PRESERVING CALISTOGA: A MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR A LIVING LANDSCAPE IN THE NAPA VALLEY by LILLIAN SAVANNAH MILLER (Under the Direction of Cari Goetcheus) ABSTRACT The city of Calistoga located in the upper Napa Valley is a living cultural landscape defined by product and processes associated with agriculture and tourism. While the historic fabric remains largely intact, development pressures due to a paucity of adequate preservation mechanisms seriously threatens the historic integrity of Calistoga‘s cultural landscape. This thesis identifies appropriate and innovative techniques to encourage preservation of Calistoga‘s historic resources and the relationships that exist between them. A thorough investigation of the developmental history of the city and the national preservation movement provides a basis from which to analyze the landscape characteristics and understand Calistoga‘s regulatory framework in a larger context. The relationships existing between the various sources of information illuminate the strengths and shortcomings of the current status quo and act as the basis for management recommendations. INDEX WORDS: Calistoga, California, Cultural Landscape, Agriculture, Regulatory Framework, Preservation Mechanisms, Management Framework PRESERVING CALISTOGA: A MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR A LIVING LANDSCAPE IN THE NAPA VALLEY by LILLIAN SAVANNAH MILLER B.A., The University of California at Davis, 2007 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION ATHENS, GEORGIA 2013 © 2013 Lillian Savannah Miller All Rights Reserved PRESERVING CALISTOGA: A MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR A LIVING LANDSCAPE IN THE NAPA VALLEY by LILLIAN SAVANNAH MILLER Major Professor: Cari Goetcheus Committee: Mark Reinberger Marianne Cramer Pratt Cassity Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2013 DEDICATION To Domenick and to my Dad. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge Denina Fredrickson and Napa County Landmarks for providing me with inspiration to pursue this thesis topic. I would like to thank all who have aided in the development of this thesis: the Calistoga Planning Office, past and current residents of Calistoga, Napa County Department of Conservation, Development and Planning, and the California Historic Preservation Office. Most of all I would like to acknowledge Professor Cari Goetcheus whose insight, enthusiasm for the topic and encouragement was invaluable. Mark Twain once said, ―Keep away from people who belittle your ambitions. Small people always do that, but the really great make you feel that you too can become great.‖ Cari, you are one of the greats. Thank you! v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 Research Question ................................................................................................. 2 Research Methods .................................................................................................. 5 Structure ................................................................................................................. 6 2 THE EVOLUTION OF CALISTOGA‘S LANDSCAPE ............................................ 8 Natural History .................................................................................................... 10 The Native American Period: Pre-1820s ............................................................. 18 The Spanish Period: 1823-1830s ......................................................................... 19 The Mexican Period: 1834-1846 ......................................................................... 20 The Early American Period: 1840-1857 .............................................................. 21 Calistoga: The Saratoga of California: 1857-1875 .............................................. 24 The Middle American Period: 1900-1960 ........................................................... 31 The Current American Period: 1960 -2012 ......................................................... 33 Existing Conditions: 2012-2013 .......................................................................... 38 3 EVOLUTION OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE THEORY, PRESERVATION THEORY &TECHNIQUES, AND THEIR APPLICATION TO CALISTOGA ...... 47 Early Preservation Precedent ............................................................................... 48 Articulating the Cultural Landscape .................................................................... 49 vi Taking the Cultural Landscape Seriously ............................................................ 52 Standardization of Theory and Techniques ......................................................... 56 Where We Stand Now ......................................................................................... 59 Application to Calistoga ....................................................................................... 61 4 CALISTOGA‘S REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ................................................... 63 Controls ................................................................................................................ 65 Controls: Planning and Development .................................................................. 65 Controls: Natural Resources and Open Space ..................................................... 75 Controls: Cultural and Historic Resources .......................................................... 78 Controls: Circulation and Transportation ............................................................ 81 Incentives ............................................................................................................. 82 Incentives: Planning and Development ............................................................... 82 Incentives: Natural Resources and Open Space ................................................... 84 Incentives: Cultural and Historic Resources ........................................................ 90 Incentives: Transportation and Circulation .......................................................... 93 Summary .............................................................................................................. 94 5 ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION ............................................................................ 96 Analysis of Physical Resources ........................................................................... 98 Analysis of Landscape Characteristics ................................................................ 98 Analysis of Policy .............................................................................................. 121 Analysis of Controls .......................................................................................... 122 Analysis of Incentives ........................................................................................ 125 Summary ............................................................................................................ 129 6 RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................... 131 Resource Types Deserving of Protection ........................................................... 131 Review of Issues and Threats ............................................................................ 132 vii How to think about Preservation........................................................................ 133 Recommendations by Activity ........................................................................... 134 Summary ............................................................................................................ 143 7 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 145 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................147 APPENDICES A RESOURCES AND PARTNERSHIP OPPORTUNITIES ...................................... 153 B IDENTIFIED HISTORIC RESOURCES IN UNINCORPORATED AREA .......... 154 C GLOSSARY OF TERMS ........................................................................................ 160 viii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Organization of Controls and Incentives ......................................................................... 64 Table 2: Controls ........................................................................................................................... 94 Table 3: Incentives ......................................................................................................................... 95 Table 4: Historic Periods of Development that Influenced Essence of Calistoga ......................... 98 Table 5: Controls Deserving Further Consideration .................................................................... 123 Table 6: Incentives Deserving Further Consideration ................................................................. 125 ix LIST