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Differences in Head Size and Shape During the Growth of Deutero Malay Children

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Differences in Head Size and Shape During the Growth of Deutero Malay Children Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry. 2019; 31(1): 53-59. Differences in head size and shape during the growth of Deutero Malay children Ameta Primasari1*, Veronica Angelia1, Dimas Agara1 1Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry University of North Sumatera, Indonesia ABSTRACT Introduction: The growth periods of 0-18 years old can be studied with anthropometry by identifying the head size and shape of the human head. Study on vertical, transverse, and horizontal cephalic indexes can understand differences and growth between sexes and age groups. This study was aimed to analyse the averages and differences in the head size and shape of Deutero Malay children in different age groups. Methods: This research was a descriptive analytic study with cross-sectional design. The sample of 192 Deutero Malay children consisted of boys and girls with an age range of 7-18 years old. Measurement of head height, length, and width was performed to calculate the differences of vertical, transverse, and horizontal cephalic index values by sex and age group, and the classification of the head shape based on the cephalic index values. Results: There was a difference of vertical, transverse, and horizontal by age group, with p = 0.000 (p < 0.05). The average of vertical, transverse, and horizontal cephalic index values was significantly higher in each age group. The average horizontal cephalic index was significantly higher in boys and girls. There was no significant difference in the head shape by the vertical and horizontal cephalic index in all age groups. The highest vertical cephalic index found was chamaecephalic (68%). The highest transverse cephalic index was tapeiocephalic (99%). The highest horizontal cephalic index was hyperbrachycephalic (80%). Conclusion: There is similar head shape of Deutero Malay children, although there may be increasing head size along with age. Keywords: Deutero Malay, head shape, cephalic index, transverse cephalic index, horizontal cephalic index, vertical cephalic index. p-ISSN 1979-0201, e-ISSN 2549-6212; Available from: http://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/pjd/article/view/17950 DOI: 10.24198/pjd.vol31no1.17950 Submission: Jul 24, 2018; Accepted: Feb 28, 2019; Published online: Mar 29, 2019 way to measure and make observations the form INTRODUCTION of skeletal bones and organs of the human body with specific methods and tools. Anthropology Anthropometry is a branch of the science of is also used in following postnatal growth physical anthropology that studies measurement and development, detecting abnormalities, techniques of the human body that includes a and predicting future growth in adult. Dental *Corresponding author: Ameta Primasari, Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry North Sumatra University, Indonesia. Jalan Universitas No. 30, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia 20222. Phone: +62818207891; Email: ameta. [email protected] 53 Differences in head size and shape during the growth of Deutero Malay children( Primasari et al.) anthropology was popularised by Brothwel high hypsicephalic; based on transverse cephalic whose study was focusing on the neck and head, index: tapeiocephalix, metriocephalic or especially the teeth (cranio-dento-facial).1 acrocephalix; based on horizontal cephalic index: Anthropometry is usually more likely to focus dolicocephalic, mesocephalic, brachycephalic or on the dimensions of the dead human body for hyperbrachycephalic. The cephalic index is also identification or attempting to change its original an important parameter in evaluating race and identity.2 The science of anthropometry develops gender differences.9 mainly in the context of anthropology that studies Race is an important concept for studying the classification and identification of racial human variations because humans differ from one and gender differences, the effects of diet and another.10 Indonesia is a multiracial and multiethnic environmental conditions on growth.3 The word nation. The Indonesian originally came from the anthropometry is derived from the Greek word Mongoloid and Australomelanesid races. The ‘anthropos’ means human, and ‘metrein’ means fusion between Mongoloid and Austromelanesid to measure.4 produced Proto Malay and Deutero Malay race.1,11 Head anthropometry measurements can Deutero Malay or known as young Malay came from be used in conjunction with cephalometry, the Yunan region (South China) around 500 BC. Computerized Tomography Scan (CT Scan) Deutero Malay has a more advanced civilization and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the compared to Proto Malay. The ethnic groups in preparation of plastic surgery and reconstructive Indonesia which are included in the Deutero Malay surgery patients.5 One of the most important are Aceh, Minangkabau, Javanese, Sundanese, anthropometric branches is the craniometry Malay, Betawi, Manado, Bali, Madura. Most of the used in orthodontics and cephalometry whose population of Sumatera Utara is Deutero Malay.1 calculations use cephalic index. The cephalic Many studies of head shape are associated index was introduced by Anders Retzius, an with race and sex using horizontal cephalic index Swedish anatomist with the purpose to classify and various head forms are conducted.3 Based populations.1 Cephalic index (CI) and head shape on the results of the study showed that some are greatly affected by geograpical, sex, age, and differences based on the result of cephalic index racial factors. CI can be used as marker of ethnicity.6 and some equations based on head size and shape CI is commonly used to describe individuals’ on three ethnic groups in Nigeria.9 Different ethnic appearances and for estimating the age of fetuses groups tend to have different skull and jawbone for legal and obstetrical reasons. CI can be used size even though they are often influenced by widely in various forensic investigations.7 individual variation.12 Based on the results of a Morphological changes and growth in each study conducted by Ligha, there was a difference individual occur at 8-17 years old. After that age in the cephalic index results between boys and morphological changes and growth do not occur girls aged 7-10 years old and 11-14 years old.13 again. Head growth patterns vary widely by age This result suggested that there were variations and sex, and stops at age 18-20 years old.8 After in the cephalic index or head shape by age group birth, the head grows faster than other part of between sexes.13 the body so the head becomes very dominant. Based on the description above, study on Differences in the growth of the upper and lower differences of head size and shape in the age group head components are important in determining of 7-18 years old by using vertical, transverse, and the type of head, the shape of the dental arch horizontal cephalic index to determine differences and first incisor.1 between age group and to determine the average Measurement of human head shape size of Deutero Malay head can be conducted can use cephalic index method. The cephalic because there is no data about it yet. It will be an index is a measure the ratio (in percent) of interesting study object regarding differences in the maximum length, height and width of the the head size between growing period age groups. skull bone.1,9 Head shape based on vertical This study was aimed to analyse the averages and cephalic index: chamaecephalic, orthocephalic, differences in the head size and shape of Deutero lowhypsicephalic, moderate hypsicephalic or Malay children in different age groups. 54 Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry. 2019; 31(1): 53-59. METHODS The study was conducted at Namira School Jalan Pasar 1 Kelurahan Tanjung Sari Medan, Sumatera Utara. The study was conducted after obtaining approval from the Ethics Commission of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, and informed consent was obtained from the parent/ guardian of the subject. The type of study was Figure 1. Measurement of head length from glabella to descriptive analytic with cross sectional design. inion using curved caliper.14 The population of this study were student of primary school, junior high school, and senior high school 7-18 years old in Namira School. The sampling method was purposive sampling that subject was selected based on inclusion and exclusion until reaching the amount of sample determined. Minimal sample was needed 186 subject, to make it easy, the amount of sample was based on age grouping, the sample used was 192 people with a division of 48 people 7-9 years old (24 boy and 24 girl), 48 people 10-12 years old Figure 2. Measurement of head height from nation to (24 boy and 24 girl), 13-15 years 48 people (24 boy gnation using digital caliper.14 and 24 girl), and 48 people 16-18 years old (24 boy and 24 girl). Inclusion criteria were 7-18 years The head width was measured the distance old, Deutero Malay (up 2 generation) and normal between parietal eminence or eurion to eurion head shape. Exclusion criteria were undergone (eu-eu). Eurion is the most lateral point of the orthodontic treatment, maxillofacial surgery, cranium, by placing a ruler on the parietal region craniofacial malformation and history/signs of of the head (above the ear) perpendicularly and craniofacial syndromes. Measurement tools used then the ends of the curved caliper are placed on in the study were curved calipers, digital calipers, both the left and right eurion points. The distance and rulers. of both ends of the curved caliper was measured All subjects were asked to sit in a chair with using a ruler and the size was recorded as the an upright position, lean the body in perpendicular maximum head width. position. The head length was measured from the glabella (g) to the inion. The maximum length of the head was measured by placing the tip of the caliper at the point of the glabella and the inion. The distance of the two ends of the calipers was measured using a ruler, and the size was recorded as the maximum length of the head.
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