FOURTH CENTURY GREECE Spring 2015 (Review On-Line Lectures, Archaic Greece Through 4Th Cent

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

FOURTH CENTURY GREECE Spring 2015 (Review On-Line Lectures, Archaic Greece Through 4Th Cent CLCS 380, REVIEW SHEET I: FOURTH CENTURY GREECE Spring 2015 (Review On-Line Lectures, Archaic Greece through 4th Cent. Developments) A. MAP TEST. A map similar to the one below will contain numbered items from the following list. Answers will appear in multiple choice format. 10 items, 1 point each Map List: Athens, 2. Sparta 3. Corinth, 4. Argos, 5. Thasos, 6. Byzantium, 9. Delos, 10. Thrace, 16. Thebes, 24. Messenia, 25. Mantinea, 28. Macedonia, Sardis, Ionia, Thessaly Assigned Lectures: Archaic Greece, Tyranny, and Democracy External Conflict in the Greek World Political Trends of the Early Fourth Century BC.htm Further Note on 4th Century Greece Ancient Near Eastern Empires (Persian Empire) Summary for the Persian Empire OPTIONAL BUT RECOMMENDED: Plutarch’s Lives of Pericles, Alcibiades, Agesilaus, and Pelopidas B. MULTIPLE CHOICE ITEMS (THE FOLLOWING COULD APPEAR AS ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; INCLUDING IMAGES LISTED BELOW) Greek concepts: particularism/panhellenism, polis, hoplite phalanx. Athenian Empire (478-404): Battle of Salamis (480), trireme, Delian League, Athenian Tribute Lists, Pericles, Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC), Alcibiades, Second Athenian Confederacy (378-357 BC). Spartan Domination (404-371 BC): King Agesilaus, Peloponnesian League, Battle of Leuctra. (371 BC), Messenia and the helot problem Theban Hegemony (371-362): Epaminondas, Pelopidas, oblique phalanx, Sacred Band, shock cavalry, peltasts, Philip II of Macedon taken as hostage; Battle of Mantinea (362 BC). Persian Empire (c. 640-331 BC): satraps, “eyes and ears of the king”, Royal Road, Persepolis, Cyrus the Younger, Xenophon and the March of the 10,000; Know the following Images at the website: Greek warfare; Athenian Acropolis; Athenian Agora; Parthenon; Pericles; Propylea; as well as the following: Defenses at Mantinea Alcibiades Attic Red Figure Krater Remains of the Long Walls in the Piraeus, Athens Victory Monument of Epaminondas at Leuctra The Megalopolitan Gate at Messene.
Recommended publications
  • Artaxerxes II
    Artaxerxes II John Shannahan BAncHist (Hons) (Macquarie University) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Ancient History, Macquarie University. May, 2015. ii Contents List of Illustrations v Abstract ix Declaration xi Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations and Conventions xv Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1 THE EARLY REIGN OF ARTAXERXES II The Birth of Artaxerxes to Cyrus’ Challenge 15 The Revolt of Cyrus 41 Observations on the Egyptians at Cunaxa 53 Royal Tactics at Cunaxa 61 The Repercussions of the Revolt 78 CHAPTER 2 399-390: COMBATING THE GREEKS Responses to Thibron, Dercylidas, and Agesilaus 87 The Role of Athens and the Persian Fleet 116 Evagoras the Opportunist and Carian Commanders 135 Artaxerxes’ First Invasion of Egypt: 392/1-390/89? 144 CHAPTER 3 389-380: THE KING’S PEACE AND CYPRUS The King’s Peace (387/6): Purpose and Influence 161 The Chronology of the 380s 172 CHAPTER 4 NUMISMATIC EXPRESSIONS OF SOLIDARITY Coinage in the Reign of Artaxerxes 197 The Baal/Figure in the Winged Disc Staters of Tiribazus 202 Catalogue 203 Date 212 Interpretation 214 Significance 223 Numismatic Iconography and Egyptian Independence 225 Four Comments on Achaemenid Motifs in 227 Philistian Coins iii The Figure in the Winged Disc in Samaria 232 The Pertinence of the Political Situation 241 CHAPTER 5 379-370: EGYPT Planning for the Second Invasion of Egypt 245 Pharnabazus’ Invasion of Egypt and Aftermath 259 CHAPTER 6 THE END OF THE REIGN Destabilisation in the West 267 The Nature of the Evidence 267 Summary of Current Analyses 268 Reconciliation 269 Court Intrigue and the End of Artaxerxes’ Reign 295 Conclusion: Artaxerxes the Diplomat 301 Bibliography 309 Dies 333 Issus 333 Mallus 335 Soli 337 Tarsus 338 Unknown 339 Figures 341 iv List of Illustrations MAP Map 1 Map of the Persian Empire xviii-xix Brosius, The Persians, 54-55 DIES Issus O1 Künker 174 (2010) 403 333 O2 Lanz 125 (2005) 426 333 O3 CNG 200 (2008) 63 333 O4 Künker 143 (2008) 233 333 R1 Babelon, Traité 2, pl.
    [Show full text]
  • Citations in Classics and Ancient History
    Citations in Classics and Ancient History The most common style in use in the field of Classical Studies is the author-date style, also known as Chicago 2, but MLA is also quite common and perfectly acceptable. Quick guides for each of MLA and Chicago 2 are readily available as PDF downloads. The Chicago Manual of Style Online offers a guide on their web-page: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html The Modern Language Association (MLA) does not, but many educational institutions post an MLA guide for free access. While a specific citation style should be followed carefully, none take into account the specific practices of Classical Studies. They are all (Chicago, MLA and others) perfectly suitable for citing most resources, but should not be followed for citing ancient Greek and Latin primary source material, including primary sources in translation. Citing Primary Sources: Every ancient text has its own unique system for locating content by numbers. For example, Homer's Iliad is divided into 24 Books (what we might now call chapters) and the lines of each Book are numbered from line 1. Herodotus' Histories is divided into nine Books and each of these Books is divided into Chapters and each chapter into line numbers. The purpose of such a system is that the Iliad, or any primary source, can be cited in any language and from any publication and always refer to the same passage. That is why we do not cite Herodotus page 66. Page 66 in what publication, in what edition? Very early in your textbook, Apodexis Historia, a passage from Herodotus is reproduced.
    [Show full text]
  • Stories from Greek History
    TO ARCHIBALD R.B. HALDANE Conditions and Terms of Use My dear Archie, Copyright © Heritage History 2010 Some rights reserved Do you remember that bright summer morning last This text was produced and distributed by Heritage History, an year when we lay out on the lawn and read together the organization dedicated to the preservation of classical juvenile history "Labours of Heracles," and how you once interrupted to ask "if books, and to the promotion of the works of traditional history authors. the tales were true?" The books which Heritage History republishes are in the public domain and are no longer protected by the original copyright. They may The tales in this little book are true, and beside the therefore be reproduced within the United States without paying a royalty winter fire I wrote them, fancying that I still had your eager to the author. face beside me, heard still your eager demand for "another The text and pictures used to produce this version of the work, story." Will you like these as well, I wonder? however, are the property of Heritage History and are subject to certain Your loving friend restrictions. These restrictions are imposed for the purpose of protecting the Ethelwyn Lemon integrity of the work, for preventing plagiarism, and for helping to assure that compromised versions of the work are not widely disseminated. In order to preserve information regarding the origin of this text, a copyright by the author, and a Heritage History distribution date are TABLE OF CONTENTS included at the foot of every page of text.
    [Show full text]
  • Mercenaries, Poleis, and Empires in the Fourth Century Bce
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts ALL THE KING’S GREEKS: MERCENARIES, POLEIS, AND EMPIRES IN THE FOURTH CENTURY BCE A Dissertation in History and Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies by Jeffrey Rop © 2013 Jeffrey Rop Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2013 ii The dissertation of Jeffrey Rop was reviewed and approved* by the following: Mark Munn Professor of Ancient Greek History and Greek Archaeology, Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Gary N. Knoppers Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies, Religious Studies, and Jewish Studies Garrett G. Fagan Professor of Ancient History and Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies Kenneth Hirth Professor of Anthropology Carol Reardon George Winfree Professor of American History David Atwill Associate Professor of History and Asian Studies Graduate Program Director for the Department of History *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT This dissertation examines Greek mercenary service in the Near East from 401- 330 BCE. Traditionally, the employment of Greek soldiers by the Persian Achaemenid Empire and the Kingdom of Egypt during this period has been understood to indicate the military weakness of these polities and the superiority of Greek hoplites over their Near Eastern counterparts. I demonstrate that the purported superiority of Greek heavy infantry has been exaggerated by Greco-Roman authors. Furthermore, close examination of Greek mercenary service reveals that the recruitment of Greek soldiers was not the purpose of Achaemenid foreign policy in Greece and the Aegean, but was instead an indication of the political subordination of prominent Greek citizens and poleis, conducted through the social institution of xenia, to Persian satraps and kings.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Pelopidas with Marcellus
    75 A.D. THE COMPARISON OF PELOPIDAS WITH MARCELLUS Plutarch translated by John Dryden Plutarch (46-120) - Greek biographer, historian, and philosopher, sometimes known as the encyclopaedist of antiquity. He is most renowned for his series of character studies, arranged mostly in pairs, known as “Plutarch’s Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans” or “Parallel Lives.” Pelopidas and Marcellus Compared (75 AD) - Compares and contrasts the lives of Pelopidas, a Theban general, and Marcellus, a Roman general.75 AD COMPARISON OF PELOPIDAS WITH MARCELLUS THESE are the memorable things I have found in historians concerning Marcellus and Pelopidas. Betwixt which two great men, though in natural character and manners they nearly resemble each other, because both were valiant and diligent, daring and high- spirited, there was yet some diversity in the one point, that Marcellus in many cities which he reduced under his power committed great slaughter; but Epaminondas and Pelopidas never after any victory put men to death, or reduced citizens to slavery. And we are told, too, that the Thebans would not, had these been present, have taken the measures they did against the Orchomenians. Marcellus’s exploits against the Gauls are admirable and ample; when, accompanied by a few horse, he defeated and put to flight a vast number of horse and foot together (an action you cannot easily in historians find to have been done by any other captain), and took their king prisoner. To which honour Pelopidas aspired, but did not attain; he was killed by the tyrant in the attempt. But to these you may perhaps oppose those two most glorious battles at Leuctra and Tegyrae; and we have no statement of any achievement of Marcellus, by stealth or ambuscade, such as were those of Pelopidas, when he returned from exile, and killed the tyrants at Thebes; which, indeed, may claim to be called the first in rank of all achievements ever performed by secrecy and cunning.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Cincinnati
    U UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date: May 15, 2009 I, Kristine M. Trego , hereby submit this original work as part of the requirements for the degree of: Doctorate of Philosophy in Classics It is entitled: Plutarch's Story of Agesilaos; A Narratological Commentary Student Signature: Kristine M. Trego This work and its defense approved by: Committee Chair: Holt Parker Peter van Minnen Kathryn Gutzwiller Approval of the electronic document: I have reviewed the Thesis/Dissertation in its final electronic format and certify that it is an accurate copy of the document reviewed and approved by the committee. Committee Chair signature: Holt Parker Plutarch’s Story of Agesilaos; A Narratological Commentary A dissertation submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in the Department of Classics of the College of Arts and Sciences 2009 by Kristine M. Trego B.A., University of South Florida, 2001 M.A. University of Cincinnati, 2004 Committee Chair: Holt N. Parker Committee Members: Peter van Minnen Kathryn J. Gutzwiller Abstract This analysis will look at the narration and structure of Plutarch’s Agesilaos. The project will offer insight into the methods by which the narrator constructs and presents the story of the life of a well-known historical figure and how his narrative techniques effects his reliability as a historical source. There is an abundance of exceptional recent studies on Plutarch’s interaction with and place within the historical tradition, his literary and philosophical influences, the role of morals in his Lives, and his use of source material, however there has been little scholarly focus—but much interest—in the examination of how Plutarch constructs his narratives to tell the stories they do.
    [Show full text]
  • What May Philip Have Learnt As a Hostage in Thebes? Hammond, N G L Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Winter 1997; 38, 4; Proquest Pg
    What may Philip have learnt as a hostage in Thebes? Hammond, N G L Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Winter 1997; 38, 4; ProQuest pg. 355 What May Philip Have Learnt as a Hostage in Thebes? N. c. L. Hammond HE BELIEF that Philip did learn some lessons in Thebes was clearly stated in three passages.1 After denouncing the slug­ Tgishness of the Athenians, Justin (6.9.7) wrote that Philip "having been held hostage in Thebes for three years and having been instructed in the fine qualities of Epaminondas and Pelo­ pidas" was enabled by the inactivity of the Greeks to impose on them the yoke of servitude. The source of this passage was clearly Theopompus. 2 Justin wrote further as follows: "This thing [peace with Thebes] gave very great promotion to the outstanding natural ability of Philip" (7.5.2: quae res Philippo maxima incrementa egregiae indolis dedit), "seeing that Philip laid the first foundations of boyhood as a hostage for three 1 The following abbreviations are used: Anderson=J. K. Anderson, Military Theory and Practice in the Age of Xenophon (Berkeley 1970); Aymard=A. Aymard, "Philippe de Macedoine, otage a Thebes, REA 56 (1954) 15-26; Buckler=J. Buckler, "Plutarch on Leuktra," SymbOslo 55 (1980) 75-93; Ellis=J. R. Ellis, Philip II and Macedonian Imperialism (London 1976); Ferrill=A. Ferrill, The Origins of War from the Stone Age to Alexander the Great (London 1985); Geyer=F. Geyer, Makedonien bis zur Thronbesteigung Philippe II (Munich 1939); Hammond, Coll. St.-N. G. L. Hammond, Col­ lected Studies I-IV (Amsterdam 1993-97); Hammond, Philip=id., Philip of Macedon (London 1994); Hammond, "Training"=id., "Training in the Use of the Sarissa and its Effect in Battle, n Antichthon 14 (1980) 53-63; Hat­ zopoulos,=M.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT Constantinos Hasapis, Overcoming the Spartan
    ABSTRACT Constantinos Hasapis, Overcoming the Spartan Phalanx: The Evolution of Greek Battlefield Tactics, 394 BC- 371 BC. (Dr. Anthony Papalas, Thesis Director), Spring 2012 The objective of this thesis is to examine the changes in Greek battlefield tactics in the early fourth century as a response to overthrowing what was widely considered by most of Greece tyranny on the part of Sparta. Sparta's hegemony was based on military might, namely her mastery of phalanx warfare. Therefore the key to dismantling Lacedaemonia's overlordship was to defeat her armies on the battlefield. This thesis will argue that new battle tactics were tried and although there were varying degrees of success, the final victory at Leuctra over the Spartans was due mainly to the use of another phalanx. However, the Theban phalanx was not a merely a copy of Sparta's. New formations, tactics, and battlefield concepts were applied and used successfully when wedded together. Sparta's prospects of maintaining her position of dominance were increasingly bleak. Sparta's phalanx had became more versatile and mobile after the end of the Peloponnesian War but her increasing economic and demographic problems, compounded by outside commitments resulting in imperial overstretch, strained her resources. The additional burden of internal security requirements caused by the need to hold down a massive helot population led to a static position in the face of a dynamic enemy with no such constraints Overcoming The Spartan Phalanx: The Evolution of Greek Battlefield Tactics, 394 BC-371 BC A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History East Carolina University In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree Master of Arts in History Constantinos Hasapis Spring 2012 Copyright 2012 Constantinos Hasapis Overcoming the Spartan Phalanx: The Evolution of Greek Battlefield Tactics, 394 BC-371 BC by Constantinos Hasapis APPROVED BY DIRECTOR OF THESIS ________________________________ Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ancient World: the Triumph of Augustine
    CHAPTER I THE ANCIENT WORLD: THE TRIUMPH OF AUGUSTINE THERE IS NOTHING INHERENT or inevitable about a society’s sexual norms. A community’s attitudes about sex are the consequence of a complex constellation of social, economic, scientific, cultural, political, biological, demographic, psychological, historical, medical, moral, and religious influences. Throughout human history, what one culture deems natural, others condemn as perverse. In most societies, it is the man who takes the sexual initiative, but in others, such as the Hopi, Trobriander, and Maori, the woman is expected to make the first move. In some cultures, such as ancient Greece and traditional Eskimo, various forms of adultery are accepted, usually for men, sometimes for women. Some societies condemn (and even criminalize) premarital, oral, and same-sex sex, but many permit and even encourage such practices. Among the Siwana of Africa, for example, men and boys are expected to engage in anal intercourse as a perfectly natural form of sexual expression. Moreover, there is often a subtle cause-and-effect relationship between different sexual practices. Polygamous societies, for example, usually have high levels of same-sex conduct both because of the shortage of women for unmarried men and the inability of husbands to satisfy their multiple wives. Similarly, wives in polygamous societies tend to be especially creative about mastering autoerotic practices. Among the polygamous Azande, for example, wives are quite expert at fashioning ingenious masturbatory devices from sweet potato roots and bananas. Even within a single culture there are often sharp divergences between what the society condemns as inappropriate, immoral, or “unnatural,” what it prohibits through the criminal law, and what it informally tolerates in practice.
    [Show full text]
  • Military Death and Cowardice in Sparta Biblioteka Narodow a Warszawa
    Ryszard Kulesza “With the shield or upon it”. Military death and cowardice in Sparta Biblioteka Narodow a Warszawa 30001012793202 Tll. &3M. Vb/I Akme. Studia histórica 2/2008 ISBN 978-83-904596-9-2 Druk i oprawa: Zakład Graficzny UW, zam. 249/08 Sparta is often portrayed as a military society, and her atti­ tudes to valour and cowardice at first sight appear to support this perception. However, when one looks more closely at the treatment of cowards1, matters appear less clear-cut in several respects and suggest that the “win or die” mentality was a guideline rather than an all-encompassing requirement. Closely linked with the issue of valour is the problem of cowardice, as it is explained by Xenophons remark: “He [sc. Lycurgus] made it clear that happiness was the reward of the 1 After the publication o f the detailed study on the tresantes by J. Ducat (The Spartan 'tremblers [in:] S. Hodkinson, A. Powell (ed.), Sparta an d War, The Classical Press o f Wales 2006, pp. 1-55), it may seem a waste o f the authors’, and especially of the readres’ time to publish other studies devoted to the same topic. The main body o f this article was written before Ducats text appeared. It has, obviously, taken me a long time to decide whether further work on this makes any sense; finally, having read some other studies devoted to Sparta, I have decided that it is not necessarily reasonable to resign from all attempts to formulate new thoughts on an issue after an outstanding study on it has appeared.
    [Show full text]
  • What Were Philip II's Reforms of the Macedonian Military and How
    The Military Revolution: What were Philip II’s Reforms of the Macedonian Military and how Revolutionary were they? Classics Dissertation B070075 MA (Hons) Classical Studies The University of Edinburgh B070075 Acknowledgements My thanks to Dr Christian Djurslev for his supervision and assistance with this Dissertation. 1 B070075 Table of Contents List of illustrations…………………………………………………………....... 3 Introduction……………………………….……………………………………..4 Chapter One – The Reforms…………………………………………………… 8 Chapter Two – Effectiveness…………………………………………………. 26 Chapter Three – Innovation………………………………………………..…. 38 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………. 48 Bibliography………………………………………………………….............. 51 Word Count: 13,998 B070075 2 B070075 List of Illustrations Fig. 1. Three of the iron spearheads from ‘Philip’s Tomb’at Vergina. (Source: Andronicos, M. (1984), Vergina: The Royal Tombs and the Ancient City, Athens, p144.) Fig. 2. Reconstruction drawing of a fresco, now destroyed. Mounted Macedonian attacking Persian foot soldier. From Tomb of Naoussa (Kinch’s Tomb) dated to 4th C BC. (Source: http://library.artstor.org.ezproxy.is.ed.ac.uk/#/asset/ARTSTOR_103_41822000408458 )(accessed 03/03/2018). Fig. 3. Stylized image of what a typical hoplite phalanx looked like. (Source: ‘The Hoplite Battle Experience: The Nature of Greek Warfare and a Western Style of Fighting’ , http://sites.psu.edu/thehopliteexperience/the-phalanx/ ) (Accessed 03/03/18) Fig. 4. A Macedonian phalanx in formation. Illustration by Erin Babnik. (Source: https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-a-macedonian-phalanx-in-formation-illustration-by- erin-babnik-33292918.html ) (Accessed 03/04/18) Fig. 5. The Battle of Chaeronea, 338BC. (Source: Hammond, N. G. L. (1989), The Macedonian State: The Origins, Institutions, and History, Oxford, p117.) Fig. 6. The Battles of Leuctra and against Bardylis. (Source: Hammond, N.
    [Show full text]
  • Women and Power in the Court of Philip II
    Women and power in the court of Philip II Christiana Chantavaridou SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) in Classical Archaeology and Ancient History of Macedonia January 2020 Thessaloniki – Greece Student Name: Christiana Chantavaridou SID: 2204170003 Supervisor: Prof. I.K. Xydopoulos I hereby declare that the work submitted is mine and that where I have made use of another’s work, I have attributed the source(s) according to the Regulations set in the Student’s Handbook. Christiana Chantavaridou January 2020 Thessaloniki - Greece 2 Abstract This dissertation was written as part of the MA in Classical Archaeology and Ancient History of Macedonia aiming to enlighten the reasons for Philip II’s marital policy and provide information in relation to royal Macedonian women in his court. Philip II was the third out of the three sons of Amyntas III of the Argead dynasty, who ruled the kingdom of Macedonia from the backwater of the Hellenic world. Prior to his reign the kingdom was weak, unstable, possessing an impotent army that could not deal with their many aggressive enemies. His ascendance to the throne, his innovations during his reign and his multiple marriages were crucial for the transformation and expansion of Macedonia. Early in his reign he took five wives, part of his marriage policy to form alliances, aiming also to produce quickly male heirs to the throne. Two more weddings followed, the last one with a Macedonian noble probably of Argive descent that took place a little time before his assassination in 336 BC.
    [Show full text]