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Demografischer Wandel – Kenntnisstand Und Maßnahmenempfehlungen Zur Sicherung Der Mobilität Älterer Verkehrsteilnehmer

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Demografischer Wandel – Kenntnisstand Und Maßnahmenempfehlungen Zur Sicherung Der Mobilität Älterer Verkehrsteilnehmer Demografischer Wandel – Kenntnisstand und Maßnahmenempfehlungen zur Sicherung der Mobilität älterer Verkehrsteilnehmer Berichte der Berichte der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen Heft M 283 Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen Mensch und Sicherheit Heft M 283 ISSN 0943-9315 ISBN 978-3-95606-404-3 20180730_Umschlag M 283.indd 1 30.07.18 11:07 Demografischer Wandel – Kenntnisstand und Maßnahmenempfehlungen zur Sicherung der Mobilität älterer Verkehrsteilnehmer von Kristina Schubert Nicole Gräcmann Astrid Bartmann Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen Bergisch Gladbach Berichte der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen Mensch und Sicherheit Heft M 283 20180730_Umschlag M 283.indd 2 30.07.18 11:07 Die Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen veröffentlicht ihre Arbeits- und Forschungsergebnisse in der Schriftenreihe Berichte der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen. Die Reihe besteht aus folgenden Unterreihen: A - Allgemeines B - Brücken- und Ingenieurbau F - Fahrzeugtechnik M - Mensch und Sicherheit S - Straßenbau V - Verkehrstechnik Es wird darauf hingewiesen, dass die unter dem Namen der Verfasser veröffentlichten Berichte nicht in jedem Fall die Ansicht des Herausgebers wiedergeben. Nachdruck und photomechanische Wiedergabe, auch auszugsweise, nur mit Genehmigung der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen, Stabsstelle Presse und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit. Die Hefte der Schriftenreihe Berichte der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen können direkt bei der Carl Ed. Schünemann KG, Zweite Schlachtpforte 7, D-28195 Bremen, Telefon: (04 21) 3 69 03 - 53, bezogen werden. Über die Forschungsergebnisse und ihre Veröffentlichungen wird in der Regel in Kurzform im Informationsdienst Forschung kompakt berichtet. Dieser Dienst wird kostenlos angeboten; Interessenten wenden sich bitte an die Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen, Stabsstelle Presse und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit. Ab dem Jahrgang 2003 stehen die Berichte der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) zum Teil als kostenfreier Download im elektronischen BASt-Archiv ELBA zur Verfügung. http://bast.opus.hbz-nrw.de Impressum Bericht zum Forschungsprojekt F1100.4313013: Demografischer Wandel – Kenntnisstand und Maßnahmenempfehlungen zur Sicherung der Mobilität älterer Verkehrsteilnehmer Herausgeber Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen Brüderstraße 53, D-51427 Bergisch Gladbach Telefon: (0 22 04) 43 - 0 Redaktion Stabsstelle Presse und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit Druck und Verlag Fachverlag NW in der Carl Ed. Schünemann KG Zweite Schlachtpforte 7, D-28195 Bremen Telefon: (04 21) 3 69 03 - 53 Telefax: (04 21) 3 69 03 - 48 www.schuenemann-verlag.de ISSN 0943-9315 ISBN 978-3-95606-404-3 Bergisch Gladbach, August 2018 3 Kurzfassung – Abstract Demografischer Wandel – Kenntnisstand und Demographic change – State of knowledge and Maßnahmenempfehlungen zur Sicherung der recommended measures to ensure safe mobili­ Mobilität älterer Verkehrsteilnehmer ty of elderly road users Das Thema Sicherheit von älteren Verkehrsteilneh­ The safety of elderly road users has become an im­ mern hat sich zu einem wichtigen Schwerpunkt der portant focus of the behavioural scientific research verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Forschung der Bun­ at the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) in desanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) entwickelt. Im Germany. Within the scope of diverse research pro­ Rahmen verschiedener Forschungsprojekte wur­ jects the performance potentials, deficits, health den verkehrssicherheitsrelevante Leistungspoten­ data, and compensatory strategies of elderly road ziale, Defizite, Gesundheitsdaten und Kompensati­ users have been investigated and interventions to onsstrategien älterer Verkehrsteilnehmer unter­ improve their driving ability have been shown. Fur­ sucht sowie Interventionsmaßnahmen zur Verbes­ thermore, the BASt hosted the conference „Ageing serung ihrer Fahrkompetenz herausgearbeitet. Zu­ and Safe Mobility“ in November 2014 at which cur­ dem war die BASt im November 2014 Veranstalter rent findings from empirical studies on the behav­ der Konferenz „Ageing and Safe Mobility“, auf wel­ iour of elderly road users, road infrastructure, and cher aktuelle Ergebnisse aus empirischen Untersu­ automotive engineering were discussed. Insights chungen zum Verhalten älterer Verkehrsteilnehmer, gained at this conference are taken up in the report zur Straßeninfrastruktur und zur Fahrzeugtechnik at hand and are presented together with findings diskutiert wurden. Die hierbei gewonnenen Erkennt­ from relevant national and international publica­ nisse werden im vorliegenden Bericht aufgegriffen tions. This overview will help to adequately meet und zusammen mit Ergebnissen aus relevanten na­ new challenges of road safety which have arisen tionalen und internationalen Publikationen aufberei­ due to the increasing numbers of elderly persons tet. Diese Übersichtsarbeit soll helfen, die neuen and their mobility needs. The overview comprehen­ Herausforderungen für die Verkehrssicherheit, wel­ sively describes research on mobility needs, agere­ che aufgrund der steigenden Anzahl der Älteren lated peformance changes, and compensatory und ihrer Mobilitätsbedürfnisse aufkommen, ange­ strategies of elderly drivers. Furthermore, the use of messen zu bewältigen. Sie gibt den Stand der For­ tests in predicting driving ability and driving license schung zu Mobilitätsbedürfnissen, altersbegleiten­ regulations in different European countries are out­ den fahrrelevanten Funktionsveränderungen sowie lined. Another focus of the report lies on the deriva­ zu Kompensationsmechanismen älterer Fahrer um­ tion of measures to improve road safety for the el­ fassend wieder. Weiterhin werden die Eignung von derly, whereby this report mainly focuses on meas­ Testungen zur Vorhersage der Fahrkompetenz so­ ures to influence the behaviour of traffic participants. wie fahrerlaubnisrechtliche Regelungen in anderen Even though this report mainly considers findings europäischen Ländern näher beleuchtet. Einen wei­ on elderly persons as drivers, knowledge on and teren Schwerpunkt bildet das Aufzeigen von Maß­ measures for the elderly as pedestrians and cyclists nahmen zur Verbesserung der Verkehrssicherheit are also presented. Älterer, wobei hier überwiegend auf Maßnahmen eingegangen wird, die auf eine Veränderung des Verhaltens der Verkehrsteilnehmer abzielen. Auch wenn sich die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit vorwie­ gend mit Älteren als Autofahrer beschäftigt, werden auch Kenntnisse über und Maßnahmen für Ältere als Fußgänger und Radfahrer dargelegt. 4 5 Summary Demographic change – State of know­ on and measures for the elderly as pedestrians and cyclists are also presented. ledge and recommended measures to ensure safe mobility of elderly road users Current knowledge on the elderly as car drivers The motorized individual transport is still the means of transport most often used. Persons 65 years and Background and method older travel about half of their journeys a day using With respect to Germany the term demographic motorized individual transport. Driving a car makes change comprises the expected decrease in abso­ self-determined mobility possible for the elderly. lute population number in the long run as well as When deliberating the voluntary cessation of driving changes in age structure with a relative and abso­ or the implementation of age-related mandatory lute increase of the number of elderly persons. At tests of driving ability one should also take into ac­ the end of the year 2015 every fifth inhabitant of count potential negative effects that this might have Germany was 65 years and older. This change in on the quality of life. Studies have yielded evidence age structure also has an influence on everyday of among others a decrease in the number of activ­ mobility. ities, the development of depressive symptoms, a decrease of cognitive abilities as well as of physical functions among elderly persons who ceased driv­ The safety of elderly road users has therefore be­ ing. With that in mind, efforts should be made to come an important focus of the behavioural scientif­ maintain the driving ability of seniors a long as pos­ ic research at the Federal Highway Research Insti­ sible, whereby traffic safety cannot be disregarded. tute (BASt) in Germany. Within the scope of diverse research projects the performance potentials, defi­ An analysis of accident rates has shown that the el­ cits, health data, and compensatory strategies of el­ derly as car drivers do not represent a greater risk derly road users have been investigated and inter­ for traffic safety. Relativized to the number of per­ ventions to improve their driving ability have been sons in the age group and the number of kilometres shown. Furthermore, the BASt hosted the confer­ driven seniors are not overly involved in road acci­ ence “Ageing and Safe Mobility” in November 2014 dents. If involved though the consequences of the at which current findings from empirical studies on accident are often more severe for them due to an the behaviour of elderly road users, road infrastruc­ increased frailty. When looking at accident data one ture, and automotive engineering were discussed. always has to keep in mind systematic biases in the Insights gained at this conference are taken up in data due to the vulnerability of the elderly (Frailty the report at hand and are presented together with Bias), their lower mileage (Low Mileage Bias), and findings from relevant national and international the context of driving (Context Bias). Elevated crash publications. This overview will help to adequately rates only seem to exist among seniors who travel meet
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