Klarinetin Tarihsel Gelişimi, Mozart'ın Klarinete Yaklaşımı Ve Kv 622 La

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Klarinetin Tarihsel Gelişimi, Mozart'ın Klarinete Yaklaşımı Ve Kv 622 La T.C İstanbul üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müzik Anasanat Dalı Üflemeli ve Vurmalı Çalgılar Sanat Dalı Klarinet Programı Yüksek Lisans Tezi KLARİNETİN TARİHSEL GELİŞİMİ, MOZART’IN KLARİNETE YAKLAŞIMI VE K.V. 622 LA MAJÖR KLARİNET KONÇERTOSU’NUN İNCELENMESİ Beste KARAÇETİN 2501030546 Tez Danışmanı Prof. Ova SÜNDER İstanbul Eylül 2006 ÖZ Başlık: Klarinetin Tarihsel Gelişimi, Mozart’ın Klarinet’e Yaklaşımı ve K.V. 622 La Majör Klarinet Konçertosu’nun İncelenmesi Hazırlayan: Beste Karaçetin Bu araştırma projesinin konusu, klarinetin tanımı, tarihsel ve yapısal gelişimi, W.A.Mozart’ın klarinete bakış açısı ve klarinet için yazmış olduğu K.V. 622 la majör klarinet konçertosunun incelenmesinden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde klarinetin tanımı, tarihsel ve yapısal gelişimi başlangıcından günümüze kadar anlatılmıştır. Klarinet türlerinden detaylı olarak bahsedilmiş ve çeşitli örnekler vererek kapsamlı olarak incelenmiştir. İkinci bölümde, W.A. Mozart’ın klarinete bakış açısı ve yine başlangıcından günümüze kadar olan gelişim süreci içerisinde klarinet icracılarından, yapımcılarından ve W.A. Mozart dışında klarinet için yazılan eserlerden ve bestecilerinden bahsedilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde W.A. Mozart’ın K.V.622 la majör klarinet konçertosunun, yapısal ve armonik açıdan analizi yapılmıştır. Bu araştırma projesinde, yerli ve yabancı kaynaklar, internet üzerinden yayınlanmış bilgiler çeşitli örnekler ve yorumlar gibi bilimsel yöntemler kullanılmıştır. ABSTRACT Title: Historical Development of Clarinet, Mozart’s Approach to Clarinet and Analysis of Mozart’s K.V. 622 A Major Concerto ***Written by: Beste Karaçetin This thesis is a research on the historical and structural development of the clarinet, and W.A. Mozart’s general approach to the instrument, focusing especially on his concerto for clarinet in A Major, K.V. 622. The first section gives a basic introduction to the clarinet and discusses its historical and structural development. Different types of clarinets are described and analyzed in details. The second section discusses W.A. Mozart’s general approach to the instrument, while mentioning important clarinet virtuosos, clarinet makers, and works by other composers throughout music history. The third section is a structural and harmonic analysis of W.A. Mozart’s clarinet concerto in A Major, K.V. 622. The research methods include books and articles in Turkish and foreign languages, and internet resources. iii ÖNSÖZ Bu araştırma projesini hazırlarken amacım, klarinetin çok geniş bir tarihsel yelpazede incelenmesi gereken bir tarihi olduğunu, yapısı ve türleri açısından bütün çalgılar arasında en geniş aileye sahip olduğunu göstermekti. Solo ve orkestra içinde kullanım alanları, bestecilerin ve icracının klarinete bakış açısı ve klarinet repertuarında çok önemli bir yere sahip olan W.A Mozart’ın K.V.622 la majör klarinet konçertosunun incelenmesi tezimin içeriğini oluşturmaktadır. Tezimi hazırlarken yaptığım araştırmalar sonucunda klarinet ile ilgili dökümanların çoğunun yabancı dilde olduğunu gördüm. Tezimde yaptığım bu kapsamlı araştırma sonucunda, klarinet ve ailesinin tarihsel ve yapısal gelişimi, W.A Mozart’ın bu çalgıya yaklaşımı ve klarinet repertuarının en önemli eseri olan K.V.622 la majör konçertonun incelenmesi ile ilgili, tüm klarinet icracılarına, öğrencilerine ve bu konu hakkında bilgi edinmek isteyen herkese faydalı olabilecek, kendi dilimizde bir kaynak oluşturmak istedim. Araştırmalarımın konuyla ilgili herkese ışık tutmasını dilerim. Klarinet çalışmalarımda hep yanımda olan ve birikimlerini benimle paylaşan ve yardımını esirgemeyen değerli hocam Sayın Orhan Doğaner’e ve danışmanım Prof. Ova Sünder’e teşekkürlerimi sunarım. iv İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa No. ÖZ / ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................iii ÖNSÖZ ....................................................................................................................... iv İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................ v ŞEKİL LİSTESİ........................................................................................................viii RESİM LİSTESİ ......................................................................................................... ix GİRİŞ ........................................................................................................................... 1 1. KLARİNETİN TANIMI, TARİHÇESİ, GELİŞİMİ............................................. 2 1.1. KLARİNET’İN TANIMI ............................................................................ 2 1.2. KLARİNET’İN TARİHSEL ve YAPISAL GELİŞİMİ .............................. 5 1.2.1. Klarinet’in Kökeni........................................................................... 5 1.2.2. 17. Yüzyıldaki Gelişmeler............................................................... 6 1.2.3. 18. Yüzyıldaki Gelişmeler............................................................. 11 1.2.3.1. Şalümo ve İki Perdeli (Tuşlu) Klarinet Repertuarı.......... 11 1.2.4. 19. Yüzyıldaki Gelişmeler............................................................. 24 1.2.5. 20. Yüzyıldaki Gelişmeler............................................................. 30 1.3. Klarinet Türleri.......................................................................................... 33 1.3.1. Re Klarinet..................................................................................... 35 1.3.2. Re ve Mi Bemol Klarinet............................................................... 36 1.3.3. Fa Klarinet ..................................................................................... 42 1.3.4. Sol Klarinet.................................................................................... 42 1.3.5. Küçük Klarinetler .......................................................................... 43 1.3.5.1. La Bemol Klarinet ........................................................... 43 1.3.5.2. Si Bemol Klarinet ........................................................... 45 1.3.5.3. Si Bemol ve La Klarinet.................................................. 46 1.3.5.4. Do Klarinet ...................................................................... 49 1.3.6. Alto ve Basset Horn Klarinet......................................................... 53 1.3.7. Bas ve Kontrabas Klarinet............................................................. 54 2. MOZART’IN KLARİNETE YAKLAŞIMI VE KLARİNET İÇİN YAZDIĞI ESERLER.......................................................................................... 56 2.1. Mozart ve Klarinet Virtuözü Anton Stadler .............................................. 56 2.2. Mozart’ın Klarinete Bakış Açısının İncelenmesi ...................................... 59 2.2.1. Salzburg Dönemi ........................................................................... 59 2.2.2. Paris Dönemi ................................................................................. 63 2.2.3. Manheim Dönemi .......................................................................... 65 2.2.4. Londra Dönemi.............................................................................. 69 2.2.5. Mozart’ın Klarinet Yazımının İncelenmesi................................... 71 2.2.5.1. 1780 Öncesi..................................................................... 71 v 2.2.5.2. 1781-1787 Arasındaki Dönem ........................................ 72 2.2.5.3. 1787-1791 Arasındaki Dönem ........................................ 75 3. MOZART’IN K.V. 622 LA MAJÖR KLARİNET KONÇERTOSUNUN İNCELENMESİ.................................................................................................. 77 3.1. MOZART’IN ÜFLEMELİ ÇALGILAR İÇİN KONÇERTO YAZMAYA BAŞLAMASI....................................................................... 77 3.2. MOZART’IN K.V. 622 LA MAJÖR KLARİNET KONÇERTOSUNUN ORİJİNAL EL YAZMASI TASLAĞI (K 621B).................................................................................................... 78 3.3 MOZART’IN K.V. 622 LA MAJÖR KLARİNET KONÇERTOSUNUN İNCELENMESİ VE KONÇERTONUN TANIMI..................................................................................................... 80 3.3.1 Konçertonun Tanımı...................................................................... 80 3.3.1.1. Vokal Konçerto................................................................. 80 3.3.1.2. Çalgısal Konçerto ............................................................. 81 3.3.2. Mozart’ın K.V. 622 La Majör Klarinet Konçertosunun Yapısal Özellikleri......................................................................... 82 3.3.3. Konçertonun İncelenmesi .............................................................. 83 3.3.3.1. Birinci Bölüm Allegro ...................................................... 83 3.3.3.1.a. Orkestral Ritornello ....................................................... 84 3.3.3.1.b. Solo Sergi....................................................................... 85 3.3.3.1.c. Ritornello....................................................................... 87 3.3.3.1.d. Gelişme.......................................................................... 87 3.3.3.1.e. Ritornello....................................................................... 89 3.3.3.1.f. Tekrar Sergi.................................................................... 89 3.3.3.1.g. Ritornello....................................................................... 91 3.3.3.2.
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