - Documents and settings - Library) [Square brackets] - added or updated name Slide number Title Place Date Source Plants SN001-1 Banksia marginata Grampians 1974 001-2 Xanthorrhoea australis Labertouche 17 Nov 1974 001-3 Xanthorrhoea australis Anglesea Oct 1983 001-4 Regeneration after bushfire Anglesea Oct 1983 001-5 Grevillea alpina Bendigo 1975 001-6 Glossodia major / Grevillea alpina Maryborough 19 Oct 1974 001-7 Discarded - out of focus 001-8 [Asteraceae] Anglesea Oct 1983 001-9 Bulbine bulbosa Don Lyndon 001-10 Senecio elegans Don Lyndon 001-11 Scaevola ramosissima (Hairy fan-flower) Don Lyndon 001-12 Brunonia australis (Blue pincushion) Don Lyndon 001-13 Correa alba Don Lyndon 001-14 Correa alba Don Lyndon 001-15 Calocephalus brownii (Cushion bush) Don Lyndon 001-16 Rhagodia baccata [candolleana] (Seaberry saltbush) Don Lyndon 001-17 Lythrum salicaria (Purple loosestrife) Don Lyndon 001-18 Carpobrotus sp. (Pigface in the sun) Don Lyndon 001-19 Rhagodia baccata [candolleana] Inverloch Don Lyndon 001-20 Epacris impressa Don Lyndon 001-21 Leucopogon virgatus (Beard-heath) Don Lyndon 001-22 Stackhousia monogyna (Candles) Don Lyndon 001-23 Correa reflexa (yellow) Don Lyndon 001-24 Prostanthera sp. Don Lyndon Fungi 002-1 Stinkhorn fungus Aseroe rubra Buckety Plains 30/12/1974 Margarey Lester 002-2 Fungi collection: Botany Group excursion Dom Dom Saddle 28 May 1988 002-3 Aleuria aurantia Aug 1966 R&M Jennings Bairnsdale FNC 002-4
    [Show full text]
  • Parramatta River
    anchorage anchorage ail far enough along the Parramatta River held at Homebush Bay in 2000, there has wetlands, vast stretches of open space, sailing Sand you can’t fail to notice a broken white been a dramatic rise in activity on the river. and rowing clubs, unit blocks and posh parramatta column mounted on a rock near the water’s On any given day, it bustles with yachts and waterfront mansions. Yaralla House, in Concord edge at Henley. powerboats, tinnies, canoes, kayaks and (pictured here) is one of the oldest and largest This simple monument is dedicated to the RiverCat ferries (seven low-wash catamarans and has considerable historical significance. short but spectacular life of Henry Searle, one of named after famous Australian sportswomen). There are four islands along the river: Australia’s greatest scullers, who died in 1889 at The river, which is tidal to Charles Street Rodd Island in Iron Cove, and Cockatoo, just 23. The column also marks the finish line Weir at Parramatta, is jam-packed with things to Spectacle and Snapper islands huddled between where, a year earlier, Searle comprehensively see – if you know what to look for. Woolwich and Birchgrove. In the late 19th defeated the world rowing champion. century, Rodd Island was used as a biological Searle’s Monument is one of the landmarks colonial History laboratory by a team from the Pasteur Institute along the Parramatta River, which officially As a key link between the settlements of Sydney in France, and also as a temporary quarantine merges with Sydney Harbour at Longnose Point, and Parramatta, the Parramatta River played an area for a pet dog that French actress Sarah Birchgrove and Manns Point, Greenwich.
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Sydney
    THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY Copyright and use of this thesis This thesis must be used in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Reproduction of material protected by copyright may be an infringement of copyright and copyright owners may be entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. Section 51 (2) of the Copyright Act permits an authorized officer of a university library or archives to provide a copy (by communication or otherwise) of an unpublished thesis kept in the library or archives, to a person who satisfies the authorized officer that he or she requires the reproduction for the purposes of research or study. The Copyright Act grants the creator of a work a number of moral rights, specifically the right of attribution, the right against false attribution and the right of integrity. You may infringe the author’s moral rights if you: - fail to acknowledge the author of this thesis if you quote sections from the work - attribute this thesis to another author -subject this thesis to derogatory treatment which may prejudice the author’s reputation For further information contact the University’s Copyright Service. sydney.edu.au/copyright A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE SOUTHERN HORNSBY PLATEAU, SYDNEY BASIN, NEW SOUTH WALES by Anthony Richard Norman, B.Sc. (Hons) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY September, 1986 ABSTRACT The Hornsby Plateau rises north of Sydney. Aerial photo interpretation of an area north of Hornsby and south of the Hawkesbury River revealed two well defined extensive traces.
    [Show full text]
  • Inhibition of the Growth of a Panel of Pathogenic Bacteria by Kunzea
    Pharmacogn. Commn. 2017; 7(3): 121-128 A multifaceted peer reviewed journal in the field of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Original Article www.phcogcommn.org Inhibition of the Growth of a Panel of Pathogenic Bacteria by Kunzea flavescens C.T.White and W.D.Francis Solvent Extractions Getmore Rumbudzai Chikowe,a Lindiwe Nomathemba Mpala,a Ian Edwin Cocka,b* aSchool of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA. bEnvironmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, AUSTRALIA. ABSTRACT Introduction: Kunzea flavescens C.T.White & W.D.Francis is a shrub that P. mirabilis within 1 h of exposure. All extracts were determined to be is native to eastern Australia. Several Kunzea spp. have been used as tradi- nontoxic in the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay, indicating their tional medicines against bacterial pathogens. Despite this, K. flavescens safety for internal use as well as for topical uses. Conclusions: The lack leaf extractions have not been rigorously examined for growth inhibitory of toxicity of the K. flavescens leaf extracts and their growth inhibitory properties against many bacterial pathogens. Methods: The antimicrobial bioactivity against a panel of pathogenic bacteria indicate their potential in activity of K. flavescens leaf solvent extractions was investigated by disc the development of novel antiseptic agents. diffusion and growth time course assays against a panel of pathogenic Key words: Kunzea flavescens, Myrtaceae, Autoimmune inflammatory bacteria. The growth inhibitory activity was quantified by MIC determination. disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis, Terpenoid, Antibacte- Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Essential Oils History and Emerging Trends
    Australian Essential Oils – History and Emerging Trends Ashley Dowell – Essential Oil Producers Association of Australia & Southern Cross University 23 rd October 2019 Introduction Australia has a unique flora largely of Gondwanan origin with later influence from the Indian subcontinent and South East Asia. Gondwana land was a pre-historic super continent including Australia, New Zealand, South America, Antarctica, Africa and the Indian sub-continent. Although separating early, it is proposed that Australia and India re-connected for a period of time before separating again. In more recent history Australia was connected to South-east Asia by land bridges which arose due to falling sea levels resulting from ice age glaciation Dominant plant families present in Australia include the essential oil bearing genus: Myrtaceae – Eucalyptus, Melaleuca, Leptospermum Rutaceae – Boronia, Citrus Other significant essential oil bearing plant families found in Australia are the Santalaceae, Myoporaceae, and Cupressaceae. Australia is often perceived as a land of deserts but is in fact a diverse collection of fire and drought adapted environments. Eucalypt woodlands make up to 39% of Australian vegetative cover, predominantly in New South Wales and Queensland followed by Hummock grasslands at 23% found mostly in Western Australia, Queensland and New SouthWales and Acacia woodlands occupying 10-20%, mostly in Western Australia, Queensland and New South Wales. There are significant areas of Acacia shrublands, Tussock grasslands and Chenopod shrubs and forblands, particularly in South Australia. There are relatively small (less than 70,000 Km2) but biologically significant areas of tropical and temperate rainforest in eastern coastal areas from Queensland to Tasmania, as well as Tall eucalypts forests and Callitris and Casuarina forests further inland and in sub-alpine areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Background Paper on New South Wales Geology with a Focus on Basins Containing Coal Seam Gas Resources
    Background Paper on New South Wales Geology With a Focus on Basins Containing Coal Seam Gas Resources for Office of the NSW Chief Scientist and Engineer by Colin R. Ward and Bryce F.J. Kelly School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Date of Issue: 28 August 2013 Our Reference: J083550 CONTENTS Page 1. AIMS OF THE BACKGROUND PAPER .............................................................. 1 1.1. SIGNIFICANCE OF AUSTRALIAN CSG RESOURCES AND PRODUCTION ................... 1 1.2. DISCLOSURE .................................................................................................... 2 2. GEOLOGY AND EVALUATION OF COAL AND COAL SEAM GAS RESOURCES ............................................................................................................. 3 2.1. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF COAL ........................................................................... 3 2.2. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COAL ................................................ 4 2.3. PETROGRAPHIC PROPERTIES OF COAL ............................................................... 4 2.4. GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF COAL SEAMS .......................................................... 6 2.5. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF GAS IN COAL SEAMS .................................................... 8 2.6. GAS CONTENT DETERMINATION ........................................................................10 2.7. SORPTION ISOTHERMS AND GAS HOLDING CAPACITY .........................................11 2.8. METHANE SATURATION ....................................................................................12
    [Show full text]
  • Exceptional Fossil Preservation During CO2 Greenhouse Crises? Gregory J
    Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 307 (2011) 59–74 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Exceptional fossil preservation during CO2 greenhouse crises? Gregory J. Retallack Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA article info abstract Article history: Exceptional fossil preservation may require not only exceptional places, but exceptional times, as demonstrated Received 27 October 2010 here by two distinct types of analysis. First, irregular stratigraphic spacing of horizons yielding articulated Triassic Received in revised form 19 April 2011 fishes and Cambrian trilobites is highly correlated in sequences in different parts of the world, as if there were Accepted 21 April 2011 short temporal intervals of exceptional preservation globally. Second, compilations of ages of well-dated fossil Available online 30 April 2011 localities show spikes of abundance which coincide with stage boundaries, mass extinctions, oceanic anoxic events, carbon isotope anomalies, spikes of high atmospheric carbon dioxide, and transient warm-wet Keywords: Lagerstatten paleoclimates. Exceptional fossil preservation may have been promoted during unusual times, comparable with fi Fossil preservation the present: CO2 greenhouse crises of expanding marine dead zones, oceanic acidi cation, coral bleaching, Trilobite wetland eutrophication, sea level rise, ice-cap melting, and biotic invasions. Fish © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Carbon dioxide Greenhouse 1. Introduction Zeigler, 1992), sperm (Nishida et al., 2003), nuclei (Gould, 1971)and starch granules (Baxter, 1964). Taphonomic studies of such fossils have Commercial fossil collectors continue to produce beautifully pre- emphasized special places where fossils are exceptionally preserved pared, fully articulated, complex fossils of scientific(Simmons et al., (Martin, 1999; Bottjer et al., 2002).
    [Show full text]
  • Lane Cove River Coastal Zone Management Plan
    A part of BMT in Energy and Environment "Where will our knowledge take you?" Lane Cove River Coastal Zone Management Plan Offices Prepared For: Lane Cove River Estuary Management Committee Brisbane (LCREMC), Hunters Hill Council, Lane Cove Council, Denver City of Ryde, Willoughby Councli Mackay Melbourne Newcastle Perth Prepared By: BMT WBM Pty Ltd (Member of the BMT group of Sydney companies) Vancouver Acknowledgement: LCREMC has prepared this document with financial assistance from the NSW Government through the Office of Environment and Heritage. This document does not necessarily represent the opinion of the NSW Government or the Office of Environment and Heritage. lANE COVE RIVER CZMP FINAL DRAFT DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET BMT WBM Pty Ltd Document : Lane Cove River CZMP FINAL BMT WBM Pty Ltd DRAFT Level 1, 256-258 Norton Street PO Box 194 Project Manager : Reid Butler LEICHHARDT NSW 2040 Australia Client : Lane Cove River Estuary Management Committee, Hunters Tel: +61 2 8987 2900 Hill Council, Lane Cove Council, Fax: +61 2 8987 2999 City of Ryde, Willoughby Council ABN 54 010 830 421 www.bmtwbm.com.au Client Contact: Susan Butler (Lane Cove Council) Client Reference: Lane Cove River CZMP Title : Lane Cove River Coastal Zone Management Plan Author/s : Reid Butler, Smita Jha Synopsis : This report provides a revised management plan for the Lane Cove River Estuary under the requirements of the NSW OEH Coastal Zone Management Planning Guidelines. REVISION/CHECKING HISTORY REVISION DATE OF ISSUE CHECKED BY ISSUED BY NUMBER 0 24/05/2012 SJ
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial and Temporal Variability of Particulate Trace Metals in Port Jackson Estuary, Australia
    Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science (2001) 53, 63–77 doi:10.1006/ecss.2001.0792, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Spatial and Temporal Variability of Particulate Trace Metals in Port Jackson Estuary, Australia V. Hatjea,c, G. F. Bircha and D. M. Hillb aEnvironmental Geology Group, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia bEnvironment Division, ANSTO, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia Received 27 June 2000 and accepted in revised form 20 February 2001 Major elements (Al, Ca, Fe and Mn) and trace elements (Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn and Ni) in operationally defined available and total particulate phases have been determined along an axial transect of the Port Jackson Estuary during twelve surveys between 1998 and 1999. Salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and suspended particulate material (SPM) were also measured. Temporal and spatial variability were tested by two-factor analysis of variance. Throughout the estuary Zn and Ni exhibited a uniform distribution. It is suggested that the low reactivity of these elements may be a result of the water physicochemistry, low SPM concentrations and long residence time in the Port Jackson Estuary. Anthropogenic sources of Zn and Ni are widespread in the Port Jackson catchment, and also contribute to the spatial distribution observed in the estuary. The distributions of particulate Cu and Pb are significantly affected by anthropogenic inputs, particularly, from the southern embayments in the lower estuary. It is suggested that the increase of Cu and Pb seaward is also related to sorption of these elements on Fe-Mn oxides. Mixing, however, can largely account for the distribution of Cr, which was the only element that presented significant decrease in concentration with increasing salinity.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Plants As Weeds in Victoria S
    124 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.16(3) 2001 Of these, A. longifolia var. sophorae, K. ambigua, L. laevigatum, P. undulatum and Australian plants as weeds in Victoria S. heterophylla are the worst weed species in the State, far more serious where they G.W. Carr, Ecology Australia Pty. Ltd., 88B Station Street, Fairfield, Victoria occur than most exotic non-Australian species, including all Weeds of National 3078, Australia. Significance except Asparagus asparagoides. Acacia longifolia var. sophorae will destroy almost all indigenous vegetation and its Abstract naturalized well outside their pre-Euro- dependent fauna in coastal and near- Australian plants are very well known as pean range. All form dense monospecific coastal western Victoria on sandy sub- environmental weeds overseas where stands which eliminate all or most indig- strates (i.e. most indigenous vegetation re- they constitute some of the most devastat- enous plant species and the dependant maining). The Grampians for example, a ing of all biological invasions. The most fauna. The anthropogenic facilitation of biome of international significance, is un- recent Census of the Victorian flora (pro- these upsurges of indigenous taxa are dis- der extreme threat from invading Acacia duced by the State Herbarium) lists 3480 cussed; they include altered fire regimes, longifolia var. longifolia and A. longifolia var. indigenous taxa (species, subspecies vari- total grazing pressure involving feral and sophorae but so far little if any management eties, forms) and 1142 naturalized, extra- indigenous vertebrates, seed dispersal by action has been taken to address these in- Australian taxa, as well as a few natural- exotic vertebrates (mostly birds) and by vaders.
    [Show full text]