Allotria's 1876 Festzug Karl V and Late Nineteenth Century Munich Art Practices
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RE-DRESSING THE NATION: ALLOTRIA'S 1876 FESTZUG KARL V AND LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY MUNICH ART PRACTICES by SABINE WIEBER B.A., The University of British Columbia, 1994 A THESIS SUBMITTED TN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Fine Arts) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA October 1996 © Sabine Wieber, 1996 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada DE-6 (2/88) ABSTRACT The time span between Germany's unification in 1871 and the onset of World War I in 1914 provided a very fertile ground for both avant-garde and state-supported modes of artistic production. Yet, while the new Reich was perceived by the outside as having brought unity to Germany's formerly fractured agglomeration of individual states, the nation was actually marked by internal rifts, tensions and competing aspirations. Munich was an important center for art and culture during this period. By the 1870's its well known Royal Academy attracted a large body of international students, including a considerable number from North America. Munich was also renown as an art center at this time as it was the nexus for numerous artist groups organized under both national and regional auspices. Allotria, formed in 1873, was the local artist society which, due to the prominence of many of its members as academic professors, was recognized as Munich's pre-eminent group. This institutional body provided a social space that encouraged an informal but important intersection of artists and "friends of the arts." In other words, the promotion of a common social life between sectors of the upper echelons of Munich society and academic and independent artists was one of Allotria's key objectives. Allotria's 1876 artist festival the Feslzug Karl Vbecame a highly visible event that was viewed as central to Munich's artistic pre-eminence in numerous newspaper and journal accounts of the time. This study will address the ways in which this particular festival could be read on one level as signifying a specific national identity by evoking a period of unity through reference to Charles V and the Holy Roman Empire. I will also explore how a northern Renaissance visual vocabulary carefully manipulated in the festival and in the different representations that circulated before and after its staging, could be interpreted as working to contest these very notions. It is thus, tensions and discontinuities within the festival's seemingly homogenizing references and visual vocabulary that this study is interested in tracing out. How could Munich's artists and upper classes represent themselves as heirs to a particular Germanic tradition and therefore, as supporters of the new nation while also laying claim to their threatened position of cultural superiority with the new Reich? What import did the northern Renaissance idiom have at this specifc socio-political juncture and how did various rhetorical strategies specific to different modes of representation functioning within this cultural practice and its re-presentations serve to rationalize particular kinds of regional patronage systems and artistic practices by Allodia's academic and independent artists? Ultimately, I will argue that the festival's re-enacting of an historic event that took place during Germany's last experience of unity as an European power, was neither a nostalgic turning to the past nor simply a means to establish a genealogy that linked Munich's citizens to what was now a celebrated moment in the context of a only recently formed German nation. Rather, I will examine how the artist festival of the Festzug Karl V served to facilitate active reworkings of this past that accommodated particular forms of self representation crucial to new market relations, to systems of patronage within Munich's modern middle class culture and to a new status of the artist assertively promoted by Allotria. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Table of Contents iv List of Figures v Acknowledgments viii Epitaph 1 Introduction 2 I The FestzugKarl V: Nation, City, and Art 12 i Articulating Allotria's 1876 festival 16 ii The Dilemma of Nation and Region 21 iii Art, Institutions, and the New Middle Class 23 II The FestzugKarl Fin the Contemporary Press 33 i The Traditions of Nineteenth Century Munich Artist Festivals 33 ii The Festzug Karl Vand Nineteenth Century Discourses on a German Renaissance 36 iii Festzug Re-presentations in Print 40 iv The Festzug and Munich's Burgertum 45 v Festzug Representations in Time and Space 52 vi The 1876 Fasching and the Carnivalesque 55 III The FestzugKarl V: Photography, Munich Art Practices, and Patronage Systems 61 i The New Medium of Photography 61 ii The Festzug and Photography 63 iii Photography and Nineteenth Century Discourses on a northern Renaissance 65 iv The Festzug Photographs and Community of Viewers 68 v The Festzug Photographs and Late Nineteenth Century Munich Art Patronage 71 vi The Festzug Karl V, Market Relations, and Munich's Malerfurslen 74 Conclusion 81 Bibliography 85 Figures 92 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1 Leo von Klenze, Odeon and Leuchtbergpalais against the Bazar, 1840. Copperplate Engraving. Munich: Stadtbibliothek, Monacensia-Abteilung. Source: Habel, Das Odeon in Miinchen, fig. 2. Fig. 2 Fr. August von Kaulbach, Lenbach and his Colleagues gathered in the Abenthum, 1886. Lithograph for the Lenbachiade, 16,9 x 23,7 cm. Munich: Stadtmuseum, Graphic Collection. Source: Grassinger, Munchner Feste und die Allotria, p. 58. Fig. 3 Carl von Piloty, Invitation to the Paul-Rubens Festival. 1857. Lithograph. Source: Grassinger, p. 35. Fig. 4 The Costume Festival of Munich's Artist Society Allotria, 1876. Xylograph published in Leipziger Illustrierte Zeitung, February 1876. Based on a drawing by E. Horstig, 35,5 x 49,9 cm. Munich: Stadtmuseum, Graphic Collection. Inventory Number 35/ 610. Fig. 5 Fr. August von Kaulbach, Invitation to Allotria's 1876 Artist-Costume-Festival \Kunstler-Maskenfest\, 1876. Lithograph, 34 x 29,6 cm. Munich: Stadtmuseum, Graphic Collection. Source: Franz von Lenbach, fig. 367. Fig. 6 Franz Widnmann, Admission Ticket to the Festzug Karl V, 1876. Source: Grassinger, p. 73. Fig. 7 Franz Hanfstaengl, Painter Franz von Lenbach in Costume from the Period of Charles V, 1876. Cabinet Photograph. Cologne: private collection. Source: Lenbach. fig. 403. Fig. 8 Friedrich Muller, Painter August von Kaulbach dressed as Emperor Charles V, 1876. Cabinet Photograph. Munich: Stadtmuseum. Source: Lenbach, fig. 402. Fig. 9 Franz Hanfstaengl. Eugen Hanfstaengl as Herold, 1876. Cabinet Photograph. Munich: Stadtmuseum. Source: Lenbach, fig. 394. Fig. 10 Friedrich Muller, Painter Claudius von Schraudolph in Armour and Pelt 1876. Cabinet Photograph. Munich: Stadtmuseum. Source: Lenbach, fig. 395. Fig. 11 Franz Hanfstaengl, Franz von Defregger as Albrecht Purer, 1876. Cabinet Photograph. Munich: Stadtmuseum. Source: Lenbach, fig. 396. Fig. 12 Franz Hanfstaengl, C. von Schraudolph as Lansquenet with Sword for two Hands \BihdnderJA876. Cabinet Photograph. Munich: Stadtmuseum. vi Source: Lenbach, fig. 397. Fig. 13 Franz Hanfstaengl, Franz von Seitz dressed as a Turkish Commander, 1876. Cabinet Photograph. Munich: Stadtmuseum. Source: Lenbach, fig. 398. Fig. 14 Franz Hanfstaengl, Rudolf von Seitz with his Wife and Daughter: costumed a la Holbein, 1876. Cabinet Photograph. Munich: Stadtmuseum. Source: Lenbach, fig. 399. Fig. 15 Franz Hanfstaengl, Architect Georg von Hauberrisser and Wife, dressed as a northern Renaissance Tradesmen and his Wife. 1876. Cabinet Photograph. Munich: Stadtmuseum. Source: Lenbach. fig. 400. Fig. 16 Schulz and Suck, Painter Eduard Teimer and Wife from Karlsruhe. 1876. Cabinet Photograph. Munich: Stadtmuseum. Source: Lenbach. fig. 401. Fig. 17 Friedrich Muller. Lady in Costume from the Period of Charles V. 1876. Cabinet Photograph. Cologne: Private Collection. Source: Lenbach. fig. 404. Fig. 18 Friedrich Muller, Unkown Lady, costumed as a 16th Century Biirserinn, 1876. Cabinet Photograph. Cologne: Private Collection. Source: Lenbach. fig. 406. Fig. 19 Lolo von Hornstein. dressed as Holbein's Daughter as depicted in "Madonna des Biierermeisters Meyer", 1876. Cabinet Photograph. Cologne: Private Collection. Source: Lenbach. fig. 378. Fig. 20 Franz Hanfstaengl, Fighting Scene of Five Men in altdeutschen Costumes, 1876. Cabinet Photograph. Munich: Stadtmuseum. Source: Lenbach. fig. 408. Fig. 21 Friedrich Muller. Jester, 1876. Cabinet Photograph. Munich: Stadtmuseum. Source: Lenbach, fig. 409. Fig. 22 Rudolph Kuppelmayr, Costume Design for the Festzug Karl V, 1876. Pencil, Feather and Water Color, 31,3 x 38,5 cm. Munich: Stadtmuseum, Graphic Collection. Source: Grassinger, p. 81. Fig. 23 Ludwig Herterich, Costume Design for the Festzug Karl V, 1876. Pencil, Feather and Water Color. Munich: Stadtmuseum, Graphic Collection. Source: Grassinger, p. 80. Fig. 24 Friedrich August von Kaulbach, Costume Design for the Festzug Karl V, 1876. Pencil and Water Color, 29,9 x 18,8 cm. Munich: Stadtmuseum, Graphic Collection. Source: Lenbach, fig. 388. i vii Fig. 25 Heinrich Lossow, Costume Design for the Festzug Karl V. 1876. Pencil and Water Color, 36,7 x 22,4 cm. Munich: Stadtmuseum, Graphic Collection. Source: Lenbach. fig. 387. Fig. 26 Ferdinand Theodor Hildebrandt, Per Krieger und sein Kind. 1832. Oil on Canvas, 104 x 92 cm. Berlin: Staatliche Museen PreuBischer Kulturbesitz/ Nationalgalerie. Source: Peters, Stilgeschichte der Fotographie in Deutschland. fig. 225. Fig. 27 Renaissance Beauty. 1864. Photograph. Munich: Stadtmuseum. Source: Peters, fig. 227. Fig. 28 Einer. der Edler wurde. 1899.