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Keywords: Malaysia Agreement, MSCC, Cobbold Commission, IGC Vol. 3(2.), Disember, 2018, hlm. 13-52 Jurnal Borneo Arkhailogia (Heritage, Archaeology and History) https://jurcon.ums.edu.my/ojums/index.php/JBA/ Satu daripada Tiga Belas: Sabah dan Sarawak dalam Pembentukan Malaysia, 1961-1963 Bilcher Bala1 Manuskrip diterima: 18 April 2018 Diterima untuk penerbitan 4 September 2018 1 Profesor Madya di Program Sejarah, Fakulti Kemanusiaan, Seni dan Warisan, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The formation of Malaysia is a process of merging an independent state with British 'self-governing' colonies in Southeast Asia to form a new federal state. The merger was legally compromised involving three levels of comprehensive consultation from 1961 to 1963, namely the MSCC, the Cobbold Commission, and the IGC. There has been confusion among Malaysians on the meaning and history of Malaysia Day, which was celebrated on 16 September. Sabah and Sarawak are the 12th and 13th states in the Federation of Malaysia. Since 2010, the people of Sabah and Sarawak have begun to polemics about two historical dates, namely August 31 and September 16 which directly disputes the status quo of 'state' within the Federation of Malaysia. This article attempts to provide a historical perspective based on the major sources during the process. Keywords: Malaysia Agreement, MSCC, Cobbold Commission, IGC Abstrak Pembentukan Malaysia adalah satu proses penggabungan sebuah negara merdeka dengan jajahan ‘berkerajaan sendiri’ British di Asia Tenggara bagi membentukkan sebuah negara persekutuan yang baharu. Penggabungan ini telah dikompromikan secara perundangan yang melibatkan tiga peringkat perundingan yang komprehensif dari 1961 hingga 1963, iaitu MSCC, Suruhanjaya Cobbold, dan IGC. Wujud kekeliruan dalam kalangan rakyat Malaysia mengenai makna dan sejarah Hari Malaysia, yang disambutkan pada 16 September. Sabah dan _____________________________________________________________ e-ISSN: 2600-8726 © Penerbit UMS Satu Daripada Tiga Belas: Sabah dan Sarawak dalam Pembentukan Malaysia, 1961-1963 Bilcher Bala Sarawak merupakan negeri kedua belas dan ketiga belas dalam Persekutuan Malaysia. Semenjak tahun 2010, rakyat Sabah dan Sarawak mula kembali berpolemik tentang dua tarikh bersejarah, iaitu 31 Ogos dan 16 September yang secara langsung mempertikaikan status quo ‘negeri’ dalam Persekutuan Malaysia. Makalah ini cuba menyediakan satu perspektif sejarah berasaskan sumber utama semasa proses tersebut. Kata Kunci: Perjanjian Malaysia, MSCC, Suruhanjaya Cobbold, IGC Pengenalan Pada ketika ini, sejarah pembentukan Malaysia menjadi isu kontroversi dalam kalangan rakyat negeri Sabah dan negeri Sarawak. Isu ini boleh berlaku kerana wujud kekeliruan yang menegaskan Perjanjian Malaysia 1963 (MA63) sebagai satu perjanjian antara entiti politik berasaskan prinsip equal partners (rakan setara), yakni masing-masing adalah berstatus negara. Ini melahirkan pertikaian terhadap formula pembentukan Malaysia sebagai ‘salah satu daripada tiga belas negeri’, sebaliknya sebagai ‘salah satu daripada empat negara’. Dengan kata lain, mereka mempertikaikan status quo ‘negeri’ bagi Sabah dan Sarawak berasaskan interpretasi terhadap frasa 'memasuki' atau 'mengambil bahagian' dalam pembentukan Persekutan Malaysia. Sehubungan itu, dalam kalangan pemimpin politik dan rakyat kedua-dua negeri ini menegaskan bahawa pindaan ke atas Perkara 1 (2) Perlembagaan Malaysia1 pada tahun 1976 sebagai tindakan yang menurunkan status quo Sabah dan Sarawak daripada 'negara' kepada 'negeri'. Pada pandangan mereka, bahawa empat unit atau entiti politik dengan status quo ‘negara’ atau nation telah membentuk Persekutuan Malaysia pada tahun 1963, bukannya tiga belas ‘negeri’ (tanpa Singapura) atau empat belas ‘negeri’ (termasuk Singapura). 1 Perkara asal Akta 26/1963 memberikan 3 kategori negeri, iaitu (a), (b), dan (c) yang berkuatkuasa dari 16 September 1963 (apabila Malaysia ditubuhkan). Kemudian dipinda oleh Akta 59/1966 yang memadamkan kategori (c) dengan berkuatkuasa dari 9 Ogos 1965 (tarikh Singapura berpisah daripada Malaysia). Seterusnya dipinda lagi oleh Akta 354 yang berkuatkuasa pada 27 Ogos 1976, iaitu kategori (a) dan (b) telah digabungkan (berbunyi, “Negeri-Negeri Persekutuan terdiri daripada Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Pulau Pinang, Perak, Perlis, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor dan Terengganu”). 14 Vol. 3(2.), Disember, 2018 Jurnal Borneo Arkhailogia Sebelum tahun 2010, tarikh 16 September telah disambutkan oleh rakyat Sabah dan Sarawak sebagai perayaan ulangtahun rasmi bagi Ketua Negeri atau Yang di-Pertua Negeri yang digelarkan Tuan Yang Terutama (TYT). Justeru rakyat Sabah dan Sarawak mula mempertikaikan dua tarikh bersejarah, iaitu 31 Ogos dan 16 September, dan dikaitan dengan status quo sama ada ‘negeri’ atau ‘negara’ dalam Persekutuan Malaysia. Mereka menawarkan persepsi yang tersendiri dan bersifat sentimen atau provokasi terhadap pemerintah pusat atau ‘kerajaan pusat’ di Putrajaya. Pada 13 April 2013, mereka telah menganjurkan satu gerakan sosial yang dikenali sebagai Sarawak Sovereignty Movement (SSM) di Kuching dengan memperkenalkan slogan Sarawak for Sarawakians (S4S).2 Oleh kerana itu, mereka menggunakan pelbagai frasa provokasi, seperti “Perjanjian Malaysia 1963 Tidak Sah”; “Hormati Perjanjian Malaysia, Kita Belum Setaraf”; “Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia - SSKM”; “Negara, Not Negeri, Status For Sabah”; “Sarawak Keluar Malaysia 2021”; “Negara Sarawak Merdeka”; “Sarawak Supremacy”, dan; “Black 16 September”.3 Frasa tersebut dapat menunjukkan tentang keadaan kekeliruan dan kegelisahan yang wujud dalam kalangan rakyat Sabah dan Sarawak. Sebenarnya mereka ingin menegaskan sentimen ketidakpuasan terhadap taraf dan pencapaian pembangunan yang masih rendah selama 55 tahun bersama Malaysia. Gerakan sosial SSM, SSKM dan S4S menegaskan prinsip keutamaan kepada hak otonomi, nasionalisme rakyat di kedua-dua negeri Sabah dan Sarawak berasaskan Perlembagaan Negeri dan Perjanjian Malaysia 1963. Misalnya, pada tahun 2015, S4S telah menuntut kerajaan negeri Sarawak untuk memberi pengiktirafan 2 Working Towards Reinstating Sarawak’s Sovereignty, http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/cate gory/nation/2013/05/30/working-towards-reinstating-sarawaks-sovereignty/, 17 Oktober 2017. 3 Perjanjian Malaysia 1963 Tidak Sah, http://www.sabahsarawakmerdeka.com/2014/11/perjan jianmalaysia1963tidaksah.html, 17 Oktober 2017; Perjanjian Malaysia 1963 Mesti Dilaksana Sepenuhnya, http://www.Utusanborneo.com.my/2015/12/09/perjanjian-malaysia-1963-mesti-dil aksana-sepenuhnya, 9 Oktober 2017; Hormati Perjanjian Malaysia, Kita Belum Setaraf, https:// www.malaysiakini.com/news/3938 45, 17 Oktober 2017; Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia – SSKM, https://www.Facebook.com/sskm4borneo/, 17 Oktober 2017; Negara, Not Negeri, Status For Sabah, http://www.Freemalaysiatoday.com/category/frontpage/2011/01/24/ negara-not-negeri-status- for-sabah/, 17 Oktober 2017; Laporan Polis Terhadap FB Sarawak Keluar Malaysia 2021, https:// www.Malaysiakini.com/news/362188, 17 Oktober 2017; Serangan Poster Sabah Merdaya Day, http://uvsb.blogspot.my/2014/08/serangan-poster-sabahmerdeka-day.html, 17 Oktober 2017; Sarawak Supremacy, https://pengayau.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/sarawak-supremacy. jpg, 17 Oktober 2017; Sept 16: A ‘Black Day’ for Sabah, Sarawak, http://www.Freemalaysiatoday.com/ category/opinion/2012/09/15/sept-16-a-black-day-for-sabah-sarawak/, 17 Oktober 2017. 15 Satu Daripada Tiga Belas: Sabah dan Sarawak dalam Pembentukan Malaysia, 1961-1963 Bilcher Bala terhadap tarikh 22 Julai sebagai Hari Kemerdekaan Negeri Sarawak.4 Ternyata prinsip dan sentimen S4S sangat berpengaruh sehingga Ketua Menteri pada ketika itu, Adenan Satem telah membuat pengumuman pada 22 April 2016 bahawa tarikh 22 Julai menjadi cuti umum.5 Sentimen keutamaan negeri tersebut mempunyai kesan yang signifikan kepada kemenangan besar parti Barisan Nasional Sarawak pada Pilihan Raya Negeri 2016.6 Tambahan sentimen ini seterusnya, pada tahun 2017, memberi kekuatan kepada kerajaan Sarawak di bawah pimpinan Ketua Menteri Abang Johari Tun Openg untuk menghantar satu pasukan peguam ke London bagi mengkaji semula dokumen berkaitan hak kepentingan Sarawak dalam Perjanjian Malaysia,7 terutamanya hak kuasa negeri ke atas lautnya ekoran daripada kesan penubuhan Akta 750 (Akta Laut Wilayah 2012). Akta ini, yang telah diluluskan oleh Parlimen pada 18 Jun 2012 dan berkuatkuasa pada 22 Jun 2012, dikatakan telah menghapuskan hak negeri Sarawak ke atas sumber mineral, hidupan marin dan sumber pelancongan dalam lingkungan kawasan laut lebih daripada 5.5 kilometer (3 batu nautika) dari garis pantai. Oleh yang demikian, akta tersebut dikatakan telah melanggar hak Sarawak di bawah Perjanjian Malaysia 1963.8 Makalah ini akan cuba mengalurkan 4 S4S Kemuka Surat Rasmi Mohon 22 Jul Cuti Umum, http://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2015/ 07/23/s4skemuka-surat-rasmi-mohon-22-jul-cuti-umum, 17 Oktober 2017. 5 Sarawak Independence Day: Why It Matters For All Malaysians, http://malaysiandigest.com/ frontpage/282-main-tile/687884-sarawak-independence-day-why-it-matters-for-all-malaysians. html, 17 Oktober 2017. 6 Faisal S. Hazis, Adenan Will Win Big in Sarawak State Election, but Long-Term Effects on Malaysian Politics are Unclear, Perspective, Issue 2016, No. 20, Singapore: ISEAS-Yusif Ishak Institute, 4 May 2016, 3-4; Lee Hock Guan, Inpressive Results Await BN in Sarawak State Elections, Perspective, Issue 2016, No. 20, Singapore: ISEAS-Yusif Ishak Institute, 3 May 2016, hlm. 4; Mohamed Nawab Mohamed Osman & Rashaad Ali, Sarawak
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