Nuovi Studi Sulla Scultura Degli Anni Settanta Del Xv Secolo

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Nuovi Studi Sulla Scultura Degli Anni Settanta Del Xv Secolo L'OPERA DI FRANCESCO LAURANA: NUOVI STUDI SULLA SCULTURA DEGLI ANNI SETTANTA DEL XV SECOLO RINGRAZIAMENTI INTRODUZIONE p.5 METODOLOGIA DELLA RICERCA p.13 PARTE I LO STATO DEGLI STUDI CAPITOLO I FRANCESCO LAURANA NELLE FONTI I.1.1 La fortuna critica di Francesco Laurana p.19 I.1.2 La formazione di Francesco Laurana p.34 CAPITOLO II IL DIBATTITO SULLE OPERE DELLA PRIMA METÀ DEL XV SECOLO I.2.1 Cenni sulla struttura architettonica e sulle spettanze dell’Arco Trionfale di Alfonso d’Aragona a Castelnuovo p.42 I.2.2 Ipotesi di un soggiorno a Roma (1458-1458) p.53 CAPITOLO III L’ATTIVITÀ DURANTE GLI ANNI SESSANTA DEL XV SECOLO I.3.1 La prima attività come medaglista in Francia (1461-1466) p.59 I.3.2 La prima attività come scultore in Provenza p.64 I.3.3 Il dibattito sulle opere siciliane (1467-1471) p.67 CAPITOLO IV IL DIBATTITO SULLE OPERE DEL SECONDO PERIODO A NAPOLI E IN FRANCIA E LE IPOTESI DI UN RITORNO IN ITALIA NEGLI ANNI OTTANTA DEL XV SECOLO I.4.1 Il secondo soggiorno a Napoli (1473-1475) p.80 I.4.2 Il secondo soggiorno francese (1476-1502) p.83 I.4.3 Ipotesi di un secondo e di un terzo soggiorno in Sicilia p.94 PARTE II GLI ANNI SETTANTA DEL XV SECOLO CAPITOLO I LAURANA E GLI SCULTORI CONTEMPORANEI II.1.1 Laurana e la scultura toscana del Quattrocento p.100 II.1.2 Mino da Fiesole p.104 II.1.3 Antonio Rossellino e Benedetto da Maiano p.113 II.1.4 Desiderio da Settignano p.119 CAPITOLO II LAURANA E LA PITTURA DEL QUATTROCENTO II.2.1 Francesco Laurana, Piero della Francesca e Antonello da Messina. p.123 II.2.2 Il legame con il pittore Pietro Befulco p.127 CAPITOLO III IL SECONDO SOGGIORNO NAPOLETANO II.3.1 Lettura critica di un documento del 1473 p.134 II.3.2 Cenni sulla confraternita di san Severo al Pendino p.140 CAPITOLO IV IL SECONDO SOGGIORNO FRANCESE II.4.1 La Sainte Anne Trinitaire p.143 II.4.2 Il Portament de Croix p.149 CONCLUSIONI p.163 PARTE III APPENDICI DOCUMENTO p.168 FONTI MANOSCRITTE E FONTI A STAMPA p.172 BIBLIOGRAFIA p.177 FONTI ARCHIVISTICHE p.199 RINGRAZIAMENTI La mia riconoscenza va tutti coloro che, a diverso titolo, mi sono stati di aiuto e di supporto nelle complesse fasi del lavoro di ricerca. Innanzitutto sono grata alla professoressa Simonetta La Barbera dell’Università degli Studi di Palermo, per la consulenza dall’inizio della ricerca fino alla stesura del presente lavoro. Ringrazio Don Antonio Illibato direttore dell’Archivio Storico Diocesano di Napoli, e il personale dell’Archivio di Stato di Napoli, che mi sono stati di fondamentale assistenza nel corso della fase più difficile che è stata la revisione critica dei documenti napoletani. Un sincero ringraziamento va al professore Francesco Caglioti, professore dell’Università degli Studi Federico II di Napoli, e illustre studioso di scultura rinascimentale, il quale mi ha fornito utili spunti per la mia indagine sulle opere di Francesco Laurana a Napoli. Per avere sostenuto la possibilità di un confronto tra i rilievi romani di Mino da Fiesole e quelli della cappella Mastrantonio di Francesco Laurana, oltre che per quanto appreso da lui in merito alle vicende storico-artistiche rinascimentali a Roma, sento di rivolgere la mia gratitudine al professore Antonio Pinelli, mio primo docente presso l’Università degli Studi di Firenze dal 2006 al 2011. Ringrazio il direttore della Galleria Regionale della Sicilia, Gioacchino Barbera, e la dottoressa Evelina De Castro per il sostegno datomi durante il periodo di studio e ricerca svolto presso il Museo di Palazzo Abatellis (reso fecondo anche grazie a tutto il personale del museo) e per avermi fornito informazioni e materiale fotografico. Un sincero ringraziamento è rivolto al professore Giovanni Mendola, grande conoscitore delle fonti documentarie relative alla scultura siciliana tra il XV e il XVI secolo, generosamente prodigo di consigli su questo aspetto del mio lavoro, degno di un’autentica lode. Un altro ringraziamento va al personale dell’Istituto Max Planck per la Storia dell'Arte-Bibliotheca Hertziana di Roma per l’assistenza concessami durante la fase nella ricerca bibliografica. Infine ricordo coloro che hanno sostenuto le spese del miei studi universitari e di perfezionamento post-universitario, i quali mi hanno anche concesso di affrontare quelle relative ai miei successivi periodi di studio in Italia e all’estero, senza i finanziamenti e l’amorevole sostegno dei quali, questa ricerca non sarebbe mai stata realizzata. Concludo esprimendo uno esclusivo riconoscimento al primo lettore di questo lavoro il quale, prima e più di me, ha avuto il coraggio di credervi. INTRODUZIONE La tesi dal titolo” L’opera di Francesco Laurana: nuovi studi sulla scultura degli anni Settanta del XV secolo”, ha voluto ripercorrere analiticamente la lettura storico-critica dell’opera di una delle maggiori personalità artistiche della scultura del secondo Quattrocento, con il proposito di superare una tendenza degli studi che, ad oggi, ha determinato il generale abbandono delle ricerche sull’attività di questo scultore, che ha condotto a porlo in un reverente isolamento rispetto all’ambito degli studi specialistici, in gran parte dovuto alla complessità nel rintracciare fonti documentarie riferibili al periodo della sua formazione precedente l’anno 1453.1 A tali complicazioni (che rimangono comunque condizionate a un presupposto fondamentale da imputare alla dispersione di gran parte delle fonti documentarie relative al secolo XV) si associa la rarità delle opere firmate e datate dell’artista stesso, la problematica ricostruzione dell'ambiente originario per cui furono concepite alcune delle sue opere, e in fine, una causa non meno significativa che ha reso difficili le ricerche sull’artista è dovuta alla conservazione frammentaria della maggior parte dei monumenti di carattere funerario da lui realizzati, nonché dei danni subiti dai Busti-ritratto, i quali sono stati oggetto di restauri promossi negli anni del cosiddetto “Purismo Ottocentesco” che hanno eliminato quasi totalmente la colorazione, tramandandone un’immagine che poco aveva a che fare con l’originale. La tesi si compone di due parti fondamentali che si articolano in otto capitoli, preceduti dalla presente introduzione al testo e dalla descrizione della metodologia di ricerca. I capitoli sono corredati da una ricca documentazione fotografica delle opere, di cui la buona parte di queste sono state fornite da me stessa, grazie ai numerosi sopralluoghi compiuti al fine di esaminare direttamente le opere oggetto dello studio. La prima parte della tesi è prevalentemente dedicata alla definizione dello stato dell’arte del tema preso in esame. Il primo capitolo affronta il tema del rapporto tra il processo d’identificazione delle opere dell’artista e l’evoluzione del relativo stato di conoscenze che ne determinò la fortuna critica. Tali vicende sono state contestualizzate in un panorama storico più ampio che non ha escluso riferimenti al contesto storico-artistico europeo, approfondendo l’esame della storiografia artistica di ambito francese e croato. Sono stati evidenziati i legami e i rapporti tra la storiografia artistica siciliana e quella nazionale ed europea, i cui contributi teorico-metodologici s’inseriscono all’interno 1 L’anno 1453 segna la data della più antica testimonianza della presenza di Francesco Laurana a Napoli, connessa con i lavori per l’arco di trionfo di Castelnuovo per i quali lo scultore ricevette un pagamento parziale. 5 del dibattito nato alla metà dell’Ottocento in Francia e quasi arrestatosi nel XXI secolo, sulla valutazione e sull’apprezzamento delle opere di Francesco Laurana, sugli sviluppi degli orientamenti culturali ed ideologici dei connoisseurs e dei critici d’arte nell’isola attraverso l’analisi delle fonti bibliografiche e archivistiche comprese nel suddetto arco di tempo. I capitoli seguono un ordine che evidenzia in quale misura, le cause e i significati dell’opera di Francesco Laurana siano strettamente legati all’eterogeneo contesto storico- geografico e culturale che l’hanno generata. Dalla cronologia delle opere conosciute emerge come l’attività dello scultore prenda le mosse dal suo impegno nel campo della decorazione monumentale della Napoli di Alfonso d’Aragona (1443-1458), continui con la produzione delle medaglie e della fontana di Le Puy-Sainte Rèparade durante il regno di René d’Anjou in Provenza, in Sicilia sperimenti il genere del monumento funerario e dei gruppi scultorei della Madonna con il Bambino, nella seconda parte del XV secolo giunga alla definizione del genere del ritratto a carattere celebrativo nel contesto della committenza aragonese del re Ferrante d’Aragona (1458-1492), negli ultimi anni in Provenza la sua opera si configuri come summa di tutta la sua produzione scultorea, esemplificativo è in quest’ottica, il retablo del Cristo Portacroce nella chiesa di Saint Didier ad Avignone. La ricerca bibliografica su cui si fonda la prima parte della tesi è stata condotta in massima parte presso l’Istituto Max Planck per la Storia dell'Arte-Bibliotheca Hertziana, la Biblioteca di Studi Meridionali Giustino Fortunato e la Biblioteca di Archeologia e Storia dell’Arte di Roma, la Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli, la Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze, la Biblioteca Regionale di Palermo e la Biblioteca del Dipartimento di Cultura e Società dell’Università degli Studi di Palermo. La seconda parte del lavoro è dedicata alla focalizzazione del tema della ricerca: l’opera di Francesco Laurana nel corso degli anni settanta del XV secolo. La suddivisione dei capitoli auspica ad esporre in modo approfondito le questioni salienti e i relativi aspetti teorici di riferimento che riguardano l’attività dello scultore in quest’arco temporale. Il primo capitolo è dedicato alla contestualizzazione dell’opera di Laurana nel quadro della Napoli aragonese, con particolare riferimento alle personalità artistiche a lui contemporanee operanti nella capitale del Reame durante la seconda metà del Quattrocento.
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