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Characterization of Mammalian ADAM2 and Its Absence from Human Sperm

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Characterization of Mammalian ADAM2 and Its Absence from Human Sperm RESEARCH ARTICLE Characterization of Mammalian ADAM2 and Its Absence from Human Sperm Heejin Choi1, Sora Jin1, Jun Tae Kwon1, Jihye Kim1, Juri Jeong1, Jaehwan Kim1, Suyeon Jeon1, Zee Yong Park1, Kang-Jin Jung2, Kwangsung Park3, Chunghee Cho1* 1 School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea, 2 The National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Korea, 3 Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea * [email protected] a11111 Abstract The members of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) family are membrane- anchored multi-domain proteins that play prominent roles in male reproduction. ADAM2, which was one of the first identified ADAMs, is the best studied ADAM in reproduction. In OPEN ACCESS the male germ cells of mice, ADAM2 and other ADAMs form complexes that contribute to Citation: Choi H, Jin S, Kwon JT, Kim J, Jeong J, sperm-sperm adhesion, sperm-egg interactions, and the migration of sperm in the female Kim J, et al. (2016) Characterization of Mammalian reproductive tract. Here, we generated specific antibodies against mouse and human ADAM2 and Its Absence from Human Sperm. PLoS ONE 11(6): e0158321. doi:10.1371/journal. ADAM2, and investigated various features of ADAM2 in mice, monkeys and humans. We pone.0158321 found that the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM2 might enable the differential association of Editor: Andrew C. Gill, University of Edinburgh, this protein with other ADAMs in mice. Western blot analysis with the anti-human ADAM2 UNITED KINGDOM antibodies showed that ADAM2 is present in the testis and sperm of monkeys. Monkey Received: March 4, 2016 ADAM2 was found to associate with chaperone proteins in testis. In humans, we identified ADAM2 as a 100-kDa protein in the testis, but failed to detect it in sperm. This is surprising Accepted: June 14, 2016 given the results in mice and monkeys, but it is consistent with the failure of ADAM2 identifi- Published: June 24, 2016 cation in the previous proteomic analyses of human sperm. These findings suggest that the Copyright: © 2016 Choi et al. This is an open reproductive functions of ADAM2 differ between humans and mice. Our protein analysis access article distributed under the terms of the showed the presence of potential ADAM2 complexes involving yet-unknown proteins in Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any human testis. Taken together, our results provide new information regarding the character- medium, provided the original author and source are istics of ADAM2 in mammalian species, including humans. credited. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the paper. Funding: This work was supported by Mid-career Introduction Researcher Program through NRF grant funded by The a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain-containing protein (ADAM) family includes the MEST (NRF-2015R1A2A2A01005300), the Bio & membrane-anchored proteins that share a conserved multidomain structure comprising an N- Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by terminal signal sequence, a pro-domain, and metalloprotease, disintegrin, cysteine-rich, epi- the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (NRF dermal growth factor (EGF)-like, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic tail domains. The ADAM 2013M3A9A7046297) and GIST Systems Biology family members are widely distributed in different species and are present in a variety of tis- Infrastructure Establishment grant. sues. At least 34 and 26 ADAM genes have been identified in mice and humans, respectively. Competing Interests: The authors have declared More than half of the ADAM genes are known to be expressed exclusively or predominantly in that no competing interests exist. mammalian male reproductive tissues, such as the testis or epididymis [1]. PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158321 June 24, 2016 1/21 Characterization of Mammalian ADAM2 ADAM2 was one of the first identified reproductive ADAM genes. Also known as PH-30 β or fertilin β, ADAM2 was originally identified as an integral membrane glycoprotein in guinea pig sperm. Analysis of guinea pig ADAM2 revealed that the protein is synthesized in testis and processed during sperm maturation. The proteolytic processing of ADAM2 during epididymal maturation of the sperm removes the pro- and metalloprotease domains, leaving the processed form with an N-terminal disintegrin domain [2, 3]. Transcripts for ADAM2 have been identi- fied in the testes of numerous mammalian species, including mice, rats, rabbits, pigs, bulls, monkeys and humans [4–12]. Previous mouse knockout studies showed that male mice with deletions of Adam2 or the closely related Adam2 and Adam3 are infertile, with their sperm showing defects during the fertilization process [13–16]. These knockout mice have provided insights into the remarkably complicated relationships between ADAM2 and the other ADAMs. For example, ADAM2 has been found to form diverse ADAM complexes in spermatogenic cells, including the ADA- M1A-ADAM2, ADAM1B-ADAM2, ADAM2-ADAM3 and ADAM2-ADAM3-ADAM6 com- plexes [15, 17–19]. In addition, other ADAMs, such as ADAM4 and ADAM5, have been suggested to associate with ADAM2. Although ADAM7 is not believed to associate with ADAM2, these two ADAMs have been found to reciprocally regulate one another’s integrity [17, 20, 21]. The previous findings suggest that ADAM2 plays a central role in maintaining the stability of the proteins involved in the above-listed complexes. Moreover, complexes contain- ing ADAM2 and ADAM3 have been shown to be important for various sperm functions in mice, including sperm-sperm aggregation, sperm-egg interactions and the movement of sperm from the uterus into the oviduct [13, 22–24]. In the present study, we investigated the mouse, monkey and human ADAM2 proteins. We found a relationship between the differential types of ADAM2 complex formation and a change in the cytoplasmic domain in mice. We generated specific antibodies against human ADAM2, and used them to analyze ADAM2 expression in monkeys and humans. The gener- ated antibodies identified ADAM2 in monkey testis and sperm. We also identified ADAM2 (100 kDa) in human testis but not sperm. This suggests that ADAM2 has a different reproduc- tive function in humans compared to mice and monkeys. This is the first characterization of human ADAM2 at the protein level. Materials and Methods Ethics statement The biospecimens used in this study were provided by the Pusan National University Hospital; this hospital is a member of the National Biobank of Korea, which is supported by the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs. All samples from the National Biobank of Korea were obtained with informed consent under institutional review board-approved protocols. The study of human sperm was also ratified through the Ethics Committee of Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) and Chonnam National University (permit number: 20140818-BR-14-01-02). All participants signed an informed consent form permitting use of their semen remnants in this study. Animals All procedures involving macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB). The Macaca fascicularis testes and sperm were provided by the Korea National Pri- mate Research Center, KRIBB. Each monkey was housed in an indoor individual cage [60 (W) × 80 (L) × 80 (H) cm3], fed commercial monkey chow (Harlan Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158321 June 24, 2016 2/21 Characterization of Mammalian ADAM2 USA) supplemented daily with various fruits and was supplied with water ad libitum. Environ- mental conditions were controlled to provide a temperature of 24 ± 2°C, a relative humidity of 50 ± 5%, 100% fresh air at a rate of 12 room changes per hour, and a 12:12 h light/dark cycle. Monkeys were given toys. The animals were sacrificed after deep anesthesia using ketamine (20 mg/kg) by intramuscular injection. All mouse investigations were carried out according to the guidelines of the Animal Care and Use Committee of GIST. The protocol was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of GIST (permit number: GIST 2011–13). Mice were sacri- ficed by cervical dislocation. Antibodies For production of polyclonal antibodies, glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins con- taining the cytoplasmic tail domains of mouse ADAM2-CyT-1 (amino acids 723–735), mouse ADAM2-CyT-2 (amino acids 721–734), and human ADAM2 (amino acids 709–735), and the cysteine-rich/EGF-like domains of mouse ADAM1B (amino acids 491–697) were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 and affinity purified with glutathione Sepharose 4B (GE Healthcare). The recombinant proteins (GST-ADAM) were used as antigens for producing rabbit polyclonal antisera. An antibody against the human ADAM2 cysteine-rich domain was produced by immunizing rabbits with the relevant peptide (amino acids 576–591) synthesized by custom peptide provider (AbFrontier). The antibodies were affinity purified using the appropriate pro- teins and an AminoLink immobilization kit (Pierce). An affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal antibody to the cytoplasmic tail domain of mouse ADAM7 was prepared as previously described [25]. The following commercially available antibodies were also used: mouse mono- clonal antibodies against ADAM2 (1/1000, MAB19292) and
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