ࠄޗࣽᏢፕᘀ Nanhua Journal of Social Sciences ಃය 2015ԃ 6 Дрހ
วՉΓ ݅ᖃܴ(ࠄεᏢਠߏ) Ьጓ (ࣽᏢଣଣߏޗࠄεᏢ)ܴדᗛ ہጓᒠ ௲سЦ྆ಹ:ЎϯεᏢεኞ ௲سᅽճᏢޗЦቺ࿌:ύ҅εᏢ ߏ܌௲ঋ܌زߏਖ:ύᑫεᏢ୯ৎࡹᆶϦӅ٣୍ࣴ زࣴ܌ଣࡹݯزֆख़ᘶ:ύѧࣴ ௲سᛥШֻ:ύ҅εᏢኞ زୋࣴ܌ޗଣزሸӃ:ύѧࣴ (ࡪჄׇ௨ӈ)
Չጓᒠ ௲سျߝ:ࠄεᏢኞ շ௲س൹Ӽ:ࠄεᏢ୯ሞ٣୍ᆶҾᏢ շ௲سᏢޗഋ⨐:ࠄεᏢᔈҔ ጓᒠշ εᏢسࢅဘ:ࠄεᏢ୯ሞ٣୍ᆶҾᏢ εᏢسຐ఼:ࠄεᏢ୯ሞ٣୍ᆶҾᏢ
วՉ:ࠄεᏢޗࣽᏢଣ ႝ၉:(05)-2721001-2301 Ӧ֟:ကᑜε݅ᙼࠄၡࢤ 55 ဦ:(05)2427133 ᆛ֟: http://cs2.nhu.edu.tw/main.php ႝηߞጃ:[email protected] ࠾य़ी:݅ᘶࣔ ހ܌Ԗ.ፎϮᙌӑ ࠄޗࣽᏢፕᘀ
Nanhua Journal of Social Sciences
Ҟᒵ
วтຒ………………………………………………………… / 1
ጓޣޑ၉……………………………………………………… / 3
؇Ҏԣ/ 5……………………………………زቺ୯ੇหលϐࣴ
ᔮว VS.ᕉნߥៈǺѠ҇Ȩࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩ
ޑࠤໂৡຯ……………………………………………ֆख़ᘶ/ 35
ύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝϐΚᇡޕᄽᡂᆶӢᔈǺ
ኻϡǵӅӕѦҬᄤӼӄࡹϷংᡂᎂ……ݓѳ/ 63ܭᆫข
ѳၸำᡍߐᘖଷᇥ…ഋࡌԀ/ 97ޑձ໔௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦܄а
ϐ᠙ნ൨……………ഏᑳᛁ/ 121܌ۺǺᒿᢀЈزӧ௶ᇥ္
ϦӅࡹǵቶᆶ൞ࡹׯॠ……………………ࡌΟ/ 137
ᏢғϐΓ፦ᆶسவࢃຝኞࣽ
ፂँᆅኳԄ………………………………ླྀኀǵഋܴᙼ/ 177
ዺऊ……………………………………………………………/ 203
204 /………………………………………………………ٯኗዺᡏ ȠࠄޗࣽᏢፕᘀȡ วтຒ
ȠࠄޗࣽᏢፕᘀȡࢂҽаޗࣽᏢሦୱࣁЬᚒޑ ԃрࣽᏢଣԾ 2015 ԃ 6 ДബтǴޗᏢೌයтǴҗҁਠ Ƕޕᆶሀـԋ݀ǵҬࢬཀزт 2 යǴаว߄ࣴ
ᆶၗҁЬကଯࡋวמᗌΕ 21 ШइǴኞ൞ϟǵၗૻࣽ ᆶਔॿቚǴΥԜࣣ܄ϕޑǴу୯ሞࡹݯǵᔮǵЎϯ ᜢ߯ΨޑᆶԾฅᕉნޗǴΓЎǵӄౚϯဌזӄБՏӦу ਔж္ǴΓᜪሡाӭϡᆶၠሦޑೲᡂᎂזόᘐׯᡂύǹӧ೭ ჹ၉ǵޑဂሦୱϐ໔ޗሡाӚᏢࣽϷόӕ׳ࡘԵǴکᏢಞޑୱ ࿘ናǵᐟᕏᆶҬࢬǶ
דޑԋ൩܌ࠄεᏢࢂࢃεৣԭΓᑫᏢϐᜫΚ ӚޑǴਠ༜ۺǴаਜଣ௲ػᐋҥΓЎᆒઓࣁЬाᒤᏢ ࡌᆶวǴࣣࢂΜБεៈᆶৣғሸЈոΚޑԋ݀Ƕҁ ሀǴයఈޑǵඵችޕޚϩ٦ǴޑᏢǵᡍܭтҥ୷ ༜ӦǴޑឲکࣽᏢፕᘀȡૈԋࣁᏢࣚӅӕહસޗȠࠄ زၠୱϷᘳࣴܗᏢೌፕЎǴ໒ޑـుࡋᆶബڀό⽥ ᚒǴӕਔҭҗӚࣚޑЍǵ࿎ߦǴόᘐගϲҁтޑᏢೌН ሽॶϐႣයགྷǶޑё׳ӭϡǵ׳ޗബډǴаၲྗ
ہᆾӚᏢೌӃඁ፥εբǴጓᒠᆶቩ܍ҁፕᘀബтဦ ஏǴᙣڬᝄᙣǵ׳Ǵ٬ளҁтـڑፏӭٮӧጓቩၸำύග ठᖴǶٳԜ
ࠄεᏢਠߏ ᙣׇ
1 ጓޣޑ၉
ቩຑǴہǴᏢೌࣚៜਗ਼ǶӭՏຑቩۈҁтബтቻЎҲ ϷኞᏢߐΟεሦୱǶޗബтဦӅтฦ 7 ጇፕЎǴ఼ࡴࡹݯǵ ҁβڀӧࡹݯᏢߐǴΟጇтၩፕЎ఼ᇂΑ୯ϣѦϦӅ٣୍ᚒǴঋ ࣁύᑫεᏢޣȥǴբزᜢᚶᆶ୯ሞેǶಃጇፕЎȤቺ୯ੇหលϐࣴ ؇Ҏԣ௲Ǵቺ୯ੇหលϐวङඳǵ܌ز୯ৎࡹᆶϦӅ٣୍ࣴ ჹቺ୯ࡹݯٰϐቹៜǶಃΒጇፕЎȤᔮวځЬाࡹЬǴϷ ٩ᏵȨሽޣࠤໂৡຯȥǴբޑ፦Ьကሽॶȩނvs.ᕉნߥៈǺѠ҇Ȩࡕ ॶᡂᎂፕȩޑᢀᗺǴаѠࣁঁਢǴൂ୯ৎ҇வܤȨނ፦ ፦ЬကሽॶȩϐׯᡂำࡋǶނǴᙯԶݙख़ȨࡕޕЬကሽॶȩϐ୷ҁᇡ ಃΟጇፕЎȤύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝϐΚᇡޕᄽᡂᆶӢᔈǺᆫขܭ ۔၂კၸჹύ୯εഌޣኻϡǵӅӕѦҬᄤӼӄࡹϷংᡂᎂȥǴբ БᆶᏢޣᢀᗺǴύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝၸำύੋϷΚӢનޑᇡޕǴ Α٠ᒧኻϡǵӅӕѦҬᄤӼӄࡹϷংᡂᎂΟঁЬाᚒǴ ڀΚय़ᢀᗺᆶҥǶаΟጇፕЎࣣࣁཱུޑୱӝܭှύ୯εഌჹ ᏢೌుࡋᆶബཥϐբࠔǶ ǺᒿزȤӧ௶ᇥ္ޑጇፕЎǶഏᑳᛁٿᏢߐǴҁтӅԏᒵޗӧ ၸঁΓᎦԋǵ௲ᏢᡍаϷᆶჴ୍ޣϐ᠙ნ൨ȥǴբ܌ۺᢀЈ ޗԋࣁزߏයϕϸࡘǴவӚБय़ឍॊǴගр㯎ᇥՉࣴޑޣπբޗ ѳၸޑձ໔௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦܄ȤаޑǶഋࡌԀ܄ҔޑጄڂزࣽᏢࣴ ၮҔ 1990 ԃ~2001 ԃӚයޣǴբزำᡍߐᘖଷᇥȥǴ߾ࢂጇჴࣴ ৡޑ௲ػԋ൩ޑձᆶ໘ቫӢનԋѠᏢғ܄ᡂᎂၗǴϩޗѠ ጇЎകٿᖿ༈ǶޑႣය܌ᄽၸำޗ౦Ǵ಄ӝߐᘖଷᇥჹ໒วύ୯ৎ ࡌޑΑᝊٮሦୱύǴගޑᏢޗࡋǴӧفޑزჴቻࣴکጄڂزӚவࣴ Ƕق ȤϦӅࡹǵቶᆶ൞ޑጇፕЎǶࡌΟٿӧኞᏢߐǴ߾ԏᒵ നཥፕॊǴௗޑࡹׯॠȥǴ२ӃឍॊमᇟШࣚύᢕࣴቶᆶ൞ᐕў ቶࡹೕጄځൔરǴຑޑᔠຎऩυኻࢪ୯ৎǵВҁǵࠄᗬϷύ୯ ϦӅܺޑᘉεόѸ٩ቶԏΕ܈ჴ፬ϷԋᕮǴനࡕࡰрബޑᆶׯॠ Ȥவࢃຝޑࣁख़ाǶླྀኀǵഋܴᙼ׳൞ᡏǴࢂќঁᒧǴЪёૈ୍ ǴբزᏢғϐΓ፦ᆶፂँᆅኳԄȥǴࢂጇჴࣴسኞࣽ Ꮲғբࣁኬҁ҆ဂǴ၂კவՋࢩسύࠄεᏢϐεѤኞࣽ܌٩ᏵΎޣ ᏢғϐΓ፦ᆶፂँᆅسНǵОǵβǵ॥ѤᜪࢃຝǴٰኞࣽ ǴளаႣޣόӕΓ፦ڀᏢғύǴѤᜪࢃຝسኳԄǴ่ፕࡰрኞࣽ ౣǶ܄ৡ౦ޑڗ௦܌ෳӢᔈፂँਔ . 104.7ہࣽᏢፕᘀጓޗࠄ
3 !زቺ୯ੇหលϐࣴ ! زቺ୯ੇหលϐࣴ
A Study on the Pirate Party of Germany
؇Ҏԣ1
ᄔ ा ቺ୯ੇหលܭ 2006 ԃ 9 Д 10 Вܭ࢙݅ѱԋҥǶԋҥϐ߃Ǵѝຎ ख़ຎǶฅԶӧ࢙݅ 2011ޑϼεډڙᕉǴ٠҂ޑࣁࢂ୯ሞੇหលၮ ǴӢڋज़ޑள౻Ǵँઇ 5ʘచීޑԃ 9 ДᒧᖐϐࡕǴӢᕇளΑ 8.9ʘ чӢٖǵᙓᅟើٖаϷܭԃъԃ 2012 ܭᐟᓰǶௗԶޑԶᕇளཱུε ள౻Ǵੇหޑϩձᕇள 7.8ʘǵ7.4ʘаϷ 8.2ʘٖڶථӈ࠶Ջ-ᓅᅟථ ೲᚹϲǶᏃᆅӵԜǴזख़ाࡹលϐǴЍᆶលΓኧޑលςԋΑӄ୯ วǶ2013 ԃ 9 Дቺ୯ᖄٖޑۓӧ 2012 ԃԃۭϐࡕࠅΞևόᛙ ଣᒧᖐǴੇหលѝᕇளΑ 2.2ʘޑள౻Ƕ2014 ԃኻࢪᒧᖐࣗԿѝ ᕇளΑ 1.4ʘޑள౻ǶੇหលޑஙଆឦᐃǶ
ਔжԋҥੇหលǴჴࣁԃᇸᒧ҇ჹԖࡹݯǵᔮᆶޑӧᆛሞᆛၡ Ӽޑௗ҇Ьǵуமჹᆛၡ٬ҔޔӵуமٯගលᆜǴ܌ࡋϐϸኔǶڋޗ ӄߥምᆶၷЗԖୢᚒၗૻϐᓯӸᆶᅱ೬ᡏǴаϷӧᔮǵᕉߥᆶѦҬ ሀЎҹǴᙖҗᆛسдࡹលǶੇหលҭၸᆛၡځܭࡹБय़֡౦ سǴࣗԿᙖҗੇหលࢬԄӣ㎸ד٠Զ༟ࡹݯཀـၡѳѠྎ೯ཀ ჹࡹՉፕᆶᔠຎǴᜬᙟΑࡹលޑၮբኳԄǶԜၮբኳԄᆶ ᜢݙᆶЍǴฅԶࠅΨቹៜ၀ޑᐱЬǴࡋЇଆ࣬εޑหលੇ ༈ΠǴቺ୯ੇޑលϣი่Ƕఈ҂ٰǴӧεᕉნόճੇหលวޑល ᕭǶหលёૈஒ
ᜢᗖຒǺੇหលǵ୯ሞੇหၮǵᆛၡǵඵችౢǵࢬԄӣ㎸ ǵᖄٖଣǵኻࢪس
௲܌زࣁ୯ҥύᑫεᏢ୯ৎࡹᆶϦӅ٣୍ࣴޣբ 1
5 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! قǵ
ቺ୯ੇหលȐPiratenparteiȑܭ 2006 ԃ 9 Д 10 Вܭ࢙݅ѱύ C-Base ҅Ԅԋ ޑ٥ᐕξεቶ (Alexanderplatz) ߕ߈ (Berzirk Mitte) หលԋੇڂҥ(Appelius & Fuhrer 2012: 23)Ƕԋҥϐ߃Ǵѝຎࣁࢂӧྷ ҥϐࡕޑ୯ሞੇหលၮޑᕉǴӕਔΨࢂཥШжၗૻϯޗ ȐInformationsgesellschaftȑΠ܌ౢғޑࡹល(“Piratenpartei Deutschland,” හٖȐHessenȑܭԃ 2008 ܭख़ຎǶฅԶᒿ၀លޑϼεډڙǴ٠҂(2012 ள౻ϐࡕ(“Piratenparteiޑᒧᖐᕇள 0.3 ʘޑ२ࡋୖуٖቫભ (ᖄٖ (BundestagޑวǴ2009 ԃ 9 Дޑೲז Deutschland,” 2012)Ǵ 1.5ʘᆶ 3.4ʘϐ໔Ƕ2ᏃᆅӵԜǴ ܭள౻ςϟޑᒧᖐǴੇหលӧӚٖ ܈ǴੇหលϝؒԖҺՖংᒧΓૈΕቺ୯ᖄٖڋज़ޑӢ 5ʘచී ࢂӚٖǴฅԶ 2011 ԃࣿϺϐࡕ༈ЩᡂǶ
࢙݅ѱ3ܭ 2011 ԃ 9 Д 11 ВᖐՉᒧᖐǴੇหលᕇளΑ 8.9ʘޑள౻ ǴԶӅԖ 15 ՏੇหលលΕ࢙݅ѱڋज़ޑǴ२ࡋँઇΑ 5ʘచී (“Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin,” 2012)ǶੇหលவԜᕇளཱུεޑᐟᓰǴ чӢٖ-࠶ථݤܭӦБᒧᖐǴੇหលϩձޑௗΠٰӧ 2012 ԃъԃ উȐNordrhein-WsetfalenǴаΠᙁᆀчٖȑǵᙓᅟើٖȐSaarlandȑ ȐSchleswig-Holsteinȑϩձᕇள 7.8ʘǵ7.4ٖڶаϷථӈ࠶Ջ-ᓅᅟථ ڋज़ޑᒧ౻ǴੇหលӧԜΟٖ֡ၠၸ 5 ʘచීޑʘаϷ 8.2 ʘ (“Piratenpartei Deutschland,” 2012)ǶਥᏵ Forsa ҇ፓϦљܭ 2012 ԃ 8 Д ВᖐՉǴ߾ੇหលஒᕇڬΠঁܭ҇ፓǴऩᖄٖᒧᖐޑϦթ܌В 8 ள 9ʘޑள౻(“Sonntagfrage Bundestagwahl,” 2012)ǶฅԶӧ 2013 ԃ 1 2.1ʘ ډᒧᖐύǴੇหលࠅѝளޑΠᙓլහٖȐNiedersachsenȑޑД (“Landtagswahl in Niedersachsen 2013,” 2012)Ǵ҂ૈँઇၸ 5ʘޑచීǶ ऩӕኬа Forsa ޑ҇ፓኧᏵᢀϐǴੇหលܭ 2013 ԃ 8 Д 14 В܌Ϧթޑ ϐǴੇหលԾ 2012 ԃ 8 Дϐࡕևقள౻ǶඤޑኧᏵǴѝૈᕇள 3ʘ ቺ୯ᖄٖᒧᖐ่݀ё࣮ޑวǶҗ 2013 ԃ 9 Д 22 Вޑۓջόᛙ рǴੇหលനࡕᕇள 2.2ʘޑள౻ǴѝКѤԃቚу 0.2ʘ (“Yahoo Deutschland: Deutschland wählt,” 2013)Ƕӧ࢙݅ѱޑள౻ࣗԿѝԖ 3.6 ᒧᖐᕇள 8.9ʘޑʘ (Berliner Morgenpost 2013)Ǵᆶ 2011 ԃ 9 Д࢙ٖ݅ ϐǴੇหលᕵฅӧၸ൳ԃวِೲǴฅԶ٠҂قள౻࣬ຯࣗᇻǶඤޑ ᙓլහٖ҂рংᒧΓǴӢԶ҂ीΕीǶፎୖ᎙ǺLandesergebnisse der 2 Bundestagswahl 2009. ၗٰྍǺ http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/de/bundestagswahlen/BTW_BUND_09/ergebnisse/l andesergebnisse/index.html ΠၩВයǺ2012ԃ7Д17ВǶ ᗄѱǴӦՏᆶٖ (Land)࣬ӕǶޔ࢙݅ѱࣁቺ୯ϐ 3
6 !زቺ୯ੇหលϐࣴ ! ૈԋࣁԛܭ୷࿎௲ᖄ࿉ȐCDU/CSUȑǵޗ҇ЬលȐSPDȑаϷᆘល ȐGrüneȑϐࡕޑಃѤεលǴдӧӭӦБᒧᖐຬၸ 5ʘЍࡋޑຝ ࢂᐃǶ
៳หលவ 2006 ԃ 9 ДԋҥϐࡕǴวΜϩِೲǴԿ 2012 ԃ߃ςੇ ᖄٖଣᒧᖐϐࡕǴޑΑ 2013 ԃ 9 Дډฅςԋࣁቺ୯ಃѤεលǴՠ Ѳើฦൕ (Brandenburg) ǵᙓլහܭচᗺǶ2014 ԃ 8 ДډϪ՟ЯΞӣ ٖޑSachen)ᆶკ݅ਥ (Türingen)ǴаϷ 2015 ԃ 2 Д 15 Вӧᅇൕ) ᒧᖐࠅϩձѝᕇள 1.5ʘǵ 1.1ʘǵ 1.0ʘаϷ 1.6ʘޑள౻Ǵᇻեܭ (ள౻ࣗԿКԛᒧᖐ(2009ޑٖঁٿǴӧᅇൕᆶᙓլහڋज़ޑ5ʘ ഖቺ୯ੇหលϐวङزե(“Piratenpartei Deutschland,” 2012)Ƕޑٰ ࡹЬࢂࣗሶǻჹቺޑЬाځচӢࣁՖǻޑඳࣁՖǻԋኪଆኪပ زఈΞࢂࣗሶǻԜࣁԜࣴޑࡹݯวٰΑব٤ቹៜǻ҂ٰޑ୯ ޑЬाख़ᗺǶ Βǵቺ୯ੇหលϐวङඳ
Μϩِޑቺ୯ੇหលࡌҥّϞ҂ᅈ 9 ԃǴՠӧ 2012 ԃϐࠅว дኻࢪ୯ৎځډڙ .চӢόѦЯǺ1ځวङඳࣁՖǻ ᘜ่ځഖزೲǴ ࡋϐϸኔǹ3. ϸᔈԃߙΓڋޗหលᑫଆϐቹៜǹ2. ჹԖᔮǵੇ ᜢϪޑୢᚒǶ дኻࢪ୯ৎੇหលᑫଆϐቹៜځډڙ() 1.୯ሞੇหលၮϐጔଆ Seibert 2012: 13)ǶᏵीǴ2000)ڂའᝣϦᇡࢂӧྷޑหលၮੇ ྷܭ40ʘ(Neumann 2009: 6)Ǵӧਔҗ ޑςၲᕴΓαٯКޑᆛڂԃྷ ݤࡓೕጄϝόֹ๓ǴӭၗёޑբȐUrheberrechtȑߥምڂ ளǴԋӭ൞ᡏϦљǴх ֖ Disneyǵ Foxǵ Sony PicturesǵڗၸᆛၡΠၩ Universalǵ Viacom аϷ Warner Ϧљϐᝄख़ཞѨ(Neumann 2009: 6)Ƕ ՉࣁȩᆶȨੇหՉހȨหޑளᔞਢڗԜԜ٤ϦљຎࣁߚݤڋࣁΑϸ ԋҥΑȨϸڂԃӧྷ 2001 ܭࣁȩȐPiraterieȑǴॊӅऊΟΜঁ൞ᡏϦљ หՉࣁᒤϦ࠻ȩȐSvenska Antipiratbyrånȑ(Seibert 2012: 13)Ǵ׆ఈૈੇ ݤࡓаඵችౢϐߥៈǶଞჹԜၗྍᆶȨЎҹӅۓڋڂߦ٬ྷ ٦ȩȐFilesharingȑՉࣁஒᗒϯԋࣁȨҍȩϐᙯᡂǴЍȨၗྍӅ٦ȩ ޣΏܭ 2003 ԃԋҥȨੇหᒤϦ࠻ȩȐPiratbyrånȑǴբࣁჹԜЬϐȨϸ ၸࡋߥៈǴޑȩހࣁϸჹȨЬाນځၮȩ(Seibert 2012: 13)Ƕڋ ԶЍȨޕౢȩȐgeistiges EigentumȑϐၗૻҬඤ(Seibert 2012: 13)Ƕ ඵ៶იޑඵችౢϐԖಔᙃלȨੇหᒤϦ࠻ȩຎࣁࢂჹ ȐThink-Tankȑ(Neumann 2009: 6)ǴԋҥޑЬाҞޑࣁǺၸᆛၡૻ৲ Ϧ҇ཀޑӅ٦όᔈຎࣁࢂҍՉࣁޑሀǴҾკࡌҥᆛၡၗྍޑ
7 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ԃ 11 2003 ܭԃᇸΓϐ߆ǴӢԶډڙSeibert 2012: 13)ǶԜЬߚத) ҥȨBT ՛ܺᏔȩȐBitTorrent-TrackerȑɡੇหȐPirate BayȑǴڂྷܭД բࣁᆛၡၗྍӅ٦ϐѳѠ(Seibert 2012: 13)Ƕ หលϐࡌҥੇڂྷ.2 ߆Ǵՠӧ୯ሞᓸΚޑޣᆛၡ٬ҔޑቶεډڙᏃᆅȨੇหᒤϦ࠻ȩ ܭݤࡓǴόளόޑᆛၡΠၩόຎࣁߚݤޑচҁೕጄၗૻҬඤڂΠǴྷ ΠၩޑSeibert 2012: 14, 400)ǴԶ٬চҁค)ۓԃ 7 Д 1 Вख़ཥঅ 2005 ՉࣁፐаೢǶԜᙯᡂǴЇଆฅǶȨੇหᒤϦ࠻ȩޑԋᇡࣁਔ ԃ 2006 ܭࡼаᓸΚǴԶޣࡹݯၮǴჹࡹᐒԋዕǴѸ ሦᏤϐΠԋҥΑ୯ሞޑ Д 1 Вӧճլ•ݤᅟլЎȐRick Falkvingeȑ 1 ܌҂ԖޑȨੇหលȩǴ܈ᆀࣁหހលȐPiratenparteiȑ(Seibert 2012: 14)Ǵ ࡹݯಔᙃǶᏃᆅӵԜǴੇหល࠹ᆀǴޑЬޣඵችౢߥៈלࣁჹ ڂᆶಔᙃࠠᄊֹӄόӕ(Neumann 2009: 8)ǶྷޑҞޑ၀លᆶȨੇหȩ ԃ 2006 ܭምᛖǴԶૈୖᆶޑسႻᡏ۔२ाπբࣁլܺޑหលӧਔੇ ᒧᖐ(Neumann 2009: 8)ǶȨੇหȩ߾ᝩុၸᆛڂྷޑΐДᖐՉ הޑࡹ۬ڂճаϷྷޑѳѠǴᝩុࡷᏯॊҾޑၡȨၗྍҬඤȩ ጌȨੇหȩǴڗӧ 2006 ԃ 5 Д 31 Вܭࡹ۬ಖڂࡋǶӧ୯ሞᓸΚΠǴྷ ǴՠࠅЇଆЍܫ٠຺ਂΟՏख़ा༸(Neumann 2009: 8)Ǵᗨฅᒿջញ ޣӧථቺঢᅟነаϷঢൕȐGöteborgȑޑՉҢ࠶ၯՉǴԜࢲ (Neumann 2009: 8)Ƕ܌Ȩੇหលȩڂջҗྷ 3.୯ሞੇหលၮ॥ଆ Ϻ୯ሞϐख़ຎǴӧਔǴډڙԋҥੇหǴሥޣᆛၡ٬Ҕڂྷ ύǴځഖฅଯၲΟίϖԭΓԛ(Seibert 2012: 15)Ǵޣ٬ҔޑၸԜѳѠ Ծύ୯ǵ11.0ʘٰԾऍ୯ǵ 5.5ʘٰԾम୯ǵ 5.4ʘٰٰޣ٬Ҕޑ22.3ʘ ԾՋУǵ 4.4ʘٰԾݤ୯ǵ 3.9ʘٰԾу৾εǵ 3.5ʘٰԾကεճǵ ύ୯ᆶऍ୯ܭ୯ᆶݤࡓǴܭज़ڙ1.9ʘٰԾቺ୯(Seibert 2012: 15)ǶӢ дኻࢪ୯ৎǴჹځหលಔᙃǴฅԶӧੇޑڂྷܭਥҁคݤԋҥᜪ՟ ၮࠅ॥ଆǶ2006 ԃ 7 Д 31 ВǴՕࢶޑЬޣඵችౢߥៈל ճ • चࡘ୷ (Florian Hufsky) ബҥΑ༫ӦճੇหលȐPiratenpartei ÖsterreichsȑǴ೭ΨࢂಃΒঁԋҥੇหលޑ୯ৎ(“Piratenpartei Österreichs,” ࢙ܭӕԃ 9 Дܭ୯ৎੇหលၮϐႴᆸǴቺ୯ঁٿԜډڙǶ(2014 ࢂ॥ଆǴȨ୯ሞੇหលȩ(Pirate׳ԋҥੇหលǶԜࡕǵԜၮ݅ Parties International) ܭ 2010 ԃ 4 Д 17 ВܭѲᎹ༞ᅟ҅ԄԋҥǶ ࡋϐϸኔڋޗΒ)ჹԖᔮǵ) ᜢ߯ВᆙஏǴȨӄޑวၲᆶҬ೯ВߡǴ୯ᆶ୯ϐ໔מᒿࣽ ቻǶ ԜޑౚϯȩȐGlobalizationȑΏԋࣁၠШइаٰ୯ሞᜢ߯ύനܴᡉ
8 !زቺ୯ੇหលϐࣴ ! :ࢂࡽుЪᇻ(؇Ҏԣ 2008׳ቹៜځวᖿ༈ߚՠคݤᏲǴԶЪ 237)Ƕ
วϕࣁӢ݀ǴՠࠅҬΰቹៜǴޑᆶШࣚᔮמȨӄౚϯȩᆶжࣽ ᔅޑ܄ڮٰॠڙ٦ޑ፦ނШࣚԋࣁঁȨӦౚȩǴჹΓᜪޑ٬Ϟ ࣁ೦ৡຯВޑ၎ੰ܌ύനࣁΓځय़ቹៜǴॄޑշǴՠࠅΨٰ࣬ӭ ၮǴаϷ୯ৎЬόܰᕇளᆢڮޑ๊ྐډᘉεǵ ऩυЎϯஒᎁ ៈ(؇Ҏԣ 2008: 245-248)Ƕ
ޑдਏၨৡځΑٳБԄӝޑдځ܈ᖼٳεҾǴၸޑӃ୯ৎ ӵࡹݯુٯдЋࢤǴځࢂ܈ ЋݤǴх֖ቶǵޑҾǴӆаߦᎍ ࣁǺନΑཱུϿኧεიϐѦǴ่݀ځࢂд୯ѱǴ܈ॐЋࢤЬৌҁ୯Ǵ Ꭹ࣬ᜢౢᅌి؎ǴѨୢᚒӢԶВᝄख़ǴၸѱǴջځ ຝ(؇ޑཇ೦ޣຫǴ೦ޣᒏԾҗѱϐၮբԶख़ཥϩଛǴԋ܌ Ҏԣ 2008: 247-248)Ƕ܌ᒏȨMȩࠠޗޑຝǴ೦ৡຯᘉεޑୢᚒ дᓸΚԶόளځࢂ܈ᔮǵࡹݯܭڋڙӕኬวғӧ୯ሞ໔Ƕ໒วύ୯ৎ ᓬඁǴа࠹ޑளΑեᜢิڗࣁǺд୯ε୯Ҿ่݀ځҁ୯ѱǶܫό໒ ᝡݾΚޑǴฅࡕӆаᓬ༈܄ಞޑЋݤׯᡂΑԜ୯Γޑǵ Չᎍ ڙπวֹӄޑ࣬ᜢౢѺ௳Ǵ՞ሦΑ၀୯ѱǴ٬၀୯ޑஒԜ୯ ୢᚒǶޑԋ೦ৡຯВᘉεܭΓǴ ߏΦа۳Ǵ ಖܭڋ
ᖐǶ൩ݍηόയٯޑࡋΠǴᔮࢲ১Ժம१ڋޗӧϞᔮᆶ ࢂԖ܈ၯᔍೕ߾ǴࢂӧεҾޑǴдॺᇡࣁՉӭᔮࢲقԜԶ ߥៈǶՠࢂӧࡽளճޑӵჹඵችౢٯǴۓᔕ܌ϐΠדཀޑᒲΓ ่ǴԶׯޑϐΠǴࠅΞόܰׯᡂǶ ӢԜǴӵՖၸϸჹ༈Κעޣ วচΚǶޑၯᔍೕ߾Ǵ՟ЯΨ൩ࢂੇหលനख़ाޑᡂԜ٤όӝ (Ο)ϸᔈԃߙΓᜢϪޑୢᚒ 1.Ѩୢᚒ ࢂԃᇸΓځᝄୢᚒǴЀޑӅӕय़ჹ܌୯ৎঁѨୢᚒࣁҁШइ ѦǶٯѨୢᚒǴቺ୯ҭόޑ
Ѩ२ޑୢᚒВൾϯǴ1994 ԃޑቺϐࡕǴѨٿቺ୯ӧ ޑԿ 2007 ԃǴቺ୯ޔ10.6ʘ(Booth 2010)ǶԜࡕǴ ډࡋँઇ 10%Ǵၲ ϩձଯၲ 13.0ʘ׳ύǴ2005 ԃᆶ 2006 ԃځѨᆢӧ 10%аǴ ଯၲ 20.6׳аϷ 12.0ʘ(Booth 2010)Ƕ 2005 ԃǴቺܿӦѳ֡Ѩ ࣁᝄख़Ƕ׳ޑдԃសቫځѨୢᚒБय़ǴКޑʘ(Booth 2010)Ƕ ӧԃᇸΓ ϩձଯၲ 15.5׳ѨǴ2002 ԃਔࣁ 9.3ʘǴ2005 ᆶ 2006 ԃޑаΠྃ 24 ѳ֡Ѩࣁ 13.0ʘޑʘᆶ 13.8ʘ(Eurostat 2013)Ǵ֡Кӕԃࡋቺ୯ ޑރѨଯǴόᅈࡹ۬аϷགྷׯᡂܭଯǶӧਔǴҗޑᆶ 12.0ʘٰ
9 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ໔ǶޜԖճޑΑੇหលวٮӭǴ೭Ψග׳Γ൩ 2.ඵችౢၸࡋߥៈޑୢᚒ ᛬ೌբࠔǴаکԋ݀Ǵх֖วܴǵЎᏢޑඵችౢࢂࡰඵΚബ ѦᢀीȨඵችౢȩ( 2014)Ƕک಄ဦǵӜᆀǵ კႽޑϷύ٬Ҕ ᜪǴπౢхࡴวܴճǵٿހඵችౢёаϩࣁπౢᆶ ᛬ೌբࠔ(Ȩඵችک߾хࡴЎᏢހӦᇞǴکǵπࠔѦᢀी ୯ৎᏯډౢȩ2014)Ƕ1979 ԃǴऍ୯ಃԛஒඵችౢᏯౣගϲ ᏯౣǶޑቫय़ǶԜࡕǴඵችౢᏯౣ൩ԋΑऍ୯Ҿᆶࡹ۬ޑౣ ᘉкǴᅌԋΑکঅुޑӈسݤࡓՉΑޑऍ୯ӧඵችౢ Ԗճܭऍ୯ޑཥޑ୯ሞຩܰೕ߾(Ȩඵችౢȩ2014)Ƕऍ୯ޑౣ ᒤݤߥៈඵችౢǶुڋд୯ǴԶॐډଭቹៜ
ޑޕǴࠅ٬่݀ޑߥៈচҁคёࠆߚǴՠၸࡋߥៈޑඵችౢ ቹៜǴѝाัуόǴջԖߟᆶݤڙ٬ҔǴుޑࢂᆛၡځኞǴЀ ள܌Ƕ ൩аޣ٬Ҕޑࢂჹԃᇸځ၎ੰǴЀ܌ݩวғǴӢԶΦࣁΓޑ ǴਥҁคݤॄޣǴࣗԿࢂϝӧᏢޣଯեբࣁϩǴдॺёૈࢂ১༈ޑ ٬ҔǶ ՠࢂޑࢂी܈ࢂਥҁόᜫཀॄᏼдΓวܴǵ ബޣ܈ᏼǴ ፝ᓭߎǶӢԜǴޑѝाੋϷߟǴ൩ѸፐݤࡓೢҺǴࣗԿࢂᛦҬ႐ᚐ ҞޑࢂӭԃᇸΓոΚޔၯᔍೕ߾ǴޑЬᏤ܌ӵՖׯᡂҗம୯εҾ Ƕ ୢᚒޑᆛၡ٬ҔӼӄᆶԾҗ.3 ࣁߡǴӭ׳ளڗޑВදаϷᆛၡΠၩᆶၗૻޑᒿᆛሞᆛၡ หޑԃಔԋȨϸੇหᒤϦ࠻ȩǴᆶߚݤ 2001 ܭεࠠুҾޑӚԄӚኬ ޣᆛၡ٬ҔޑڂǴӧྷڋϸKlecha & Hensel 2013: 18)Ƕࣁ)ל࣬ჹހ ԃ೯ၸу 2005 ܭڂߦ٬ྷޣȨੇหᒤϦ࠻ȩǶ ޑᒏ܌ԃԋҥ 2003 ܭ ЍޑԃԋҥੇหលǶ൩ੇหល 2006 ܭޣݤࡓǹࡕޑமჹඵችౢߥៈ ᆶЎϯӧᆛޕ ߥៈǵޑᚒࣁঁΓၗૻޑǴдॺനࣁᜢϪقԶޣ ၡѳѠҬඤޑԾҗ(Klecha & Hensel 2013: 19)Ƕ
ߥៈǴԶόډڙࢂঁΓ٬ҔᆛၡਔǴঁၗᔈޑࡰ܌ߥៈޑΓၗૻঁ ܈୯ৎډڙҗǴԶޑЬက܀୯ሞ৮ڋӵӢٛٯҗǴޑᒏӼӄ܌ᔈӢ ޗޑᅱ࿎(Appelius & Fuhrer 2012: 97)ǶԿܭӧޕᆶЎϯӧᆛၡѳѠ ၸࡋߥៈޑԾҗόૈӢඵችౢޑԾҗБय़Ǵ߾ᇡࣁᆛၡ٬ҔޑҬඤ ǴӵՖዴߥᆛၡ٬قKlecha & Hensel 2013: 19)ǶჹдॺԶ)ڋज़ډڙԶ ٣ޑനࣁᜢϪޣࢂᆛၡ٬ҔޔӼӄᆶԾҗ(Crome 2013: 70-77)ǴޑҔ ނǶ
10 !زቺ୯ੇหលϐࣴ ! Οǵቺ୯ੇหលϐԋҥᆶว ()ԋҥၸ 1.ബ໘ࢤ ᆛςଯၲ 40%ǴӕڂǴ2000 ԃྷڂྷܭ୯ሞੇหលၮଆྍ ೲזਔයӧቺ୯ࠅѝԖ 18%( Neumann 2011a: 13)ǶԜࡕǴቺ୯ᆛ ଯၲ 84%( Neumann׳ڂᆛςԋߏࣁ 75%ǴྷޑԋߏǴ2009 ԃቺ୯ ၸำύǴቺ୯ᆛޑǴՠӧԋߏڂྷܭᆛեޑ2011a: 13)ǶᏃᆅቺ୯ εࠠুҾӕܭεӕλ౦Ƕӧቺ୯Ǵҗڂୢᚒᆶྷޑय़ᖏ܌ޣၡ٬Ҕ ޕǴ֫ᛖڋ࣬ज़ډڙճǴᆛሞᆛၡΠၩيኬᙖҗբݤߥምԾ ಔԋޣᆛၡ٬Ҕޑڂϐமਗ਼όᅈǶӢԜǴྷޣࢬ೯ǴҭЇଆᆛၡ٬Ҕ ፕȨᆛၡࡹȩۈӣៜǴ໒ޑቺ୯ԃᇸΓډڙȨੇหᒤϦ࠻ȩਔǴҭሥ ٬Ҕႝ၉ǵלᜢݙӧ׳ਔεৎܭୢᚒǴՠࢂҗޑȐNetzpolitikȑ E-MailаϷᆛၡೱ่ޑၗሡᓯӸϤঁДޑࡼ(Neumann 2011b: 41)Ǵ หលԋҥϐࡕωᙯੇڂԿྷޔݩރӧਔ٠҂ЇଆϼӭᜢݙǴԜ ᡂǶ ᖄٖੇหលϐԋҥ.2 ᆶ༫ӦճԋҥȨੇหលȩڂྷډڙޣᆛၡ٬ҔޑǴቺ୯ق܌ӵॊ ޑႴᆸǴ2006 ԃ 9 Д 10 Вܭ࢙݅є໒Αቺ୯ੇหលޑԋҥεǴӅԖ Տж߄рৢ( Neumann 2011a: 22)Ǵ٠ᖐլٚථӭᅽ•ᙔլ (Christof 53 Leng) ࣁ२ҺលЬৢǴቺ୯ԋΑ୯ሞಃΟঁԋҥੇหលޑ୯ৎǴฅԶ ёኇǴӧࡹݯϝ҂ᕇளϼӭᜢݙǶޑលΓኧࠅϝϿ Ӛٖԋҥੇหលٖល.3 Ꮓᆅቺ୯ੇหលԋҥਔޑលΓኧόӭǴฅԶӧ 2006 ԃоϺϐ ܌Ӄࡕׇӵ߄ځวࠅΜϩِೲǴӚٖԋҥٖលǴޑࡕ ӈǶ
ѤঁДǴ࢙݅ѱ൩ςԋҥٖډҗ߄ё࣮рǴӧੇหលԋҥϐࡕό លǴ൳ϺϐࡕǴЃҵճ٥ҭၟԋҥǴԿ 2007 ԃԃۭǴςԖޑቫભ ԋҥٖលǴԶԿ 2009 ԃ 6 ДۭǴቺ୯ 16 ঁٖ֡ςԋҥΑੇٖޑъኧ ЍࡋᅌᅍǶޑࢂځหលٖលǴੇหលӧӚٖǴЀ
Ӝۉ߄Ǻቺ୯ੇหលԋҥٖលϐׇᆶҺលЬৢ
ׇ ٖӜᆀ ԋҥਔ໔ ҺលЬৢ 1 ࢙݅ 2006ԃ12Д30В Gerhard Anger 2007ԃ1Д6В Nicole Britz Ѓҵճ٥ 2
11 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! 3 හ 2007ԃ2Д16В Volker Berkhout ч-࠶ථݤউ 2007ԃ6Д9В Patrick Schiffer 4 5 Πᙓլහ 2007ԃ7Д8В Andreas Neugebauer 6 ᅇൕ 2007ԃ10Д21В Hauke Uphues 7 Ѓฦ-಄បൕ 2007ԃ11Д25В Martin Eitzenberger 2007ԃ12Д16В Christian Thiessen ڶථӈථ࠶-ᇲᅟථ 8 ើ-ݤᅟ 2008ԃ8Д7В Klaus Brand 9 10 ᙓլහ 2008ԃ8Д8В Michael Bauschke 11 Ѳើฦൕ 2008ԃ10Д3В Michael Hensel ഝլউൕ-ᅽݢఘᅟৱ 2009ԃ6Д21В Jörg Neubert 12 13 ᙓᅟើ 2009ԃ6Д24В Gerd Rainer Weber 14 Ѳఘ 2009ԃ6Д26В Vol ke r Me nge 15 ᙓլහ-Ӽࠖᅟ 2009ԃ6Д27В Anne Funke 16 კ݅ਥ 2009ԃ6Д28В Sebastian Beitlich — ӄቺ୯ 2006ԃ9Д10В Stefan Körner ၗٰྍǺ1. Felix Neumann, Die Piratenpartei: Entstehung und Perspektiven, Freiburg im Breisgau, Oktober 2011b, http://fxneumann.de/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/felix-neumann-piratenpartei-entstehung-und- perspektive.pdf, p.44.
ԾǺڗ ,Piratenpartei Deutschland — Deutschland.2 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratenpartei_Deutschland?previous=yes#cite_note-86 Πၩ ВයǺ2015 ԃ 4 Д 2 ВǶ (Β)ੇหលϐว หលԋҥّϞόᅈΐԃǴόၸࠅςᐕΑ 7 ՏលЬৢǴӃࡕࣁᙔੇ լ (Һයҗ 2006 ԃ 9 Д 10 ВଆԿ 2008 ԃ 5 Д)ǵ഻ᅟѲӈ׆ (Dirk HillbrechtǴҺයҗ 2008 ԃ 5 ДԿ 2009 ԃ 7 Д)ǵᖻҁѲ׆(Jens SeipenbuschǴҺයҗ 2009 ԃ 7 ДԿ 2011 ԃ 5 Д)ǵϣᅟ (Sebastian Matthias NerzǴҺයҗ 2011 ԃ 5 ДԿ 2012 ԃ 4 Д)ǵථࢶነ (Bernd SchlömerǴҺයҗ 2012 ԃ 4 ДԿ 2013 ԃ 11 Д)ǵᆢᅟථ(Thorsten WirthǴ Һයҗ 2013 ԃ 11 ДԿ 2014 ԃ 7 Д)аϷҺޑլᅟᒍǶନΑ२Һᙔլ Ꭹ֡ѝԖԃѰѓǴᆢᅟථࣗԿځҺයัߏϐѦǴޑᆶಃΟҺᖻҁѲ׆ ၀ܭज़ڙหលሦᏤ໘ቫੇـىលЬৢԶ൩࠹ѲᜏᙍǴޑѝᏼҺΑ 8 ঁД លޑၮբኳԄǴԶࣗᜤӧលϣࡌҥԾρޑ࠶ఈǶ
ੇหលԋҥϐࡕԿ 2011 ԃ 9 Д࢙݅ᒧᖐϐࡕǴමࡋጲࠁวǴ
12 !زቺ୯ੇหលϐࣴ ! ৲ӆрǴޑࢂЍࡋ֡εቚǴฅԶᒿϣό࿌܈όᆅࢂលΓኧ คز֎ЇΚǴԿ 2013 ԃϐࡕࠅΞᅌԄ༾ǴಖޑаϷς഼ѨΑჹᒧ҇ ԜᙧܭдϩፕԶόځܭݤԋࣁቺ୯ಃѤεលǶ࣬ᜢ௶ॊஒ ॊǶ ѤǵಔᙃࢎᄬǵၮբБԄᆶᒧᖐ ()ಔᙃࢎᄬ ಔᙃࢎᄬၨόᝄᙣǴӧӭӦคݤుޑдࡹលǴੇหលځ࣬ၨᆶ ہдࡹលǴҗԶΠԖύѧځಔᙃࢎᄬࠅӵӕځΕ୷ቫǶฅԶ ȐVor stand ȑǵٖលȐLandesverbändeȑǵӦБលȐUnterverbändeȑǵ ߙԃಔᙃȐJugendorganisationȑаϷੇหលεᏢიȐHochschulgruppeȑ Ƕ ہύѧ.1 ৡ౦όεǴӧᖄٖቫભԖޑдࡹលځӧಔᙃБय़Ǵቺ୯ੇหលᆶ ᎩځᒧᖐౢғϐѦǴ܌ԋҗԋҥεہǴନΑಃҺہύѧ ہᒧᖐౢғǴӅᒧр 9 Տ܌ (ӚҺ֡җᖄٖលж߄ε(Bundesparteitag Ǵ֖លЬৢ (Vorsitzender)ǵୋЬৢ(Stellvertretetender)ǵࡹ୍Չߏ (Politischer Geschäftsführer)аϷ୍Ьᆅ (Schatzmeister)Ǵॄೢឦᖄ ޑԃ 6 Да 62.05ʘள౻ᒧ 2014 ܭǶҺលЬৢࣁখނ٣ޑቫભٖ լᅟᒍ (Stefan Körner)(“Stefan Körner,” 2015)Ƕ
หលԋҥّϞςᐕΑ 7 ՏលЬৢǴӃࡕࣁᙔլ ǵ഻ᅟѲӈ׆ੇ լᅟᒍǶନΑ२ޑǵᖻҁѲ׆ǵϣᅟ ǵථࢶነ ǵᆢᅟථаϷҺ Ꭹ֡ѝԖԃѰѓǴᆢᅟځҺයัߏϐѦǴޑҺᙔլᆶಃΟҺᖻҁѲ׆ ථࣗԿѝᏼҺΑ 8 ঁДޑលЬৢԶ൩࠹ѲᜏᙍǶ លٖ.2 หលନΑᖄٖលϐѦǴќѦӧӚٖӕኬԖលǶ୷ҁǴٖੇ җہԋᆶЬہVorsitzender)Ǵ)ہᆶٖលЬہលӕኬԖ ೕޑٖঁܭល୍ǶҗޑௗᒧᖐౢғǴᆕੇหលӧ၀ٖޔ၀ٖលж߄ ኳελόǵលΓኧᆶੇหលӧ၀ӦϐЍࡋҭόᅰ࣬ӕǴӢԶ ೕኳҭόӄฅ࣬ӕǶޑលٖঁ 3.ӦБល ٖঁǴҭջӦБលǶόၸڐӧٖលϐΠǴੇหលԖӦБ Ǵӧٯಔᙃࢎᄬࠅόӄฅ࣬ӕǶаЃҵճ٥ᆶЃฦ಄បൕٖࣁޑӧӦБ ՉࡹǴӢԶҭԖលޑ(ᆶᑜѱϐ໔ӢќԖ (Berzirkٖ ޑᒏ܌Piratenpartei Deutschland,” 2015)Ƕ ӧ࢙݅ᆶчٖ߾Ї“)
13 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ȩ(Crew-System) (“Piratenpartei Deutschland,” 2015)ǴӧسȨΓጓಔ ୍ǶځΠՉϩπǴۺϩቫॄೢཷ
дٖ߾Ԗᑜѱល (Kreisverbände)ǴځନΑॊѤঁٖϐѦǴӧ ໂᙼঁǴӢੇหលϐលΓኧϝόӭǴ٠ߚڐޑեቫભ׳ࢂ܈ ǶڐGemeinde) ֡ςԖੇหល) 4.ੇหលߙԃಔᙃ ੇหលߙԃಔᙃ߯ܭ 2009 ԃ 4 Д 18 Вӧ Wiesbaden ԋҥǴԿ 2010 ԃ 5 Д 16 Вωӧҗੇหលӄ୯លж߄ε،ϐࡕ҅ԄௗયǶୖ ሡाۓǴฅԶࣁߙԃಔᙃԋǴ٠όྃ 28 ܭԃइሡϿޑуߙԃಔᙃ ࢂੇหលលǶԿ 2014 ԃ 8 ДਔऊԖ 900 Տល(“Junge Piraten,” 2015)Ƕ
җܭԃᇸΓࣁੇหលനख़ाޑЍޣǴӢԶߙԃಔᙃҭӢԶΜϩࢲ ӵঁၗߥៈǵԃᇸΓٯᚒǴޑᜢϪ܌ځख़ຎǶޑหលੇډڙǴΜϩ៌ ձݔຎ(“Junge܄ޑ٬Ҕᆛၡᆶ൞ᡏϐӼӄߥምǴаϷੇหលϣ ख़ाЬǶޑหលϐख़ຎǴനࡕԋࣁੇหលੇډڙPiraten,” 2015)ǴΜϩ 5.ੇหលεᏢი 2009 ԃ 5 Дܭਜ਼ᅟৱ (Ulm)εᏢԋҥಃঁੇหលεᏢიǴௗԶ ओ৾ (Jena ) ǵьᅟථᎹᅟ (Karlsruhe)ǵऍӢ (Mainz)аϷᇯਥܭ (Tübingen) εᏢԋҥឦ܄࣬߈ޑੇหលεᏢი(“Piratenpartei εᏢ֡ςԋҥΑੇหޑቺ୯ЬाܭDeutschland,” 2015)ǶԿϞǴੇหល លεᏢიǶ (Β)ល 1.លΓኧϐᄽᡂ ቺ୯ 2006 ԃ 9 ДԋҥਔޑលჳჳёኧǴҗკё࣮рǴԿ 2009 ԃϤДᖐՉኻࢪᒧᖐϐǴលޑԋߏ൯ࡋΜϩԖज़ǶԜࡕǴҗܭ ቹៜ(Niedermayer 2013: 92)ǴԿ 2009ޑኻࢪᒧᖐᕇள 0.9%ᐟᓰډڙ ԃ 9 Дቺ୯ᖄٖଣȐBundestagȑᒧᖐਔǴលΓኧςຬၸ ΓǶԜࡕǴលΓኧϐԋߏΞևଶᅉޑຝǴՠ 2011 ԃ 9 Д࢙݅ ೲቚуǴ2012 ԃזႴᆸǴលΓኧډڙѱᒧᖐǴੇหល२ࡋँઇ 5%Ǵ ၳ߈ΟϖίΓǶฅԶԾ 2012׳ДςँઇΟΓǴӕԃহࣿҬඹϐሞ 5 ΓȐፎୖ 3 ډលΓኧςόޑΠྖǴ2014 ԃ߃ۈԃۭǴលΓኧ໒ ᎙߄ΒȑǶ
លΓኧനӭǴޑលΓኧуаᢀჸǴЃҵճ٥ٖޑന߈ޑऩаӚٖ
14 !زቺ୯ੇหលϐࣴ ! ΓǴӆ 4844 ޑԛࣁч-࠶ථݤউٖځԃ 3 Д໔ၲ 5185 ΓǴ 2015 ԭΓǶऩаӚٖΓαᕴኧуаᑽໆǴӧ࢙݅Ǵ 2790 ޑԛࣁ࢙݅ѱځ ΓǴӆ 557 ޑԛࣁᅇൕѱځǹޣനଯٯΓύԖ 803 ࣁੇหលǴࣁК ΓǶ 164 ޑࣁᙓլහ-ӼࠖᅟٖޣΓǹനϿ 413 ޑԛࣁЃҵճ٥ٖځ ԭΓϐលΓኧ֡Πࢂ܈ऩᆶԃ࣬ၨǴคፕࢂӚٖϐលΓኧ ӵ࢙݅ѱᆶᅇٯࣗӭǶԜѦǴҗीኧᏵё࣮рǴੇหលӧӦྖ ൕѱϩձࣁቺ୯ಃᆶಃΒεࠤǴಃΟεࠤ—ኀѭѱ߾ࢂЃҵճ٥ٖ २۬Ƕޑ
კǺቺ୯ੇหលวᖿ༈კȐ2006 ԃ 9 ДԿ 2014 ԃ 9 Дȑ
06 ԃ 9 Д 07ԃ 5 Д 08ԃ 1 Д 08ԃ 9 Д 09ԃ 5 Д 10ԃ 1 Д 10ԃ 9 Д 11 ԃ 5 Д 12ԃ 1 Д 12ԃ 9 Д 13ԃ 5 Д 14ԃ 1 Д 14ԃ 9 Д
07 ԃ 1 Д 07ԃ 9 Д 08ԃ 5 Д 09ԃ 1 Д 09ԃ 9 Д 10ԃ 5 Д 11ԃ 1
Д 11ԃ 9 Д 12ԃ 5 Д 13ԃ 1 Д 13ԃ 9 Д 14ԃ 5 Д
ᇥܴǺቺ୯ੇหលԋҥϐࡕǴමܭ 2009 ԃϤДୖуኻࢪᒧᖐǵ ԃ 9 Дǵ 2011 ܭԃ 9 ДаϷ 2013 ԃ 9 Дୖуቺ୯ᖄٖᒧᖐǴ٠Ъ 2009 ᒧᖐǶޑԃ 1 Дୖу࢙݅аϷΠᙓլහٖ 2013
ԾǺڗ ,ၗٰྍǺMitglieder, der freie Enzyklopädie http://wiki.piratenpartei.de/Mitglieder#Mitglieder_nach_Landesverband ΠၩВයǺ2015 ԃ 3 Д 18 В
߄ΒǺቺ୯ӚٖੇหលលΓኧКၨ߄
ၩ܌ԭΓϐល ၗ Ӝᆀ ӚٖΓαኧ លΓኧٖ (ԭΓ) Γኧ ϐВය Ѓฦ-಄បൕ 10.8 2896 269 2014.03 1662 155 2015.03
15 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! 12.5 5762 459 2014.02 Ѓҵճ٥ 5185 413 2015.03 ࢙݅ 3.5 3366 969 2014.03 2790 803 2015.03 Ѳើฦൕ 2.5 1017 407 2014.03 733 293 2015.03 Ѳఘ 0.7 290 439 2013.12 243 368 2015.03 ᅇൕ 1.8 1070 594 2014.01 1003 557 2015.03 හ 6.1 1693 279 2014.02 1368 225 2015.03 ഝլউൕ-ᅽݢఘᅟৱ 1.6 430 263 2014.03 152 93 2015.03 Πᙓլහ 7.9 2549 322 2014.03 2082 263 2015.03 ч-࠶ථݤউ 17.8 5693 319 2014.02 4844 272 2015.03 ើ-ݤᅟ 4.0 865 216 2014.02 671 168 2015.03 ᙓᅟើ 1.0 447 440 2014.02 399 393 2015.03 ᙓլහ 4.1 833 201 2014.02 746 180 2015.03 ᙓլහ-Ӽࠖᅟ 2.3 446 192 2013.12 381 164 2015.03 2014.02 331 937 2.8 ڶථӈථ࠶-ᇲᅟථ 828 292 2015.03 კ݅ਥ 2.2 510 229 2014.02 479 215 2015.03 ნѦលΓኧ ɡ 134 ɡ 2014.02 121 ɡ 2015.03 ᕴी 81.7 28938 354 2014.03 23687 290 2015.03 ԾǺhttp://wiki.piratenpartei.de/Mitgliederڗ ,ၗٰྍǺMitglieder, der freie Enzyklopädie ΠၩВයǺ2015 ԃ 3 Д 18 В 2.លϐԃស่ᄬ ࢂځԿ 50 ྃϐ໔ǴЀྃ 23 ܭҗკΒё࣮рǴੇหលលЬाϩѲ ᚒԶޑ൩ࢂࣁӢᔈԃᇸΓᜢϪۈԿ 35 ྃԜԃសቫǶੇหលԾྃ 25
16 !زቺ୯ੇหលϐࣴ ! ᑫଆǴനૈᕇளԃᇸᒧ҇ϐЍǴលදၹၨԃᇸǶ
(კΒǺቺ୯ੇหលលԃស่ᄬკ(2013 ԃ 5 Д 7 Вϐݩ
ԾǺڗ ,ၗٰྍǺ“Mitglieder,” Wikipedia, der freie Enzyklopädie http://wiki.piratenpartei.de/Mitglieder#Mitglieder_nach_Landesverband ΠၩВයǺ2015 ԃ 3 Д 20 ВǶ ϐԋדΟ)ၮբБԄᆶࡹݯཀ) നεৡ౦ᔈ൩ࢂࡹល،ϐၮբБԄᆶޑдࡹលځቺ୯ੇหលᆶ ϐԋ(Politische Willensbildung)ǶੇหលӢᆛၡୢᚒԶᑫד၀លࡹݯཀ ሀЎҹǴسଯЋǴӢԜǴၸᆛၡޑ൳Яࢂ٬ҔᆛၡޣЍځଆǴ ǴࣗԿᙖҗੇหលࢬԄד٠ԶՉ༟ࡹݯཀـᙖҗᆛၡѳѠྎ೯ཀ (Liquid Feedback der Piratenpartei) ჹࡹՉፕᆶᔠຎسӣ㎸ (“Liquid Feedback der Piratenpartei,” 2015)ǴᜬᙟΑࡹលޑၮբኳ ԄǶ ሀЎҹسаᆄ.1 Տលૈ᎙(ቅӧᆄǴܫϦЎޑቺ୯ੇหលϣྎ೯ Ԗੇหលനख़ा܌ډᆛ൳Яёа۔ޑठܷ 2013)Ƕ٣ჴǴவੇหល ၗǴх֖ୖᆶᖄٖᒧᖐϐលᆜǵӚٖϐលᆜǵੇหលҗᖄٖԿޑ ǵࣗԿӦБលϐၗǵЎҹ(“Piraten Partei,” 2015)ǶԜѦǴҭёٖ ளᖄٖǵٖǵលीၗǵڗၸቺ୯ੇหលᆢ୷ (Wiki) ϕᖄᆛύё ݩǵಔᙃǵӚᅿၗǵࣗԿࢂӚቫભᒧᖐϐᒧӜൂ(“Wikiރ୍ നעหលੇܭPiraten Partei,” 2015)Ǵ൳ЯࢂхᛥຝǴၗᙦǶҗ ӧᆄǴёуೲЎҹ۳ٰᆶϕϐਏ݀ǶҗԜёܫၗᆶЎҹޑख़ा ࣮рੇหលख़ຎၗૻܴϯϐำࡋǶ ྎ೯ـՉཀس ᙖҗ Mumble.2 ೬ᡏǴҗਊ࠶ᝤԎᅟґቺ嘘યගլೌמMumble ࣁঁᆛၡ೯၉
17 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! (Thorvald Natvig) ܭ 2005 ԃ܌р(“Mumble,” 2015)ǴԿϞςԖӭཥ ޑހҁǴੇหលջࢂၸ Mumble ಠϺ࠻ჹᚒՉፕǶលёၸ ቅठܷ 2013)Ƕ)قፕǴࣗԿΨёаวޑ᠋លж߄ॺسԜ
Γ֡ёঁޑǴҺՖԖᑫ፪ܫҭӕਔჹߚល໒س٣ჴǴԜ ѡ၉֡ᒵΠٰǴقՉᆶวޑᢀ࣮ੇหលسၸԜ ǴࣗԿדȨຫ៏ຫܴȩǴੇหលϐࡹݯཀޑᒏ܌ ቅठܷ 2013)Ƕ) ࢂೱលᆜǴΨࢂҔӧԜБԄΠǴᜪ՟ᆢ୷ԭࣽ (Wikipedia) ጓኗޑ ԋǶۺཷ سࡌҥࢬԄӣ㎸.3 Ǵ ჹࡹسќᗺࣁࡌҥࢬԄӣ㎸ޑቺ୯ੇหលၮբБԄ ӕኬᙖҗᆛၡѳѠуаၮբǶӧԜسՉፕᆶᔠຎǶࢬԄӣ㎸ ਔޑᚒՉፕǴፕۓΠǴΒᎩលૈ໒௴ჹ၉Ǵଞჹس ǶΟঁДϐࡕǴقՏល֡ёว໔നߏёၲΟঁД(ቅठܷ 2013)Ǵ ،Չ߄سលёаஒѬᡂԋගਢǴលӕਔΨёаၸԜ (abstimmen)ǶऩࢂᕇளЍǴ߾൩ԋΑੇหលޑЬǶੇหលޑលᆜǵ ፕԶԋǶ٣ჴǴޑϸᙟسҥࢂၸԜޑ၀លӧύ ፕᆶനࡕޑǴऩӆၸΟঁДڙᚒૈԋӅԶௗ٠ߚ ߄،่݀ϐࡕǴऩคݤԋӅǴ൩࠾ఠǶځी
Ԗᜢࡳ௱ሌՉϐҔϩᚒޑ Ǵጓဦ 3523قԶٯ൩ჴ Kostenbeteiligung der Banken an der Bankenrettung)ǴӢคݤԋӅԶ) നࡕ࠾ఠ(“Kostenbeteiligung der Banken an der Bankenrettung,” 2015)ǹ ᡏߥៈϐᚒ (Schutz der körperlichenيޑูٽϸϐǴጓဦ 3535 Ԗᜢ Unversehrtheit von Kindern)Ǵ߾ӧനࡕа 70ʘᜅԋǴԶԖ 30ʘϸჹ Schutz der körperlichen Unversehrtheit von Kindern,” 2015)Ƕੇหល“)ڙௗ ԋǴ൩ӵНӧܴНᆅޑҬࢬаϷࡹޑـࢬǵཀޑঁࡹលΚ දϷϯǴޑܴϯаϷលୖᆶ،ډϣࢬ(ቅठܷ 2013)Ǵၲ ၮբኳԄǶޑӄᜬᙟࡹលֹ (Ѥ)ᒧᖐ ԃ 1 Д 27 В२ԛୖуහٖٖ 2008 ܭቺ୯ੇหលԋҥϐࡕǴ ᒧᖐǴ่݀ѝᕇள 6962 ౻Ǵջࢂ 0.3% ޑள౻(“Piratenpartei Deutschland,” 2015)ǶԛԃȐ2009ȑ1 Д 18 ВӆᏯǴੇหលޑ౻ኧ७ቚ ࣁ 13796 ౻ǴΨ൩ࢂ 0.5%ள౻Ƕ4 Ծ 2009 ԃ 1 ДଆǴੇหលংᒧΓ 2009ԃ1ܭ2008ԃ1ДᖐՉεᒧǴεᒧϐࡕӢᒨᒨคݤಔԋࡹ۬ǴӢԶܭ4හٖ ԾǺڗ ,Д18ВӆࡋᖐՉٖᒧᖐǶፎୖ᎙Ǻ Landswahl in Hessen 2009
18 !زቺ୯ੇหលϐࣴ ! ථമථൕ (Strausberg) ǵߓՎѱܭӵٯӦБᒧᖐ(Kommunalwahl)ύǴܭ (Aachen) ᆶ໐ථѱ (Münster) ᕇளৢԛԶΕӦБ ᐟᓰϐࡕǴੇหលޑLandswahl in Hessen 2009,” 2015)ǴҗԜ٤ԋ݀“) ᒧᖐǴ2011 ԃ 9 Д࢙ޑӄय़ΕٖǵኻࢪаϷᖄٖۈ໒ ݅ѱᒧᖐᕇளΑ 8.9ʘޑள౻ϐࡕǴੇหលςԋࣁӄ୯܄ޑख़ा ࡹលϐǶ 1.ኻࢪᒧᖐ ႴᆸǴΕޑԃ 1 Дහٖᒧᖐ౻ኧ७ቚ 2009 ܭډڙหលੇ Αܭӕԃ 6 Д 7 ВޑኻࢪᒧᖐǴ่݀ᕇளΑ 0.9%ޑள౻Ȑፎ ୖ᎙߄ΟȑǴᗨฅຯᚆ 5%ޑߐᘖϝᇻǴՠҗ߄Οϐၗё࣮рǴӧॊ ள౻ςਇԿ 0.9%Ǵ࢙݅ǵᅇൕᆶѲఘԜΟঁࠤѱٖаޑහٖ ள౻֡ςँઇ 1%Ǵϩ ձࣁ 1.4%ǵ1.2%ǵ1.1%ᆶ 1.1%ǶޑϷᙓёහٖ ᐟᓰբҔǶᏃᆅӵԜǴޑ׳ᖄٖᒧᖐٰΑޑௗԶٰ܌೭ჹ ว՟ЯΞഐΕځวϐࡕǴޑҗ 2011 ԃԿ 2012 ԃ໔ੇหលᐟ หល໒ੇޑдኻ࿉୯ځኻࢪᒧᖐǴᆶޑᓍǴคݤᙖҗ 2014 ԃ ബཥֽǶ
ฅКڰள౻ǴޑኻࢪᒧᖐǴӄ୯ѝᕇள 1.4ʘޑԃ 5 Д 2014 ள౻ޑᖄٖᒧᖐǴӚٖޑԃࣁ٫ǴՠࠅКό 2013 ԃ 2009 ၸѐٖڶΠྖǴೱ࢙݅ǵчٖǵᙓᅟើаϷථӈථ࠶-ᇲᅟථ ѤঁٖǴள౻ӕኬᝄख़ΠྖǴԶϩձѝᕇளޑᒧᖐँઇ 5ʘߐᘖ ߐᘖǶޑᖄٖᒧᖐܭ3.2ʘǵ1.4ʘǵ1.6ʘаϷ 1.5ʘǴςᇻե
Ꮓᆅቺ୯ੇหលᕇள 1.4ʘޑள౻Ǵՠҗܭኻࢪᒧᖐӧቺ ޑӜӈ၀លᒧӜൂಃՏځǴ5 ӢԶڋज़ޑ5ʘߐᘖ ڙ୯ნϣ२ԛόӆ ংᒧΓಹ٥ྷၲ Julia Reda ᒧኻࢪǴ೭Ψࢂੇหល२ԛ ΕኻࢪǶ
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landtagswahl_in_Hessen_2009, ΠၩВයǺ2015ԃ2 Д28ВǶ ԃ 11 Д 9 ВᖄٖᏦݤ 2011 ܭ(ቺ୯ኻࢪᒧᖐᒤݤ(Europawahlgesetzܭ5җ ኻܭόӆҔڋज़ޑݤଣ(bundesverfassungsgericht) ࠹ѲࣁၴᏦǴӢԶ 5ʘߐᘖ ࢪᒧᖐǶ Ծڗ ,Sperrklausel, Wikipedia, der freie Enzyklopädie http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperrklausel, ΠၩВයǺ2014 ԃ 10 Д 25 ВǶ
19 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ߄ΟǺቺ୯ੇหល߈ԃٰୖᆶख़ाᒧᖐϐள౻Кၨ߄
ᒧᖐ ኻࢪ ᖄٖٖ Ӝᆀ ள౻ ʘ ள౻ ʘ ள౻ ʘٖ ள౻ Вය 2009 2014 2009 2013 Ѓฦ-಄បൕ 2.1 2011 0.9 1.2 2.1 2.3 2.0 2013 0.7 0.5 2.0 1.9 Ѓҵճ٥ ࢙݅ 8.9 2011 1.4 3.2 3.4 3.6 Ѳើฦൕ ҂ୖᆶ 2009 0.9 1.7 2.5 2.2 1.5 2014 Ѳఘ 1.9 2011 1.1 2.0 2.4 2.6 ᅇൕ 2.1 2011 1.2 2.2 2.6 2.7 1.6 2015 හ 1.9 2013 0.9 1.5 2.1 2.1 ഝլউൕ-ᅽݢఘᅟৱ 1.9 2011 0.8 1.2 2.3 1.9 Πᙓլහ 2.1 2013 0.8 1.2 2.0 1.7 ч-࠶ථݤউ 7.8 2012 0.8 1.4 1.7 2.2 ើ-ݤᅟ 1.6 2011 0.8 1.2 1.9 2.2 ᙓᅟើ 7.4 2012 0.9 1.7 1.5 2.6 ᙓլහ 1.9 2009 1.1 1.6 ҂ୖᆶ 2.5 1.1 2014 ᙓլහ-Ӽࠖᅟ 1.4 2011 0.8 1.3 2.4 1.9 2.0 2.1 1.5 0.9 2012 8.2 ڶථӈථ࠶-ᇲᅟථ კ݅ਥ ҂ୖᆶ 2009 0.9 1.4 2.5 2.4 1.0 2014 ӄ୯ ᖄٖ — — — 2.0 2.2 ӝी ኻࢪ — — 0.9 1.4 — — ,ၗٰྍǺ1.“Piratenpartei Deutschland,” , Wikipedia http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratenpartei_Deutschland?previous=yes#cite_note-86ΠၩВයǺ 2013 ԃ 8 Д 6 Вǹ2014 ԃ 2 Д 21 ВǶ
2.Bundeswahlleiter: Endgültiges Ergebnis der Wahl zum 7. Europäischen Parlament am 7. Juni ԾǺڗ .2009 http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/de/europawahlen/EU_BUND_09/ergebnisse/landesergebnisse/ ΠၩВයǺ2014 ԃ 3 Д 15 Вǹ2015 ԃ 3 Д 20 ВǶ ᖄٖᒧᖐ.2
20 !زቺ୯ੇหលϐࣴ ! ᖄٖᒧᖐǴቺ୯ੇหលନΑᙓլහޑԃ 9 Д 27 В 2009 ܭଞჹ ளޑᎩ 15 ٖрΑংᒧΓǶ6 ᒧᖐ่݀ѝᕇளΑ 2ʘځϐѦǴӧٖ ԶᕇளৢԛǴՠςКΟঁъДڋज़ޑ౻Ǵᗨฅӕኬคݤၠຫ 5ʘߐᘖ ७аǶќБय़ǴӧѲើฦൕǵᅇൕǵკٿኻࢪᒧᖐԋߏΑޑ ࢂ࢙݅ѱǴςၲځள౻ςຬၸΑ 2.5ʘǴЀޑਥᆶ࢙݅Ѥঁٖ݅ ७Ƕ 2.5 ޑ3.4ʘǴ೭ςࢂΟঁъДኻࢪᒧᖐள౻ ډ
ԃࡋǶӧ࢙݅ǵчޑೲזᆶ 2012 ԃᔈࢂቺ୯ੇหលวനࣁ 2011 ள౻ँޑѤঁٖᒧᖐڶǵᙓᅟើаϷථӈථ࠶-ᇲᅟථ ᖄٖޑߞЈǶฅԶऩவ 2013 ԃ 9 Д 22 ВޑઇΑ 5ʘߐᘖǴᐟଆΑคК य़ǴੇหលѝᕇֽޑΑѤԃډᒧᖐ่݀уаᢀჸǴϪ՟ЯΞӣ ள౻ǴѝቚуΑ 0.2ʘǶॊѤঁٖҭϩձѝᕇள 3.4ʘǵޑள 2.2ʘ ԛᒧᖐǴΜϤঁٖϐύԖٿ 2.2ʘǵ2.6ʘаϷ 2.0ʘǶКၨ 2009 ᆶ 2013 ΎঁٖǴΨ൩ࢂӧЃҵճ٥ǵѲើฦൕǵഝլউൕ-ᅽݢఘᅟৱǵΠᙓ ள౻ࣗԿޑаϷკ݅ਥڶլහǵᙓլහ-Ӽࠖᅟǵථӈථ࠶-ᇲᅟථ ΑᓍǶډว՟Яς࿘ޑК 2009 ԃᗋեǴੇหល ᒧᖐٖ.3 ന߈ޑᒧᖐਔ໔٠ό࣬ӕǶᢀჸӚٖޑٖঁ୯ৎǴڋቺ୯ࣁᖄٖ ԛᒧᖐǴّϞѝԖӧ࢙݅Ȑ2011ȑǵчȐ2012ȑǵᙓᅟើȐ2012ȑ ள౻ँઇΑ 5ޑȐ2012ȑѤঁٖᒧᖐڶаϷථӈථ࠶-ᇲᅟථ ள౻ޑٖঁ д 11ځʘߐᘖǴϩձࣁ 8.9ʘǵ7.8ʘǵ7.4ʘаϷ 8.2ʘǶӧ ࠅեܭ 2.5ʘǴ7 ຯᚆ 5ʘߐᘖϝᇻǶᙓլහǵѲើฦൕǵკ݅ਥа ԃ 8 ДԿ 2015 ԃ 2 Д໔ᖐՉٖᒧᖐǴࠅѝ 2014 ܭϷᅇൕѤঁٖ ϩձᕇள 1.1ʘǵ1.5ʘǵ1.0ʘаϷ 1.6ʘǴࣗԿКԛٖᒧᖐǴ ள౻ᗋեǶޑࢂᖄٖᆶኻࢪᒧᖐӧ၀ٖ܈ ϖǵੇหលϐࡹЬ
ಔځܭࡹЬࣁՖǻҗځഖزቺ୯ੇหលԋҥّϞςஒ߈ΐԃǴ ځॏϐύǴၨόܰඓඝ׳ܭೀޔдࡹលǴЪځܭᙃᆶၮբБԄ֡Ԗձ ޑБӛǶᏃᆅӵԜǴϝёவѬ 2013 ԃୖᆶᖄٖᒧᖐǴߏၲ 165 । εཷǶϩձவ҇ЬᆶԾҗЬǵᆛၡࡹǵ௲ػᆶځࡹЬёᢀр ǵৎᆶ଼நǵ଼நࡹǵኻࢪޗߥៈǵπբᆶޣǵᕉნᆶزࣴ ࡹǵѦҬࡹǵᔮᆶࡹࡹаϷϣࡹᆶљݤࡹБय़уаᇥܴǶ ()҇ЬᆶԾҗЬ ϝόӭǴӢԶ҂рংᒧΓǶޣЍޑ6ਔӧᙓլහٖ ᒧᖐǶٖޑ2009ԃܭ7Ѳើฦൕٖ٠҂ୖᆶ
21 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ಃΒᒧ౻ܫΚǴх֖໒ޑหលЬᔈуமϦ҇ୖᆶࡹ۬،ੇ ӈрӜ܌ࡹលܭज़ڙΓᒧǴԶόᔈޑЍ܌ځௗ༤ӈޔӜൂǴ٬ᒧ҇ૈ ݤࡓǴӧғޑ೯ၸ܌ௗ҇ЬǴх֖ޔǶԜѦǴੇหលЬᔈуமൂ (Wahlprogramm zurڋਏϦ҇ፄ،аϷЇബ Bundestagswahl 2013 Piratenpartei: 29)Ƕ (Β)ᆛၡࡹ Ь࣬ᜪ՟Ƕ٩ੇหޑหលੇڂቺ୯ੇหលӧᆛၡࡹБय़ᆶྷ ߥምځǴӢԶᔈуமڋज़ډڙճςВᅌޑលϐᢀჸǴѱ҇٬Ҕᆛၡ БԄх֖ၗૻԾ، (InformationelleځSeemann 2012: 96-99) Ƕ) Selbstbestimmung) ϐуமᆶߦ൞ᡏज़ǵၗૻߥៈᐒᄬ (Datenschutzbehörden) ϐуமǵӄዴߥฦᒵၗϐӼӄᆶၷЗঁၗວ ፤ǵၷЗԖୢᚒၗૻϐᓯӸаϷϸჹᅱ೬ᡏ (Überwachungssoftware) (Wahlprogramm zur Bundestagswahl 2013 Piratenpartei: 11-15)Ƕ ࡹزΟ)௲ػᆶࣴ) ЬǴ௲ػόϢѝځׯᡂǶ٩ޑۺหលձமፓ௲ػᢀੇ ΓځᙦځԵໆǴԶᔈߦ٬ޑ(Verwertbarkeit) ܄൩ѱᆶᔮჴҔܭ ғᆶΑှჹޗޑೢҺ(Wahlprogramm zur Bundestagswahl 2013 Piratenpartei: 43)ǶࣁԜǴੇหលᇡࣁᔈуமᏢស௲ػǵуமፐำϐӭ ǴаϷуமԋΓ௲ػϐфਏǶӧᙍ௲ػБय़ǴੇหលЬᔈჹҾ܄ኬ ሽമΚǶԜ༹ޑΓԋࣁҾޑ௲ػᎦрڋՉᅱ࿎Ǵᗉխᚈॉ ଯ௲ػׯॠǶѬᇡࣁǴӧޑՉ܌ղቺ୯௲ػֽץѦǴੇหលமਗ਼ ଯ௲ػׯॠςևୢᚒǴх֖ᕭอঅޑՉ܌Bologna ׯॠࢎᄬΠ ᔮჴҔܭ୷زவ٣ϐࣴ܌ำࡋफ़եǴमεᏢीฝޑԃज़ς٬Ꮲғ ǴӢԶᔈϒаঅ҅܄ϐӭኬزᆒઓᆶࣴزǴςӒϷԾҗࣴ܄ (Wahlprogramm zur Bundestagswahl 2013 Piratenpartei: 43-46)Ƕ (Ѥ)ᕉნᆶޣߥៈ ӧᕉნᆶޣߥៈБय़ǴੇหលЬሡፓҞϐૈྍᔮǴԶ ҞޑǶੇหលسᡏޑᔈࡌҥૈΦǵ҉ុวǵߥៈᕉნаϷܴϯ ྍǴаߡӧ҂ٰගϲғૈޑሽ࣬ჹե༹ǴЪૈ಄ӝᕉߥाٮࣁග ࢲНྗᆶғࢲࠔ፦(Wahlprogramm zur Bundestagswahl 2013 Piratenpartei: ݤࡓǴуமૈྍޑǶࣁԜǴᔈуமऊૈྍࡼǴ٠অुૈྍᓯӸ(55 ەڋϐԖਏᓯӸǶԜѦǴᔈуம॥ΚǵϼૈаϷНΚวႝǴ٠ЪӢӦ ٬ҔӆғૈྍǴх֖ғ፦ૈྍǶќБय़Ǵ߾ᔈಖЗਡૈวႝޑ (Wahlprogramm zur Bundestagswahl 2013 Piratenpartei: 55-57)Ƕ
ξۢݤۓڋୢᚒǴੇหលᇡࣁᔈঅुᕉნݤᆶޑଞჹংᡂᎂ (Bergrecht)ǴߦғᄊޑߥៈǶќБय़Ǵ߾ᔈуமНၗྍϐᆅǵу
22 !زቺ୯ੇหលϐࣴ ! ᆶۚՐᕉნǴ෧Ͽቲϐ௨سமҾՉૈ෧ࣅǴ٠ׯ๓εҬ೯ ܫᆶૈྍੁ(Wahlprogramm zur Bundestagswahl 2013 Piratenpartei: 57-64)Ƕ (ϖ)മπᆶޗࡹ ੇหលЍคచҹޑനե୷ҁπၗǴаߥምമπϐғӸᆶޗϩ ᢀᗺǴЇҔ୷ҁπၗόёӢԶ১ϯΑᔮวǴԜࡼӢԶځ٦Ƕ٩ ߥᓀаϷԃߎׯॠ่ӝӧଆޗׯॠǵڋϐิᆶ (Wahlprogramm zur Bundestagswahl 2013 Piratenpartei: 75-77)ǶԜѦǴ ᇶᏤǴаޑޣݤࡓǴуமჹѨޗޑหលЬᔈঅׯԖᜢമѱੇ ӦӆΕᙍזΚǴԶૈࡐૈځᙍ૽ግǴගϲޑπբᡍځϷՉ಄ӝ (Wahlprogramm zur Bundestagswahl 2013 Piratenpartei: 80)Ƕ (Ϥ)ৎᆶ଼நࡹ ࡌૈڗ୷ҁচ߾ǴੇหលЬᔈ௦ޑԾρғࢲۓ،ΓૈԾҗঁܭ୷ ҥ಄ӝਔжᆶϦ҅ޑৎࡹǶԜࡹ៝ϷঁΓӵՖӅӕғࢲϐཀ ՅǵৎаϷϩπኳԄفޑඁڙǴ٠ёຬຫൂБय़܄ᜫᆶӭኬ (Wahlprogramm zur Bundestagswahl 2013 Piratenpartei: 97)ǶࣁԜǴᔈу ࡼаϷуமྣ៝λ࠸ϐ࣬ᜢ૽ግǶٽமԎ
سӧ଼நࡹБय़ǴੇหលЬᔈуமჹੰΓϐྣៈǴуமᙴᕍᡏ ᔈуаᔠຎǴᗉխੁǴ٠уமᙴᕍБय़௲ػǴسϐܴϯǴჹЍбᡏ ᕭ෧ࠤໂᙴᕍၗྍৡຯ(:Wahlprogramm zur Bundestagswahl 2013 Piratenpartei 107-112)Ƕ (Ύ)ኻࢪࡹ Ҟё࣮рǴ၀ល٠όϸჹኻࢪޑඟ㇞܌ق٩ੇหលӧኻࢪࡹׇ ӝǴฅԶࠅᇡࣁኻࢪᖄ࿉ࣁ୯܌Ӆӕጌޑຬ୯ৎಔᙃǴӧԜ Ԗ୯Γ҇Ƕ܌ӷǴ٠҂៝ϷهԿϞ൩ࢂ҇ЬۈҥݤԾځΠǴڋᐒ ԖΓ܌ᔈ៝Ϸኻࢪ׳҂ٰǴόᔈѝࢂԵໆӚ୯ճǴޑӢԜǴኻࢪ ҇ޑ(:Wahlprogramm zur Bundestagswahl 2013 Piratenpartei 125)Ƕ ࡹޑᜢӄኻࢪױࣁԜǴᔈуமኻࢪΓ҇ӧኻ࿉ҥݤᆶ،ϐୖᆶǴҺՖ ፕǶԜѦǴᔈݤှ،ኻϡаޑǴӧ،ϐǴᔈՉӄኻࢪΓ҇ ኻࢪૈޑ୍ӒᐒǴ٠ࡌᄬឦӄኻࢪǴЪ಄ӝᕉߥޑϷऩӼ୯ ྍࡹ(Wahlprogramm zur Bundestagswahl 2013 Piratenpartei: 126-128)Ƕ (Ζ)ѦҬࡹ ӼӄࡹǴԜࡹ٠ߚѝࢂޑӄౚܭหលЬᔈࡌᄬੇ ޑǵᔮǵғᄊаϷै٣ޗᔈவࡹݯǵݤࡓǵ׳ೀፂँୢᚒǴԶޑ
23 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ӼӄޑѦҬࡹࣁߏයႣٛፂँޑϐǴੇหលقচӢǶඤځزय़ӛ ࡹ(Wahlprogramm zur Bundestagswahl 2013 Piratenpartei: 135)Ƕੇ หល фૈǵޑЬѦҬࡹᔈܴϯǴ٠уமӄౚΓϐᆢៈǵуமᖄӝ୯ ӄय़ᎍ྄ਡηݓᏔǵуமჹӚ୯ैഢϐᆅǴаϷϸჹவ٣ҺՖԄϐ ᆛၡᏯݾ (cyberwar) (Wahlprogramm zur Bundestagswahl 2013 Piratenpartei: 135-138)Ƕ (ΐ)ᔮᆶࡹࡹ ޗӄΓᜪᆶܭજׇᔈԖշޗᔮǵࡹаϷޑࡌᄬ܌หលᇡࣁੇ ӵ GDP ᆶᔮԋߏѝᔈӧബӄٯኧᏵǴޑϐᅽࣸǶӢԜǴ Γᜪᅽࣸᆶᔮ҉ុวޑచҹΠуаமፓǶӢԜǴੇหលޑᔮᆶ ܭ،ڗΓၰЬကຝ ( humanistisches Menschenbild)Ǵ٠ܭࡹࡹ୷ Wahlprogramm zur Bundestagswahl 2013 ϩ٦ޑԾҗǵܴϯаϷϦѳ Piratenpartei: 141)ǶࣁԜǴੇหលЬуமޣϐߥៈǵЇߥምന Ҿ،ϐୖᆶǴаϷமፓԾฅၗྍϐճҔܭեπၗࡹǵуமമπჹ :Wahlprogramm zur Bundestagswahl 2013 Piratenpartei)ᔈ಄ӝᕉߥा 141-142)Ƕ Μ)ϣࡹᆶљݤࡹ) ӧϣࡹᆶљݤБय़ǴੇหលЬᔈ٬ճიᡏᆶၯᇥიᡏቹៜࡹ ၸำܴϯǴаߥም҇Ь،ำׇᆶ،ϐܴϯǶࣁԜǴᔈӧޑ، ၯᇥೕ߾ǶќБय़ǴᔈၸҥݤٛЗ୯ޑճიᡏۓڋᖄٖ Ьက܀୯ሞ৮לϐԏၙаϷόϐճᒡଌǶԜѦǴੇหលϸჹࣁჹ ԶჹΓ҇ϐᅱຎᆶᅱ(Wahlprogramm zur Bundestagswahl 2013 ᢀᗺჹӉݤޑPiratenpartei: 152)ǶੇหលЬᔈаႣٛҍᆶନϯ ՉׯॠǶ Ϥǵຑᆶఈ
҂ٰวఈځഖੇหលϐԋҥჹቺ୯ࡹݯٰΑٗ٤ቹៜǻز ࣁՖǻϩձᇥܴӵΠǶ )ჹቺ୯ࡹݯቹៜϐຑ) Ԝёҗࡹݯय़аϷࡹय़уаᇥܴǶ ჹࡹݯϐቹៜ.1 ࢙݅ǵчܭԃǴନΑӧ 2011 Կ 2012 ԃ໔ 9 ډหលԋҥّϞόੇ ߐᘖޑᒧᖐၠၸ 5ʘٖޑаϷᙓᅟើѤঁٖڶǵථӈථ࠶-ᇲᅟථ ᖄٖаϷ 2014 ԃޑдٖǵ2013 ԃ 9 ДځᎩӧځԶᕇளৢԛϐѦǴ ள౻ޑ5ʘǴࣗԿᇻόӵԛ ܭኻࢪᒧᖐǴள౻֡ᇻեޑД 5
24 !زቺ୯ੇหលϐࣴ ! კ٠҂ٰހஙଆǴឦᐃǴჹቺ୯ࡹݯޑϐǴੇหលقǶඤ ϼεቹៜǶ
ޑჹԃᇸᒧ҇ځᏃᆅੇหលϐрჹቺ୯ࡹݯ݈༧ቹៜόεǴฅԶ БԄǴࠅΨჹޑኳԄǴаϷၸᆛၡѳѠ༟ࡹ،ޑ֎ЇΚǵᐱ ჹຝǶޑБԄٰᓸΚǴࣗԿԋࣁүਏ،ޑдࡹលځ
ԋҥςၲ 150 ԃᐕўޑቺ୯ಃΒεࡹល—ޗ҇Ьល (SPD) аϷ Ծҗ҇Ьល (FDP) ࣗԿငፎი໗ჹੇหលՉޑᄽᜢᗖϿኧתத চޑၮբኳԄаϷ֎Їԃᇸᒧ҇ځቅठܷ 2013)Ǵ Αှ)زওᆶࣴ ӢǶ 2.ჹࡹϐቹៜ р܌ځᗨฅੇหលϐஙଆّϞϝคݤᏴቺ୯ϐࡹݯ݈༧ǴฅԶ ࡹౢғቹៜǺޑдࡹលځࡹࠅჹޑ (1)നե୷ҁπၗ ੇหលЍคచҹޑനե୷ҁπၗǴԜࡹࣗԿܫӧ၀លޑលᆜ ԃ൩ςჴࡼനեമచҹݤǴՠӧനեπ 1952 ܭύǶ٣ჴǴቺ୯ᗨ ݾፕϐࡕǴቺޑၗჴ୍ၮբ٠คբҔ(ࢫమੇ 2013)ǶӧၸኧΜԃ ୯ଣ (Bundestag) ಖܭӧ 2014 ԃ 7 Д 3 Ва 535 ౻ᜅԋǴ5 ౻ϸ ҥݤ(“Beschluss imޑനեπၗۓᝌਸ౻ኧ೯ၸೕޑჹǴаϷ 61 క Bundestag: Deutschland bekommt den Mindeslohn,” 2014)Ƕ٩ྣԜݤࡓǴ നեਔᖒࣁ 8.5 ኻϡǶޑλਔԾ 2015 ԃଆǴ
ಔԋǴࡹޑεᖄӝࡹ۬ܭቺ୯ᖄٖࡹ۬ૈ೯ၸԜݤࡓǴᔈᘜф ٬ளݾܭ҇ЬលϐࡌǴಖޗޑᖄӝࡹڙ୷࿎௲ᖄ࿉ (CDU) ௗޑ ፕǴᕇޑ࠹ᆶᆛၡځݤਢԖΑ่݀ǴฅԶੇหលၸޑኧΜԃ ਏ݀Ƕޑࢂԃᇸᒧ҇ϐЍǴ՟ЯΨวචΑݢշځளӭᒧ҇ǴЀ (2)ӧᆛၡࡹБय़ ੇหលޑᆛၡࡹሥࣁፁǴԾҗΠၩޑբࣁࣗԿԖߟޑՉࣁǴ ӢԶࣗᜤပჴǶฅԶӧዴߥฦᒵၗϐӼӄᆶၷЗঁၗວ፤ǵၷЗԖୢ ᚒၗૻϐᓯӸаϷϸჹᅱ೬ᡏБय़ࠅሥૈЇଆៜǶ дࡹБय़ځ(3) ቹៜΚڀǴੇหលϝ҂ૈԋࣁӄ୯قள౻Զޑ൩ᖄٖᒧᖐ ࡹЬ֡ΜϩፁǴх֖ৎᆶ଼நࡹǵᔮᆶځࡹលǴฅԶޑ ࡹࡹǴаϷѦҬᆶኻࢪࡹǴࠅሥૈϸࢀԃᇸΓ܌ᜢϪޑᚒǴӢ ԃᇸڗݾܭਔǴ୷ޑԃᇸᒧ҇ϐᇡӕǶӢԜǴӧ၀លِೲஙଆڙԶሥ
25 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! дࡹលϐᜢݙǶځډڙǴԜ٤Ьӕኬᒧ҇ϐሡ Β)ჹ҂ٰวϐຑ) ቺ୯ੇหលԋҥّϞϝ҂ᅈΜԃǴӧ 2011 ԃԿ 2012 ԃ໔ዴჴԖ ԃ໔ 2009 ډЍࡋ՟ЯΞӣځพբࣁǴՠ՟ЯࢂᐃǴԿϞǴ ऩυӢનϐቹៜǶډڙวځ҂ٰǴځݩǴఈޑ ቹៜ҂ٰวϐӢન.1 วӢનࣁǺޑǴቹៜ҂ٰ܄ࡹวаϷੇหលϐޑԵໆቺ୯ (1)ੇหលૈցլܺϣი่ޑୢᚒ سቺ୯ੇหលᙖҗᆛၡѳѠǴх֖ Mumble ಠϺ࠻аϷࢬӣ㎸ ௗ҇ЬǴࣗԿࢂቶયߚޔޑᒏ܌ฅёပჴڰྎ೯ᆶਢፕǴـՉཀ ᚒѨขǴࣗԿࢂޑǴҥཀࣗ٫ǶฅԶԜБԄதத٬ፕـཀޑល ಞޑលᆶ༸ςᎦԋݾ៏ܭᡂԋԶό،ǴቹៜԋਏǶќБय़Ǵҗ ޑᚒததคݤԋӅǴӧԜݗൎΠǴࣗԿቹៜੇหលۓᄍǴჹ ი่ǴԜᅿຝόࢂӧលύѧǴࣗԿӧӦБលΨࢂӵԜǴӢԶத ǶڮǴԋ၀លុวϐठࠅޣᡣЍ
ݾ៏ (Genderdebatte)Ǵޑձ܄Ծவቺ୯ੇหលԋҥϐࡕ൩ӆഐΕ ᇡࣁޑ܄ձඔॊςόϪჴሞԶܔ๊܄ձฦᒵ(“Piratenpartei Deutschland,” 2015)ǶԜᖂܴаϷ҂ჴࡼζߥምӜᚐǴӢԶԋζ ǴӅԖ 15 ՏੇٯࢂϿϐΞϿǶа࢙݅ѱࣁ׳ޑϿǴୖࡹୃޣЍޑ܄ Ǵ܄2011ԃᒧᖐࡕΕѱǴՠࠅѝԖՏࢂζܭނࡹݯΓޑหលᝤ եǶୃٯдࡹល࣬ၨǴКځᆶ (2)ੇหលЬૈցӆࡋ֎Їᒧ҇ ዴᡣΓԸҞཥǴ֎ЇΑԃᇸޑЬǴޑᐱځหលԋҥϐ߃Ǵੇ ݾ៏ϐࡕǴςᡣΓᡏᇡǴдॺёૈѝޑݙཀΚǶฅԶӧၸ൳ԃޑᒧ҇ ЬᆶբࣁǴޑղǴՠࠅคݤගрёՉץӝǴѝޑࢂဂኌШ༭߫ ᜢݙᆶЍǴ೭ΨёаှញࣁՖលΓኧӧޑӢԶςᅌ഼Ѩᒧ҇ ೲ෧ϿϐচӢǶזԃۭϐࡕ 2012 (3)ੇหលϐࡹЬૈցԖਏ ੇหលޑЬޑዴΜϩᐱǴฅԶࢂցૈбፏჴՉǴሥᡣΓ፦ᅪǶ ฅᡣԃᇸᒧ҇ЍǴฅԶԜڰǴԜࡹٯЬࣁޑ൩аᆛၡԾҗΠၩ БǴޑ্ڙᒏ܌ό֤ຎǶԶԜೀۓБޑ্ڙᅪቾǴޑᖐࠅԖߟ ࢂၠ୯ϦљǴε༈ΚǴதၸҁ୯ࡹ۬ࡼ܈Ӝ൞ᡏޕ۳۳ࢂ୯ሞ Ǵ٬ࡹᕇளပჴǻלᓸǴੇหលӵՖᆶϐჹ
26 !زቺ୯ੇหលϐࣴ ! ฅ٠คόִǴՠ֡ڰдࡹБय़Ǵх֖ৎࡹǵᔮࡹځӧ ϐǴੇหقࡼࠅϸԶᏀόӭǶඤޑӢᔈܭǴੇหលჹޑᚳε ϣ఼ޑ࠹ҢǴЖલܴዴёՉޑ܄ࣁ٤চ߾ܢගЬǴε܌ល (“Piratenpartei Deutschland,” 2015)Ǵ ӢԶࣗᜤុǶΦԶΦϐǴஒᡣЍ ޣ഼ѨߞЈǶ (4)ቺ୯ϐࡹว Ȩ୯ሞߎޑԃΐДЇᛈ 2008 ډڙቺ୯ੇหលԋҥࡕόΦǴቺ୯Ӣ ᑼੇቖȩϐቹៜǴᔮ༈ࡋᝄǴѨᆶѨΓαࡋᚹϲǴҗ ठΓ҇ჹიᆶࡹ۬բࣁϐόᅈǴԶܕ (7.4ʘ (2008) ϲԿ 7.7ʘ (2009 ᐒǶᄽᡂԿϞǴቺ୯ᔮុޑหលᕇளΑวੇޑރ٬ᄦׯᡂ วǴѨܭ 2014 ԃςफ़Կ 5.0ʘǴ2015 ԃ 1 ДࣗԿफ़Կ 4.7ʘ(୯ৎ ཥեइᒵǶќБय़Ǵऩޑ 2015: 94)ǴബΑ 1990 ԃжаٰہว ӵനեπၗЬǴᖄٖࡹ۬ςֹԋҥݤǴٯЬǴޑەυੇหលၨӝਔ εࡹលᖄӝࡹٿϐǴቺ୯ӧقࡹǶඤޑࢂஒϐ֎ԏԶԋࣁࡹល܈ ǴஒᅌѨѐჹ܄ᐱځࡹЬςคݤᡉޑݩΠǴੇหលୃѰޑ ᒧ҇ޑ֎ЇΚǶ (5)ኻࢪੇหលϐวඳόᢀ ႴᆸԶԋҥǶԜࡕǴޑᆶ༫Ӧճੇหលԋҥڂྷډڙቺ୯ੇหលࢂ ੇหលၮ॥ଆǴ୯ሞੇหលܭ 2010 ԃ 4 Д 17 ВܭѲᎹ༞ᅟ҅Ԅ ԋҥǴኻࢪੇหល (European Pirate Party) ܭ 2013 ԃ 9 Д 4 Вӧᐽහ หលΕੇޑൕԋҥ(“Europäische Piratenpartei,” 2015)ǴኻࢪӚ୯ ӚᅿᒧᖐǴவኻࢪǵӚ୯ǴаϷӦБᒧᖐǴ༈Т࣮ᅍǴฅ ኧᏵё࣮рǴ ӢନΑӧཱུϿӦޑ๙Ƕҗ߄Ѥףޣᒧᖐ่݀ࠅᡣЍ Ԗ܌ᕇϐѦǴӧ๊εϩӦᗝԳԶᘜǴኻࢪᒧᖐǴӧᐽහൕ ฅϩձၲ 4.2ʘᆶ 4.8ʘǴՠࠅ҂ૈᕇளৢԛڰள౻ޑᆶլੇหល —วྍӦޑள౻֡ӧ 2.5ʘаΠǴࣗԿࢂੇหលޑᎩځΕኻࢪǴ ѦǶٯ༫ӦճόޑаϷวࣗԐڂྷ
ЬǴЀޑӚੇหលܭวඳǴ٠όᢀǶҗޑఈኻࢪੇหល БޑߥៈБय़Ǵ֡ѸၸঅݤޑࢂӧᆛၡԾҗΠၩаϷඵችౢځ ϐΠǴటၲԋҞፋՖܰǶඤڋԄБёᕇளჴ፬ǴฅԶӧϞࡹᡏ ݤࡓǶӧೀೀय़ᖏၴݤǴࣗޑϐǴੇหលϞϐբࣁΏࢂӧࡷᏯӚ୯ق ቾΠǴࣗᜤᕇளँઇǶӢԜǴӚ୯៝ޑᓭБѮᚐޑ্ڙԿࢂёૈ ᜢݙǴӢԶࡋ٬Ѝࡋᆶលډڙอਔ໔ϣǴߚதޑหលӧࡷଆᚒੇ ѨǴЍࡋ൩ِೲΠྖǴӚ୯ੇޑೲቚуǶฅԶᒿཥᗲགזΓኧ ኻࢪᒧᖐᕇளЍǴςᡉрԜࣗᜤޑหលคݤӧ 2014 ԃ 5 Д ᙯޑᖿ༈Ƕ
27 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ߄ѤǺኻࢪӚ୯ੇหលលΓኧᆶୖᆶന߈ᒧᖐள౻Кၨ߄
୯Ӝ លΓኧ ୯ৎᒧᖐள౻ (ʘ) ኻࢪᒧᖐள౻ (ʘ) Кճਔ 400 0.5 ҂ୖᆶ ቺ୯ 23350 2.2 1.4 0.7 1.8 — ངѭ٥ ݤ୯ 670 0.7 0.2 ើ 3800 0.5 0.7 ׆ᛪ 20 ҂ୖᆶ 0.9 дࡹលځကεճ 300 ҂ୖᆶ Ѝ Ӈ 520 5.1 όࢂኻ࿉୯ дࡹលځ1050 0.6 Ѝ լᛥষՋ٥ ᐽහൕ 300 2.9 4.2 ើ 1600 0.3 0.8 ਊ࠶ 580 0.3 όࢂኻ࿉୯ ༫Ӧճ 360 0.8 2.1 ݢើ — ҂ୖᆶ 0.3 ҂ୖᆶ ҂ୖᆶ — ᛥଭѭ٥ 2.2 0.7 7900 ڂྷ ྷγ 1130 0.5 όࢂኻ࿉୯ ՋУ — ҂ୖᆶ 0.2 լ 350 2.7 4.8 ԾǺڗ ,ၗٰྍǺ“Europäische Piratenpartei,” Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A4ische_Piratenpartei ΠၩВයǺ2015 ԃ 3 Д 25 ВǶ ҂ٰఈ.2 җय़ޑፕёޕǴόፕࢂவቺ୯ੇหលϣი่ᆶցǵੇหលޑ Ьࢂցૈӆ֎Їᒧ҇ǵੇหលޑЬૈցပჴǵቺ୯Ϟޑࡹว ༈ǴаϷኻࢪੇหលޑวඳӢનуаຑǴςё࣮рቺ୯ੇห ᖿ༈Ƕޑល҂ٰวඳ٠όᢀ
Ǵੇหលӧ 2011 ԃ࢙݅ѱٯ࢙݅ѱࣁޑऩаੇหលЍКനଯ ೲᚹϲǶҗ߄ϖё࣮זᒧᖐᕇள 8.9ʘள౻ϐࡕǴ҇ፓϐЍ ЍࣗԿଯၲ 16ʘǶฅԶӧъԃϐࡕࠅΞӣຳޑрǴ2012 ԃ 5 Дۭ ޑЍࡋِೲ૰ଏځـԿѝഭ 5ʘǴԿ 2015 ԃԃ߃ࣗԿѝഭ 2ʘǴё ֎Їᒧ҇ǴЪΞૈ׳҂ٰǴନߚੇหលૈӆࡷଆཥᗲᚒǴځǶఈ
28 !زቺ୯ੇหលϐࣴ ! ༈ΠǴޑပჴᒤݤǴց߾ӧεᕉნόճੇหលวޑගрᡣΓߞܺૈ ቺ୯ੇหលޑលΓኧёૈஒុΠྖǴӄቺ୯ޑЍΨᜪ՟࢙݅ ԶᅌΠྖǶޑѱ
߄ϖǺቺ୯ੇหលӧ࢙݅ѱЍϐᄽᡂ߄
Вය Ѝ (ʘ) 2011.10.31 8 2012.02.28 10 2012.05.28 16 2012.12.28 5 2013.06.01 4 2014.01.02 4 2014.06.30 3 2014.11.01 3 2015.02.02 2 ԾǺڗ .ၗٰྍǺSonntagsfrage Bundestagswahl http://www.wahlrecht.de/umfragen/laender.htm#be ΠၩВයǺ2015 ԃ 4 Д 2 ВǶ Ύǵ่ፕ
ቺ୯ੇหលܭ2006ԃ9Д10Вܭ࢙݅ѱύ҅ԄԋҥǶԋҥϐ߃Ǵ ڙ٠҂ ᕉǴޑ୯ሞੇหលၮޑหលԋҥϐࡕੇڂѝຎࣁࢂӧྷ හٖᒧᖐᕇள 0.3ʘளܭԃ 2008 ܭख़ຎǶฅԶᒿ၀លޑϼεډ ᖄٖᒧᖐǴੇหលӧޑวǴ2009 ԃ 9 Дޑೲזள౻ϐࡕǴևΑ Ǵڋज़ޑ1.5ʘᆶ 3.4ʘϐ໔ǶᏃᆅӵԜǴӢ 5ʘచී ܭள౻ςϟޑӚٖ ࢂӚٖǶฅԶӧ܈หលϝؒԖҺՖংᒧΓૈΕቺ୯ᖄٖੇ ࢙݅ѱܭ 2011 ԃ 9 Д 18 ВᖐՉᒧᖐϐࡕǴੇหលᕇளΑ 8.9ʘޑள౻ ੇ Ǵ15 ՏੇหលលΕ࢙݅ѱǴڋज़ޑǴ२ࡋँઇΑ 5ʘచී ӦБᒧᖐǴੇޑᐟᓰǴௗΠٰӧ 2012 ԃъԃޑหលΨӢԶᕇளཱུε ϩձᕇள 7.8ٖڶчӢٖǵᙓᅟើٖаϷථӈ࠶Ջ-ᓅᅟථܭหលϩձ ǴੇหលςԋΑӄڋज़ޑள౻Ǵၠၸ 5ʘచීޑʘǵ7.4ʘаϷ 8.2ʘ ೲᚹϲǴฅԶӧ 2012 ԃԃۭזख़ाࡹលϐǴЍᆶលΓኧޑ୯ ቺ୯ᖄٖଣᒧᖐǴޑวǶ2013 ԃ 9 ДᖐՉޑۓϐࡕࠅΞևόᛙ ੇหលѝᕇளΑ 2.2ʘޑள౻ǴѝК 4 ԃቚу 0.2ʘǶӧ࢙݅ѱޑள ౻ࣗԿѝԖ 3.6ʘǴ ᆶ 2011 ԃ 9 Дޑள౻࣬ຯࣗᇻǶӧ 2014 ԃኻ ࢪᒧᖐࣗԿѝᕇளΑ 1.4ʘޑள౻Ƕੇหលᕵฅܭ 2011 Կ 2012 ǴԜޑಃѤεលǶడคᅪୢޑԃ໔วِೲǴฅԶനࡕ҂ૈԋࣁቺ୯ ࡹលϐஙଆឦᐃǶ
29 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! Ǵޣ٬ҔޑࢂԃᇸځǴЀޣᆛၡ٬ҔޑਔжǴቺ୯ޑӧΕᆛሞᆛၡ ᆶ॥ᓀǴӢԶڋज़ޑΠڋӧΠၩၗૻਔǴӕኬय़ჹඵችౢߥៈᐒ ႴᆸΠԶԋҥΑੇหលǴբࣁჹԖࡹݯǵޑᆶ༫Ӧճԋҥੇหលڂӧྷ ѳѠǶ٩ੇหលޑᜢϪୢᚒ܌ࡋϐϸኔǴаϷϸࢀԃᇸΓڋޗᔮᆶ ڋගលᆜǴੇหលЬᔈЇϦ҇ፄ،ᆶബ܌ᆶᖄٖᒧᖐୖ 2013 ӼӄߥምᆶၷЗԖୢᚒၗૻϐޑௗ҇Ьǵуமჹᆛၡ٬Ҕޔауமڋᐒ ௲ػаޑ܄൩ѱᆶᔮჴҔܭᓯӸᆶᅱ೬ᡏǵׯᡂҞၸࡋ ᕉߥࡹǵЍޑࡹǵቲЗਡૈวႝ٠ࡌҥૈΦᆶ҉ុวزϷࣴ ᇶᏤᆶᙍ૽ግǵࡌҥӭϡЪ಄ӝਔжޑޣനե୷ҁπၗ٠уமჹѨ ᆶϦ҅ޑৎࡹǵࡌᄬԖշܭӄΓᜪޗᅽࣸϐᔮᆶࡹࡹǶӧ ှ،ፂँޑӼӄࡹǴԶ٠ߚѝࢂޑӄౚܭѦҬБय़Ǵᔈࡌᄬ ׳Ӛ୯ճǴܭୢᚒǶӧኻࢪࡹБय़Ǵ߾ᇡࣁኻࢪӝόૈ ຝǶќБޑӷهᅽࣸǴӢԶׯ๓Ҟ،҇ЬޑᔈԵໆӄኻࢪΓ य़Ǵ߾ᔈၸҥݤǴ๊ᆭǶ
ಔᙃࢎᄬၨόᝄᙣǴӧӭӦคݤుޑдࡹលǴੇหលځ࣬ၨᆶ дࡹលΜϩ࣬߈ǴҗᖄٖԿӦБԖځಔᙃࢎᄬࠅᆶځΕ୷ቫǶ ฅԶ ǵٖលǵ ӦБលǵߙԃಔᙃаϷੇหលεᏢიǶ٣ہύѧ דനεৡ౦ᔈ൩ࢂ،ϐၮբБԄᆶࡹݯཀޑдࡹលځჴǴੇหលᆶ ൳Яࢂ٬ҔᆛၡޣЍځୢᚒԶᑫଆǴޑϐԋǶੇหលӢᆛၡ٬Ҕ ٠ԶـሀЎҹǴᙖҗᆛၡѳѠྎ೯ཀسଯЋǶӢԜǴၸᆛၡޑ ჹࡹՉፕᆶᔠຎǴسǴࣗԿᙖҗੇหលࢬԄӣ㎸ד༟ࡹݯཀ ᜬᙟΑࡹលޑၮբኳԄǶԜၮբኳԄᆶੇหលޑᐱЬǴޑዴ ܭύаϟځᜢݙǴࣗԿම֎ԏΑஒ߈ΟϖίՏលǴޑЇଆ࣬ε ࡹݯޑஙଆ٠҂ૈᏴቺ୯ޑԃសቫۚӭǶᏃᆅੇหលޑྃ Կ 50ྃ 28 ݈༧ǴฅԶੇหលᐱޑၮբБԄаϷ֎Їԃᇸᒧ҇ޑЬǴࣗԿԋࣁ ჹຝǶޑز҇ЬលᆶԾҗ҇Ьលᜢݙᆶࣴޗӵቺ୯ٯдࡹលǴځ
ᏃᆅੇหលᐱޑၮբБԄᆶࡹЬǴࡋ֎Їӭԃᇸᒧ҇ޑ ǴаϷᙖҗੇหד٠Զ༟ࡹݯཀـӀǶฅԶᙖҗᆛၡѳѠྎ೯ཀ ϣѨޑჹࡹՉፕᆶᔠຎǴࠅϸԶத٬ፕسលࢬԄӣ㎸ ი่Ƕఈ҂ٰǴନߚੇหលૈլܺϣୢޑቹៜលϣޑขǴࣗԿᝄख़ ჴ፬ᒤݤǴց߾ޑᚒǴЪΞૈගрᡣΓߞܺޑ֎Їᒧ҇׳ᚒǴӆගр ӧεᕉნόճੇหលวޑ༈ΠǴቺ୯ੇหលޑលΓኧᆶЍё ૈஒុΠྖǶ
30 !زቺ୯ੇหលϐࣴ ! ୖԵЎ ؇ҎԣȐ2008ȑǶ୯୯ሞᜢ߯ǶѠчǺଯҥკਜǶ ཀ఼ǶѠᕴπǴ2013 ԃ 12ޑࢫమੇȐ2013ȑǶቺ୯നեπၗҥݤ ԾǺhttp://www.tpfl.org.tw/article.php?id=1219ǶڗД 19 ВǴ ൔǴ1824 යǶڬȐ2015ȑǶ୯୯ሞᔮ༈ہ୯ৎว ԾڗඵችౢȐ2014 ȑᆢ୷ԭࣽǶ2014 ԃ 2 Д 25 ВǴ http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E7%94% A2%E6%AC%8AǶ ቅठܷȐ2013ȑǶቺ୯ޑȨᇿ҇Ьȩჴᡍ—ੇหលᕴᢀჸǶϺϺ ΠᚇᇞǴ533 යǶ “Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin.” (2012) Retrived August 8, 2012, from http://parlament-berlin.de/.
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33 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! A Study on the Pirate Party of Germany
Cen-Chu SHEN
Graduate Institute of National Policy and Public Affairs National Chung Hsing University Abstract The Pirate Party of Germany was established on September 10, 2006 in Berlin. In the beginning, it was regarded as a part of the international Pirate Party movement. However, after the Berlin elections in September 2011, 8.9 ʘ of the vote was gained of the vote, and has crossed the limits of the provisions of 5%. In the first half of 2012 in 3 Bundeslaender, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Saarland and Schleswig-Holstein get the Pirate Party 7.8%, respectively, 7.4% and 8.2% of the vote. The Pirate Party has become the one of major political parties in Germany. The support rate and party members have rapidly rising. Nevertheless, the Pirate Party has become weak since the end of 2012. The Pirate Party won only 2.2ʘ in election of the German Bundestag in September 2013, and even received only 1.4ʘ of the vote in the election of European Parliament in May 2014. In fact, the Pirate Party was founded in the era of the Internet. The young generation has concentrated its policies against today’s political, economic and social system. Referring to the party policies, such as strengthening of direct democracy, to curb the use of monitoring software, as well as economic, environmental and foreign policy, etc. are different from other political parties. Increase the security of privacy of internet usage, the Pirate Party uses Internet as a platform to transfer files, in order to sharp the views of political will, communicating or discussing and reviewing the policies by the Liquid Feedback system. This kind of operation and the unique proposition of Pirate Party, once aroused considerable attention and support rate, but it also affects the unity within the party. Looking to the future, in the development of the Pirate Party unfavorable environment situation, the German Pirate Party is more likely to shrink in the future.
Keywords: Pirate Party, Pirate Parties International , the Internet, intellectual Property rights, Liquid Feedback system, Bundestag , the European Parliament
34 ᔮว WT/ᕉნߥៈǺѠ҇Ȩࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩޑࠤໂৡຯ! ! ᔮว vs.ᕉნߥៈǺ
Ѡ҇Ȩࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩޑࠤໂৡຯ
Economic Development vs. Environmental Protection: Regional Differences of the Post-Materialism Value in Taiwan
ֆख़ᘶ1
ᄔ ा ᢀᗺǴᒿߏයޑ٩ᏵȨሽॶᡂᎂፕȩȐtheory of value changeȑ ޑᔮวǴ҇ޑ୷ҁᇡޕஒவȨނ፦ЬကሽॶȩȐmaterialism valueȑ а۳Ўܭ፦ЬကሽॶȩȐpost-materialism valueȑǶॎ౦ނᙯԶݙख़Ȩࡕ ǴҁЎ၂ࡷᒧѠբࣁൂঁਢǴख़ൂ୯ৎزၠ୯Кၨࣴڗ௦ ϣόӕӦୱՉϩǶঃऩሽॶᡂᎂፕளаҔܭѠǴҁЎଷǴ ፦ЬကȩǴӧᔮచނȨܤ҇ޑٯдߚѱӦԖၨଯКځܭ࣬ჹ سᄤ୯ҥᆵчεᏢϦӅՉࡹᆶࡹᏢزࣴ܌زଣࡹݯᏢࣴزࣁύѧࣴޣ1բ ၗ௦ԾȨ2005ޑӝင௲ ႝηແҹǺ[email protected]ǹҁፕЎ٬Ҕ ೕჄȐIVȑǺ2008 ԃᕴᒧᖐय़زԃԿ 2008 ԃȬᒧᖐᆶ҇ЬϯፓȭѤԃයࣴ ೖਢȩȐTEDS2008PȑȐNSC 96-2420-H-004-017ȑǶȨѠᒧᖐᆶ҇Ьϯፓȩ ȐTEDSȑӭԃයीฝᕴєΓࣁ୯ҥࡹݯεᏢइᖱ০௲ǴTEDS2008P ࣁ ԃࡋय़ೖፓीฝǴीฝЬΓࣁ୯ҥࡹݯεᏢᒧޑଞჹ 2008 ԃᕴᒧᖐՉ ύЈǵШཥεᏢزύЈෞమ㗟௲Ǵ၀ीฝၗҗ୯ҥࡹݯεᏢᒧᖐࣴزᖐࣴ Չ٠ញ܌زǴаϷ୯ҥύξεᏢࡹݯᏢࣴسǵܿੇεᏢࡹݯᏢسՉࡹᆅᏢ рǹၗፎୖ᎙ TEDS ᆛ।Ǻhttp://www.tedsnet.orgǶբޣགᖴॊᐒᄬϷΓ ޑշӧၗೀБय़زीฝߪᑣࣴزᚒࣴמշǹќѦǴࣽڐၗٮග ፕЎܭՏቩΓჹٿӧԜ߄ҢᖴཀǶޣշǴ٬ҁፕЎளаճֹԋǴբڐΚ ǶฅǴҁЎϣཷוؼӭǴᙣᇞᖴڙޣ߃ዺගрӭᝊຑፕᆶࡌǴբ җբޣԾՉॄೢǶ
35 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ፦ЬނȨࡕܤӦǴᔈԖፏӭ҇ޑҹၨ٫ǵۚ҇௲ػำࡋၨଯ ሽॶᄊځᔮङඳஒቹៜޗޑԛǴҁЎଷǴঁձ҇ځကሽॶȩǶ ௦ҔȨ2005 ԃԿ 2008 ԃȬᒧᖐᆶ҇ЬޣᚒǴբڮࡋǶࣁᔠᡍ೭٤ਡЈ ೕჄȐIVȑǺ2008 ԃᕴᒧᖐय़ೖਢȩၗǴճҔزϯፓȭѤԃයࣴ ȨᚈᡂኧҬΰϩȩȐcross-tabulation analysisȑᆶȨӭയᆉჹኧኳࠠȩ ѠчȐѠޑȐmultinomial logit modelȑǴϩӧᔮ௲ػచҹၨ٫ ѠчᑜȑᆶύࠄȐѠύѱǵѠࠄѱǵଯѱȑǴаϷѠکчѱ ޑගр܌ቹៜӢનǶჴ่݀ӑҁЎځሽॶᄊࡋϷޑдӦ҇ځ നଯǴύࠄٯКޑ፦ЬကሽॶȩނȨࡕܤଷǺѠч҇زϩࣴ ፦ЬကሽॶȩނȨܤ҇ۚޑдӦځԛϐǴ࣬ჹӦǴѠٯКޑ ቹៜБय़ǴኧᏵᡉҢǴ௲ػำࡋཇଯǵޑΓαӢનޗ߾ၨଯǶӧٯКޑ ፦ЬကሽॶȩำࡋཇଯǴϸϐҭฅǹ೭ᅿᖿނȨࡕځǴޣᔮԏΕၨ٫ ᡉǶܴځύࠄЀک༈ӧѠч
ᜢᗖຒǺሽॶᡂᎂፕǵࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶǵᔮวǵᕉნߥៈ
36 ᔮว WT/ᕉნߥៈǺѠ҇Ȩࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩޑࠤໂৡຯ! ! قǵ
ȨሽॶᡂᎂፕȩȐtheory of value changeȑǴޑගр܌ ٩Ᏽ Inglehart ኻऍӃπϯޗӧߏයᔮวϐΠǴ҇ޑ୷ҁሽॶஒҗচ ȑǹޕȐቩऍǵ፦ሡނȐғǵӼӄȑᙯԶख़ຎߚ፦ሡނӃख़ຎ ҭջҗȨނ፦ЬကሽॶȩȐmaterialism valueȑᡂԋȨࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩ Ȑpost-materialism valueȑȐAbramson and Inglehart, 1986, 1987, 1992, 1995ǹInglehart, 1971, 1977, 1987, 1990, 1997ǹInglehart and Abramson, 1994ȑǶᏃᆅሽॶᡂᎂፕܴᡉܰᔉǴ಄ӝፕȨᙁൂ܄ȩȐparsimoniousȑ ᇥܺޑഢ࣬ำࡋڀ୷ҁచҹǴԶЪޑȩȐstraightforwardȑ܄ௗޔᆶȨ ۺཷޑȨሽॶᡂᎂȩܭǴҗځΚǴฅԶԜᏢᇥԿϿӸԖΒ১ᗺǶ ഖӵՖዴϪӦෳໆȨሽॶᡂزࢂǴޑၑ܌ຝǴӢԜࣁΓܜکቶݱܭၸ ᎂȩ࣬ᜢᡂኧȐClarke and Dutt, 1991ǹClarke, Dutt, and Rapkins, 1997ǹ Β Ǵ ځDavis and Davenport, 1999ǹInglehart and Abramson, 1994, 1999ȑǶ ϐǴقϐೀǶ၁ىόځਔǴܴᡉԖزஒሽॶᡂᎂፕၮҔԿၠ୯Кၨࣴ ځᔮวำࡋ࣬ௗ߈Ǵՠࢂޑ၀ፕคݤֹӄှញࣁՖࢌ٤୯ৎ ᡏЎϯሽॶࠅևᡉৡ౦ǹ࣬ӕӦǴ೭ᢀᗺҭคݤှញࣁՖऩυ ,.ሽॶᄊࡋࠅࣗࣁௗ߈ȐClarke et alޑ҇ځ୯ৎǴޑᔮำࡋܴᡉৡ౦ 1999ǹDuch and Taylor, 1993ǹGibson and Duch, 1994ȑǶ
.ԋ݀ȐcfزࣴޑǴّϞςಕᑈ࣬ᙦزࣴޑሽॶᡂᎂፕܭᜢ Abramson and Inglehart, 1987, 1992, 1995ǹAnderson, 1990ǹDalton, 1977, 1996ǹFlanagan, 1982ǹGranato, Inglehart, and Leblang, 1996ǹInglehart, ၠ୯КၨǴԖϿኧЎख़ڗ௦ز1997ǹOpp, 1990ȑǶӭኧࣴ ,1990 ჹຝǵزϿኧ୯ৎǴӵ Gibson and DuchȐ1994ȑаᖄբࣁࣴ܈ൂܭ Lafferty and KnutsenȐ1985ȑख़ܭਊ࠶ޑวǵFlanaganȐ1982ȑа ВҁჴၗՉϩǵAndersonȐ1990ȑаঢථεᎿуᆶѭуҐࣁ ǴځҗԖΟǶځჹຝǴزጄൎǶҁЎ၂аѠൂঁਢբࣁࣴزࣴ Ǵܿ٥ځǴЪරӛ҇ЬБӛวǶЀޗᔮޑԖঁᛙ଼ԋߏڀѠ ජ܌٥ࢪᡍวኳԄǴᅌԋࣁШࣚӚ୯ޑӦ୯ৎ҇Ьϯၸำԋ Ƕ᠘ԜǴѠӧᔮวٯޑҔǴύ୯εഌᆶऩυߚࢪ୯ৎ൩ࢂܴᡉ дᎃ߈ځᡂᎂՉǴΨளаբࣁޑሽॶޗځᡍǴॶளրΓჹޑ ǴόӕӦวำࡋቹៜقࡋԶفޑΒǴவࡹཀ఼ځԵǶୖޑ୯ৎ ࢂӦБࡹ۬ӧ܈ύѧࡹ۬ܭሽॶᢀᗺǴ೭ᅿჹکࡹݯᄊࡋޑӦۚ҇ زΟǴа۳ࣴځፐᚒǶزࣴޑཀကڀೕჄϦӅࡹਔբࣁୖԵǴᔈࢂሥ ୯ৎຎࣁঁ୷ҁଷஒځǴزၠ୯ࣴڗբǴӭࣁ௦ޑሽॶᡂᎂፕ ЎϯǶฅԶǴޗࢂᡏޑև܌Ǵ܄Ԗଯࡋӕ፦ڀঁᡏǴ҇ሽॶൂ όӕǴҭջۚՐӧόӕӦ܄ୱޑ୯ৎϣঁаࣁǴـభޣբ ຎࣁ࣬ەৡ౦ǴӢԜό܌ሽॶᄊࡋёૈӢࣁӦՅԶԖځ҇Ǵޑୱ
37 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ӕޑϩൂՏǶ
Ǵςق܌ೲᔮԋߏϐࡕǴࢂց၈ӵሽॶᡂᎂፕזѠӧᐕ ǴقԶ܄ǻаୱޗ፦ЬကሽॶȩނΕȨࡕ፦ЬကሽॶȩނᅌҗȨ ፦ЬကȩǴӧᔮచނȨܤ҇ޑٯдߚѱӦԖၨଯКځܭ࣬ჹ ፦ЬނȨࡕܤӦǴᔈԖፏӭ҇ޑҹၨ٫ǵۚ҇௲ػำࡋၨଯ ሽॶᄊࡋǻࣁΑځᔮచҹࢂցቹៜޗޑǴ҇ঁձޣကሽॶȩǶӆ ᄔॊሽॶᡂᎂޣኧ࣬ᜢᚒǶ२ӃǴբز೭٤ᚒǴҁЎᔕز ԛǴࣁᔠ࣬ᜢᚒǴҁЎ௦ҔȨ2005ځЎǶزཀ఼ᆶ࣬ᜢࣴޑፕ ೕჄȐIVȑǺ2008 ԃᕴزԃԿ 2008 ԃȬᒧᖐᆶ҇ЬϯፓȭѤԃයࣴ ᒧᖐय़ೖਢȩȐаΠᙁᆀ TEDS2008PȑၗǴճҔȨᚈᡂኧҬΰϩȩ Ȑcross-tabulation analysisȑᆶȨӭയᆉჹኧኳࠠȩȐmultinomial logit ѠчᑜȑǵύࠄȐѠύѱǵѠکmodelȑǴϩѠчȐѠчѱ ቹៜӢનǶӧ่ፕځሽॶᄊࡋϷޑдᑜѱ҇ځࠄѱǵଯѱȑǴаϷ БӛǶزࣴޑाᗺǴ٠ගр҂ٰزύǴҁЎᄔॊࣴ ཀ఼ۺཷޑΒǵሽॶᡂᎂፕ
୷ҁǴInglehartȐ1990Ǻ133-135ȑගрሽॶᡂᎂፕΏࢂа Maslow Ƕሡޑ໘ቫፕȩȐhierarchy of needsȑࣁ୷ᘵวрٰȐ1954ȑȨሡ Ԗӵঁ໘ቫǴҗΠ۳ᐒǴ೭٤ሡޑሡىԖᅈڀ໘ቫፕᇡࣁǴΓ ᡏӼӄȩȐphysicalيϩձࣁǺȨᔮӼӄȩȐeconomic securityȑǵȨ securityȑǵȨᘜឦᆶ൧ख़ȩȐbelonging and esteemȑǵȨޕȩȐintellectualȑǴ аϷȨቩऍȩȐaestheticȑǶΒޣឦܭȨғӼӄȩȐphysiological needsȑǴ Ψ൩ࢂ InglehartȐ1990Ǻ134ȑ܌ᒏޑȨނ፦ЬကሽॶȩǴࡕΟޣឦܭȨޗ ፦ނȩȐsocial and self-actualization needsȑǴҭջȨࡕჴሡךᆶԾ ϐࡕǴΓॺىԿϿࢂϩᅈޣ܈ǴىᕇளᅈሡޑЬကሽॶȩǶեቫ Ƕىаයᕇளᅈሡޑଯቫ׳ஒᝩុଓ
ှញǶ೯தǴΓॺѸޑǴᔮᏢҭԖᜪ՟ۺཷޑሡ܄೭ᅿ໘ࢤ ܫᒧǶᜫཀᒧπբԶޑϐΠǴय़ჹπբᆶҶ໕ڋਔ໔ज़ޑӧԖज़ ܌གຬၸҶ໕ىᅈޑౢғ܌πբૈٰԏΕǴԶԏΕܭకҶ໕Ǵࢂ୷ གȩӧᔮᏢᆀࣁȨਏҔȩȐutilityȑǶ٩ىགǹ೭ᅿȨᅈىᅈޑٰ ൔၿຫଯǴਏҔ߾ቚуǴӢԜޑᕇளૈ܌๏ݤ߾ǴπբൂՏٮྣ ΓॺᒧπբޑᇨӢ൩ຫεǴᜫཀӧπբޑਔኧΨຫӭǴ೭ᆀ ߡሡޑҶ໕ܭࣁȨඹжਏ݀ȩȐsubstitution effectȑǹ࣬ჹϐΠǴჹ ᜢ߯ǴᖒၗНྗޑϐǴᖒၗᆶπբਔኧϐ໔Ӹӧᅿ҅ӛقफ़եǶඤ ߾ຫλǶฅԶǴሡޑ߾ຫεǴ࣬ၨϐΠҶ໕ሡޑπբܭຫଯਔΓॺჹ όᘐගޑӛᜢ߯Ǵ٠όᒿᖒၗНྗ҅ޑӸӧ܌πբਔኧᆶᖒၗϐ໔ ǴᖒၗНྗѿගϲԿࢌᅿำࡋਔǴΓقଯԶ҉ᇻᆢΠѐǶԶ
38 ᔮว WT/ᕉნߥៈǺѠ҇Ȩࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩޑࠤໂৡຯ! ! ᄊԶόӆᒧቚуπբਔኧǹԜރکਏҔςၲႫޑٰ܌ॺӢࣁπբ ਔǴϸԶӢࣁᖒၗޑගϲǴԋᒧҶ໕ޑ࣬ჹሽևΠफ़ǴᏤठ ΓॺᒧቚуҶ໕Զ෧ϿπբǴӵԜٰǴπբਔኧᆶᖒၗНྗϐ໔ϸ Զԋॄӛᜢ߯Ƕ
ᆢளӧࢌНྗаΠਔǴΓॺ܌ᇥܴёᘜયрǴᖒၗޑॊ ୷ҁғीᒧπբǴԶЪᖒၗຫଯπբޑਔኧ൩ຫߏǹՠᖒၗ܌ள ૈ܌ਏҔǴᇻᇻຬၸπբޑࢌᖏࣚᗺਔǴΓॺวҶ໕ૈٰډଯ ளਏ݀ȩȘincome effectșȑǴӢԜ෧ϿπբԶ܌གȐᆀࣁȨىᅈޑٰ ቚуҶ໕ਔኧǶࣁߡܭᇥܴǴऩஒπբਔኧܭᐉືǵᖒၗ܌ளНྗ߄ ܌ܭϐሞǴඹжਏ݀ϝεۈᕵືǴόᜤమཱวǴҗচᗺрว߃ܭҢ ளਏ݀ਔǴπբਔኧᆶᖒၗ܌ளϐ໔և҅ӛᜢ߯ǹՠѿᖒၗ ܌ளຬၸࢌНྗǴջඹжਏ݀ϸեܭ܌ளਏ݀ਔǴπբਔኧᆶᖒၗ܌ ȨғޑىѸӃՉᅈ܌ளϐ໔߾ᡂԋॄӛᜢ߯Ƕ2ӵ݀ஒπբຎࣁΓॺ җᔮᏢޕȩǴёჴሡךᆶԾޗȨޑӼӄȩǴҶ໕ຎࣁᝩԶଓ Ƕሡ܄໘ࢤޑமፓ܌ᢀᗺǴϝёమཱӦឍញрሽॶᡂᎂፕޑύਏҔ
ځ୷ҁଷǶٿሽॶᡂᎂፕǴInglehartȐ1990Ǻ56ȑගрܭᜢ ᓬӃሽॶϸޑᇡࣁঁΓځଷȩȐscarcity hypothesisȑǴ܄ǴࢂȨีԖ ǶىᓬӃѐᅈނ٣ޑ٤࣬ჹЮٗܭᔮᕉნǴჹޗޑೀ܌ࢀрд ܈܄ȨሽॶׇȩȐvalue prioritiesȑᆶีϿ܈ҭջǴ҇ϐ୷ҁሡ ΒǴځѸฅၨଯǶ܄ሽॶᓬӃځǴނЮϐ٣ޣ܈ЮำࡋԖᜢǴ࣬ჹีԖ ᔮᕉნᆶᓬޗᇡࣁځϯଷȩȐsocialization hypothesisȑǴޗࢂȨ ѴځᓬӃሽॶϸࢀӧޑǴঁΓقௗ࣬ᜢǹ൩ߏයԶޔᜢ߯٠ߚޑӃሽॶ ঁٿǴ೭قᡂϯǶᕴᡏԶޑሽॶᢀஒόܰԖϼεځԃԋߏਔයǴԋԃࡕ ᔮᕷᄪԖښଷཀ܄ϐǴีԖقཀ఼Ƕ၁ޑ୷ҁଷౢғሽॶׯᡂ ޗঁΓᆶᡏښϯଷཀޗදϷǴԶޑ፦ЬကሽॶȩނȨࡕܭշ ဃѳǴڬߏයᄌӦၲԋȐᡂᎂ٠ߚӧอයϣᡯԋǴԶࢂޑЎϯሽॶ ݩϐΠǴInglehart ႣයǴπϯ୯ৎӧߏයଯޑ2001Ǻ2-8ȑǶӧ೭ኬ ࡋᔮᕷᄪϐΠǴߦȨࡕނ፦ЬကሽॶȩޑදϷǴԶᔮ૰ଏ߾ ౢғϸӛޑቹៜǶ
๏ԔጕȩȐbackward-bending laborٮമޑ೭ᅿຝӧᔮᏢᆀࣁȨࡕ 2 ๏Ԕጕ۶Ԝϐ໔ᜢٮമޑளਏ݀аϷࡕ܌supply curveȑǶԖᜢඹжਏ݀ǵ ߯ޑ၁ಒᇥܴፎୖԵ Baumol and BlinderȐ2003Ǻ324-328ȑǶԿܭѠޑ࣬ᜢࣴ ٮമޑЬाമԋ—Ρϻޑჴ่݀ᡉҢǴ٩ৎύޑҗൂᢐȐ1988ȑز ࡕ໘ࢤǶܭ๏Ԕጕςೀٮമޑ๏ࣁϩჹຝǴวѠ
39 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ǴଞჹڔሽॶᡂᎂፕǴInglehart ӧ 1970 ԃջीୢځࣁΑӑ аྃ 15 ܭကεճǵቺ୯ǵݤ୯ǵើǵम୯ǵКճਔՋኻ୯ৎǴჹ ӄౚ 43 ঁ୯ৎՉሽॶᡂᎂࣴܭഌុჹ׳Ǵϐࡕز҇வ٣ፓࣴ ፓၗޑزϝ߳ज़ӧኻऍ୯ৎǶ3೭٤ࣴزፓࣴޑǴฅԶၨֹز ЬाхࡴȨኻࢪޗဂፓȩȐEuropean Community Surveys, 1970-1971, 1973, 1976-1994ȑǵȨኻࢪӛፓȩȐEuro-Barometer Survey, 1970ȑǴа ϷȨШࣚሽॶፓȩȐWorld Value Surveys, 1981-1983, 1990-1993ȑǶ ЈΚǴInglehartȐ1971, 1977, 1987, 1990, 1997ǹҭёୖزၸߏයݙࣴ ᎙ Inglehart and Abramson, 1994, 1999ȑමჹܭፏӭ୯ৎՉКၨϩǴ ᖿ༈ǴԜޑȩޗ፦ЬကނჴኻऍӃπϯ୯ৎዴჴԖරӛȨࡕځ ቹៜǶޑΓαӢનޗ௲ػำࡋǵᔮԏΕǵᙍǵԃសШжډڙΏ
୷ҁᡄᒠǴޑǴ٩ൻ၀ፕޑѠܭঃऩሽॶᡂᎂፕளаҔ ѠчޑݩϐΠǴᔮచҹ२๓ϐޑдచҹ࣬ځҁЎଷǴӧ ԛࢂځ፦ЬကሽॶȩǴނȨࡕܤѠчᑜȑǴᔈԖၨӭ҇کȐѠчѱ ύࠄȐхࡴѠύѱǵѠࠄѱǵଯѱȑǹ࣬ჹޑᔮ௲ػచҹၨ٫ Ǵঁձ҇ޣ፦ЬကሽॶȩǶӆނȨܤٯдᑜѱ҇ᔈԖၨଯКځӦǴ ሽॶᄊࡋǹځᔮङඳǴЬाхࡴ௲ػำࡋᆶᔮԏΕǴஒቹៜޗޑ ፦ЬကሽނǴཇख़ຎȨࡕޣᔮӦՏཇଯޗϐǴ௲ػำࡋཇଯǵقܰ ॶȩǴϸϐҭฅǶ ϩ፦Ьကሽॶȩ߃ނȨࡕޑΟǵࠤໂৡຯ
ᔮӢનǴޗԑӧሽॶᄊࡋǴᔠόӕӦୱǵόӕزҁࣴ ȨШࣚሽॶፓȩǴޑว܌ ଜ Inglehartୖޣৡ౦Ƕբ܌ቹៜำࡋࢂցԖځ όӕǴԶஒᡂኧౣբፓǴЬाख़ӧځ፦ᆶ܄ڔୢޑ ՠӢԵໆ TEDS य़ӛޑݾǴ೭ࢂሽॶᄊࡋύཱུࣁख़ाޑȨᔮว vs.ᕉნߥៈȩ ȐInglehart, 1997Ǻ237-243ȑǴᙖаᔠሽॶᡂᎂፕࢂցҔܭѠޗ ޑሥࣁቶݱǴӢԜதЇଆݾۺǶซӵॊǴȨሽॶᡂᎂȩ࣬ᜢཷ аࣁǴӧᔮـభޣഖӵՖዴϪӦෳໆ೭٤ᡂኧǹᏃᆅӵԜǴբزࢂǴ ᒧޣೖڙచҹϐΠǴޑݩǴӧԜ۶ߏޑӄٿᕉნߥៈคݤکว ǶࣁᔠۺਡЈཷޑ፦ЬကሽॶȩނȨࡕբࣁᓬӃᒧǴ೭ࢂځ ܌ࢂǴϐޑᚒǴҁЎᙖҗ TEDS2008P ՉჴϩǶѸᇥܴڮ࣬ᜢ ܭวр 12 ࡰǴԿෳໆǴInglehart ޑۺ፦ЬကሽॶȩཷނȨࡕܭᜢ 3 ෳໆȨਏࡋȩȐvalidityȑԿϞϝݾፕόҶǴЇวᏢࣚፏӭፕȐ࣬ᜢݾፕǴځ ࡌୖ᎙ Clarke and Dutt, 1991ǹClarke, Dutt, and Rapkins, 1997ǹDavis and Davenport, 1999ǹInglehart and Abramson, 1994, 1999ȑǶ
40 ᔮว WT/ᕉნߥៈǺѠ҇Ȩࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩޑࠤໂৡຯ! ! ٬ҔȨࡹݯϩݔȩᚒҞύੋϷ ǴTEDSܭа٬ҔԜፓၗЬाচӢӧ ന߈ԃࡋӧ 2008 ԃǴϐࡕ٠ค٬Ҕᜪ՟ᚒҞǶޑᕉნߥៈکᔮว
ᗄѱȐѠчޔঁ 2 کፓጄൎхࡴѠ࣪ 21 ঁᑜѱޑ TEDS2008P ԃΜ 2008 ܭزѱᆶଯѱȑǴՠόх֖ᅽࡌ࣪ߎߐᑜᆶೱԢᑜǶ4၀ࣴ ጄൎхࡴᐱҥኬҁᆶଓᙫޑ҇ཀፓǶԜԛፓೖୢ܄ДΠԒֹԋӄ୯ ǴԋфڔኬҁǶᕴीᐱҥኬҁӅௗΑ 5,981 ঁኬҁǴԋф 1,905 ҽୢ Ǵԋфڔࣁ 31.85%ǹଓᙫኬҁӅௗ 1,230 ঁኬҁǴԋф 755 ҽୢ زԖ౻ϐϦ҇Ƕӧࣴڀࣣࣁԃសᅈ 20 ྃаޣೖڙࣁ 61.38%Ƕ ȨၠϩȩȐcross-sectional analysisȑǴӢԜ٬ҔܭीБय़ǴҁЎឦ ᐱҥኬҁǹࣁКၨࠤໂӧȨࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩޑৡ౦Ǵӵ߄܌ҢǴѠ ѠчᑜȑԖਏኬҁኧࣁ 555 ঁǴύࠄȐѠύѱǵکчȐѠчѱ дӦȐхࡴਲ༜ᑜǵཥځܭѠࠄѱǵଯѱȑኬҁኧӝी 317 ঁǴԿ ԮᑜǵѠύᑜǵᄆϯᑜǵࠄᑜǵ݅ᑜǵကᑜǵѠࠄᑜǵଯᑜǵ ࡀܿᑜǵѠܿᑜǵጪᑜǵ୷ໜѱǵཥԮѱǵကѱȑӅीࣁ 1,033 ঁǶ 5
߄ǵѠ҇Ȩࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩޑԛኧϩଛ
дӦځ Ѡч ύࠄ ԛኧ ԭϩК ԛኧ ԭϩК ԛኧ ԭϩК மፓߥៈᕉნ 116 20.90% 53 16.72% 152 14.71% ٠ख़ 212 38.20% 123 38.80% 351 33.98%ޣٿ மፓวᔮ 203 36.58% 120 37.85% 449 43.47% ೖᅅୢ 1 0.18% 0 0.00% 4 0.39% ܔเ 2 0.36% 1 0.32% 4 0.39% όޕၰ 21 3.78% 20 6.31% 73 7.07% ᕴी 555 100.00%317 100.00% 1,033 100.00% ࣁȨமፓߥៈᕉۓஒ҇ሽॶᄊࡋޣӧ٩ᡂኧၗೀБय़Ǵբ ԃࡹ۬ω࠹ 1992 ډޔਸᕉნሡाǴܭឦߎߐᑜᆶೱԢᑜӦҗ܌ᅽࡌ࣪ 4 ჴࡼӦБԾݯǴ٠ӧ 1993 ԃ२ࡋ҇ᒧӦБᝄǴಖЗᏯӦࡹ୍Ǵיှନᖏਔ Ƕ܄ᆶж߄܄ֹޑၗܭ࣬ߞคᛖޣӦǴঁٿՉࡹ२ߏǶᏃᆅคݤԵໆ೭
ձǵԃសȐϖϩᜪȑǵ௲ػำ܄ࢂǴTEDS2008P ၗଞჹኬҁϐޑॶளᇥܴ 5 Ǵ٠ϒауǶБԄ߯ۓࡋȐϖϩᜪȑǴаϷӦୱȐϤϩᜪȑᡂኧՉᔠ ௦ҔȨӭᡂኧϸᙟуݤȩȐrakingȑǴуࡕኬҁ่ᄬᆶ҆ဂ٠คৡ౦ǶӚ ΓαीޑϐȨύ҇୯ѠመӦހဂୖኧΏ٩Ᏽ 2007 ԃϣࡹр҆ޑۓᔠ Ȑ҇୯ΐΜϤԃȑȩȐෞమ㗟Ǵ2009Ǻ41ȑǶ
41 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ٠ख़ȩΟঁय़ӛǶӧԾᡂኧБय़ǴޣٿნȩǵȨமፓวᔮȩǴаϷȨ ௲ػำࡋϩࣁȨ୯λำࡋаΠȩǵȨ୯ύำࡋȩǵȨଯύᙍำࡋȩǴаϷ ȨεำࡋаȩѤᜪǶӧᔮԏΕБय़Ǵ߾ϩࣁȨեԏΕȩǵȨύ ᜏᆶख़ཥጓዸǴڔୢޑ೭٤ᡂኧܭԏΕȩǴаϷȨଯԏΕȩΟᜪǶᜢ ߕᒵԖ၁ᅰᇥܴǶ
፦ЬကނȨࡕޑдӦځ२ӃǴҁЎඔॊѠчǵύࠄǵ ޣೖڙޑҢǴӧѠчБय़Ǵ20.90%܌ሽॶȩԛኧϩଛǶӵ߄ ӣเޣೖڙޑ߄ҢமፓߥៈᕉნǴ36.58%߾மፓวᔮǴќ 38.20% ٠ख़ǶӧύࠄБय़Ǵ16.72%߄ҢமፓߥៈᕉნǴ37.85%߾ޣٿ дᑜѱǴ14.71%ځ٠ख़ǶӧѠӦޣٿமፓวᔮǴԖ 38.80%ᇡࣁ ٠ޣٿ߄ҢமፓߥៈᕉნǴ43.47%߾மፓวᔮǴҭԖ 33.98%ӣเ ଷǴѠч҇மፓߥៈᕉნزࣴޑගр܌ӑҁЎ่݀ख़Ƕ߃ ၨଯǴќѦѠчٯКޑ҇ख़ຎวᔮۚޑдӦځၨଯǴԶٯКޑ ҇ǶޑдᑜѱځܭᡉଯܴٯКޑ٠ख़ޣٿǵύࠄۚ҇ᇡࣁ
ձଞჹ೭ΟঁӦǴуΕ௲ػำࡋᆶᔮԏΕϒаಒঁޣௗǴ ϩǴ ՉȨᚈᡂኧҬΰϩȩǴᕕှޗᔮӢનჹܭሽॶᄊࡋޑቹៜǶ ၈ӵ߄Β܌ҢǴӧѠчБय़Ǵ14.29%ޑ୯λำࡋаΠޣமፓߥៈᕉ ٠ख़ǶϸᢀǴεޣٿნǴ41.84%߄ҢமፓวᔮǴќԖ 43.88%ᇡࣁ ӣเமፓߥៈᕉნǴ37.90%߄ҢமޣೖڙޑǴԖ 27.82%ޣำࡋа ቹៜБځǴق٠ख़Ƕ൩ᔮԏΕԶޣٿፓวᔮǴҭԖ 34.27%ᇡࣁ மፓߥៈᕉޣեԏΕޑӛᆶ௲ػำࡋ࣬ᜪ՟ǶኧᏵᡉҢǴԖ 18.66% ٠ख़ǹϸϐǴ21.21%ޣٿნǴ40.19%߄Ңख़ຎวᔮǴќԖ 41.15%ᇡࣁ ޑଯԏΕޣӣเமፓߥៈᕉნǴ53.03%߄ҢமፓวᔮǴҭԖ 25.76% ଯեǴ٬ளѠчޑϐǴӢࣁ௲ػำࡋᆶᔮԏΕق٠ख़Ƕᙁޣٿᇡࣁ ख़ຎᕉځޣᔮచҹཇ٫ޗৡຯǴཀջޑ፦ሽॶևᡉނޑۚ҇ ཇٯКޑख़ᔮวୃځޣᔮచҹཇեޗཇଯǴԶٯКޑნߥៈ ଯǶ
፦ЬကሽॶȩϐҬΰϩނ߄ΒǵѠ҇௲ػำࡋǵᔮԏΕᆶȨࡕ
Ѡч ࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶ ٠ख़ மፓวᔮޣٿ ௲ػำࡋ மፓߥៈᕉნ ୯λำࡋаΠ 14 (14.29%) 43 (43.88%) 41 (41.84%) ୯ύำࡋ 12 (21.05%) 24 (42.11%) 21 (36.84%) ଯύᙍำࡋ 21 (16.54%) 60 (47.24%) 46 (36.22%) N=530 εำࡋа 69 (27.82%) 85 (34.27%) 94 (37.90%) D.F.=6
42 ᔮว WT/ᕉნߥៈǺѠ҇Ȩࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩޑࠤໂৡຯ! ! ᕴी 116 212 202 2=12.892* (21.89%) (40.00%) (38.11%) ᔮԏΕ եԏΕ 39 (18.66%) 86 (41.15%) 84 (40.19%) ύԏΕ 45 (30.61%) 58 (39.46%) 44 (29.93%) N=422 ଯԏΕ 14 (21.21%) 17 (25.76%) 35 (53.03%) D.F.=4 ᕴी 98 (23.22%) 161 163 2=15.214* (38.15%) (38.63%) ύࠄ ௲ػำࡋ ୯λำࡋаΠ 9 (16.98%) 25 (47.17%) 19 (35.85%) ୯ύำࡋ 1 (3.85%) 9 (34.62%) 16 (61.54%) ଯύᙍำࡋ 15 (17.44%) 34 (39.53%) 37 (43.02%) N=294 εำࡋа 28 (21.71%) 54 (41.86%) 47 (36.43%) D.F.=6 ᕴी 53 (18.03%) 122 119 2=8.497 (41.50%) (40.48%) ᔮԏΕ եԏΕ 18 (13.74%) 55 (41.98%) 58 (44.27%) ύԏΕ 16 (22.22%) 26 (36.11%) 30 (41.66%) N=222 ଯԏΕ 7 (36.84%) 11 (57.89%) 1 (5.26%) D.F.=4 ᕴी 41 (18.47%) 92 (41.44%) 89 (40.09%) 2=13.717* дӦځ ௲ػำࡋ ୯λำࡋаΠ 32 (15.46%) 70 (33.82%) 105 (50.72%) ୯ύำࡋ 15 (10.14%) 62 (41.89%) 71 (47.97%) ଯύᙍำࡋ 44 (15.33%) 109 134 N=951 (37.98%) (46.69%) εำࡋа 61 (19.74%) 109 139 D.F.=6 (35.26%) (44.98%) ᕴी 152 350 449 2=8.757 (15.98%) (36.80%) (47.21%) ᔮԏΕ եԏΕ 78 (14.77%) 189 261 (35.80%) (49.43%) ύԏΕ 44 (20.09%) 79 (36.07%) 96 (43.84%) N=802 ଯԏΕ 7 (12.73%) 20 (36.36%) 28 (50.91%) D.F.=4 ᕴी 129 288 385 2=4.256
43 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! (16.08%) (35.91%) (48.00%) ೖΓኧǹD.F.ࣁ Degrees of Freedomǹ 2 ࣁ Chi-squareǹ*p<.05ǶڙN ࣁ
ቹៜБӛ಄ӝځԛǴӧύࠄБय़Ǵӧ௲ػำࡋБय़ǴᏃᆅځ ख़ޣৡ౦҂ၲीᡉНྗǶ16.98%୯λำࡋаΠځႣයǴฅԶزࣴ ٠ख़ǹεޣٿߥៈᕉნǴ35.85%மፓวᔮǴќԖ 47.17%ᇡࣁᔈ ӣเமፓߥៈᕉნǴ36.43%߄ҢமፓޣೖڙޑǴԖ 21.71%ޣำࡋа ٠ख़Ƕ൩ᔮԏΕٰᇥǴၗᡉҢǴޣٿวᔮǴҭԖ 41.86%ᇡࣁ 13.74%եԏΕޣமፓߥៈᕉნǴ44.27%߄Ңᔮวၨࣁख़ाǴќԖ மፓߥៈᕉნǴѝԖ 5.26%ޣ٠ख़ǹќѦǴ36.84%ଯԏΕޣٿ41.98%ᇡࣁ ǴӢࣁق٠ख़ǶᡏԶޣٿ߄Ңख़ຎᔮวǴҭԖ 57.89%ᇡࣁᔈ၀ ፦ЬကሽॶȩևᡉৡຯǴނȨࡕޑݩ٬ฅǴύࠄۚ҇ރᔮ ཇଯǴϸϐҭฅǶٯКޑख़ຎᕉნߥៈځޣཀջᔮԏΕཇଯ
ሽॶځܭᔮӢનჹޗޑдᑜѱБय़Ǵ҇ځǴӧѠӦޣӆ ࣗࣁᜪ՟Ǵޑቹៜҭࢂόλ㉚ǴᆶѠчǵύࠄޑᄊࡋ ୯λำࡋаޑीᡉНྗǶኧᏵᡉҢǴ15.46%ډৡ౦٠ؒԖၲځՠࢂ ٠ޣٿख़ߥៈᕉნǴ50.72%மፓวᔮǴќԖ 33.82%ᇡࣁᔈޣΠ ӣเமፓߥៈᕉნǴ44.98%ޣೖڙޑǴԖ 19.74%ޣख़ǹεำࡋа ٠ख़Ƕ൩ᔮԏΕٰᇥǴޣٿ߄ҢமፓวᔮǴҭԖ 35.26%ᇡࣁ 14.77%եԏΕޣமፓߥៈᕉნǴ49.43%߄Ңख़ຎᔮวǴќԖ 35.80% மፓߥៈᕉნǴ50.91%߄ޣଯԏΕޑ٠ख़ǹϸϐǴ12.73%ޣٿᇡࣁᔈ ٠ख़ǶᘜયٰᇥǴӢࣁ௲ػำޣٿҢख़ຎᔮวǴҭԖ 36.36%ᇡࣁ ፦ሽॶևᡉނޑдᑜѱ҇ځଯեǴ٬ளѠӦޑࡋᆶᔮԏΕ ޗཇଯǴԶٯКޑӳᕉნߥៈୃځޣᔮచҹཇ٫ޗৡຯǴཀջޑ ཇଯǶٯКޑமፓᔮวځޣᔮచҹཇե
ӑǶ२ӃǴଷςᕇள߃زࣴޑගр܌ᆕᢀॊϩ่݀ǴҁЎ дᑜѱۚ҇ख़ຎځၨଯǴԶѠӦٯКޑѠч҇மፓᕉნߥៈ ޑ٠ख़ޣٿၨଯǴќѦѠчᆶύࠄ҇ᇡࣁٯКޑᔮว ᔮӢޗޑݩΠǴ҇ޑдёૈᡂኧځԛǴӧ҂ԵໆځၨଯǶٯК Ǵҭջ௲ػำࡋᆶᔮԏΕཇଯ܄࣬ᜢޑԖऩυำࡋڀሽॶᄊࡋځનᆶ ቹޑᡂኧঁ፦ЬကሽॶȩำࡋཇଯǴϸϐҭฅǶฅǴނȨࡕځǴޣ ຑǶޑ࠼ᢀ׳ளբۈϩǴ܄дᡂኧ࣬ϕКၨǴၸᡏځៜǴѸᆶ ёૈӢનǴନΑ௲ػำࡋᆶᔮԏޑᕕှቹៜ҇ሽॶᄊࡋࣁΑ ձǵԃសǵȨࡹលᇡӕȩȐparty identificationȑ܄ڗќѦޣΕϐѦǴ 6ǵȨࡹݯфਏཀȩȐsense of political efficacyȑ7ǵᕴᡏᔮӣ៝ǴаϷ ЈԋϩǴѬࢂঁΓᡏޑࡹݯᄊࡋय़ӛύǴࡹលᇡӕࢂख़ाޑӧӚᜪ 6
44 ᔮว WT/ᕉნߥៈǺѠ҇Ȩࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩޑࠤໂৡຯ! ! ܭᡂኧǴҥ٠ᔠϩኳࠠǶᜢڋᡏᔮӣ៝Ǵբࣁঁ ᜏᆶᒧǴаϷᡂኧϐख़ཥጓዸǴڔϩୢޑزTEDS2008P ፓࣴ ፎୖ᎙ߕᒵǶ Ѥǵჴ่݀ᆶϩፕ
ॊǴ܌፦ЬကሽॶȩǴӵނȨࡕޑӧϩኳࠠύǴ٩ᡂኧࣁ҇ ٠ख़ȩΟᜪǴޣٿϩࣁȨமፓߥៈᕉნȩǵȨமፓᔮวȩǴаϷȨ ٠ख़ȩࣁୖྣಔǶӧԾᡂኧБय़ǴନΑԃសࣁȨೱុᡂኧȩޣٿаȨ Ȩ፦ᡂኧȩȐqualitativeܭдᡂኧࣣឦځȐcontinuous variableȑϐѦǴ variableȑǴࡺаȨᔕᡂኧȩȐdummy variableȑฦᒵϐǶ8ӧीϩ ࡹۓܭ፦ǹ೭ᅿჹ܄ޑۓԖߏයᛙڀᕉǴޑύᜢᗖسᆶߞһۺሽॶᢀޑ ۯᅿޑᇡӕӧࡹݯШࣚךԾځޣ۸၈གǴຎࣁࢂࡹݯՉࣁޣ܈ᘜឦགޑល ᆶᘉȐֆख़ᘶǵЎᇯǴ2003ǹCampbell et al., 1960ǹConverse, 1964ǹGerber ჴځand Green, 1998ǹSears and Valentino, 1997ǹStone and Schaffner, 1988ȑǶ൩ ޑԖख़εڀۓ،ᒧ҇౻ܭࡰрǴࡹលᇡӕόჹزǴፏӭჴࣴق፦ਏᔈԶ ᜢᗖӢનǴࣗԿࢂനख़ाޑдᒧᖐᚒځቹៜǴԶЪҭࣁѰѓঁΓࡹݯᄊࡋᆶ ޑӢનǶਥᏵ TEDS2008P ፓၗᡉҢǴᇡӕ୯҇លޑኬҁኧࣁ 662 Γǵ҇ ល 536 Γǵཥល 15 Γǵᒃ҇ល 18 ΓǵѠი่ᖄ࿉ 15 Γǵᆘល 2 Γǵआល ޣԖਏኬҁኧ࣬Ԗज़ǴմନΞሥࣁёெǶӢԜǴբޑǴλលقΓǶᕴᡏԶ 2 ٩Ᏽ 2008 ԃਔѠࡹݯ༈Ǵஒࡹលᇡӕϩࣁݱᆘᒧ҇Ȑ҇លǵѠი ȑǴޣȑǵݱᙔᒧ҇Ȑ୯҇លǵᒃ҇លǵཥលǵआលϐᇡӕޣᖄ࿉ǵᆘលϐᇡӕ่ аϷᐱҥᒧ҇բࣁࡹលᇡӕϐϩǶ
ቹៜ܌Ԗޣ܈ԖۓࡹݯၸำѸܭࡹݯՉࣁჹځࡹݯфਏཀཀࡰȨঁΓᇡࣁ 7 ޑགǴҭջঁΓᇡࣁቬՉȬϦ҇ೢҺȭȐcivic dutiesȑࢂॶளޑǶѬࢂᅿག Յٰفޑᄽ࣬תࣁϦ҇ёаيǴԶޑׯᡂࢂԖёૈޑޗǴᇡࣁࡹݯᆶ ကǴࡹݯۓׯᡂȩȐCampbell, Gurin, and Miller, 1954Ǻ187ȑǶਥᏵԜޑߦԋ೭ኬ ᆀȨᒡ܈ᜪǴᜪࢂȨϣӧфਏȩȐinternal efficacyȑǴٿфਏཀۘёӆಒϩࣁ ΕфਏȩȐinput efficacyȑǴќᜪࢂȨѦӧфਏȩȐexternal efficacyȑǴ܈ᆀȨᒡ Ԗᕕှࡹݯ٣୍ǵڀрфਏȩȐoutput efficacyȑǶϣӧфਏཀࡰȨঁΓ࣬ߞԾρ ำࡋȩǹѦӧфਏ߾ࢂࡰȨঁޑΚǴаϷୖᆶࡹݯࢲૈޑࡹݯၸำϐӄᇮޕᇡ ,ำࡋȩȐBalch, 1974ǹCraigޑϸᔈᆶख़ຎ܌ԖाޑΓ҇ܭჹ۔Γ࣬ߞࡹ۬ 1979ǹPattie and Johnston, 1998ǹRosenstone and Hansen, 1993ǹֆख़ᘶǵ෯٧ѳǵ इǴ1999Ǻ25ȑǶ
ϐǴӧ௲ػБय़ǴϩࣁȨλᏢำࡋаΠȩǵȨ୯ύำࡋȩǵȨଯύᙍำࡋȩق၁ 8 ȨεำࡋаȩѤᜪǴаȨλᏢำࡋаΠȩࣁୖྣಔǶӧᔮԏΕБय़Ǵک
45 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ፦Ǵ௦ҔȨӭയᆉჹኧኳࠠȩǴኳࠠ֡а܄ޑᒧǴ٩Ᏽᡂኧޑኳࠠ ᆶϩǶۓी೬ᡏ Stata 7.0 Չၗᔠ
߄Οǵ߄Ѥǵ߄ϖϩձࣁѠࠤໂӦ҇ނ፦ሽॶᄊࡋޑϩ่ ٠ख़ǴமፓᕉნߥៈᆶமፓޣٿமፓܭኧᏵǴཀࡰ࣬ჹޑևځǶ݀ ߯ۓ،Ǵ٩ᏵȨྗقᘜ߯ኧǵയᆉКǴаϷྗᇤǶᕴᡏԶޑᔮว ኧȩȐpseudo coefficient of determination, pseudo R2ȑǴϩձёှញऊ 7.76%ǵ Ⴃޑ٩ᡂኧܭᡂኧဂჹޑࡴ֖܌ᡂ౦ໆǴᡉҢኳࠠύޑ12.61%ǵ3.82% дᑜѱ҇ȨࡕځෳૈΚሥࣁԖज़Ƕ9ଞჹѠчǵύࠄǵ ނ፦ЬကሽॶȩޑቹៜӢનǴϩॊӵΠǶ
߄ΟǵѠч҇Ȩࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩϐӭയᆉჹኧኳࠠ
ᕉნߥៈ ᔮว exp ( ) ྗᇤ exp ( ) ྗᇤ தኧ -1.880 -- .782 -.670 -- .615 ȑ .295 1.343 .296 .291 1.337 .249تձȐ܄ ԃស .016 1.017 .124 .023 1.023 .105 ௲ػำࡋ ୯ύำࡋ 0.733 2.082 .633 .045 1.047 .519 ȨଯԏΕȩΟᜪǴаȨեԏΕȩࣁୖྣಔǶӧکϩࣁȨեԏΕȩǵȨύԏΕȩ ȩǵޣȩࣁୖྣಔǶӧࡹលᇡӕБय़ǴϩࣁȨคࡹលᇡӕ܄تձБय़ǴаȨ܄ ȩࣁୖྣಔǶӧѦޣȩΟᜪǴаȨคࡹលᇡӕޣȩǵȨݱᆘᇡӕޣȨݱᙔᇡӕ ӣเȨߚதӕཀȩ๏ϒ 1 ϩǵȨӕޣೖڙӧфਏБय़ǴஒΒၰෳໆᚒҞуᕴǴ ཀȩ๏ϒ 2 ϩǵȨόӕཀȩ๏ϒ 3 ϩǴаϷȨߚதόӕཀȩ๏ϒ 4 ϩǹϐࡕǴஒ ϩኧуᕴǴ2 Կ 3 ϩᘜᜪࣁȨեࡋѦӧфਏȩǵ4 Կ 6 ϩᘜᜪࣁȨύࡋѦӧфਏȩǵ 7 Կ 8 ϩᘜᜪࣁȨଯࡋѦӧфਏȩǴаȨύࡋѦӧфਏȩࣁୖྣಔǶӧϣӧфਏ Бय़ǴӣเȨߚதӕཀȩᆶȨӕཀȩж߄ȨեࡋϣӧфਏȩǴӣเȨόӕཀȩᆶ Ȩߚதόӕཀȩж߄ȨଯࡋϣӧфਏȩǴаȨեࡋϣӧфਏȩࣁୖྣಔǶӧঁᡏ ᔮӣ៝Бय़ǴϩࣁȨКၨӳȩǵȨৡόӭȩᆶȨКၨόӳȩΟᜪǴаȨৡ όӭȩࣁୖྣಔǶӧᕴᡏᔮӣ៝Бय़ǴϩࣁȨКၨӳȩǵȨৡόӭȩᆶȨК ၨόӳȩΟᜪǴаȨৡόӭȩࣁୖྣಔǶ
ԾᡂኧύǴ٠คӸӧȨӅጕȩޑۓ܌ϩኳࠠزࢂǴӧҁࣴޑѸᇥܴ 9 Ȩ࣬ᜢ߯ኧȩȐcorrelationޑୢᚒǶրΓᔠຎ೭٤ԾᡂኧޑȐmulticollinearityȑ coefficientsȑǴࣣ҂ၲղձӅጕޑำࡋȐr > 0.85ȑǶҗܭၗೀၸำޑ࣬ Ԗᑫ፪่݀کϩၗܭጇ൯Ԗज़ǴҁЎคݤ၁ᅰഋॊǶჹܭᜢϩࣗӭǴᛖ ၗૻǶޑ၁ಒٮගܭޣᖄᛠǴբޣǴལፎόսᆶբޣϐ᠐
46 ᔮว WT/ᕉნߥៈǺѠ҇Ȩࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩޑࠤໂৡຯ! ! ଯύᙍำࡋ 0.338 1.402 .548 .252 1.286 .416 εำࡋа 1.028† 2.797 .551 .337 1.400 .433 ᔮԏΕ ύ .542 1.720 .333 -.361 .697 .295 ଯ .223 1.250 .491 .435 1.544 .383 ࡹលᇡӕ 333. 1.555 441. 409. 533. 629.- ޣݱᙔᇡӕ 365. 862. 148.- 396. 1.241 216. ޣݱᆘᇡӕ Ѧӧфਏ եࡋ .374 1.453 .491 .281 1.325 .430 ଯࡋ 1.541** 4.669 .693 .640 1.897 .633 ଯࡋϣӧфਏ .295 1.343 .340 -.074 .928 .296 ᕴᡏᔮӣ៝ Кၨӳ .670† 1.954 .353 .239 1.270 .288 Кၨόӳ -.059 0.943 .907 -.164 .848 .600 ঁᡏᔮӣ៝ Кၨӳ -1.570 .208 1.113 .201 1.223 .555 Кၨόӳ -.469 .625 .335 -.140 .870 .288 Chi-square = 61.64ǹPseudo R2 = 0.0776ǹN = 369 1 .05 ᡉНྗΠϐᖏࣚॶࣁ t = 1.960ǹ.01 ᡉНྗΠϐᖏࣚॶࣁ t = 2.576ǹ.001 ᡉН ྗΠϐᖏࣚॶࣁ t = 3.291Ƕ
Ȑlevel of significance forۓp<.10ǹ*p<.05ǹ**p<.01ǹ***p<.001ǹᡉНྗ߯௦ᚈୁᔠ† 2 two-tailed testȑǶ
߄Ѥǵύࠄ҇Ȩࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩϐӭയᆉჹኧኳࠠ
ᕉნߥៈ ᔮว exp ( ) ྗᇤ exp ( ) ྗᇤ தኧ -.131 -- 1.071 .463 -- .933 ȑ .336 1.400 .442 .487 1.627 .358تձȐ܄ ԃស -.261 .770 .190 -.388** .678 .160 ௲ػำࡋ ୯ύำࡋ -1.254 .286 1.284 .871 2.390 .810 ଯύᙍำࡋ -.669 .497 .770 .062 1.064 .637 εำࡋа -1.057 .348 .831 -.875 .417 .724 ᔮԏΕ ύ .915† 2.498 .527 .619 1.857 .436 ଯ .373 1.452 .723 -2.247† .106 1.150
47 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ࡹលᇡӕ 361. 1.138 129. 323. 765. 268.- ޣݱᙔᇡӕ 366. 870. 139.- 342. 1.646 498. ޣݱᆘᇡӕ Ѧӧфਏ եࡋ -.606 0.545 .932 -.061 .641 .691 ଯࡋ -.391 .676 .772 -.757 .469 .712 ଯࡋϣӧфਏ 1.230* 3.422 .547 .893† 2.444 .484 ᕴᡏᔮӣ៝ Кၨӳ .454 1.575 .540 1.006* 2.736 .466 Кၨόӳ -12.735 -- 799.6911.380 3.975 1.062 ঁᡏᔮӣ៝ Кၨӳ .328 1.389 1.178 .693 1.999 1.115 Кၨόӳ -.542 .582 .503 -.547 .579 .415 Chi-square = 52.61ǹPseudo R2 = 0.1261ǹN = 199 1 .05 ᡉНྗΠϐᖏࣚॶࣁ t = 1.960ǹ.01 ᡉНྗΠϐᖏࣚॶࣁ t = 2.576ǹ.001 ᡉН ྗΠϐᖏࣚॶࣁ t = 3.291Ƕ
Ȑlevel of significance forۓp<.10ǹ*p<.05ǹ**p<.01ǹ***p<.001ǹᡉНྗ߯௦ᚈୁᔠ† 2 two-tailed testȑǶ
፦ЬကሽॶȩϐӭയᆉჹኧኳࠠނдӦ҇Ȩࡕځ߄ϖǵ
ᕉნߥៈ ᔮว exp ( ) ྗᇤ exp ( ) ྗᇤ தኧ -.527 -- .663 .242 -- .478 ȑ .156 1.169 .258 .093 1.097 .177تձȐ܄ ԃស -.213† .808 .116 -.034 .966 .083 ௲ػำࡋ ୯ύำࡋ -.789 .454 .498 -.582† .559 .327 ଯύᙍำࡋ -.298 .743 .450 -.548† .578 .317 εำࡋа -.228 .796 .487 -.486 .615 .348 ᔮԏΕ ύ .180 1.197 .268 -.137 .871 .206 ଯ .194 1.214 .517 .494 1.639 .378 ࡹលᇡӕ 213. 2.381 ***868. 290. 1.233 209. ޣݱᙔᇡӕ 224. 1.119 112. 291. 1.195 178. ޣݱᆘᇡӕ Ѧӧфਏ եࡋ -.014 .986 .386 -.179 .836 .299 ଯࡋ -.457 .633 .548 -.108 .897 .371 ଯࡋϣӧфਏ .158 1.139 .283 -.029 .972 .229
48 ᔮว WT/ᕉნߥៈǺѠ҇Ȩࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩޑࠤໂৡຯ! ! ᕴᡏᔮӣ៝ Кၨӳ .279 1.322 .277 .068 1.071 .202 Кၨόӳ 1.504* 4.499 .685 .697 2.007 .626 ঁᡏᔮӣ៝ Кၨӳ .045 1.046 .297 -.019 .981 .505 Кၨόӳ .219 1.245 .625 .439* 1.551 .195 Chi-square = 53.29ǹPseudo R2 = 0.0382ǹN = 692 1.05 ᡉНྗΠϐᖏࣚॶࣁ t = 1.960ǹ.01 ᡉНྗΠϐᖏࣚॶࣁ t = 2.576ǹ.001 ᡉН ྗΠϐᖏࣚॶࣁ t = 3.291Ƕ
Ȑlevel of significance forۓp<.10ǹ*p<.05ǹ**p<.01ǹ***p<.001ǹᡉНྗ߯௦ᚈୁᔠ† 2 two-tailed testȑǶ
ሽॶᄊࡋޑѠчۚ҇
ύǴ߄ΟኧᏵᡉҢǴ௲ػำࡋǵѦӧфਏǵᕴᡏᔮӣ៝ࣁځزಒ ှញѠчѱ҇ሽॶᄊࡋޑख़ाࡰǶϸᢀǴ܄ձǵԃសᔮԏΕǵࡹល ᡉНྗǴޑᇡӕǵϣӧфਏǴаϷঁᡏᔮӣ៝ᡂኧǴ֡҂ၲी ሽॶᄊࡋ٠คܴᡉቹៜǶޑѠчѱ҇ܭᡉҢ೭٤Ӣનჹ
२ӃǴ൩ঁΓङඳӢનٰ࣮Ǵӵӕ InglehartȐ1971, 1977, 1990, 1997ȑ ԖᡉቹៜǶڀ፦ЬကሽॶȩނȨࡕځܭଯեჹޑჴǴ௲ػำࡋزࣴ ၗᡉҢǴ࣬ჹܭλᏢำࡋаΠޣǴεำࡋаޣӛமፓᕉნߥៈǴ ଯޑԛǴ၈ӵॊǴࡹݯфਏཀځଷሥࣁࠨӝǶزԜ่݀ᆶҁЎࣴ ύࡋѦӧфਏܭՉࣁǶၗᡉҢǴ࣬ၨکࡹݯᄊࡋޑեԖёૈቹៜ҇ ޣǴଯࡋѦӧфਏޣӛӣเமፓᕉნߥៈǶϐ܌аӵԜǴբޣᇡࣁǴ ϸᔈᆶख़ຎ܌ԖाޑΓ҇ܭჹ۔ᒏѦӧфਏཀࡰঁΓ࣬ߞࡹ۬܌ ख़ाޑᕉნߥៈޕ҇ǴёૈᇡޑԖଯࡋѦӧфਏڀำࡋǴӢԜ೭٤ޑ ᒧǶޑߏය҅य़ਏᔈǴӢԜЍᕉნߥៈک܄
ӧᕴᡏᔮӣ៝Бय़Ǵ࣬ၨܭȨৡόӭȩޣǴᇡࣁȨКၨӳȩޣ ଷ࣬಄ǶፏӭჴࣴزࣴޑǴԜᆶҁЎ܄ख़ाޑӛӣเமፓᕉნߥៈ ख़ाޑ૰ଏǴ߯Ѱѓ҇ࡹݯᄊࡋޣ܈ࡰрǴอයᔮݩևᕷᄪز ӢનȐKinder and Kiewiet, 1979, 1981ǹLewis-Beck and Nadeau, 2000, 2001ǹRabinowitz and MacDonald, 1989ȑǶਥᏵ FiorinaȐ1981, 1984ȑޑ բࣁޣࡹ۬ࡼࡹᆶӧᙍܭ౻ȩȐretrospective votingȑǴ҇ჹ܄Ȩӣ៝ נ౻ޑࡹݯᄊࡋǴԶቹៜᒧᖐޑيҁځຑሽϐᓬӍǴջёૈ༟ޑ Ǵ߯аᔮԋߏǵ೯ᑩځᜪǺٿݩёϩࣁރǴᔮقǶ10Զ ࡹល܈FiorinaȐ1981ȑࡰрǴӧᒧᖐၸำύǴᒧ҇όКၨ٠ຑংᒧΓ 10
49 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ৎکΒǴ߯аঁΓځ୯ৎᕴᡏᔮݩǹޑǴаϷѨࣁࡰ ݩࣁރǴঁᡏᔮقݩǶ࣬ำࡋԶރᡏᔮঁޑѨࣁЬ܈ԏΕ ቹៜၨࣁமޑ҇ࡹݯᄊࡋܭᡏᡍǴࡺჹيВதғࢲϐᒃيԾܭΓჹঁ ᡉҢǴᏃᆅᕴᡏزਗ਼ǶฅԶǴਥᏵ Kinder ᆶ KiewietȐ1979, 1981ȑࣴ ቹៜΚޑቹៜΚǴՠࢂᕴᡏᔮ߄ڀӕۓ،ᒧ҇ࡹݯܭᆶঁᡏᔮჹ ࣗࣁࠨӝǶ่݀ޑև܌زࣁख़ाǴ೭ᆶҁࣴ׳ᇻКঁΓᔮݩ
ሽॶᄊࡋޑύࠄۚ҇
၈ӵ߄Ѥ܌ᡉҢǴԃសǵᔮԏΕǵϣӧфਏǴаϷᕴᡏᔮӣ៝ ᡂኧǴࣁှញύࠄ҇Ȩࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩޑख़ाࡰǶϸᢀǴ ձǵ௲ػำࡋǵࡹលᇡӕǵѦӧфਏǴаϷঁᡏᔮӣ៝ᡂኧǴ֡܄ ሽॶᄊޑύࠄ҇ܭᡉНྗǴᡉҢ೭٤ӢનჹޑӢ҂ၲी ࡋ٠คᡉቹៜǶ
२ӃǴӧԃសБय़ǴჴၗᡉҢǴԃសཇߏޑ҇ཇόӛமፓ ᢀᗺǴޑଷόᅰ࣬಄Ƕ٩ᏵሽॶᡂᎂፕزᔮวǶԜჴ่݀ᆶࣴ ೲזޑᏯࡕᔮځࡹݯЎϯᆶሽॶᄊࡋԖᡉৡ౦ǴЀޑόӕԃសШж ǴԃᇸШжӢࣁคقሽॶᢀӧԃᇸШжύǶᕴᡏԶޑԋߏǴߦԋཥ ख़ຎ୯ٛӼӄǵᔮፐޣаόӵԃߏ܌ᏯݾϐኁЪӧғࢲόဤЮǴ Ǵፏӵғᄊᚒǵᕉნ፦ሡނજׇǹ࣬ϸӦǴдॺၨݙख़ߚޗᚒǵ ߥៈǵޗୖᆶǴаϷζᆶ১༈იᡏȐAbramson and Inglehart, ܭፕॊ՟ЯคݤҔޑ1987ǹInglehart, 1990, 1997ȑǶฅԶǴ೭ኬ ,1986 ϕǵᔮҬࢬ۞ٿှញࣁǴѠӧय़ᖏޑᇡࣁёૈޣǶޑ୯ך کӦՏޗޑᐕำǴᏃᆅύࠄӦጲࠁวǴฅԶԃᇸШжޑ ଯࡋȨ࣬ܤჴǴϸԶ݀ޑᔮวޗᔮԏΕ٠҂ᒿϐቚуǴคݤϩ٦ زჹগღགȩȐsense of relative deprivationȑǹԜຝԖࡑ҂ٰࣴ ᔠǶ
ǴޣᔮԏΕୃեܭǴჴၗᡉҢǴ࣬ၨقԛǴ൩ᔮԏΕԶځ ޣ܈ᒧ҇ຑၸѐংᒧΓٮԜӕਔǴѬΨගܭᒍǴ܍ೕჄᆶޑ҂ٰࡹܭჹ ޑᚵᆦǴ٠ԶቹៜΠԛޣ܈ࡹ߄ᐒǴᒧ҇ᏵԜࡼϒዛᓰޑࡹល ȩȐNationalزǶFiorina ਥᏵ 1952 ԃԿ 1976 ԃය໔Ȩऍ୯ӄ୯ᒧᖐࣴנ౻ Election Studies, NESȑޑፓၗՉϩࡕวǴᒧ҇ჹܭᕴޑࡼࡹຑሽǴ ǶᏵԜǴ่݀ޑቹៜǴӕਔΨѰѓ୯ᒧᖐޑԖமਗ਼ڀᕴᒧᖐܭόჹ ǴԶЪϸࢀӧᕴᒧᖐᆶ୯נࡼࡹຑሽ߄ӧ౻ޑᕴܭᇡࣁᒧ҇ჹځ ܭࡼࡹ߄ჹޑᢀᗺǴᕴа۳ޑ౻܄ϐǴ٩Ᏽӣ៝قᒧᖐБय़Ƕඤ ቹៜΚǶޑԖ࣬ำࡋڀࡹݯᄊࡋᆶ౻ՉࣁǴޑᒧ҇
50 ᔮว WT/ᕉნߥៈǺѠ҇Ȩࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩޑࠤໂৡຯ! ! ၨόமፓᔮวޣӛӣเமፓߥៈᕉნǴԶԏΕၨଯޣᔮԏΕۚύ Ǵ೭ᆶޑፕᇡޕሥࣁࠨӝǶ೭ёૈޑှញࢂӧύࠄӦǴ ௲ػำࡋ࣬ჹၨଯǴӧ 1970 ԃжԿ 1990 ԃжѠޑޣ໘ભޗ೭ဂύଯ ளុቚуǴ܌ոΚᅌಕᑈǴيᔮِೲวਔයǴдॺӭԾ ᕉნܭǴӢԜуமдॺჹሡޑ፦ނߚܭׯ๓٠ᙯ౽дॺჹޑᔮచҹ ᜢݙǶޑғᄊୢᚒ
ࡹݯᄊࡋޑଯեԖёૈቹៜ҇ޑॊǴࡹݯфਏཀ܌Ǵӵޣӆ ӛமፓޣǴଯࡋϣӧфਏޣեࡋϣӧфਏܭՉࣁǶၗᡉҢǴ࣬ၨک ᒏϣӧфਏཀࡰঁΓ܌ᇡࣁǴޣаӵԜǴբ܌ᔮวǶϐکᕉნߥៈ ڀΚǴӢԜ೭٤ૈޑࡹݯၸำϐӄᇮޕԖᕕှࡹݯ٣୍ǵᇡڀᇡࣁԾρ ǴӢԜ܄ख़ाޑᔮԋ൩کᕉნߥៈޕ҇ǴёૈᇡޑԖଯࡋϣӧфਏ ᒧǶঁٿዴЍ೭ܴ
ޑࢂǴᇡࣁᔮݩၨӳޑќѦǴӧᕴᡏᔮӣ៝Бय़Ǵॶளᇥܴ ǶᏃᆅჴ่݀ᆶԜႣය٠όᅰ܄ख़ाޑᒧ҇ǴϸԶமፓᔮว ࣬಄ǴฅԶёૈှញӧܭǴ࣬ၨܭѠчӦǴᗨฅύࠄԖ܌ ǴقǶ࣬ำࡋԶ܄ᓬӃޑǴՠࢂӦۚ҇ϝฅុமፓᔮว όӕǴۚՐӧό܄ୱޑ୯ৎϣঁଷǴҭջز೭҅಄ӝҁЎࣴ ৡ౦ǴӢԜό܌ሽॶᄊࡋёૈӢࣁӦՅԶԖځ҇ǴޑӕӦୱ ϩൂՏǶޑຎࣁ࣬ӕە
ሽॶᄊࡋޑдӦ҇ځ
߄ϖኧᏵᡉҢǴԃសǵ௲ػำࡋǵࡹលᇡӕǵᕴᡏᔮӣ៝ǴаϷ ख़ाӢનǶϸᢀǴޑдᑜѱ҇ሽॶᄊࡋځᡏᔮӣ៝ᡂኧǴࣁှញঁ ᡉНྗǴޑձǵᔮԏΕǵࡹݯфਏཀᡂኧǴ֡Ӣ҂ၲी܄ ሽॶᄊࡋ٠คᡉቹៜǶޑ҇ܭᡉҢ೭٤Ӣનჹ
Ǵ፦ሡނ҇ёૈཇख़ຎޑӧԃសБय़ǴჴၗᡉҢǴԃសཇߏ ଷزࣴޑԶཇόӛᜢᚶᕉნߥៈᚒǴԜჴ่݀ᆶሽॶᡂᎂፕ Ǵޣ୯λаΠำࡋܭǴჴၗᡉҢǴ࣬ၨقᆀ࣬಄Ƕ൩௲ػำࡋԶۘ ଯύᙍำࡋӛ௨ѾӣเமፓᔮวǶک୯ύำࡋ
ӛமፓᔮޣǴݱᙔᇡӕޣคࡹលᇡӕܭӧࡹលᇡӕБय़Ǵ࣬ჹ ࡰрǴزႣයࣗࣁࠨӝǶፏӭჴࣴزǴԜ่݀ᆶҁЎࣴ܄ख़ाޑว ᜢᗖӢޑдᒧᖐᚒځǵࡹݯᄊࡋǴаϷۓ،ࡹលᇡӕࢂቹៜᒧ҇౻ નȐֆΏቺǴ1999ǹֆख़ᘶǵЎᇯǴ2003ǹࢫ҉ੀǴ1995ǹ৪ОݹǴ ЎزǴ1994ȑǶऩυࣴڬ1991ǹǴ2002ǹഋഌ፵Ǵ2000ǹቅက ӅǹԶޑԖ࣬ำࡋڀޕკႽᇡޑරഁࡹលܭࡰрǴѠ҇ჹ
51 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ӑຝхࡴࡹݯགྷǵബཥׯॠǴаϷख़ຎᕉნߥޑǴ҇ល๏ϒΓॺق ǵख़ຎᔮԋ൩ࢂӕۓӼޗៈǹϸϐǴ୯҇ល߾ᇡࣁᆶᛙ଼วǵ ကຒȐֆख़ᘶǵШֻǴ2003ǹШֻǵֆख़ᘶǴ2003ȑǶჴၗᡉ ӛமፓวᔮǴ೭ᅿᆶаޣႣයǴݱᙔତᔼᇡӕزҢǴซӵࣴ ࣗࣁ࣬՟Ƕز۳ᡍࣴ
ӧᕴᡏᔮӣ៝Бय़Ǵ࣬ၨܭȨৡόӭȩޣǴᇡࣁȨКၨόӳȩޣ ӛӣเமፓᕉნߥៈޑख़ा܄Ǵ೭ᆶᇡޕሥࣁόӕǶӧঁᡏᔮ ӣ៝Бय़Ǵ࣬ၨܭȨৡόӭȩޣǴᇡࣁȨКၨόӳȩޣӛӣเமፓ ᢀᗺၨࣁௗ߈ǴҭջӧᔮచҹۘޑᔮวǴ೭ᅿᆶሽॶᡂᎂፕ Ƕ፦ሡނ୷ҁሽॶϝฅख़ຎޑሡϐࡕǴ҇܌Γғࢲঁى҂ᅈ ϖǵ่ፕᆶࡌ
ӧߏයᔮวΠǴޗᢀᗺǴኻऍӃπϯޑ٩Ᏽሽॶᡂᎂፕ Ǵҭջҗ፦ሡނᙯԶख़ຎߚ፦ሡނ୷ҁሽॶஒҗচӃख़ຎޑ҇ Ǵزၠ୯Кၨࣴڗа۳Ў௦ܭ፦ЬကሽॶǶॎ౦ނ፦Ьကሽॶᡂԋࡕނ ୢᚒزҁЎ၂ࡷᒧѠբࣁൂঁਢǴख़όӕӦୱՉϩǶҁࣴ ሽॶᄊࡋࢂցౢғޑᔮԋߏϐࡕǴ҇ޑೲזǴѠӧᐕܭཀӧ Ǵ࣬قԶ܄ǻ൩ୱޗ፦ЬကሽॶȩނᗌΕȨࡕᡂϯǴޑჴ፦ ѠчᆶޑдᑜѱǴӧ௲ػำࡋၨଯǵᔮచҹ२๓ϐځѠܭჹ ύࠄӦǴࢂցԖၨӭ҇ܤȨࡕނ፦ЬကሽॶȩǶӆޣǴ҇ ሽॶᄊࡋǻځᔮచҹࢂցቹៜޗޑঁձ
௦Ҕ TEDS2008P य़ೖၗǴᙖҗȨᚈᡂኧҬΰϩȩᆶȨӭزҁࣴ യᆉჹኧኳࠠȩՉᔠǶᆕӝӚၗ܌ևޑ่݀ǴޣගрѤ ໆځȩǴкޗ፦ЬကނǴѠᡉฅۘ҂ΕȨࡕځፕǶ่ᗺ߃ Ȩషӝሽޑ፦ЬကሽॶȩҬᚇނȨࡕک፦ЬကሽॶȩނளаຎϐࣁࢂȨ ΒǴჴၗځȐInglehart, 1990Ǻ76ȑǶޗॶᜪࠠȩȐmixed value typeȑ Ƕ܄Ԗଯࡋ౦፦ڀሽॶᄊࡋځ҇ǴޑᡉҢǴۚՐӧѠόӕӦୱ Ԗৡ౦Ǵ܈܄ୱޑ୯ৎϣঁଷǴҭջزࣴޑ೭҅಄ӝҁЎ ሽॶᄊࡋёૈӢࣁӦୱՅԶևܴᡉځ҇ǴۚޑՐӧόӕӦՏۚ ȨࡕܤΟǴѠч҇ځϩൂՏǶޑပৡǴӢԜ٠όӝຎࣁ࣬՟ дᑜځനଯǴύࠄӦԛϐǴԶѠӦٯКޑ፦Ьကሽॶȩނ ޑΓαӢનޗѤǴӧځၨଯǶٯКޑ፦ЬကሽॶȩނȨܤ҇ۚޑѱ ፦ЬނȨࡕځǴޣቹៜБय़ǴኧᏵᡉҢǴ௲ػำࡋཇଯǵᔮԏΕၨ٫ ځύࠄЀکကሽॶȩำࡋཇଯǴϸϐҭฅǹ೭ᅿᖿ༈ӧѠч ᜢᗖᡂኧǹᡏԶޑдӦǴࡹលᇡӕࢂቹៜ҇ሽॶᄊࡋځᡉǶӧܴ ӛமፓวᔮǴԶݱޣᡍႣයǴݱᙔତᔼᇡӕޗǴซӵق ᆘᇡӕޣӛமፓߥៈᕉნǶ
52 ᔮว WT/ᕉნߥៈǺѠ҇Ȩࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩޑࠤໂৡຯ! ! дߚѱځܭࡋٰᇥǴჴၗᡉҢǴ࣬ჹفޑவϦӅՉࡹᆶࡹ ፦ЬကȩǴӧᔮచҹၨ٫ǵۚ҇௲ػނȨܤ҇ޑٯӦԖၨଯК ፦ЬကሽॶȩǶ೭ނȨࡕܤ҇ޑٯӦǴԖၨଯКޑำࡋၨଯ کࡹݯᄊࡋޑᔮวำࡋёૈቹៜӦ҇ޗޑόӕӦښཀ ϦӅࡹਔǴुڋӦБࡹ۬ӧکǴύѧقཀ఼ԶޑӳሽॶǶவࡹೕჄୃ วБӛǴԶᅰໆᗉխޗޑՅǵࡼՉҗΠԶޑەڋѸԵໆӢӦ ࡹǶޑǵҗԶΠ܄ӄ୯ठڗ௦
ᔮӦՏǵӦୱৡ౦ჹޗ௲ػำࡋǵۓεठዴزՉЎԿԜǴҁࣴ ፕǴ่زࣴޑ೭ኬܭቹៜǶฅԶǶჹޑ፦Ьကሽॶȩᄊࡋނ҇Ȩࡕܭ ჴϩޑቩᄊࡋຎϐǶऩѝவอයڗၸࡋᢀǴѸ௦ەրΓᇡࣁό ቹៜǴёૈҍΑᘜયݤޑ҇ሽॶᄊࡋౢғܭࢌӢનჹقǴߡᘐ ȨၠܭೕჄǴҁЎឦزǴջଽฅ࣬ᒿǴᇤࣁѸฅӢ݀Ƕӧࣴגεޑ ೯தѸ៝ϷȨਔׇϩȩزǹ่ӝᡍࣴىϩȩǴᡉฅϝԖό Ȑlongitudinal analysisȑǴБૈ࣮рߏයᖿ༈Ǵऩࢂаอය܈ൂԛၗϩ ໆѝૈஒϐຎࣁቹៜ҇ሽॶځǴк܄Ӣ݀ޑаܴᡂኧϐ໔ىۘό ޑ፦ЬကሽॶȩໆϯၗނԛǴᅟࡕऩૈՉȨࡕځख़ाᡂኧǶޑᄊࡋ ϐѦǴऩૈ่ڔຠϪӦஒሽॶᡂᎂፕϸࢀӧԾጓୢ׳ᇆǴନΑёа ፕᆶჴ୍ཀကǶޑሽॶᡂᎂፕӧѠӝਔׇϩǴёа ѠӦǴВࡕԖѸाᅌᘉܭጄൎज़زࢂǴҁࣴޑǴѸᇥܴޣӆ д୯ৎՉКၨϩǶ୷ҁǴҁЎϝឦ߃ځჹຝǴଞჹ٥ࢪزεࣴ යఈǴޣ໔ǶӢԜǴޜޑǴӧኳࠠࡌᄬϝԖঅ҅ᆶံமز፦ࣴ܄ ۳ࡕٮࡘԵǴᙖаගޑόӕᏢޣزԋ݀ǴᐟวࣴزࣴޣҗᕕှՋБᏢ БӛǶزࣴޑࣁమཱ׳ز࣬ᜢࣴ
53 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ୖԵЎ
ШжৡޑཀࠠᄊǺѠᒧ҇ࡹលᇡӕکϯޗֆΏቺ (1999)Ƕৎ Ǵ53-85ǶزᏢࣴޗ౦ǴѠѠ
୯ᒧᖐቹៜϐ߃Ǻаܭֆख़ᘶǵШֻ (2003)Ƕᕴࡼࡹ߄ჹ ǴፕᆶࡹǴ27-52Ƕٯᒧᖐࣁہԃҥݤ 2001
ֆख़ᘶǵЎᇯ (2003)Ƕፔࢂࡹលᇡӕޣᆶᐱҥᒧ҇ǻаΒ˝˝ԃ ǴࡹࡹݯࣽᏢፕᘀǴ101-140ǶٯӢનࣁۓ،ޑѠӦᒧ҇ࡹលᇡӕ
୯ࡹݯфਏཀෳໆϐ߃Ǵᒧᒧᖐךֆख़ᘶǵ෯٧ѳǵइ (1999)Ƕ Ǵ23-44Ƕزࣴ
Шֻǵֆख़ᘶ (2003)Ƕᕴࡼࡹ߄ຑሽቹៜӢનϐϩᆶКၨǺ ǴϦϦӅՉࡹᏢൔǴ35-71Ƕٯᜢ߯ࣁ۞ٿаᡏࡼࡹǵᔮวᆶ
ǵӦᆶࡹݯޗ፦ЬကሽॶǺނ፦/ࡕނဃѳ (2001)ǶѠѠ҇ϐڬ ᅺγፕЎǶ܌زᄊࡋৡ౦ǴѠчǺ୯ҥѠчεᏢѱीฝࣴ
ჴϩǴᒧᒧᖐࣴޑࢫ҉ੀ (1995)Ƕϩ౻ǺΖΜΟԃᆵчѱᒧᖐ Ǵ119-145Ƕز
ࡹលӑຝǵୃޑǺѠӦᒧ҇נ৪Оݹ (1991)Ƕࡹលᇡӕᆶ౻ ࣽᏢтǴ1-57Ƕޗӳᆶលࢴ౻ՉࣁϐϩǴΓΓЎϷ
ϩޑ౻ՉࣁǺΐΐ˝ԃжޑ (2002)ǶᐱᚒᆶѠᒧ҇ Ǵ41-80ǶزǴᒧᒧᖐࣴ
Ǵ109-139ǶزុᆶᡂᎂǴᒧᒧᖐࣴޑഋഌ፵ (2000)ǶѠᒧ҇ࡹលᇡӕ
ೕزෞమ㗟 (2009)Ƕ2005 ԃԿ 2008 ԃȬᒧᖐᆶ҇ЬϯፓȭѤԃයࣴ ीฝ่ਢൔزჄȐIVȑǺ2008 ԃᕴᒧᖐय़ೖਢǴ୯ࣽᚒࣴ ǶہȐNSC 96-2420-H-004-017ȑǴѠчǺՉࡹଣ୯ৎࣽᏢ
ቹៜǴޑளิ܌Ǻঋፕۓ،ޑ๏ٮ୯λৎϻമךᢐ (1988)Ƕൂ ᔮፕЎᘀтǴ251-265Ƕ
Ǵ53-73ǶزШжৡ౦ǴᒧᒧᖐࣴޑǶѠᒧ҇ࡹលຝ(1994) ڬቅက
Abramson, Paul R., and Ronald Inglehart (1986) “Generational Replacement and Value Change in Six West European Societies.”
54 ᔮว WT/ᕉნߥៈǺѠ҇Ȩࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩޑࠤໂৡຯ! ! American Journal of Political Science, 30 (1), 1-25.
Abramson, Paul R., and Ronald Inglehart (1987) “Generational Replacement and the Future of Post-Materialist Values.” Journal of Politics, 49 (2), 231-241.
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56 ᔮว WT/ᕉნߥៈǺѠ҇Ȩࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩޑࠤໂৡຯ! ! 5-39.
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57 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! Congruity of the Inglehart Value Syndrome in Norway.” Comparative Political Studies, 17 (4), 411-430.
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58 ᔮว WT/ᕉნߥៈǺѠ҇Ȩࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩޑࠤໂৡຯ! ! Economic Development vs. Environmental Protection: Regional Differences of the Post-Materialism Value in Taiwan Abstract
According to the “theory of value change,” following long-term economic development, the public’s perception gradually switches from “materialism value” to “post-materialism value.” This study examines whether the theory of value change could be applicable to a developing country, Taiwan. Different from the existing literature adopting multinational analyses, this study employs Taiwan as the single case, emphasizing on the research of value change in different regions. This research hypothesizes that in contrast with other counties and cities in Taiwan, there should be a great number of people holding on to post-materialism values in the economic wellness metropolis regions. This research also hypothesizes that individuals’ socioeconomic backgrounds would influence their value attitudes. To test these propositions, I take advantage of “the Taiwan’s Election and Democratization Study: The 2008 Presidential Election” data, using the “cross-tabulation analyses” and “multinomial logit models” to analyze the public’s value attitudes and its influence factors in Taipei municipality (Taipei City and Taipei County), central and southern major cities (Taichung, Tainan, and Kaohsiung cities), and other counties and cities. The findings empirically support part of the research hypotheses proposed in this study: citizens of Taipei municipality holding on to post-materialism values stand a higher percentage, whereas inhabitants of other counties and cities in Taiwan stand a higher percentage in holding on to materialism values. In regard to impacts of the socio-demographic factors, the data show that the higher the education level, the more the household income, the higher the level of post-materialism value will be and vice versa; this type of trend is most noticeable especially in Taipei municipality and central and southern major cities.
Keywords: theory of value change, post-materialism value, economic development, environmental protection
59 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! !
ᚒҞᒵᆶख़ཥጓዸڔߕᒵǺTEDS2008P ୢ
ࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶ
ԖΓமፓߥៈᕉნǴԖޗK2ǵ൩วᔮᆶߥៈᕉნٰ࣮Ǵ ࣮ݤӧᆄǴҔ 0 ж߄ǹமፓวޑΓமፓวᔮǶӵ݀மፓߥៈᕉნ Տࢂǻޑ࣮ݤӧќᆄǴҔ 10 ж߄ǶٗሶǴፎୢாޑᔮ
ٿȐख़ཥጓዸǺஒ 0 Կ 4 ख़ཥጓዸࣁ 1Ǵ߄ҢமፓߥៈᕉნǴ5 ख़ཥጓዸࣁ 2Ǵ߄Ң ٠ख़Ǵ6 Կ 10 ख़ཥጓዸࣁ 3Ǵ߄Ңமፓวᔮȑޣ
௲ػำࡋ
ϙሶᏢਠȑǻډ௲ػำࡋࢂȐѠǺா᠐ޑS4ǵፎୢா
Ȑ1ȑόӷȐ1ȑӷՠ҂ΕᏢȐ1ȑλᏢဆȐ1ȑλᏢȐ2ȑ୯ǵ߃ύဆȐ2ȑ ୯ǵ߃ύȐ3ȑଯύǵᙍဆȐ3ȑଯύǵᙍȐ4ȑࣽȐ4ȑεᏢဆȐ4ȑ ࣁᒪᅅॶȑۓเܔکȐೖᅅୢ܌زεᏢȐ4ȑࣴ
ᔮԏΕ
ДᕴԏΕεऊࢂǺȐхࡴᖒၗаঁS15ǵፎୢாৎȐѠǺছϣȑ ચǵިճȑ܊дԏΕǴӵځޑѦ
Ȑ1ȑ36,000 ϡаΠȐ2ȑ36,001 ϡаԿ 47,000 ϡȐ3ȑ47,001 ϡаԿ 58,000 ϡ Ȑ4ȑ58,001 ϡаԿ 65,000 ϡȐ5ȑ65,001 ϡаԿ 78,000 ϡȐ6ȑ78,001 ϡаԿ 88,000 ϡȐ7ȑ88,001 ϡаԿ 108,000 ϡȐ8ȑ108,001 ϡаԿ 138,000 ϡȐ9ȑ138,001 ϡа เࣁᒪᅅܔǵೖᅅୢǴаϷۓၰǵόޕԿ 158,000 ϡȐ10ȑ158,001 ϡаȐό ॶȑ
Ȑख़ཥጓዸǺஒ 36,000 ϡаΠǵ36,001 ϡаԿ 47,000 ϡǵ47,001 ϡаԿ 58,000 ϡǵ58,001 ϡаԿ 65,000 ϡǵख़ཥጓዸࣁ 1Ǵ߄ҢեԏΕǹ65,001 ϡаԿ 78,000 ϡǵ 78,001 ϡаԿ 88,000 ϡǵ88,001 ϡаԿ 108,000 ϡǵ108,001 ϡаԿ 138,000 ϡǴ ख़ཥጓዸࣁ 2Ǵ߄ҢύԏΕǹ138,001 ϡаԿ 158,000 ϡǵ158,001 ϡаǴख़ཥጓዸࣁ 3Ǵ߄ҢଯԏΕȑ
60 ᔮว WT/ᕉნߥៈǺѠ҇Ȩࡕނ፦Ьကሽॶȩޑࠤໂৡຯ! ! ܄ձ
Ȑ2ȑζتձǺȐ1ȑ܄ޑޣೖڙS18ǵ
ԃស
S1ǵፎୢாࢂ҇୯൳ԃрғޑǻ
คݤӣเрғԃǴ߾ׯୢӧ൳ྃǴ٠ඤᆉԋрғԃ༤ΕǴջ 97ɡԃសޣೖڙȐӵ ɨрғԃȑ
ࡹលᇡӕ
N1ǵҞ୯ϣԖ൳ঁЬाࡹលǴፎୢாԖؒԖКၨୃӛবঁࡹ លǻፎୢࢂবঁࡹលǻ
Ȑ2ȑݱᙔȐ୯҇លǵᒃ҇លǵཥលǵआលȑȐ3ȑݱᆘȐ҇លǵޣȐ1ȑคࡹលᇡӕ ࣁᒪᅅॶȑۓเܔၰǵೖᅅୢǴаϷޕѠი่ᖄ࿉ǵᆘលȑȐࡐᜤᇥǵό
Ѧӧфਏ
բࣁǴؒԖҺՖቹៜΚǶፎޑॺ҇ჹࡹ۬ךD1ǵԖΓᇥǴ ୢாӕཀᗋࢂόӕཀ೭ᅿᇥݤǻ
ၰǵޕǵόـȐ1ȑߚதӕཀȐ2ȑӕཀȐ3ȑόӕཀȐ4ȑߚதόӕཀȐ࣮ǵคཀ ࣁᒪᅅॶȑۓเܔ
ޑॺ҇ךόӧЯȐѠǺόᆅȑ۔D2ǵԖΓᇥǴࡹ۬ གྷݤǶፎୢாӕཀᗋࢂόӕཀ೭ᅿᇥݤǻ
ၰǵޕǵόـȐ1ȑߚதӕཀȐ2ȑӕཀȐ3ȑόӕཀȐ4ȑߚதόӕཀȐ࣮ǵคཀ ࣁᒪᅅॶȑۓเܔ
ཥᡂኧǴஒ 2 Կ 3 ख़ཥጓዸࣁ 1Ǵ߄Ңޑ ԋঁ 2 Կ 8ٳȐख़ཥጓዸǺஒ C1ɠC2 ӝ եࡋѦӧфਏǴ4 Կ 6 ख़ཥጓዸࣁ 2Ǵ߄ҢύࡋѦӧфਏǴ7 Կ 8 ख़ཥጓዸࣁ 3Ǵ߄Ңଯ ࡋѦӧфਏȑ
61 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ϣӧфਏ
ॺ҇ჴӧབόךа܌D3ǵԖΓᇥǴࡹݯԖਔংϼፄᚇΑǴ ᔉȐѠǺόమཱȑǶፎୢாӕཀᗋࢂόӕཀ೭ᅿᇥݤǻ
Ǵـเǵ࣮ǵคཀܔȐ1ȑߚதӕཀȐ1ȑӕཀȐ2ȑόӕཀȐ2ȑߚதόӕཀȐ ࣁᒪᅅॶȑۓၰޕаϷό
ᕴᡏᔮӣ៝
ݩᆶԃ࣬КȐѠǺКރᔮޑE1ǵ२ӃǴፎୢாளѠӧ ࢂৡό܈ଆٰȑǴࢂКၨӳȐѠǺьӳȑǵᗋࢂКၨόӳȐѠǺьᚯȑǴ ӭǻ
ۓၰޕǴаϷόـเǵ࣮ǵคཀܔȐ1ȑКၨӳȐ2ȑৡόӭȐ3ȑКၨόӳȐ ࣁᒪᅅॶȑǶ
ঁᡏᔮӣ៝
ݩᆶԃ࣬КȐѠǺКଆٰȑǴރᔮޑE3ǵፎୢாளৎ္ӧ ࢂКၨӳȐѠǺьӳȑǵᗋࢂКၨόӳȐѠǺьᚯȑǴ܈ࢂৡόӭǻ
ۓၰޕǴаϷόـเǵ࣮ǵคཀܔȐ1ȑКၨӳȐ2ȑৡόӭȐ3ȑКၨόӳȐ ࣁᒪᅅॶȑǶ
62 ύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝϐΚᇡޕᄽᡂᆶӢᔈ! ! ύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝϐΚᇡޕᄽᡂᆶӢᔈǺ
ᆫขܭኻϡǵӅӕѦҬᄤӼӄࡹϷংᡂᎂ1
ݓѳ2 ࡌᇬ3
ᄔ ा
߈ԃٰኻ٥ୱӝᚒςԋӄౚӚ୯୯ৎวख़ाᚒǴኻ࿉ ΚܭЬाᜢݙჹຝǴኻ࿉ԋ୯ჹޑำᆶԋ݀ԋࣁӄౚӚ୯ޑӝ ߔᛖǶύ୯εഌჹޑᡣᆶΚϩଛкᅈᅪቾᆶݾǴԋࣁኻࢪӝޑ ቹៜుᇻǶҁЎ၂კύ୯ޑᆶբࣁჹ҂ٰ٥ࢪӝޕᇡޑኻࢪӝ ܄ж߄ڀᆶӢᔈǴ٠ᒧၨޕᇡޑεഌჹኻࢪӝၸำύੋϷΚӢન Αှύ୯εংᡂᎂΟঁᚒǴکኻϡǴӅӕѦҬᄤӼӄࡹޑ ഌჹܭୱӝޑΚय़ᢀᗺǶ
ᜢᗖຒǺୱӝǵኻϡǵӅӕѦҬᄤӼӄࡹǵኻ࿉ǵΚ
Ǻঋፕύ୯εഌزКၨࣴޑӝࠠीฝȨ٥ࢪᆶኻࢪୱӝמ1ҁЎ߯җࣽ ϐዛշ߄מԋ݀Ǵᙣჹࣽزϩࣴޑ( Յȩ (MOST 102-2632-H343-001-فޑ ҢགᖴǶ ௲سࣁࠄεᏢ୯ሞ٣୍ᆶҾᏢޣբ 2 റγғ܌زࣁࡹݯεᏢ߮ᛥථࣴޣբ 3
63 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! قǵ
ࢂӧځ߈ԃٰ٥ࢪୱӝᚒςԋӚ୯୯ৎวख़ाᚒǴЀ ࢎᄬࣁ୷ᘵǴᅌుϯᆶޑ(ASEAN)ڐቫय़Ǵаܿࠄ٥୯ৎ୯ޑᔮӝ ᔮӝǶ2012 ԃ 12 ДǴASEAN+6 ᆶ TPPǵRECP ԋࣁ҅Ԅځቶϯ ڙՅᆶӦՏѦفޑङࡕǴύ୯εഌޑำǶฅԶӧ٥ࢪୱӝว ԃжӧ 1950 ܭቹៜుᇻǶжୱӝޑӛӝوख़ຎǴჹӄ٥ࢪډ ኻࢪวଉǴа 1952 ԃޑȨྡᒳӅӕᡏȩȐEuropean Coal and Steel Community, ECSCȑࣁ໒ᆄǴԶࡕᐕ 60 ᎩԃޑำǴวԋϞВ ځำᆶԋ݀ԋࣁӄౚޑኻ࿉ȐEuropean Union, EUȑǶኻࢪӝޑӝ ӕਔǴޑख़ाჹຝǴࢂаӧ٥ࢪӝБᑫ҂Նޑдୱৣݤᆶᢀჸ Ǵύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝزࣴޑኻࢪӝܭᆫขۈ໒ޣ٥ࢪӚ୯ࡹ۬ᆶᏢ ख़ຎǶځЀزࣴ
ᡣᆶΚϩଛкᅈᅪቾᆶݾޑΚܭӧኻࢪӝၸำύǴӚ୯ჹ ǴϷঁЬ୯ৎقύ୯εഌԶܭߔᛖǶჹޑਔǴԋࣁኻࢪӝ ᄊࡋᆶբࣁǴޑࢂ௵གǴύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝ׳Ǵόՠख़ा܄ֹޑΚ ޣБᆶᏢ۔ቹៜుᇻǶӢԜҁЎ၂კၸჹύ୯εഌޑჹ҂ٰ٥ࢪӝ ᢀᗺǴύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝၸำύੋϷΚӢનޑᇡޕǶՠவኻ࿉ Ǵࡹ܄ж߄ڀᔮय़ӛኻϡനܭύǴځԋ୯Ьाӝᚒय़ӛቶݱǴ ݯѦҬय़߾аӅӕѦҬᄤӼӄࡹቹៜനεǴԶংᡂᎂ߾ࢂኻ࿉ӝ ंբҔǴӢԜǴҁЎᒧڀၸำύǴଆӄౚሦᓐԲπբǴჹύ୯εഌന ΑኻϡǵӅӕѦҬᄤӼӄࡹϷংᡂᎂΟঁЬाᚒǴᙖа ှύ୯εഌჹܭୱӝޑΚय़ᢀᗺᆶҥǶ
Βǵύ୯εഌჹኻϡࡌҥϷϣΚϩଛϐᢀᗺ ()ύ୯εഌޑჾЬᢀ
ύϐջࣁځ୯ৎЬӧၮբё٩ᏵӚቫय़ჄϩࣁӚᅿᜪЬǴ ۓୗৱ (F. A. Mann)ஒჾЬޣჾЬ (Monetary Sovereignty)ǶᏢ ǴقΚȩǶӵ൩ቶကԶڋӝݤ܄௨дޑჾܭကࣁǺȨঁ୯ৎჹ ΒځࣁݤᓭૈΚ (legal tender)ǹځᅿΚǹٿჾЬۘё़ғрΠӈ ߾ࣁวՉᆶቲЗ(issuance and retirement) ჾϐΚ(Mann, 1992: ߟ্Ǵӵޑ҂Ԗ܌ՋБӈமډڙǶ߈жύ୯ᑈ১όਁǴЬ(460-478 ໜቼϡԃ (1567ےଓྉനԐ഼ϐЬǴᔈࣁჾЬǶܴරύఁယǴᑊ ნѦܫԃ)ஒқሌຎࣁӝݤჾǴฅԶύ୯ნϣқሌอલǴԖၸ໒ ᔮౢॶǶԶޑ٠ֹӄϸᔈύ୯ნϣۓᛙޑسளᆢᡏۈǴٮගޑқሌ ߚݤᆅၰΕύ୯Ǵ٬دوǴᏤठқሌளаၸੇܫӕԃܴжҭ໒ ளᅌ഼ѨჾЬᏤ (ഋܲǴ2011)Ƕ
64 ύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝϐΚᇡޕᄽᡂᆶӢᔈ! ! ǴڋқሌεໆѦࢬǴమॐׯ௦ߎҁՏޑӧᎻТᏯݾࡕǴύ୯εഌ ฅԶਔߎሌ፠ǴӢԜᏃᆅύ୯εഌεໆрαނǴҔߎीᆉޑ่ ܭჹޣБᆶᏢ۔᠘ΠǴύ୯ޑ১༈Ƕӧᐕўܭ٬ύБჹѦຩܰۚ݀ όёᗉխǴڋज़ޑჾЬܭჾЬѦख़ຎǴߎᑼӄౚϯΠǴ୯ৎჹ ᆅǶύ୯ޑ༊ܭӭᆫขޣБᆶᏢ۔Ǵύ୯زࣴޑฅԶӧჾЬ ߎᑼӄౚϯᆶჾЬёϩࣁаΠ൳ᅿ࣮ݤǺܭჹޣᏢ
Ǵჴ߾೭٤ڋჾЬज़ޑӧߎᑼӄౚϯΠǴᏃᆅ߄य़୯ৎ.1 ᗶޣჾЬϝۘ҂෧ཞǶᏢځࡕ݀ǴӢԜޑۓ،ϝ߯୯ৎԾЬڋज़ ϱᇡࣁ(ᗶϱǴ2009)Ǻ
ऊǴՠߎᑼӄౚϯ٠ؒԖڋکڋज़ޑȨߎᑼӄౚϯჹ୯ৎჾЬౢғΑࡐε ǹ୯ৎᗨޑࢂԖज़ࡋ״ऊޑჹ୯ৎჾЬۓڐவਥҁׯᡂ୯ৎჾЬǶ୷ߎ ᡣΑϩჾЬǴՠ୯ৎϝԖΚӧѬᇡࣁѸाਔޣ܈ᙯ౽ۓڐฅ೯ၸ୷ߎ Ƕȩ״ऊޑۓڐ୷ߎڙճԶόӆௗޑᡣрѐ܈ԏӣᙯ౽
ჾЬǴԶޑࢂวύ୯ৎځӚ୯Ѐډߎᑼӄౚϯςᝄख़ߟ্.2 υႣӚ୯ჾЬϐനεЋࣁऍ୯ǶᏢޣΪ൏ᇡࣁ(Ϊ൏Ǵ 2010)Ǻ
୯ৎӜൂǴޑᒏȬᏹᕵ༊ȭ܌ྗϦѲکדཀޑԃाࡪྣԾρȨऍ୯ࡹ۬ д୯Ǵёᒏ៙ܭமуדҁ୯ཀע୯ሞݤϐǴܭऍ୯୯ϣݤ₄Ꭿע೭ᅿݤࢂ ܂д୯ৎ৮ځచҹ೭ኬǴکǶाᇥȬᏹᕵ༊ȭǴϞШࣚǴନΑऍ୯ԖჴΚىΜ Ԗ೭ঁၗǶȩؒ
Ꮲޣ൹ᑫᜩࡰр(൹ᑫᜩǴ2007)Ǻ
ॺᇥ࡛ሶךठচ߾Ǵόૈᇥऍ୯ჹޑܫȨբࣁύ୯ٰᖱǴᗋࢂा୲ׯॠ໒ Ǵדཀک୯ৎΚໆޑε୯Ǵӧᔈ၀ԖԾρޑॺբࣁวύךॺ൩ၟ࡛ሶኬǴךኬ ࢬޑຩܰǵၗǵၗҁޑᚈᜐډวǶᅰᆅ༊ୢᚒੋϷکׯॠޑॺԾρךࡰᏤ ୢᚒǴՠࢂਥҁᗋࢂঁЬୢᚒǶΓ҇ჾ༊ፓࢂύ୯ϣࡹǴऍ୯ਥҁؒԖ ճፓд୯ޑࡹǶȩ
όҺՖሽॶղᘐǴ٠Ьа୯ϣݤଣϷݤࡓ৩բࣁᆢៈ୯ৎ.3 ჾЬϐЋࢤǶᏢޣቅལܿᇡࣁ(ቅལܿǴ2012)Ǻ
ࡋڋݤࡓޑ٬ҔԖֹޑѦ༊ܭ୯ৎǴჹޑڋ୯ࢂჴՉѦ༊ᆅךܭȨҗ ჴࡼکႧթޑǴаݤࡓǵݤೕޑ୯ნϣࢂόૈ٬ҔѦჾךำԄӧۓǴߚݤ״ऊ ݤࡓǵݤೕǴբࣁՉޑ୯ჾЬך೭٤ᡏܭᡏǶჹޑࢂύ୯Չ٬ჾЬ҅ ᆢៈǶȩکύ୯ӚભΓ҇ݤଣᔈϒа൧ख़ޑ٬୯ৎљݤ
65 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ύ୯εഌჾЬౢғՖܭ٥ࢪคፕჹޑǴᗌӛӝޕҗё ǴฅԶ೭״ᆶऊڋჾЬӸӧज़ޑᇡύӅ܍ࣣޣᅿቹៜǴԿϿᏢ ख़εޑࡋᢀϐǴᇡࣁऍ୯ࣁჿࡕفޑаӚ୯ᏯౣޣԖᏢ״ᆶऊڋᅿज़ ΚǴύӅᒿਔࣣёԏӣǴӢԜჹޑڋှᇡࣁ೭٤ज़ـЋǹҭԖϩ ܭჹޣǶவ߈ԃٰύ୯εഌᏢޣԖֹӄόሽॶղᘐ׳୯ৎЬค্ǹ ऍ୯υႣύӅ༊ޑᄊࡋϷϸᔈёளޕǴύӅϝ࣬ख़ຎჾЬ ԋҥջ߯ҥ୷ޑᗦኁǶኻϡޑǴฅԶ೭ஒԋࣁୱᔮӝύ܄ֹޑ Ǵ٥܄ԾЬޑ༊يᆅϐᡣǴঃऩύӅ୲ԾޑӚԋ୯༊ܭ ୷ҁచҹஒคݤၲԋǶޑࢪӅӕჾ (Β)ύ୯εഌᏢޣჹܭኻϡࡌҥࡕϐΚᇡޕ
ځεቫय़ǹٿܭࡌҥਔǴεठᆫขޑӧኻϡޣύ୯εഌᏢ ࡋቫय़ǶฅԶӧፕॊΚቫय़ਔǴதаڋΒ߾ࣁճϷځࣁΚቫय़ǹ ӵǴኻϡԋٯѦΚᡂᎂǴޑࡋٰᢀჸǺ२Ӄࣁኻϡԋҥفᅿٿ ϣΚϩଛᆶޑԛ߾ࣁኻϡԋҥځǹس୯ሞᡏ܈ҥࡕࢂցஒׯᡂୱ ၮբǶ Κᡂޑس୯ሞᡏ܈ୱޑኻϡԋҥࡕ.1
ޑεǴԶኻϡ֧ޑԋҥຎࣁᅿჾΚޑӭஒኻϡޣύ୯εഌᏢ όޑჾΚའǶԶࡷᏯऍ୯ჾΚ܄ӄౚޑε२Ӄஒ٬ऍ୯֧ ᘉҭஒޑჾΚᘉǴԶჾΚځ߯ኻϡǴύӅஙଆࡕǴೱ٬ ፕॊϩॊӵΠǺޑޣᓬ༈ӦՏǶஒ೭٤Ꮲޑऍϡӧӄౚډᔒᓸ ϐჾΚ܄ኻϡԋҥׯᡂШࣚΚֽǴࡷᏯΑऍ୯ӄౚ(1)
ӹϷλΟᇡࣁ(ֻ݅ӹǵλΟǴ2012)Ǻֻ݅ޣᏢ
ѫػΑ୯ሞჾΚǴ୯ሞჾΚࢂၗӛӄౚϯ໘ࢤࡕߡوȨᚰᘐၗҁ Γ҇ჾ୯ሞϯ٬ऍϡӄکǶΕཥШइаٰǴኻϡஙଆނᐕўౢޑҁЬကӄౚᘉ ЬाচӢǶޑჾΚᜤаࣁᝩǴݾღ୯ሞჾΚԋࣁ߈ԃٰӦጔࡹݯፂँ܄ౚ ख़ؠޑచ֨ᕳԋࣁӦጔࡹݯፂँٿޑΓ҇ჾ೭ΟεჾΚ݈༧ϐ໔کऍϡǵኻϡ Ȭ॥ޑӛԋࣁ҂ٰӦጔࡹݯፂँΏԿ୯ሞࡹݯᔮֽᙯࠠوޑǴ୯ሞჾΚ ӛȭǶȩ
ߏᏤठޑΚǴ٠ᇡࣁ೭ᅿΚޑ၀Ўόஒჾຎࣁᅿख़ा ࡰрǴӧऍϡǵኻϡϷΓ҇ჾჾΚ׳ځวғǶޑΑୱፂँ ᢀᗺࢌ٤ޑख़ؠǶॊޑᕳӦǴஒԋࣁӦጔࡹݯፂँ֨ޑ༧ϐ໔ ำࡋᆶܼߜႥ (Samuel Phillips Huntington)܌ගрϐЎܴፂँፕ (The ᘐቫጕᏯݾ (Fault Line War)ႜӕ(SamuelޑClash of Civilizations)ύ
66 ύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝϐΚᇡޕᄽᡂᆶӢᔈ! ! Phillips Huntington, 1993)ǶᘐቫጕᏯݾ߯ࡰШࣚЎܴ݈༧ϐ໔֨ᕳӦ ፂँᆶᏯݾǴԶȠ୯ሞჾΚᆶӦጔࡹݯፂँȡ߯ஒЎܴඤԋޑ ჾΚ݈༧ԶςǶ ፓǴԶڐޑрஒёߦኻࢪӚ୯ӧࡹݯޑኻϡ(2) ε୯ޑᑽלᆶऍ୯࣬ى٬ኻࢪԋࣁ
Ǵ1999)Ǻדමࡰр(ӕЈǵדӕЈǵޣᏢ
ᖑٌᐕำёа࣮рǴኻࢪӚ୯ϐ໔ᗨฅӸԖϩׁǴՠдॺԋΑޑȨவኻϡ Ԗख़ाཀကǶவύߏයٰ࣮ǴኻϡڀჴޑҞځբᆒઓǴ೭ᅿᆒઓჹڐޑᅿؼӳ ፓǴाኻࢪǴڐޑࡹݯܭ࣬ϕ٩ӸஒԖճޑஒ٬Ӛ୯ᔮᅌᖿӕǶᔮ ډ҅ځӕǴ٬ޑኻࢪࡹݯܭԋфஒԖշޑࢂѸϐၰǶኻϡჾ೭ ҞԐВჴǶȩޑଯભε୯ޑᑽלӧ୯ሞҔӕঁᖂॣᇥ၉Ǵ٬ኻࢪԋࣁૈᆶऍ୯
ࡋٰᢀჸኻفޑӭ߯аཥჴЬကޣύ୯εഌᏢޑॊᢀᗺڗ௦ ϡޑԋҥᆶቹៜǴӧȠኻϡޑඳభȡύǴஒܼߜႥޑЎܴ݈༧ᆶ Ԗᘐڀᕳ֨ޑჾΚϐ໔ޑᘐቫጕᏯݾΕჾΚύǴ٬൳ঁமε ፦܄ޑԖ࣬ϕፂँڀ፦ǶฅԶჾΚϐ໔ࢂցӵЎܴ໔܄ޑቫጕ ຑǴӢԜჾץᏢࣚڙЎܴፂँፕႫޑϝόคёϐೀǴჴ߾ܼߜႥ ԖᅪቾǶคፕࢂஒڀ፦ϝ܄ޑԖᘐቫጕᏯݾڀᇥ܌ޣΚ໔ࢂցӵբ ӃՉచҹǴޑஒჾӝຎࣁࡹݯӝ܈ჾΚຎࣁᅿࡹݯΚǴ ᔮӝǴѸฅӸԖࡹݯޑᇡࣁኻϡ٠ߚൂપޣࣣᡉ៛рύ୯εഌᏢ ύǶځӢનӧ Κၮբޑኻϡϣ.2 (1)ኻϡϣޑΚ่ᄬϝࣁε୯܌ඓ
Ꮲޣ့ϡউᇡࣁ(့ϡউǴ2000)Ǻ
Ȩቺ୯ࢂኻ࿉നख़ाޑ୯ৎǴΨࢂኻϡޑᓐဦᔮε୯ǴՠѬόεᜫཀࣁှ ᔮǶ೭൩ࢂᇥǴቺ୯ࣁΑޑ೯ᑩୢᚒԶ឴࣊Ծρޑԃςၲ 6%ޑངᅟើ، όӕཀኻࢪύѧሌՉගଯճǴѝԖӧޔǶѬۓೕޑᔮճԶคຎଭऊޑԾρ ਔংǴኻࢪύѧሌՉωૈගଯճǶӢԜǴёаޑ%2 ډ೯ᑩၲޑቺ୯Ծρ ೯ᑩǴԶόࢂޑѝࢂቺ୯ޑჴሞԵቾۓೕޑኻϡ೯ज़ܭᇥଭऊᜢ ঁኻϡޑǶȩ
ፁܿǴ1998)Ǻڬ)ፁܿ߾ࡰрڬޣᏢ
ЍኖΚޑനЬाسаࡕǴቺ୯ߡԋࣁኻࢪჾᡏسȨԾவम୯ଏрኻࢪჾᡏ
67 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ໆǶբࣁШࣚрαຩܰε୯Ǵቺ୯ޑЬाຩܰუՔࢂኻࢪ୯ৎǶբࣁᏯ௳୯Ǵቺ ӦՏཱུό࣬ᆀǶྣҞݩ࣮Ǵቺ୯གྷޑᔮε୯ځӦՏᆶޑ୯ӧ୯ሞࡹݯᆸѠ ሦޑᜫఈ൳ЯόёૈჴǴቺ୯Ҿკ೯ၸݾኻࢪޑԋࣁᖄӝ୯ӼதҺ٣୯ ՅǶȩفޑᄽख़ाתӦՏԶӧШࣚᆸѠ
ύ୯εഌϩᏢޣᇡࣁǴኻϡϣϝӸӧε୯ᆶλ୯໔ޑΚϩ ׳ፁܿڬޣ߯аε୯ճࣁᏤӛǶᏢۓ،ӭޑѲᄊ༈Ǵ೯தኻϡ ඓޑኻࢪࡹܭǴၸჹڀπޑख़߇୯ሞᆸѠځࡰрቺ୯ஒኻϡբ ዴӸӧε୯ᆶλ୯ϐޑ୯ሞӦՏǶჹԜҁЎаࣁǴӧኻϡύځуख़ ճஒᓬӃԵໆǶޑύǴε୯ۓ،ӭޑϩѲǴЪӧ၀ޑ໔Κ ୯ሞӦՏǴ߾ԖࡑᄮǴࡌځࢂց߯ࣁуख़ޑҞޑฅԶቺ୯ࡌҥኻϡ λ୯уΕޑࢂϢᔮᡏ፦ό٫ځԖ॥ᓀǴЀڀقε୯Զܭҥኻϡჹ ୯ሞӦՏԶҒߵԜᅿ॥ᓀϝόคᅪيਔǶӢԜቺ୯ࢂցࣁΑගϲԾ ୢǶ ኻ࿉ठՉԋਏόᄆډኻϡԋ୯ࡹ҂҅ᡣ(2)
ᏢޣߠࡿՏǵЦဂमමࡰр(ߠࡿՏǵЦဂमǴ2002)Ǻ
Ȩኻ࿉คፕவಔᙃ่ᄬᗋࢂᆅфૈᇥόࢂঁޑ୯ৎ܈ޣᏱԖ୯ৎ ᔮࡹݯᖄӝޑЬ୯ৎᆶ୯ሞಔᙃϐ໔ܭࡋჴᡏǴԶࢂঁϟڋޑᆅᙍૈ ࠶ٰک܄ࡹݯӝݤޑǶѬޑᡏǶவࡹݯБय़ᇥǴኻ࿉ࢂҗ 15 ঁЬ୯ৎᖄӝಔԋ ۔Ьा،ᐒᄬΨࢂҗԋ୯ࡹ۬ޑࡹ۬ǴԶѬޑௗᒧᖐౢғޔԋ୯ϦܭԾ ኻࢪჴ፦٩ฅࢂঁᒌ၌ǵᅱޑ२တ٣Ǵ҅҇ᒧکߏ٣ޑಔԋ ࡹݯޑኻϡޑբࣁኻ࿉ӅӕᔮᆶჾࡹᡏډௗቹៜޔᐒᄬǶ೭όޑ܄࿎ ۓኻϡჾॶᛙޑፓӢનԶቚуڐӚԋ୯ࡹ۬ࡹܭᇡӕགᆶёߞࡋǴΨᏤठҗ ܄ޑ॥ᓀǶȩ
ծǵ؋ࢩ߾ᇡࣁ(ծǵ؋ࢩǴ2009)ǺޣᏢ
෧܌ոΚϸԶԖޑ܌ׯॠ܄Ȩኻϡԋ୯ӧኻϡୢШϐࡕࣁҁ୯่ᄬ ၠნҬܰᗋࡐόวޑӵǴኻϡౢࠔѱҞѝࢂϩᑼӝӧଆǴ୍ܺٯϿǶ ޔଯೲቚߏǶӧ೭ᗺǴኻѧՉޑऊኻϡᔮڋᅉࡕΨஒޑׯॠ܄ၲǶ่ᄬ ׯ܄ᄬ่ޑаගଯമғౢࣁҞܭճҔϪϦӅ࠹ᐒǴឍܴѝԖӚ୯ठΚ ԋ୯ࡹ۬ޑӳೀǶฅԶԖ࣬ኧໆޑॠǴωૈ҅ჴჾࣁӚ୯ᔮٰ ኻޑኻѧՉǴϸࢀΑӧߥӺ༈Κ՞ᏵЬᏤܭگሽᅍǵᝡݾΚ഼Ѩᘜނஒܭϝಞᄍ ࡹݯߔΚϝฅѮεǶȩޑϡᔮׯॠ
ᡣۘ҂ֹӄǴ߯Ӣޑ२ӃᇡࣁЬޣӧԜᗺፕॊύǴύ୯εഌᏢ ࡰрǴኻࢪѧՉޣԖᏢ׳ЬाচӢǶޑό٫܄ۓኻϡᔮᆶᛙ ΠǴޑပჴǴӧኻࢪѧՉЖલΚ܌ࡹόࣁӚ୯ࡹ۬ޑගр܌
68 ύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝϐΚᇡޕᄽᡂᆶӢᔈ! ! ࡹǴӚ୯ᝡݾޑа࠹ᏤБԄࣁϐǶӚ୯ࡹ۬ߚՠόပჴኻࢪѧՉૈ ፕॊᡉҢǴύ୯εഌϩޑኻࢪѧՉǶӵԜܭگΚΠफ़ਔǴΞஒЬӢᘜ Ӛ୯ࡹ،ϝځΚᡣόֹӄǴЀޑኻϡӚԋ୯ډςཀޣᏢ ᄄᆄǶޑӧӚԋ୯ࡹ۬ЋύǴஒᏤठࡹคݤပჴ ޕኻϡࡌҥϐΚᇡܭБ(1.5 ॉ)ჹ۔Ο)ύ୯εഌъ)
Ǵ೭ޣᏢޑӜޕᐒᄬϷඵύǴӸӧӭၨޑБ۔ъ܈Б۔ӧύӅ ޑБ۔ҞᏼҺ௲ᙍǶ೭٤ъ܈εଣਠමޑεӭӧύ୯εഌޣ٤Ꮲ ନΑኗቪᏢೌբޣख़ा୷ᘵǴᏢޑБᐒᄬ،۔ύӅٮᐒᄬΨԋࣁග Ƕޣࡌޑᡏࡹڀᄽৎᒌ၌ϷתᐒᄬύҭޑБ۔ъ܈Б۔ϐѦǴӧ ӢԜǴҁЎࣁΑుΕύ୯εഌჹܭኻࢪӝޑΚय़ᇡޕǴձஒ ጄൎϣǴаΠࣁύ୯εഌزፕॊયΕࣴޣᏢޑ፦ᐒᄬύ܄Б۔ъ܈Б۔ ѦΚޑᢀჸኻϡࡌҥޣǶԖ٤ᏢޕΚᇡޑኻϡࡌҥܭБჹ۔ъ ࡋᢀϐǶفޑᡂϯǹฅҭԖԾϣΚϩଛֽ ኻϡԋҥࡕஒԋୱიϐᝡݾֽ.1
ԃ߄Ң(ᎄ 2001 ܭத୍ୋ٣ߏᎄཥҥමޑύ୯୯ሞᔮҬࢬύЈ ཥҥǴ2011)Ǻ
ΑᔮᡏϯำǴ၂კ೯ၸࡌҥኻࢪεѱٰזȨኻϡ௴ࡕǴኻ࿉у ᡂϯǶȩޑౢ่ᄬکೌמ
ቹៜࡐλǴΨࢂӕऍ୯ޑߎᑼӒᐒڙӛుϯǴӢԜوว߈ԃٰόᘐޑȨኻ࿉ ޑ୯ৎനಖஒӧ୯ሞᝡݾύѨѐԾρޑుቫচӢǶಥᚆୱᔮიޑวғຩܰᏯ ख़ຎ٠ԖۈၸำύǴЬाวၲ୯ৎ໒ޑӦՏǶӧε୯ᜢ߯ᅌᄽϯࣁიϐ໔ᜢ߯ ਏճҔୱᔮᡏϯޑᖿ༈ǴவԶගଯԾρޑ୯ሞӦՏǶȩ
୷ߎ٣ߏزύЈЬҺǵҺύ୯วࣴزύ୯୯୍ଣวࣴ Цფࠪҭӕኬ࣮ݤ(ЦფࠪǴ2001)Ǻ
วǴ୯ሞຩܰВᖿࢲ៌ǴೕኳόᘐᘉεȄޑᔮӄౚϯکȨՔᒿୱიϯ ࡋදၹගଯǴܫӄౚၗǴ٬ШࣚӚ୯໒ޑೲࢬǴၠ୯Ϧљזޑ୯ሞၗҁεೕኳ ٯޑǶঁനᗲܴाޑᔮᆅᙍૈගрΑཥޑуᆙஏǴ೭൩ჹࡹ۬׳سᔮᖄ ηࢂኻϡǶȩ ࡹޑӄڬϣݯคݤԋԖਏᆶޑኻϡ.2
аᛈ܌Ѷම߄ҢǴኻӒᐒϐڬߏ܌܌زࣽᏢଣኻࢪࣴޗύ୯ ޑӄᆶֹڬݯୢᚒǴҭջኻϡЖલঁၨࣁޑϣܭЬӢӧځวǴ
69 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! Ǵ2012)Ǻֻڬ)ࡹਣࢎ
όࢂيፓǴ೭ҁڐჾࡹόکࡹޑ٣ǴՠࢂኻϡޑȨኻϡውࢂၸѐ کݤࡓਣࢎࢂکݯኳԄޑຝǶኻϡޑԖޔຝǴࢂኻϡраٰޑঁཥ ᏼߥǶѱ൩Ԗᐒ൩ኻکߞҔЍޑǴдॺؒԖமεޑЬ୯ৎࢂόኬޑдځ ॺᇡࣁߎᑼӒᐒǴӄౚךа܌ݺբǴ่݀ࢂߎᑼѱᑲόςǴکϡውՉᐒ ԖࡐӭيǴӕਔԾޣ্ڙਥྍόֹӄӧኻࢪǴኻࢪࢂঁޑǴѬۓߎᑼѱόᛙޑ ޑୢᚒǶᆶԜӕਔǴᅟຉᔈ၀Ψࢂख़ाޑߎᑼѱᑲޑਥྍǶȩ
ύЈЬҺጰआҭӕኬ࣮ݤ(ጰआǴزଣኻࢪࣴزቶܿ୯ሞᏯౣࣴ 2103)Ǻ
ࡋલഐǶኻӒᐒᛈวǴኻ࿉ӧࡹइࡓڋޑȨ२ӃǴ೭ࢂኻࢪჾᡏϯ Ǵԋ୯ۓᆶቚߏϦऊȡೕۓటࣁӦᖐǶȠᛙ܌Бय़ԖࡓคᆦǴԋ୯൳Яёаࣁ ԋ୯ܭӷόளຬၸ GDP 3%ǵϦӅ୍όளຬၸ GDP 60%ǶՠࢂǴؒԖᜢهࡹ ၴϸࡹइࡓޑᆦ߾Ƕȩ ڀπޑΚᆶճڗኻϡԋࣁε୯ᠲ.3
୯ٿύ୯୯ሞᜢ߯Ꮲୋઝਜߏᇳᚶදම߄ҢǴኻϡϣϝࣁቺݤ ӦՏ(ᇳᚶදǴޑኻ࿉ύܭځుϯٰቚуޑЬᏤǴЪݤ୯ཀკᙖҗኻϡ܌ 2013)Ǻ
ࡹᡏϯٰࡳ௱ኻϡǶݤ୯ߏයஒኻ࿉բࣁޑు׳୯ӅӕᝢฝჴࡼٿȨݤቺ ቹޑӧኻ࿉ϣځีញΑޑቺ୯کǴՠհᏯࡕኻ࿉ܿᘉޑ୯ሞቹៜΚځගϲ ೯ၸుϯኻϡᡏϯٰᔈჹӒᐒǴៜΚǶय़ჹኻӒᐒǴݤ୯టᙯӒࣁᐒǴᒉ ቹៜΚǶȩکӦՏޑӕਔуமݤ୯ӧኻ࿉ϣ ޕኻϡࡌҥϐΚᇡܭБჹ۔Ѥ)ύӅ)
ፕॊ࣬ޑᡏڀԋᄊࡋǴԶځᢀڗࡌҥӭ௦ޑБჹኻϡ۔ύӅ ᑈཱུޑኻϡวܭБჹ۔߄ҢǶோύӅޑલЮǴεӭࣁЍኻϡว ᑈཱུᄊࡋǶύ୯୯୍ଣᕴޑ٥ࢪᔮӝ܈ჹ٥ϡܭᄊࡋǴ٠όૈӕ Ȩуமኻ٥ӝբǴߦӚ୯Ӆӕวޑԃ 6 Д 26 В 2005 ܭྕৎᝊ ȩޑᄽᇥමࡰр(ྕৎᝊǴ2005)Ǻ
٥ኻࡹߎᑼӝբǴว٥ࢪکӝբǶᑈཱུ܄ߎᑼჴ፦کȨుϯࡹ բҔǴගଯ٥ኻӦޑᆶวύวචᔈԖۓѱǴЍජኻϡӧ୯ሞߎᑼᛙچୱ ୯ሞჾߎᑼӦՏǴวච٥ኻߞૼ୷ߎӧᔅշ٥ኻόวၲԋࡹߎᑼׯॠБय़ޑ ܌ଆޑᑈཱུբҔǶȩ
70 ύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝϐΚᇡޕᄽᡂᆶӢᔈ! ! ޑΚፕॊрӧ 2003 ԃޑᡏڀኻϡၨࣁܭБჹ۔ύ୯εഌ ୯ύѧΓ҇ࡹکȠύ୯ჹኻ࿉ࡹЎҹȡύǴ၀Ўҹ߄Ң(ύΓ҇Ӆ Ǵ2003)Ǻ۬
٣ҹǶԾ 1952 ԃኻࢪྡᒳӅӕᡏࡌޑԖుᇻቹៜڀวࢂᏯࡕکፍғޑȨኻ࿉ ѦҬǵ୍ٛϷځҥаٰǴኻ࿉ᐕᜢิӕ࿉ǵεѱǵᖄ࿉ว໘ࢤǴ ளǴኻϡԋфࢬ೯Ǵљݤ҅ӧԋǶኻ࿉ςԋࣁڗᖄӝ֡ޑӚሦୱޗ ຩܰᕴᚐϩձک୯ৎᖄӝᡏǴᔮᕴໆޑϞШࣚᡏϯำࡋനଯǵᆕӝჴΚࠆ ჹѦၗۚШࣚӈǶȩکǴΓ֡ԏΕ%35 کэӄౚ 25%
ύኻӄय़ᏯౣუՔᜢޑΑ 2014 ԃ 4 Д 2 Вύ୯εഌӆࡋϦթȠుϯϕճӅគډ Μԃჹኻ࿉ࡹҞӝբᙔკǴࡰрǺډ߯——ύ୯ჹኻ࿉ࡹЎҹȡǴೕჄ҂ٰϖ ڗኻࢪѧՉ௦کǴЍኻ࿉ᐒᄬۓኻϡߥߎᑼѱᛙک嘸ύ୯ೣЍኻ࿉୯ৎ Ѹाٮගۓࡼ٠ᔈჹኻୢᚒǴᜫ೯ၸӭᅿБԄჹኻࢪᆢៈߎᑼѱᛙۓߎᑼᛙ ЍǶȩ(ཥᆛǴ2014)Ƕ
ޑࢬ೯ࣁኻࢪӝύख़ाޑБҥᇡࣁǴኻϡ۔ύӅޕҗё ୯ৎᖄޑวς٬ኻ࿉ԋࣁШࣚᆕӝჴΚࠆޑٚำǴԶӵԜ ኻϡрࡕኻ࿉ډޕБςᇡ۔ύ௦ҔᆕӝჴΚຒ߄ҢύӅځӝᡏǶ Α 2014 ԃǴύӅډᡂϯǶՠࢂޑჴΚᡂᎂǴௗೱШֽࣚޑᡏ ѸाЍǶவٮύ୯εഌёගډᔮΚε൯ϲࡕǴჹኻ࿉ኻୢᚒςග շኻڐύӅҭԖჴΚёаډࡋٰ࣮ᡉฅύӅςவኻӒᐒǴཀفΚ ϡǶ فӅӕѦҬᄤӼӄࡹϐΚຎܭΟǵύ୯εഌჹ
ӅӕѦҬᄤӼӄࡹࢂவኻࢪࡹݯӝբᄽᡂԶԋǴኻ࿉၂კޑኻ࿉ ࡕӢࣁӅځᔈᒥՉϐදၹՉࣁྗ߾Ǵ܌ࡌᄬрଯ໘ࡹݯሦୱύኻ࿉୯ৎ рǴ٬ளኻ࿉୯ৎᅌᡏޑӕӼӄᄤٛᑇࡹаϷȠኻࢪӼӄᏯౣȡ ӛЈΚǴ2009ޑڋՅǴࣁமϯᐒفޑᄽתᔈ၀܌ޗኻ࿉ӧ୯ሞډᇡ ԃ҅ԄԋҥǴኻ 2010 ܭԃ 12 Д 1 ВٚථҁచऊғਏǴኻࢪჹѦ٣୍ ࢪᖄ࿉ӅӕѦҬᄤӼӄࡹޑၮբҭΕঁӄཥਔයǴኻ࿉ޑӅӕѦ БӛᗌǶޑڋҬᄤӼӄࡹ҅ӧරԋࣁঁӭᜐЬကᐒ ()୯ৎѦҬΚޑ܄፦
Ꮲޣլථય (Stephen D. Krasner)මஒЬϩࣁѤঁय़ӛǺȨϣࡹ Ьȩ(domestic sovereignty) ǵȨϕ࣬ॸᒘЬȩ (interdependence sovereignty)Ȩ୯ሞݤЬȩ(international legal sovereignty)ϷȨՋҵճ٥ ࡰрǴӧϞӄౚϯΠЬȩ (Westphalian sovereignty)ǵϷǴ٠ ޑፂᔐΠǴ೭ѤᅿЬ҅ևόӕޑวᄊኬ(Krasner, 1999)Ǻ
71 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! 1.ϣࡹЬǺϣࡹЬ߯ࡰᓅѲථ (Thomas Hobbes)ϷѲϏ (Jean ǴࣗԿڋ܈Ԗਏݯޑ୯ნϣܭǴჹۺനԐЬཷޑගр܌(Bodin ੋϷ҅܄ϐԖคǶ
хࡴΓӧϣڋሦβԖਏᆅᗄǴ٠ᆅܭϕ࣬ॸᒘЬǺ߯ࡰૈցჹ.2 ޑၠ୯ࣚࢬǶ
ᇡǵݤЬǴҭё܍ԄᐱҥǵѦҬޑᒏ܌୯ሞݤЬǺԜջ.3 ำࡋǶޑڙຎࣁӧ୯ሞௗ
ёᆀϐࣁჴ፦ЬǴٛЗѦ܈ǵ܄ԖᐱҥԾЬڀՋҵճ٥ЬǺ.4 ΚϟΕޑૈΚǶ
ಃΟᜪϐ୯ሞݤЬǴύܭϩϐЬύǴѦҬΚёᘜឦ܌а ύ୯Ծђаٰջܭ୯ԾᎻТᏯݾаफ़ǴॐᛝुΑӭόѳచऊǶҗ ڮύ୯ӛࣁୱε୯ǴӧπॠܭࡋǴԜ߯җڋ࣬ᜢޑલЮՋБѦҬ ࡋǶύ୯ӛڋѦҬޑдӦځڙϐۘคҺՖঁ୯ৎёॐ٬ύ୯ௗ Ꮿא㐣ឦǴᎻТᏯݾϷमݤᖄैϐځ୯ৎࣣࣁޑᎁڬǴسරଅᡏڗ௦ ӵǴယӜธϷࠧٯᆶϐፋղǴ۔܈ࡕǴమϝࢴᇾ࠾ᛒεӔ௳ ᅌԋǴۈ߯Ծమර҃ԃϐࡕޕѦҬΚϐᇡځܭೞࢂǶӢԜύ୯ჹ ᆶ࣬ᜢݤΕύ୯ਔǴύ୯҅ॶమ܄୯ৎჹѦᐱҥޑՋБ୯ሞݤύ යࡑǴ೭٤ޑᑈ১όਁਔයǴΓ҇ЈύкᅈΑൿኌϷჹࡹ۬ޑ҇߃҃ ᆣᆶ҇Ьက่࣬ӝࡕǴЇวΑ҇୯ 8 ԃޑϖѤၮǶӧϖѤၮύǴ ࣣǴฅ೭٤ນၯՉΓγᆶᏢғаȨѦݾЬǴϣନ୯ၖȩࣁЬाນ ύࢤྷਔඓځճჹѦॷීǴيථਔ୯ϣैሚപᏵǴதࣁԾܭ߯җ ୯ǶԶύ୯ჹቺ࠹ᏯᏯയࡕǴό҂ԏӣচس୯ǴᆀϐࣁӼᅽ ഼ޑጤԀϐΚᙯᡣ๏ВҁࡕǴᘉεЬܭӧቺ୯׳ЬǴޑҁѨѐ ߟ্ǴԶࡹ۬ࠅ҂ૈԖҺՖբࣁǴډڙ܄ᆶֹ܄ჹѦനଯޑѨǶЬ ठǶ܌ВҁჹࢤྷॷීܭЬӢϝ߯җځز
όޑᐕၸѦҬΚܭཀကǴҗڀύ୯ձܭǴѦҬΚჹـҗԜё ჹԜࣣ౦தख़ຎǶޣᏢ܈Б۔ߟౣǴύ୯εഌคፕޑᄆᆶӈம (Β)ύ୯εഌᏢࣚჹܭ CFSP ࡌҥϐΚᇡޕ ቹៜޑCFSP ϐࡌҥჹѦΚֽ.1 ѸഢచҹޑCFSP ࢂኻ࿉ԋࣁШࣚࡹݯֽύख़ाཱུ (1)
ޑமࡰрǴኻ࿉ӵ݀ाԋࣁӭཱུШࣚύדࠄ໒εᏢᐕўᏢଣ௲ഋ ӅӕޑǴԶԋ୯ϐ໔ჹѦޑϣࡹݯᆶै٣ځཱུǴѸӃԋ
72 ύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝϐΚᇡޕᄽᡂᆶӢᔈ! ! மǴ2001)Ǻדᕉ(ഋޑѦҬࡹջࣁ࣬ख़ा
ǴޑཱུǴ२ӃѸჴኻࢪϣࡹݯǵै٣ޑȨ…ाԋࣁШࣚࡹݯֽύ ᡏϯ…ȩޑѱǴԶЪाჴࡹݯ،ǵै٣ࡰචϷϣࡹљݤޑόाࡌҥ
୯ޑѳวکӭ҇ѳӅӸǵکȨΓॺԖҗ࣬ߞǴӧӭཱུШࣚǵӭϡЎϯ ཱུǶȩޑύख़ाځሞ༈ύǴኻࢪനಖஒԋࣁ
ч٧εᏢ୯ሞᜢ߯Ꮲଣୋ௲ଯఈٰҭӕኬ࣮ݤ(ଯఈٰǴ 2007)Ǻ
ޑӧ୯ሞᆸᆵيගϲԾǴωૈ܄Ԗਏک܄ठޑȨኻ࿉ԖуமՉ ଅǶȩޑε׳рۓѳᛙکӦՏǴࣁᆢៈШࣚ ىᄽᖐתCFSP ӧࡹҞᆶჴӸӧᝄख़ပৡǴऍ୯ (2) Յفᇸख़
ȩᆶقȨޑ ݓᅇεᏢࡹݯᆶϦӅᆅᏢଣ௲ᝄ㛇ҴࡰрǴCFSP ύऍ୯ࣁख़ाӢનϐǶऍ୯ុॄೢځပৡǴԶޑȨՉȩӸӧ࣬ε ӼӄǴගрޑᔈбύܿϷ٥ϼܭ୍ٛǴջ٬ऍ୯߈ԃٰҗޑϷඓኻࢪ ᑈཱུᄊࡋǶӢԜǴڗᇥݤǴݤ୯ჹԜ௦ޑ୍ٛيኻࢪӚ୯ҭॄᏼԾ Յ(ߝǵᝄ㛇ҴǴفޑᄽߕឦתчऊࢎᄬΠǴޑCFSP ӧऍ୯ЬᏤ 2007)Ǻ
ࡕǴऍ୯״ᜢᗖӢનǶհᏯ่ޑȨऍ୯Ψࢂߔኙኻ࿉ӅӕѦҬᆶӼӄࡹว ៙ځሦᏤӦՏǵٛЗрঁ၂კࡷᏯޑӧШࣚځᆢៈעፓΑӄౚै٣ᏯౣǴ ύܿᏯౣک२ाҞǶऍ୯ᇡࣁǴᒿ٥ϼޑӄౚᏯౣځբࣁޣᏯౣᝡݾޑӦՏ ݙཀΚѸฅຫٰຫᙯӛ೭٤ӦǶӢԜǴऍ୯ӧᓸᕭᎫኻऍैޑගଯǴѬޑӦՏ ޑᜐӦڬက୍٠ԾՉᔈбکೢҺޑӭ׳ᏼ܍ኻ࿉ӧኻࢪӼӄୢᚒӕਔǴाޑ ӄౚᏯౣǶȩځӼӄӒᐒǴаߡѬបрЋٰပჴ
Ȩऍ୯ᗋமፓǴѿኻࢪᛈวӼӄӒᐒǴчऊᔈ၀٦ԖȬಃᒧȭǹѝԖ όΕࡕǴՋኻᖄ࿉ωۓ،ϩԋ୯ձࢂऍ୯ޑчऊ܈Ȭόբࣁȭۓ،ӧчऊ ૈϟΕǶȩ 1. CFSP ϐϣΚၮբ (1)ኻ࿉ܿᘉࡕޑཥԋ୯ԋࣁ CFSP วޑߔᛖ
ѦҬޑԋаኻ࿉ܿᘉࡕǴཥԋ୯ד௲ֆسࠄ໒εᏢ୯ሞᜢ߯Ꮲ ԋǵླྀিǴ2006)ǺדΚ่ᄬᆶҟ࣯(ֆޑӛٰϩ CFSP ϣوࡹ
73 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ნϐύǴѬॺࡽाᆶऍ୯བӳ֚ޑȨኻ࿉ཥԋ୯όᜫഐΕᒧऍ୯ᗋࢂኻ࿉ ฯӼӄߥៈૈΚǴӧࡐӭࡹሦޑၮᆶኻ࿉࣬ೱǹѬॺᚶᅪኻ࿉ڮځᇡ܍ᜢ߯ǴΞ ٣ߥៈദǶ೭٤คᅪჹӅӕѦҬᆶӼӄࡹैځୱ٩ǵЍऍ୯Ǵ٠ຎчऊࣁ ࡋࡌǴᗋࢂჹѦჴ፬Ǵኻ࿉ӅӕѦҬᆶڋวٰᜤᚒǶёаᇥǴคፕࢂϣޑ วय़ᖏӭ֚ᜤǶȩޑӼӄࡹ
วԖޑ ᇡࣁǴCFSPذύ୯Γ҇εᏢ୯ሞᜢ߯Ꮲଣୋ௲ቅЎ ϩݔޑऊӢનǴ٠ஒϐᘜયࣁ୯ৎճǵࡹΚϷኻࢪᇡӕڋӭ ڋǵ،ᐒۺԋ୯໔ѦҬډڙ ࡰр CFSP׳ЬााનǶԶࡕ ǵᠭηБǴ2005)Ǻذ҂ٰวኁ(ቅЎځऊǴ٬ளڋޑ፦܄Ϸࡹ۬໔
ᚶԖཱུଯޔ୍ٛΚໆޑวኻࢪᐱҥܭวᐒǴჹޑȨݤቺࣁኻࢪᡏϯ ޑǴՠӭኧԋ୯ϝᜫཀஒӼӄೢҺҬૼ๏ऍ୯ЬᏤޑчऊǶдॺᇡࣁऍ୯ჹ ԖӼӄགǶᏼЈҁ׳ኻࢪؒԖሦβഁЈǴ٩ऍ୯ࣗԿК٩٤ኻഌε୯٬дॺ ख़ाচӢϐǶȩޑኻഌε୯ࢂኻ࿉ፏӭλ୯όЈӅӕ୍ٛܭ୍ٛεပޑ୯ ࡹڀჹѦᐒᄬǴCFSP ࠅϝޑٚථҁచऊᗨԋҥኻ࿉ठ(2) ፦܄໔۬
᐀ܴමࡰрǴȠٚථҁచऊȡڬݓᅇεᏢࡹݯᆶϦӅᆅᏢଣ (Treaty of Lisbon)ᛝुࡕǴᗨฅрΑԋ୯໔ठޑჹѦж߄ Ȩኻ࿉ Ӽӄࡹଯભж߄ȩ (High Representative of the Union for ForeignکѦҬ ჴ፦ૈΚځAffairs and Security Policy)ǴЪ፟ϒኻ࿉୯ሞݤࡓΓǴฅ ᐀ܴǴ2011)Ǻڬ)ىࠅ٩ᙑό
ΑࡐεׯॠǴ܄ܴک܄ǵԖਏ܄Ȩᗨฅ၀చऊӧቚமኻ࿉ჹѦՉठ ፦ϝؒׯᡂǴచऊ፟ϒኻ࿉ݤࡓΓǴ܄Ȭࡹ۬໔ȭޑՠኻ࿉ӅӕѦҬᆶӼӄࡹ ՅǴفύ໔ΓޑǴቚமኻ࿉ᐒᄬᙍૈǴࠅؒԖׯᡂኻ࿉ӧ೭ሦୱسᙁϯኻ࿉ಔᙃᡏ ӝբǶȩޑ፦܄ӅӕѦҬᆶӼӄࡹϝࢂࡹ۬໔
ч٧εᏢݤᏢଣୋ௲ֺम߾ᇡࣁǴCFSP ᆶኻӅᡏࣁΟεЍࢊϐ ߾ࣁຬ୯ৎಔᙃǴޣࣁࡹ۬໔ಔᙃǹࡕޣ፦ࠅॎฅ࣬౦Ǵ܄ޑޣٿǴ ख़ाቻ(ֺमǴ2004)ǺޑՉ٬ࣁ CFSP ࡹ۬໔ಔᙃޑԶԋ୯ց،
ጌऊՉࣁ߄ܴǴኻࢪᖄ࿉ӧ೭ሦୱ٩ᙑޑȨኻࢪᖄ࿉ӧӅӕѦҬᆶӼӄሦୱ ЎǶኻܴޑጌऊёྍԾԋ୯کጌऊૈΚځ୯ሞಔᙃǴޑࢂঁࡹ۬໔ ፦ǴЬा܄ޑ୯ሞݤࡹ۬໔ӝբޑ፦٩ᙑࢂ܄ځӝբǴޑࢪᖄ࿉ӧ೭ሦୱ ߄،БԄ٩ᙑࢂठӕཀǶΨ൩ࢂǴҺՖঁԋ୯٦Ԗց،Ƕȩޑ୷ҁک
ᇡࣁǴྷדഋزࣴ܌ࣽᏢଣኻࢪޗϸჹ࣮ݤǴύ୯ޣฅҭԖᏢ ѲᎹ༞ᅟϯڗ፦ǴԶ߯ᅌ௦܄CFSP Ҟόࢂᝩុᆢࡹ۬໔
74 ύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝϐΚᇡޕᄽᡂᆶӢᔈ! ! Ǵ2001)ǺྷדBrusselisation) (ഋ)
ׇᄽǴջѲᎹ༞ᅟϯڋޑۓݮᅿۈำԄ໒کڋᐒޑ Ȩ CFSP ՉၸำύǴаࡹ۬໔Ьကӝբࣁ୷ҁගǴԋ୯کBrusselisation)ǺӧԖᜢ،) ᖄ࿉،ύЈޑёᅌӛаѲᎹ༞ᅟࣁЬکڋբҔ১ϯǴ،ᐒڋکЬᏤޑ ǴவԶόᘐගଯکӼӄ،όᘐᖿӛύǵೱុکύǴठ٬ᖄ࿉ѦҬکᙯ౽ ՉૈΚǶѲᎹ༞ᅟϯόࢂӧࡹ۬໔ϯǴΨόёૈӅӕᡏϯǴԶکჹѦ،ޑᖄ࿉ ᡏϯኳԄǶȩޑۓࢌ٤ቻǴӢԜж߄Αᅿ܈܄୷ҁޑޣٿڀΞঋ ޕCFSP ࡌҥϐΚᇡ ܭБ(1.5 ॉ)ჹ۔Ο)ύ୯εഌъ) ख़ाᏵޑCFSP ࢂኻ࿉ӧШࣚࡹݯֽύཱུ (1)
଼ࡰрǴኻऍӧѦҬࡹزࣴ܌زࣽᏢଣኻࢪࣴޗύ୯ բޑҾკӧ୯ሞᆸѠวචᐱҥۈӸԖჹҥǴԶኻ࿉ҭࡌҥ CFSPǴ໒ Ҟ߯ᔅշኻ࿉ӧ୯ሞᆸѠځҥதᆶऍ୯ε࣬ǴЪޑ ҔǴCFSP วචཱུޑբҔ(଼Ǵ2008)Ǻ
ӧ୯ሞᆸѠวචᐱۈCFSPǴ߄ܴኻ࿉ࣁঁᡏ໒ ޑȨኻ࿉ࡌҥΑԾρ ҥޑբҔǶ೭ࢂኻ࿉วචШཱུࣚբҔޑЬाᏵǶCFSP ᆶऍ୯ԖࡐεόӕǴ ԖਔࣗԿࢂଞ᎔࣬ჹޑǴЬा߄ӧჹҲլୢᚒޑࡹǵჹҲਟਡୢᚒޑࡹǵ ჹЃаፂँޑࡹǵШࣚᕉნߥៈޑࡹ…Ƕȩ ΚໆǴ٠Ъ҅όᘐቚமύ܄ࡋڋԖڀ CFSP (2)
ᇡࣁǴޣߎ࣓߄ҢǴҞӭኧᏢزշࣴ܌زύ୯୯ሞୢᚒࣴ Ǵ೭ᅿᢀᗺϝԖࡑᄮǴڋፓᐒڐԋ୯໔ޑ፦܄CFSP ߯ࡹ۬໔ (ߎٯѨ௳ਢޑ ΚໆǴҭၸࡋᆫขӧ CFSP܄ࡋڋޑ ό۹ຎΑ CFSP ࣓Ǵ2008)Ǻ
Ǵኻ࿉ਥڋᐒޑፓҥڐ፦ǴCFSP ѝࢂኻ࿉ԋ୯໔܄ࡹ۬໔ޑ CFSP ܭȨҗ ѦҬࡹЬᡏ…೭ᅿᢀᗺޑǴኻ࿉٠ߚᐱҥفຎޑѦҬᆶӼӄࡹޑҁόӸӧӅӕ ޑ௳ᜢݙ CFSP ѨܭԛǴѬၸځΚໆǹ܄ࡋڋޑ ԖѨୃሥǶ२ӃǴѬ۹ຎΑ CFSP уமǶȩՉૈΚ҅ӧޑБय़ࢂǴኻ࿉ӧ CFSP ਣࢎΠޑќঁόૈ۹ຎ…ٯਢ ࡌҥࣁගޑวǴाӃаᐱҥ୍ٛΚໆޑӅӕѦҬ(3)
ୋઝਜߏЦ෩ᕞමЇॊہ୯ৎӼӄࡹزύ୯ࡹࣽᏢࣴ ኻ࿉ӅӕѦҬᆶӼӄࡹଯભж߄ય (Javier Solana de Madariaga)ޑፕॊǺȨኻࢪΓޕၰǴѦҬࡹޑჴࡼሡाঁૈᔈჹ ޑӅӕѦҬࡹځ୍ٛૈΚࣁЍኖǶኻ࿉ࡌҥᐱҥ୍ٛࢂჴޑϞࡷᏯ
75 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ࡰр(Ц෩ᕞǴ୷ᘵǶȩ٠ޑԖਏߥǴΨࢂፁኻࢪሽॶᢀ 2008)Ǻ
ჴᐱҥ୍ٛոזϩݔǴคᅪΨࢂߦኻ࿉уޑȨऍኻჹࡑ 2003 ԃҲլᏯݾ ϸჹǴ٩Ծρᐱޑख़ाӢનǶऍ୯ᙅ໒ᖄӝ୯Ǵό៝ኻ࿉ޑΚύঁόё۹ౣ Ƕȩڼ࣬คډ٣ჴΚวΑҲլᏯݾǴ٬ኻ࿉གैޑϺΠ ޕCFSP ࡌҥϐΚᇡ ܭБჹ۔Ѥ)ύӅ)
ԋ܌ ၨࣁܴᡉǴӭᆫขӧ CFSPޕΚᇡޑ CFSP ܭБჹ۔ύӅ ޑѦΚᡂǴ2008 ԃύӅѦҬߏླྀዅⵀӧύ୯วଯቫፕᏝ ׯॠǴᙖаගଯԾڋᡏޑԃύම߄ҢǴCFSP ࢂኻ࿉य़ᖏӄౚϯࡷᏯ ୯ѦҬǴ2008)Ǻکᆕӝ୯Κ(ύΓ҇Ӆޑي
ᡂॠǶऍ୯ගڋᐒڋȨࣁᔈჹӄౚϯࡷᏯǴӚε୯ፓϣѦࡹǴՉᡏ ӅӕѦکε୯ӝբቚӭǶኻ࿉ᑈཱུӭᜐЬကکڋр٠ჴࡼᡂॠѦҬǴᆶӭᜐᐒ ӧཥ፺ᆕӝ୯ΚᝡݾҬᆶӼӄࡹǶ߮ᛥථගрε୯ȬᡏሦᏤȭǶӚε୯Κ ύគளӃᐒǶȩ
ԶӧύӅѦҬ 2007 ԃޑᔮᆶѦҬᚒύҭӕኬᢀᗺ(ύΓ ୯ѦҬǴ2007)Ǻک҇Ӆ
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ፕॊёૈᆶӃኻ࿉ӅӕѦҬᆶӼӄࡹଯભжޑБ۔аύӅ ߄યລႝύӅѦҬߏᆬࢃԖᜢǴӧ 2005 ԃ 5 Д 6 ВǴય ୯ѦҬǴ2005)ǺکԃϐሞǴම߄Ң(ύΓ҇Ӆڬ ӧኻύࡌҬ 30
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ӛΜϩߥӺᆶᙣǴયගϷኻύᜢ߯قวޑБჹѦ۔ύӅ ύջϒقวޑᔈ೯ၸᆙஏӝբᔈჹӄౚࡷᏯਔǴӧύӅჹ۳ࡕኻ࿉࣬ᜢ аӣᙟǴБय़߄ҢύБςှϷӕཀኻ࿉ගрޑᢀᗺǹќБय़߾ᙖ ኻࢪፕॊԄޑБ۔ჴሞࡹϷᢀᗺᗦᙒǴ٬ύӅޑኻ࿉ܭԜஒύБჹ ϯǶ
ှǴډᆙᜢ߯ӧԜݩΠ٠ؒԖளޑኻ࿉ჹѦᜢ߯ύǴૈϩࣚ
76 ύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝϐΚᇡޕᄽᡂᆶӢᔈ! ! Ԗᜢኻ࿉ჹѦՉૈΚޑ፦ᅪϝฅុǶவኻࢪჹѦՉޑᙍጄ ޑϩǴΨԖࡹ۬໔БݤޑࡹሦୱࡽԖচӅӕᡏБԄੋ܌ځൎٰ࣮Ǵ วජکૈሦୱǴѦҬǵै٣ǵൔޑϩǴҭԖ CFSP ೭ঁਸ ᙍૈጄޑጄൎຬрঁЬ୯ৎѦҬޑӧᆅ٣ځǴ٬يܭշ ࡹሦୱࡽԖচӅӕᡏੋ܌ځᙍጄൎٰ࣮ǴޑൎǶவኻࢪჹѦՉ ૈሦୱǴޑϩǴҭ Ԗ CFSP ೭ঁਸޑϩǴΨԖࡹ۬໔БݤޑБԄ ጄൎຬрঁޑǴӧᆅ٣يܭวජշکѦҬǵै٣ǵൔ ӝբόѝࢂϣࢎᄬϐ໔ǴόکշڐځᙍૈጄൎǶޑЬ୯ৎѦҬ ޑπբǴᗋाᆶԋ୯ޑہኻ࿉کշኻࢪ٣ǵኻ࿉٣ڐा շኻࢪ٣ǵڐπբόѝࢂϣࢎᄬϐ໔ǴόाځѦҬߐӝբǶ ѦҬߐӝբǶନѐޑπբǴᗋाᆶԋ୯ޑہኻ࿉کኻ࿉٣ લഐɡޑݾڙϐѦǴኻࢪჹѦՉᗋӸӧঁႫ܄ፄᚇޑπբБԄ നЬाϩࢂӅӕѦҬᆶӼӄࡹǴӧԋ୯ؒԖၲޑૈሦୱځӢࣁ EEASǶӧᏃᆅኻ࿉ЈࠁࠁǴՠࢂѦҬ ډԋӅӕҥਔǴ۳۳࣮ό ථϏచऊȡΠǴኻ࿉ࣁΑౢғۅոΚᡉฅय़ᖏᘀᘀǶȠߓޑᡏϯ ࡹݯཀᜫǶޑӼӄࡹǴѸԋ୯ԖкϩၮҔѬکӅӕѦҬޑঁ҅ ЬाޑǴϝฅࢂኻ࿉ԋӅӕѦҬᆶӼӄࡹىόޑՠԋ୯ཀᜫ ምᛖǶ Ѥǵύ୯εഌჹܭኻ࿉ংᡂᎂࡹϐΚᇡޕ ()ংᡂᎂࡹΚޑ܄፦
ཥᚒǴӚπޑЇว܌ংᡂᎂࣁ߈ 30 ԃٰǴӄౚᔮวΠ Ǵ٬ளܫၸࡋ௨ޑઇᚯᅌᝄख़ǶπቲНϷΒ਼ϯᅹޑᕉნܭ୯ৎჹ ԡࢉǴংཪϯчཱུӇοྋှੇѳޑ҂Ԗ܌ډڙᆶНၗྍޜޑӄౚ ࠶ુǶࣁԜኻࢪӅӕᡏӧ 1960 ԃжύයǴ໒ډڙғӸޑय़ϲǴΓᜪ ޑзǶ1972 ԃڮ࣬ᜢᕉნೕ߾ᆶޑаӅӕᔮճࣁԵໆۓڋᢣڥۈ ᜢݙၲԋӅǴޑᕉნୢᚒܭኻࢪӅӕᡏЃᎿଯঢ়ύǴӚԋ୯൩ჹ ሡׯ๓ᕉნࠔ፦ϷғࢲྗǴ׳ཀջᔮวόሡठΚᕭอѳ೦ৡǴ ᕉნߥៈࡹࢎᄬ ȨಃᕉნՉޑ୯໔Ӆӕुڋ،ࡕ٠ Бਢ(1973-1976)ȩ(Environment Action Programme, EAP)Ƕ
ਡЈޑϣࡹ٣୍Ǵҭࣁ୯ৎЬޑ୯ৎܭឦۓڋޑฅԶᕉნࡹ ளၲԋҞǶۈӅӕᆢៈޑǴሡाШࣚӚ୯܄ഢၠ୯ڀϩǴோᕉნୢᚒ ኻ࿉߯ঋܭჹຝǴҗޑҞኻ࿉ӧংᡂᎂࡹςᅌԋӚ୯үਏ ԋԋޑংᡂᎂࡹޑ፦܄ၠ୯ڀǴ٬ڋࡌޑ፦܄ຬ୯ৎᆶࡹ۬໔ڀ ޑࣁёૈǶ1987 ԃȠൂኻࢪݤȡ೯ၸࡕǴ٬ኻ࿉ӧᕉნߥៈࡹ ഢݤࡓ୷ᘵ(Hansard, 1987)Ƕ1989 ԃۭǴȨኻࢪᕉნȩ(Europeanڀԋ ՉΚǴȠଭڀ׳ᕉნࡹޑԋҥǴ٬ኻ࿉ޑ(Environment Agency, EEA
77 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ථࠟլచऊȡ (Treaty of Maastricht)ᛝुࡕǴׯᡂΑᕉნ،ำׇǴ௦ યΕ،ำׇǴ٬ளচӃ،ޑǴஒኻࢪۓ،ձӭኧ،ϷӅӕڗ Ьޑޣຠ߈ᕉნߥៈ׳ளаวචቹៜΚǴࡹޣᕉნߥៈޑӧኻࢪ (European Environment Agency, 2012)Ƕ
ύӅӛӧᖄӝ୯ংᡂᎂ (United Nations Climate Change ՅǴ٠தઠӧวύ୯ৎҥᆶȨΎΜΎفޑޣᄽϸჹתConvention)ύ ୯იȩ (Group of 77)ԋҥᖄӝତጕ݆လ࣬ᜢ،Ǵ၂კൾϯᖄӝ୯ ȡ೯ڐӵ 2009 ԃ 12 ДȠঢҁࠖਥٯࠄчፂँᜢ߯Ǵޑংᡂᎂύ ፋղж߄ޑǴ၀იڐၸࡕǴύӅջᆶȨΎΜΎ୯იȩӅӕϸჹ၀ ำޑ߄Ң (Lumumba Di-Aping)Ǵ೭ҽЎҹ٠όࢂ೯ၸȨ҇Ь׳٥ѳ् Ǵ٠ؒԖԵቾቶεวύڐޑǴ٠Ъࢂ٤୯ৎၲԋޑׇȩளр ୯ৎޑճ(ύ୯ຑፕཥᆪǴ2009)Ƕ (Β)ύ୯εഌᏢࣚჹܭኻ࿉ংᡂᎂϐΚᇡޕ )1.ኻ࿉ংᡂᎂࡹϐሦᏤૈΚᆶѦΚֽ)
ޑΚፕॊЬाஒ߈ԃٰኻ࿉ЬᏤংޑংࡹݯܭჹޣՋБᏢ හ (Matthew Paterson)මаȨࡕۦޣ૰১ǴᏢޑऍ୯៙ܭگচӢᘜ ၠ୯ݯٰፕॊϷှޑ(៙ংࡹݯȩ (post-hegemony climate politics ᡂޑϩݔ(Paterson, 2009)ǶѦΚֽޑញऍኻϐ໔ӧԜᚒ ሦᏤૈΚǴऍ୯૰১ਔǴኻ࿉߾Ᏹޑኻ࿉ӧংࡹݯډௗቹៜޔϯ ԖၨӭޑሦᏤૈΚǴϸϐ߾ցǶԶύ୯εഌᏢޣҭӭஒขᗺܭε୯ϐ ᢀᗺᆶჴሞբࣁǴ٠ᇡࣁᖄӝ୯ংᡂᎂεύӸӧޑংࡹݯܭ໔ჹ ሦᏤΚวǶޑᑽǴᙖԜᢀჸኻ࿉ӄౚᕉნࡹڋϩଛᆶޑΚ Ǵςԋࣁᅿࡹݯറࡍ܄ᆶၠ୯܄Ԗፄᚇڀংᡂϯୢᚒ(1)
୯ሞֽޑݓᅇεᏢࡹݯᆶϦӅᆅᏢଣ௲ᝄ㛇ҴමࡰрǴ ᝡݾᐟਗ਼ǴԶংᡂϯςߚޑॶᙯᡂ໘ࢤǴӚ୯ݾღ୯ሞજׇЬᏤ҅ ݾღǶ၀ޑᆶᔮճۓڋޑ୯ሞೕ߾ډϷੋځᏢೌᚒǴޑપൂ ፕॊкᅈΑཥჴЬကޑࡘᆢ(ଯλϲǵᝄ㛇ҴǴ2012)Ǻ
ޑ࣮Ǵংᡂϯᚒ୯ሞࡹݯϯϐሞǴ҅ॶШࣚཥᙑֽҬඹٰسȨவ୯ሞᡏ ରݾཇᄽཇਗ਼Ǵ٬ளҺՖቹៜ୯ৎ໔ΚໆჹޑၸਔයǶӚ୯ݾღ୯ሞજׇЬᏤ ςځǴ܄ၠ୯ک܄ፄᚇޑংᡂϯୢᚒܭཥሦୱǶҗޑᚒԋࣁ୯ৎ໔റࡍޑК ǴݾღۓڋޑᕉნୢᚒᄽᡂࣁӚ୯ൎᙅᔈჹংᡂϯ୯ሞೕ߾ޑவࣽᏢཀက ΠǴسၸࠠ୯ሞᡏޑࡹݯറࡍǶӧհᏯࡕȬຬӭமȭޑᔮճڗ໔ǵݾޜว Αࠨٮගق୯ሞࡹݯᔮೕ߾วޑε׳ংᡂϯࣁኻ࿉ӧ୯ሞֽύᒉ ᐒǶȩ
78 ύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝϐΚᇡޕᄽᡂᆶӢᔈ! ! ୯ሞӦՏيኻ࿉၂კᙖҗӄౚংᡂᎂࡹٰගଯԾ(2)
ύЈपܴᇡࣁǴኻ࿉ӧংᡂᎂࡹزύ୯Γ҇εᏢኻࢪୢᚒࣴ ࡰрǴ׳୯ሞӦՏǶԶࡕي߯ࣁගϲԾޑЬाҞޑᑈཱུᄊࡋڗύ௦ ॊډமᆶཱུᄊࡋ)ςၲޑ୯ٿऍВܭբݤ (Ԗձޑਸځኻ࿉а Β߾߯ኻ࿉ځᔮЎϯว୷ᘵǹޑࣁӃځǴԋфाનԖΒǴޑҞ ϣޑᆘលϷȨᕉნߥៈε୯ȩޑЍᆶ(पܴǴ2003)Ǻ
ᗨӜࣁᆢៈᕉნӼӄǵޑҞޑǴߦ୯ሞᕉნӝբڋȨኻࢪᑈཱུୖᆶ୯ሞᕉნᐒ ࢂᙖԜޑᏯౣҞޑుቫ׳ޑᗦ֖ځׯ๓Ǵՠޑᕉნ፦ໆک،ှޑߦӄౚᕉნୢᚒ ගଯኻ࿉ޑ୯ሞӦՏǶȩ (3)ኻ࿉ӄౚংᡂᎂࡹޑሦᏤΚ҅ᅌΠफ़
ᖴٰ፵ᇡࣁǴኻزଣշࣴزࣽᏢଣ٥ϼᆶӄౚᏯౣࣴޗύ୯ ޣሦᏤޑਜȡ(Kyoto Protocol)ᛝुࡕߡаংᡂᎂᚒۓ࿉ӧȠ٧ ঢҁࠖਥংᡂᎂύǴࠅऍ୯௨ନӧ،ޑԾۚǴฅԶ 2009 ԃ ၸำϐѦǶޔԿ 2011 ԃޑȠቺၡጕკȡ (Durban Roadmap)ගрࡕǴ ׯ๓(ᖴٰ፵Ǵ2012)Ǻ܌Ԗۈ
Ծۚ…ӧঢҁࠖޣሦᏤޑਜȡғਏϐࡕǴኻ࿉ᅌаংᡂϯୢᚒۓȨȠ٧ ၸำϐѦǴᇡࣁ೭ࢂۓڋޑȡۓڐਥǴኻ࿉ࡋऍ୯௨ନӧȠঢҁࠖਥ ኻ࿉ѨѐΑংፋղሦᏤӦՏޑ߄ǶՠࢂǴӧ 2011 ԃޑংᡂϯቺǴኻ ӦՏǶȩޑޣሦᏤځ࿉Ӣගঀ٠೯ၸΑȬቺၡጕკȭǴख़ཥᡏΑ 2.ኻ࿉ংᡂᎂࡹϐϣΚၮբ
ڋϣΚၮբᆫขӧޑεӭஒኻ࿉ংᡂᎂࡹޣύ୯εഌᏢ ࡋቫय़ǴҭջংᡂᎂࡹӵՖԋǻӧԋၸำύԋ୯ϐ໔ᆶԋ Ǵٰࣴۓ࣬ᜢݤࡓೕޑΚӵՖϩଛǻਥᏵኻ࿉ςᛝुޑ୯ᆶኻ࿉ϐ໔ ϣΚၮբǶޑংᡂᎂࡹز ഢݤࡓ୷ᘵڀਡЈำ٠ςޑংᡂᎂࡹςԋࣁኻ࿉(1)
ஞֻම߄ҢǴኻ࿉ӧ 2009 ԃᆶ 2010زࣽᏢଣୋࣴޗੇ ȡϷȠࡕঢҁࠖਥ୯ሞڐӛঢҁࠖਥংᡂϯӄౚوԃӃࡕ೯ၸȠ όȡǴȠٚථҁచऊȡᛝुࡕǴኻڅংࡹǺख़ਁӄౚংᡂϯՉ ᡂϯςᡏޑংཥࡹςߚൂપᜢݙӧংཪϯБय़Ǵংᡂᎂࡹޑ࿉ ংᡂᎂࡹςޑϐǴኻ࿉قǴඤޑрኻ࿉ຬ୯ৎݯБԄ ගрኻ࿉҅ӧ׳០ΚϐǶஞֻޑԋࣁኻࢪӝύཥ ѳᑽୢᚒ(ஞֻǴ2010)Ǻޑϐ໔ۓ،ࣴύ،ᆶԋ୯ᐱҥ
79 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ѳᑽޑϐ໔ۓ،ৎᑈཱུኻ࿉ቫय़ύ،ᆶԋ୯ᐱҥکޣȨኻ࿉، Ƕংཥࡹࣁኻ࿉܄ёૈޑࡌҥኻࢪૈྍӅӕᡏکኻ࿉ӅӕૈྍࡹۓڋᗺǴ аϷ ׯᡂԋ୯ૈྍࡹኳԄǴܭࡋᕉნǴѬόԖշڋΑٮԋ୯ჴࡼӅӕૈྍࡹග ကԋ୯ૈྍճǴ٠നಖԋӅӕۓׯᡂԋ୯ૈྍճୃӳǴख़ཥܭԶЪԖշ ǶȩۓڋޑǴኻ࿉ӅӕૈྍࡹفճຎکӼӄ॥ᓀޑ ڐፋղᆶޑংᡂᎂࡹԋၸำӭቫԛ(2)
ޑξՋεᏢࡹݯᆶϦӅᆅᏢଣ௲ቅᇡࣁǴኻ࿉ংᡂᎂࡹ ύхࡴΑΟᅿቫԛǺኻ࿉ᐒᄬǵԋځǴ܄ޑԖӭቫԛݯڀԋၸำ ୯ቫԛϷԛ୯ৎՉࣁᡏǶኻ࿉ᐒᄬ߾хࡴΑኻࢪǵኻ࿉ᕉნߏ ǵኻࢪݤଣϷኻہǵӦہޗǵᔮϷہ٣Ǵኻ࿉ ޑ࿉ᕉნǶҗኻࢪϷኻ࿉ᕉნߏ٣Ӆӕ٦Ԗኻࢪᕉნࡹ ࡰр(ቅǴ2013)Ǻ׳ځǴۓڋ
ύᕉნځҥݤǴޑኻ࿉ᕉნߏ٣Ӆӕϩ٦ኻࢪᕉნࡹکȨኻࢪ ᆘលӧ،ቫय़ኻ࿉ᐒᄬԵቾᕉნୢޑǶύܭҥݤமޑߏ٣ ՉǶޑॄೢଆኻ࿉ᕉნݤࡓ٠ዴߥݤࡓہቹៜΚǶኻ࿉ޑԖࡐமڀᚒǴ ගہکኻ࿉ᕉნݤࡓਔӛǵ٣ۓڋӧہаϷӦہޗکᔮ ǴޟޑԖᜢᕉნୢᚒڙᕉნݤࡓచී٠ޑǶኻࢪݤଣॄೢှញኻ࿉ـཀ܄ᒌ၌ٮ ࡹሦୱՉљݤቩǶځӧਸݩΠǴΨёаჹኻ࿉،ᐒᄬࢂցஒᕉნયΕ ኻࢪᕉნࢂኻ࿉ᕉნߥៈीᒌ၌ᐒᄬǶȩ ޕংᡂᎂࡹϐΚᇡܭБ(1.5)ჹ۔Ο)ύ୯εഌъ)
ݯܭӭᆫขޕΚᇡޑংᡂᎂࡹܭБᐒᄬჹ۔ύ୯εഌъ ख़εǶޑংᡂᎂࡹຎࣁӭቫԛݯύޑቫय़Ǵஒኻ࿉ޑ ংᡂᎂܭଯભࡹݯሦୱǴҗޑ୯ሞᜢ߯ሦୱύډংᡂᎂςගϲ ࡹǴύ୯εޑ܄ࡹύϿኧёளрၨࣁठޑࡹࢂኻ࿉ӧࡹݯሦୱ БΓγӭа၀ࡹբࣁᔠຎኻࢪӝӧࡹݯሦୱว۔ъ܈ޣᏢޑഌ ӝޑдࡹݯሦୱځӧښԋфཀޑख़ाࡰǶংᡂᎂࡹޑၸำύ ፕޕΚᇡޑংᡂᎂࡹܭБჹ۔Ƕύ୯εഌъ܄ฅ܈ޑӸӧԋф ॊёᘜયࣁаΠ൳ᅿᜪࠠǺ ংᡂᎂ،ኳԄ௦ຬ୯ৎЬကᆶၠࡹ۬ЬကኳԄ.1
ޑഡᖃࡰрǴኻ࿉ংᡂᎂزշࣴ܌زࣽᏢଣኻࢪࣴޗύ୯ ΚϩଛٰϩǴޑόӕǴਥᏵኻ࿉ᆶԋ୯܌ჹϣᆶჹѦ،ኳԄԖ Ȩၠࡹ۬ЬကኳԄȩޑᆙஏޑຬ୯ৎЬကኳԄᆶჹѦޑёϩࣁჹϣ ࡹ۬໔Ьကᆶຬ୯ৎЬကϐܭintensive governmentalism)Ǵ၀ኳԄࢂೀ) ѦҬډჹѦኳԄੋܭЬӢӧځόӕǴޑ໔ǶԶౢғჹϣᆶჹѦኳԄ
80 ύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝϐΚᇡޕᄽᡂᆶӢᔈ! ! ځՉࣣคݤӄฅаຬ୯ৎЬကೀǶԶࡕޑӢનǴΥᆶѦҬӢનԖᜢ ࣬ᜢࡹǴ٠ߦۓڋύӅܭࡰрǴှኻ࿉ংᡂᎂࡹԖշ׳ ύኻϐ໔ޑӝբёૈ܄(ഡᖃǴ2012)Ǻ
Չޑڋᇸख़ǴѬख़ຎ୯ሞݤǵߙӭᜐᡏىӦՏᖐޑȨኻ࿉ӧ୯ሞংݯύ ংჹѦ،ޑኻ࿉زᄬགྷԖፏӭࠨӝϐೀǶޑᒋШࣚȭکࣁБԄᆶύ୯ࡌȬ ୯ךۓڋӳӦ׳ᐒၶǴޑύኻংՉӝբפ൨ܭΚໆԖշޑՉङࡕکኳԄ य़Ƕȩֽޑ୯ӧ୯ሞংՉፋղύᔈჹךᙯסংՉᏯౣǴޑ ߔᛖڙኻ࿉ӭቫԛݯύϝӸݾȠ2030 ংᆶૈྍਣࢎȡ.2
ӭڗఆችᇡࣁǴᏃᆅኻ࿉௦زշࣴ܌زࣽᏢଣኻࢪࣴޗύ୯ ӵǴٯϣҟ࣯٩ฅӸӧǴځংᡂᎂࡹǴ܈ۓڋቫԛݯБԄٰ ߚࡹ܈೯ၸջЇวӭݾǴԋ୯໔ޑȠ2030 ԃংᆶૈྍਣࢎȡ ߔᛖ(ύ୯ຑፕཥᆪǴ2014)Ǻޑҟ࣯ԋࣁ၀ਣࢎޑಔᙃ໔۬
ǴӵࡪྣȬ2030%10.6 ޑໆܫ್ᅟኻᇡࣁኻ࿉эӄౚ௨ہȨኻ࿉ૈྍ ǶԶኻ࿉%4.5 ޑໆܫӄౚ௨ډԃǴኻ࿉ஒѝэ 2030 ډ၉ǴޑਣࢎȭҞ෧௨ 40% ߚࡹ۬ಔᙃǴኻࢪҾЬᖄޑǶኻ࿉നεޑݤ)ࢂόჴ) ޑགྷ೯ၸ෧௨ࡳ௱Шࣚ ଯྗ٬ኻ࿉ҾᚐѦቚуΑғౢԋҁǴޑۓӝ (Business Europe)Ψᇡࣁ၀ਣࢎ ҞࣁЗǴаቺ୯ǵϏഝࣁ२ǴډᝡݾΚǶԋ୯ύ໔Ǵޑᆶ୯ሞӕՉ໔ځߺ১Α լϸჹ 27-30%کݤ୯Ζ୯ࡹ۬߄ҢεΚЍ၀ਣࢎϣǴନम୯کхࡴကεճ дεӭኧԋ୯߾ࢂԖచҹӦЍ၀ਣࢎǶȩځҞаѦǴޑёӆғૈྍӧૈྍύ ޕংᡂᎂࡹϐΚᇡܭБჹ۔Ѥ)ύӅ)
ᖄӝ୯ংᡂᎂύᆶȨΎΜΎ୯იȩᖄӝܭББय़۔ύӅ ݆လς໒ว୯ৎޑගਢǴќБय़Ξܭ 2010 ԃ 4 Д࠹Ѳᆶኻ࿉ࡌҥ ኻ࿉Ώ߯ӄౚংᡂډБཀ۔ǶᡉฅύӅڋংᡂᎂߏભჹ၉ᐒ Ǵᆶς໒ว୯ৎ໒ংፋղਔǴӃᆶวύ୯ޣۓڋޑᎂࡹ ǴڐीฝजԝဎύǴൺᑈཱུᆶኻ࿉໒ޑৎઠӕତጕǴ٬ς໒ว୯ৎ ᔈჹہׯॠکཥीฝǶύӅ୯ৎวޑρܭගрҽԖճځཀკ٬ ୯ύѧࡹ۬Ǵ2010)Ǻکংᡂϯљљߏම߄Ң(ύΓ҇Ӆ
ǴقᏯౣЎҹǴᕴᡏԶޑኻ࿉ 3 ДԒวթΑҽԖᜢংᡂϯډȨύ୯ݙཀ ύ୯ჹኻ࿉೭നཥЎҹ߄Ң߆Ƕኻ࿉ӧ೭ᏯౣЎҹύගрޑख़ाᗺࢂǴኻ ࿉ஒᝩុӧᔈჹংᡂϯำύวචሦᏤբҔǴ٠ख़ҙΑ٤ख़ाচ߾Ǵӵว ೢҺȩǹวၲ୯ޑวύ୯ৎӧᔈჹংᡂϯୢᚒᔈ୲ȨӅӕՠԖձکၲ୯ৎ ၗٮᔈংᡂϯගکৎᔈӃε൯෧௨ྕ࠻ᡏǹวၲ୯ৎᔈࣁวύ୯ৎ෧ ໆϯ෧௨ҞୢᚒǴ೭നཥЎҹϝ୲෧௨ޑᏼ܍ЍǶӧኻ࿉ᔈೌמکߎ ໆӧ 1990 ୷ᘵ෧Ͽ 20%Ǵѝ ԖȨܫԃஒྕ࠻ᡏ௨ 2020 ډҥǴջኻ࿉ޑ20%
81 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! చҹӝਔȩǴωբр෧௨ 30%ޑ܍ᒍǶȩ
ኻ࿉ӧংᡂϯܭǴ೭ኬஒԖշ%30 ډ෧௨ҞගଯځȨኻ࿉ᔈ၀ԶЪૈஒ ෧௨ҞǶᇥǴޑଯ׳ሦୱวචሦᏤբҔǴ٠ёӛऍ୯ࡼуᓸΚǴॐ٬ऍ୯ගр ճǴঢҁࠖਥϐࡕǴύБکύኻӧᔈჹংᡂϯำԖӭӅӕҞ ٤ख़ाӅǴаϷӵՖஒঢҁࠖޑȡၲԋڐኻ࿉ஒӵՖပჴȠঢҁࠖਥک ፋղύǶȩޑ҂ٰډȬࡹݯཀᜫȭပჴޑਥԋ ϖǵύ୯εഌჹܭኻϡǵCFSP ϷংᡂᎂΚፕॊޑ ࣬ᔈࡹځᄽᡂϷ ()ύ୯εഌᏢࣚჹܭኻ࿉ፕॊޑᙯᡂ ፕॊޕࡋᆶᇡڋவΚፕॊԿ.1
ڋޑ ኻϡࡌҥǵCFSPޑኻ࿉ܭБჹ۔БϷъ۔ǵޣύ୯εഌᏢ ύ୯εഌයт࣬ܭςӵॊǴฅԶၸჹޕΚᇡޑϷংᡂᎂࡹۓ ᜢፕॊޑीёޕǴύ୯εഌᏢࣚޑΚፕॊҭᒿ୯ሞᜢ߯ᏢࣚύᏢ ࢴޑวԶԖ܌ᡂϯǶ1990 ԃԿ 2010 ԃ໔ǴऊౣёϩࣁΠӈΟࢤਔයǺ (1)પΚፕॊਔය ჴЬကࡘᆢ
ޑаࡕǴՋБܫǴӧύ୯εഌׯॠ໒ۈԜਔය߯Ծ 1990 ԃжࡕ໒ ख़ڙᏢᇥߡࢂථਔനޑࡹݯࡘགྷᅌЇ୯ϣǴӧ୯ᜢᏢࣚ२ӃЇΕ ຎޑཥჴЬကǴӢԜ 1990 ԃжёᇥࢂཥჴЬကᐱሦ॥ផਔයǶԶ ύӅ୯ϣჹܭኻ࿉ޑΚፕॊҭࢂӵԜǴӧԜਔය൳Я܌ԖޑᏢࣣࣚ߯ аΚፕॊࣁЬǶ ࡋЬကࡘᆢڋቚу ཥԾҗޑࡋፕॊڋ(2)
୯ሞᜢ߯ᏢࣚǴ٠ᆶܭࡋЬကӧ 1970 ԃжջς॥ՉڋᏃᆅཥԾҗ ࣬ᜢᚒޑཥჴЬကౢғΑཥཥݾፕǶฅ 2000 ԃѰѓǴӧፕॊኻ࿉ ࡋٰှញኻࢪفࡋڋޑޣࡋЬကڋаཥԾҗۈω໒ޣਔǴύ୯εഌᏢ ݢǴவፕЎޑΚፕॊ߾ؒԖϼεޑวǶԶচҁӧ୯ᜢᏢࣚύޑӝ നଯᗺǴډࡋፕॊӧ 2007 ԃၲڋޑ༈ǶኻࢪӝوۓጇኧᢀϐǴևᛙ ୖ) ፕॊᢀᗺϐǶޑڗத௦ޣᏢزԶࡕᗨᅌ෧ϿǴࠅςԋࣁኻࢪࣴ (߄Ϸკـ (3)ᇡӕፕॊޑቚу ޗࡌᄬЬကࡘᆢ
Ծவྕ (Alexander Wendt)ගрޗࡌᄬፕࡕǴ୯ሞᜢ߯Ꮲࣚ໒ ௴ΑϸࡘЬက (reflectivism)Ϸ܄Ьက (rationalism)ϐ໔ᖄ๎ޑᐏኺǶ
82 ύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝϐΚᇡޕᄽᡂᆶӢᔈ! ! ୯ᜢᏢࢴǶԶ೭ިዊࢬҭቹៜΑύ୯εഌ୯ᜢޑᢋҞڙਔϐ໔ԋࣁന Ǵޕ၂аᇡӕٰှញኻࢪӝຝǶவკёۈ໒ޣวǴᏢޑᏢࣚ ଯᗺډᇡӕፕॊǴԿ 2008 ԃၲޑԃύ୯εഌᏢࣚωрኻࢪӝ 2004 ୖ)ख़ाᢀᗺϐǶޑኻࢪӝፕॊܭǴҭԋࣁᏢࣚჹۓᛙܭࡕᒿջᖿ (კـ ᡯ߄ Ўകᔠᆶϩ ᡯǴЎകཛྷ൨ᠸǺ٥ࢪǵ٥ϼǵܿ٥ǵӦǵୱǵӝǵᡏϯ ᡯΒǴЎകϣᘜᜪᠸ سΚᢀᗺཛྷ൨ᠸ ΚǵΚѳᑽǵΚ่ᄬǵ៙ǵமǵ୯ሞᡏ ࡋǵӝբǵճǵϕඁǵϕᒘǵ٩Ӹǵ୯ሞಔᙃǵڋ ࡋᢀᗺཛྷ൨ᠸڋ ߾ǵݯڂǵ୯ሞڋ୯ሞࡌ ဂޗҽǵᇡӕǵሽॶǵೕጄǵЎϯǵӅӕᡏǵي ᇡӕᢀᗺཛྷ൨ᠸ ᡯΟǴ٩ЎകϣᘜᜪᠸஒӚጇЎകᘜᜪࣁ ǵપΚᢀᗺ ࡋᢀᗺڋаΠΎᅿϐǺ Βǵપ Οǵપᇡӕᢀᗺ ࡋᢀᗺڋ/ѤǵΚ ࡋ/ᇡӕᢀᗺڋϖǵ ϤǵΚ/ᇡӕᢀᗺ ࡋ/ᇡӕᢀᗺڋ/ΎǵΚ
Ƕޣი໗ीǴբزӝࠠीฝᚒࣴמၗٰྍǺࠄεᏢࣽ
ύځБԄ߄Ƕޑᢀᗺаໆϯޑஒύ୯Ꮲࣚჹܿ٥ୱӝزҁࣴ ಃԿಃΟᜪޑЎക܌ж߄ޑᢀᗺӄࣁΟᅿፕᗺޑࢌᅿ (100%)ǹಃ ᅿǴӚ՞ъٿࢌޑᢀᗺ߾ࣁΟᅿፕᗺޑж߄܌ЎകޑѤԿಃϤᜪ (50%)ǹಃΎᜪЎക܌ж߄ޑᢀᗺǴ߾ࣁΟᅿፕᗺঋԶԖϐǴӚ՞Οϩ კ)Ƕک༈კ (ӵΠ߄Βوٯϐ (33%)ǶёᕇளК
߄Β 1990-2012 ԃύ୯εഌኻࢪӝፕॊЎകी߄ _ࡋ_ Κ_ Κڋ _ࡋ ᇡӕ Κڋ /ᜪ Κ _ࡋڋ ࡋ ᇡӕ ᇡӕڋ ࠠ ጇ ԃж ᇡӕ 1990 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1991 5 1 0 3 0 0 0 1992 3 2 0 1 1 0 0 1993 2 1 0 5 0 1 0 1994 1 1 1 3 0 0 1 1995 4 0 1 2 1 0 1 1996 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1997 12 0 1 2 0 0 0 1998 3 2 0 3 0 0 0
83 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! 1999 5 3 0 1 0 1 0 2000 3 0 0 4 0 0 1 2001 1 2 3 0 1 0 0 2002 1 3 0 1 0 0 0 2003 1 2 2 1 1 0 1 2004 0 5 4 3 0 1 0 2005 4 1 2 1 1 1 0 2006 2 3 0 1 0 0 0 2007 1 1 4 0 3 0 0 2008 1 2 7 3 3 1 0 2009 1 3 3 0 1 0 0 2010 0 2 5 2 0 2 0 2011 4 3 0 0 0 1 0 2012 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 ი໗ीǶزӝࠠीฝᚒࣴמၗٰྍǺࠄεᏢࣽ
༈კوޑკ Ўകጇኧࣁीໆ ი໗ीǶزၗٰྍǺࠄεᏢ୯ࣽӝࠠीฝᚒࣴ ፕॊޑЬက૱שϩ.2
ޑှញόΚރ߈ԃٰ୯ሞᜢ߯ᏢࢴᗨӭϡวǴࠅคݤׯ๓୯ሞ ޣࡋЬကᏢڋਏҔୢᚒǴཥԾҗޑϸࡘ೭٤ፕۈॺ໒ޣჴǴߦ٬Ꮲ ኪޑ٣ҹวғϐࡕǴߚ҅Ԅ ୷ኻᅇ (Robert O. Keohane)මࡰрǴӧ 911 ݾፕᡉள႕ǴӢԜԖၸӚᏢࢴ໔ჹ୯ሞࡹݯޑΚՉࣁǴ٬Ꮲࢴϐ໔ ှញΚ(Keohane, 2002)ǶฅԶޑӝǴωёఈׯ๓Ϟፕޑ୷ҁाન ز (research tradition)Ǵ೭٤ࣴزࣴޑԖॎ౦ڀፕޑӚᅿόӕ ೕ߾ǴӢۓଷޑӧҁᡏፕ (ontology)ᆶБݤፕ(methodology)ԖӚԾ
84 ύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝϐΚᇡޕᄽᡂᆶӢᔈ! ! ڶьᜅථޣᆜሦ (research programs)ǶᏢزࣴޑԜΨวрΑӚᅿόӕ زЬကǴӧჴࣴ૱שPeter Katzenstein)Ϸ׆ᅟ (Rudra Sil)මගрϩ) ಔԋाનуаӝǶزࣴޑύᔈҔ٬Ҕ୍ჴБݤǴஒόӕ
ԾޣᏢزኻࢪࣴޑЬကፕॊ૱שϩڗϸᢀύ୯εഌᏢࣚǴ௦ ኻࢪӝډԃаٰջԖϐ (ፎୖ᎙კ)ǴᡉฅεഌᏢࣚԐςှ 1993 ࣴޑࡋϷᇡӕࣣคݤЪӄय़ڋǴคፕൂவΚǵޑᢀჸࢂӭय़ӛޑ ኻऍᏢࣚǴѝࢂܭၮҔۘԐޑЬက৩૱שኻࢪӝǶεഌᏢࣚϩز ϣ఼Ǵᗨฅ߈ԃٰεޑ၀৩ۓࣚ܈ကۓᡏڀ҂ӵՋБǴزӧࣴ ৩ዴࣁεഌᏢࣚኻزፕॊԖ෧Ͽᖿ༈ǴՠԜࣴޑЬက૱שܭഌᏢࣚჹ Ь૱שϩޑኻࢪӝܭჹޣύ୯εഌᏢܭύමᔈҔǶᜢزࢪӝࣴ ကፕॊёаӵΠǺ Ьကፕॊ૱שϩޑаΚፕॊࣁЬ(1)
ፕॊਔǴӭ߯ҔаϩޑЬက૱שϩڗ೯தӧ௦ޣᏢޑύ୯εഌ ଣଣߏಏႜزᡏวǶܿৣጄεᏢ୯ሞᜢ߯ᆶӦวࣴޑኻ࿉ کࡌᄬڋᑽǴࠅӧᡏלჴΚᏃᆅคݤᆶऍ୯៙࣬ޑමࡰрǴҞኻ࿉ Ьက૱שϩޑᐱϐೀǶಏႜځБय़ԖޕࡋϷᇡڋബཥૈΚǴҭջ ܈ፕॊϐЬᡏǴځЬကፕॊǴཀջΚࣁ૱שϩޑፕॊ߯аΚࣁЬ Κፕॊ(ಏႜǴ2012)Ǻځᢀᗺٰԋޕᇡځࡋڋҗ
ჴΚᓬ༈ǹӵ݀ᇥǴ߮ᛥථࢂᏧᝤޑᐱคΒޑࢂѬޑȨӵ݀ᇥǴऍ୯٩е ᄬࡌڋᡏޑ৲Φόޑрᗺ߾ࢂѬँޑ໔ǹٗሶǴኻࢪޜᚳεӦୱޑѬளϺᐱࠆ ӧࢌܭቹៜΚǴࣗԿځᓑ༈ǴՠᕴᗋࢂૈεᡏߥܭബཥૈΚǴ٬ளѬᗨฅೀک ٤୯ሞำБय़ᗋૈวචЬᏤբҔǶȩ Ьကፕॊ૱שϩޑࡋፕॊࣁЬڋа(2)
ࡋٰفޑࡋЬကڋύ୯Γ҇εᏢ୯ሞᜢ߯Ꮲଣୋଣߏ⇜ዠමаཥ ЬကǴࠅԖ၀Ь૱ש௦ҔϩܴقྍӼӄࡹǴ၀Ўᗨ҂ૈޑϩኻ࿉ ࣁाનǴٰှញኻ࿉ૈྍޕΚϷᇡޑǶ⇜ዠаኻ࿉ԋ୯໔܄ကϐ ዠǵࠬᯜǴ2010)Ǻ⇜)ޑҞޑࡋڋӼӄ
ܭΚ٩ᒘૈޑ୯ሞՉࣁᡏٰᇥǴѬբࣁՉࣁᡏޑঁႽኻࢪ೭ኬਸܭȨჹ ܭำࡋǴ٩ᒘޑុวචբҔ܌ѬܭำࡋǴ٩ᒘޑԾЬ،ڋϒѬຬ୯ৎύЈᐒ Ӆӕճ០٬ΠǴޑख़ाำࡋǶȩǵȨӕਔǴӧόᘐቚуޑѬӧԋ୯ჹѦࡹԋύ ҞǴԶЪΨևޑΓ҇ߏයଓکኻࢪૈྍӼӄӝբόԋࣁኻࢪ୯ৎޑࡋϯڋ ࠼ᢀ٣ჴǶȩޑࣁኻࢪᐕўวύᅿзΓᢋҞ Ьကፕॊ૱שϩޑፕॊࣁЬޕаᇡ(3)
85 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! Κᡣޑଭയճමаኻ࿉ϣزࣴ܌زࣽᏢଣኻࢪࣴޗύ୯ ׳ǴԶଭയճىϷ่ᄬٰឍܴኻࢪᇡӕᆶኻࢪϦ҇բҔϐό ख़ाচӢ(ଭയճǴޑӷȩӸӧهࡋύȨ҇ЬڋࡰрǴ೭Ψࢂኻ࿉ 2008)Ǻ
բҔǴϦ܄ۓ،ኻ࿉٣ଆکȨҞǴЬ୯ৎࡹ۬٩ฅӧኻ࿉२တ ᆶǴୖޑӷǴуமኻ࿉Ϧ҇هύۘคᡉӦՏǶࣁନ೭ᅿ҇Ьڋᡏ،ޑ҇ӧኻ࿉ ࡘགྷৎΨගрόϿׯॠБਢǶȩکࡹݯৎޑኻ࿉
Ꮲޣ J. J. Suh (ऊᑣᓅදߎථεᏢ௲)මගрঁ୯ሞ໔ӝբޑኳ ࠠǴਥᏵ၀ኳࠠࡰрǴΚϩѲ (power distribution)ࣁ୯ሞ໔ӝբ܈ӕ ࿉ޑЬाᐒǴԶᚈБΕӕ࿉ϐࡕǴஒౢғၗౢឦ܄ (Asset Specificity)Ϸޗᇡӕ (Social Identity)ӵკΟϐ T1ǴԶၗౢឦ܄ᆶޗ Alliance Persistence)ӵკ 1 ϐ) ڰᖿᛙ׳ӕ࿉ޑᇡӕౢғࡕஒ٬চӃ ᜢ߯ǴВᖿޑኳࠠচҁ߯Ҕаှញऍ୯ᆶࠄᗬӧै٣ӕ࿉ޑ T2ǶSuh ӵΠ(Suh, 2004)Ǻ܄ကᆶۓख़ाӢનޑङࡕӢનǶ၀ኳࠠޑڰᛙ
ޕԖёᇡڀᐒɡΚϩթ(power distribution)ǺΚϩթޑӕ࿉.1 Ǵ୯ৎёჸѦӒᓀޕԜᅿᇡܭளрǴ୷܌ᐱҥيǴЪёҗ୯ৎԾ܄ ΚϩթਔǴـSuhᇡࣁǴࢌ٤୯ৎό ޣexternal danger)ϐӸӧǶᏢ) ǶڀЬाπޑᑽ၀ϩթڋٛᑇӕ࿉(defensive alliance)ջԋࣁ
Ь୯ঁٿကǺȨۓޑ Kegley ᆶ Raymond ޣӕ࿉ǺSuh ߯௦ҔᏢ.2 ϐۓځࣁ܄٣ӝբёૈैޑ߯аܴዴۓڐǴԶ၀ۓڐޑৎ໔Ӹӧ҅Ԅ ӵǺ่࿉(alignment)ٯຝǴޑကёϩࢌ٤ᜪ՟ۓޑǶȩӵԜޑҞ Ƕۺཷޑၨࣁߚ҅ԄЪϣ఼ၨࣁቶݱ
3.ឦၗౢǺSuh ॷҔᏢޣ Oliver Williamson ޑᢀᗺǴᇡࣁᚈБӕ ᐒԋҁǴԶឦၗౢёޑᚈᜐၗՉࣁஒ٬ಖ่ӕ࿉ଯࡋޑ࿉Π ϩࣁѤεᜪǺഢ (equipment)ǵၸ ำ (process)ǵΓ Κ ၗ ౢ (human asset) ឦၗౢ߯ࡰഢБޑύኳࠠύځϷୱឦ (location specificity)Ǵ य़Ƕ
ךჴ፬ύǴӕਔౢғрȨޑᇡӕǴ߯ӧӕ࿉ޗޑᒏ܌ᇡӕǺޗ.4 ᐒǴࠅёޑᇡӕคݤբࣁঁӕ࿉ޗϩǶᗨฅޑॺȩᆶȨдॺȩ ΚǶޑڰԋࣁӕ࿉ᛙ
86 ύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝϐΚᇡޕᄽᡂᆶӢᔈ! !
კΟ Ꮲޣ J. J. Suh ޑኳࠠ
၀ኳࠠஒΟεᏢࢴޑΚᢀޑΚϩթ (Power Distribution)ǵճ ᢀޑឦၗౢ(Asset Specificity)Ϸᇡޕᢀޑޗᇡӕ (Social Identity)Ο ޑ༈ޑڰ୯ӕ࿉ᐒᆶཇᖿᛙٿεӢનуаӝǴ٬ϐԋࣁှញ ٠҂௶ܴǴ Suh ޣǴᏢځୢᚒǺޑ،ኳࠠǶฅԶԜኳࠠҭӸԖۘ҂ှ ΒǴSuh ᇡࣁǴځᐒǹޑΚϩթஒԋࣁᚈБӕ࿉ޑӧՖᅿ༈ϐΠ ӕ࿉ᜢ߯Ǵோӕ࿉ࣁቶကڰᇡӕǴԶᎡޗӕ࿉ஒౢғឦၗౢᆶ ӕ࿉ᜢ߯Ǻै٣ӕ࿉ǵޑϣ఼ΠǴёૈхࡴӭᅿޑǴӧӵԜቶကۺཷ ᔮӕ࿉ǶԶӕ࿉ၸਔ໔ޑ౽ᆶ୯ሞ༈ޑᄽᡂǴӧϣ఼ҭԖ܌ ᔮϕᒘࣁ୷ᘵǴᆶ 19ޑԖᐚࠆڀ୯ৎӕ࿉ޑᙯᡂǴӵϞӄౚϯΠ ӕޑǴ୯ৎ໔ٯ٣ӕ࿉ࣁैޑӕ࿉όёӕВԶᇟǴऩа 19 ШइޑШइ ࿉߯ΚѳᑽΠޑอኩЋࢤϐǴᚈБӧอኩޑӕ࿉ރᄊΠǴҭᜤа рឦၗౢᆶޗᇡӕǶҁЎᇡࣁǴӧϞӄౚϯङඳΠޑӝբӕ࿉ ӕ࿉Ƕޑளᘜឦࣁॊኳࠠύۈᜢ߯Ǵ (Β)ύ୯εഌӢΚፕॊޑᄽᡂගр࣬ᔈޑࡹ ٥ϡډࡹᡂϯǺவΓ҇ჾ୯ሞϯޑଞჹ٥ϡ.1
ԋޑપΚፕॊǴ٥ϡޑჾЬᢀᆶཥჴЬကޑ٩ᏵύӅ ऍϡᆶኻϡלჹܭமεஒԖշޑϐЬǴջ٬٥ϡيԾډҥคᅪஒߟҍ ӧ୯ሞޑᓬ༈ӦՏǶӢԜύӅӵᝩុܤཥჴЬကޑપΚፕॊǴ ǴૈරΓ҇ჾ୯ሞϯϐၡᝩុᗌǶோڐִ܌ஒคݤӧ٥ϡᚒԖ ࡌޗࡋፕॊϷڋޑࡋЬကڋᢀᗺǴஒཥԾҗޑЬက૱שঃऩ٩Ᏽϩ рόёബࡌ٥ࢪֹޑᇡӕፕॊӕਔયΕԵໆǴ٥ϡޑᄬЬက ձᇡӕǶޑॺᆶдॺךჴࡼΠǴ٥ࢪӚ୯ஒрޑࡋڋǴӧڋჾᡏޑ
87 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ЪਥᏵॊ J. J. Suh ޑኳࠠёޕΚϩѲߦӚ୯ޑӕ࿉ᆶӝբǴ Ӛ୯Ԗၸӕ࿉٬ޑமਔǴ၀ύޑΚϩѲӅӕय़ᖏऍ୯ޑ٥ܿ ᖿ׳рǴ٬ӕ࿉ޑၮբஒౢғឦౢᆶᇡӕޑᑽǶԶӕ࿉לளᆶϐ Ƕڰᛙ
Ǵฅ܄ёૈޑԃ٥ࢪߎᑼ॥ኪаࡕǴӚ୯ࡘ٥ϡࡌҥ 1997 ࡋٰϩ୯ᜢᚒǴӢԜفޑԶԜਔύӅ୯ϣᏢࣚϝӭൂаཥჴЬက ي୯ሞӦՏϷԾڗࡌҥ߯Вҁᒉޑ٥ϡ܂ύӅჹВҁౢғᅪቾǴు ΚޑЋࢤǶ2006 ԃᆾжᅟ (Robert Alexander Mundell)මεᖌޑႣෳ҂ ΟமႳҥϐ༈ǶӧӕԃύӅ୍ᆛઠҭޑШࣚύऍϡǵኻϡᆶ٥ϡٰ ᄽޑኵᆜҭӧϦ໒ޣፕǴύ୯εഌᔮᏢقޑว߄ΑጇЍ٥ϡԋҥ ڋᔮวΠǴคӆ৮ឨВҁஒ٥ϡբࣁޑೲזᖱύ߄ҢǴӧύӅ ߎᑼੇቖޑύ୯ຑፕཥᆪǴ2006)ǶฅԶ 2008 ԃᛈว)ڀπޑ٥ᔮܿ ኻ॥ኪࣣ٬ளύӅόளόӆჹ٥ϡౢғᅪቾǴԶЪύ୯ޑᆶ 2010 ԃ ӝբϝฅӸޑፕॊόӆ߳ज़ӧપΚፕॊǴ٬ள҂ٰޑ၀ᚒܭεഌჹ ӧ׆ఈǶ
ҞΓ҇ჾၗౢςຬၸऍϡၗౢǴεഌύѧሌՉᆅᗄޑၗౢᕴॶǴ ςࢂऍ୯ᖄྗ܌ᆅᗄޑऍϡၗౢޑ 1.5 ७ǴբࣁύѧሌՉޑεഌΓ҇ ӝࣁ 4.5 ӂऍϡ (Γ҇ჾ 28שΓ҇ჾᕴၗౢೕኳǴޑሌՉǴ2011 ԃ҃ ӂ)Ǵଯܭऍ୯ᖄྗޑ 3 ӂऍϡǵኻࢪѧՉޑ 3.5 ӂऍϡǶӧࢬ܄Б ቶကჾ (M2)ೕኳၲΓ҇ჾ 85.2 ӂǴϖԃύቚޑय़Ǵεഌ 2011 ԃۭ ߏΑ 146%Ǵቚᚐޑೕኳэӄౚ 52%ǴӕਔΓ҇ჾޑ୯ሞϯำࡋΨගଯǶ ඁǴύ୯ڙΓ҇ޑΓ҇ჾٰЍ٥ϡǴ߾ό٥ࢪ߈ 50 ୯ޑа୯ሞϯ Ԗճύ୯ሦᏤ׳ǴڀπޑεഌΨόӆᏼЈВҁஒ٥ϡբࣁඓܿ٥ᔮ ߈යբࣁǴςஒիऍϡ༊ޑ٥ࢪ୯ৎᔮวǶ٣ჴǴΓ҇ჾ୯ሞϯ ሽੌ໔җ 0.5%ගϲԿ 1%Ǵ٬ளΓ҇ჾ༊۳ѱϯᆶԾҗϯΞᗌ ǴԜѦ҅ೕჄࡌҥၠნΓۓڐ୯ᛝुჾϕඤ 14 کǶεഌςрε Γ҇ჾమᆉሌՉǶޑǴӧШࣚӚεߎᑼύЈҥᐱҥس҇ჾЍб
ӧӝ٥ࢪᔮǴቚуჾࢬ೯ǴޑҞځӅӕჾɡ٥ϡǴޑ٥ࢪ ୯ৎᛝჾҬඤঁ 10 ڐගϲᔮਏǶ2001 ԃǴύВᗬᆶܿࠄ٥୯ Ǵ٠ࣴҥ 800 ሹऍϡۓڐǴҞςᛝΑ 16 ҽᚈᜐჾҬඤۓڐ ऍϡԶЪᆢեሽՏǴ٬ύ୯՞حȨ٥ࢪӅӕ୷ߎȩǶՠΓ҇ჾߏයᆙ ڐжऍϡӦՏǴԋύ୯ཞѨǴύ୯ςᆶӭ୯ڗᅰᓬ༈Ǵӵ݀٥ϡ Յफ़եǴفӛԾҗիඤԋࣁ୯ሞჾǴ٬ऍϡوϕඤჾǴΓ҇ჾஒ рಥऍϡޣр٥ϡǶӵ݀٥ϡୢШǴ୯ሞၗܭǴ൩ό࡚قჹύ୯Զ ϞВǴԖကޑཟᖼ٥ϡǴ୯ሞ೯༈ஒख़ཥࢱจǶύ୯ߎᑼჴΚεቚ ѳᅰϩЈΚǴکЈǴࣁ٥ࢪᆶШࣚޑᄋඉکدЍ٥ϡǴаค୍ ᔮวԋ݀Ƕޑ൧ख़Ǵ٠ᆢᛠளϐόܰޑᕇளШΓૈ׳ஒ
88 ύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝϐΚᇡޕᄽᡂᆶӢᔈ! ! ᙯᡂޑѳวȩکȨډѳஙଆȩکय़ჹ CFSP வȨ.2
1993 ԃ 11 Д 1 Вଭථࠟլచऊ (Maastricht Treaty)ғਏࡕǴஒൂ ΟεЍࢊϐȨӅӕޑǴख़ཥࣴঅुԋࣁኻ࿉ۓೕޑኻࢪݤಃ 30 చ ܭပჴǶٚථҁచऊޑуዴჴ׳ѦҬᄤӼӄࡹȩǴᡣኻࢪࡹݯӝբ ԃ҅ԄԋҥǴኻࢪᖄ 2010 ܭԃ 12 Д 1 ВғਏǵኻࢪჹѦ٣୍ 2009 ࿉ӅӕѦҬᄤӼӄࡹޑၮբΕঁӄཥਔයǴҞኻ࿉ӅӕѦҬᄤ วБӛǴჹӄౚ٣୍ቹៜΚᅌቚǶύӅޑӼӄࡹ҅ᡉрຬ୯ৎϯ วޑ चᒸᔱਔයǴय़ჹ CFSPډӧ 1982 ԃዴҥᐱҥԾЬѦҬࡹǴ ᡂϯǴ90 ԃж߃යрε୯ѦҬǴίᕜԃࡕǴύ୯ӧѦҬᏯౣЬ ѳวȩǶύ୯ҔȨวکѳஙଆȩǴՠ 2005 ԃΠъԃࡕᅌׯҔȨکȨ ѳวǴόჹШࣚᄬکȩٰඹжȨஙଆȩǴаӛШΓ߄ܴǺύ୯ஒ ᅪቾǴ٠ᔈϞӄౚϯޑೲวזԋ࠶ુǴନШࣚЬाε୯ჹύ୯ ޑᖿ༈Ƕ
፦ǴЪԋ୯٦Ԗ܄ࡹ۬໔ڀࢂǴॊύ୯εഌΑှ CFSP ϝځЀ рኻ࿉ჹѦᜢ߯೭ঁਸሦୱԾԋᡏǴȠٚථשց،Ǵ٣ჴǴ کૈǴѝࢂаཥᐒᄬޑӭ׳ҁచऊȡ٠҂፟ϒኻ࿉ӧჹѦᜢ߯ሦୱύ ၗྍǴബཥΜϩԖज़ǶӧᢀፏύӅᆶ٥ϼӚ୯ޑѦෘٰӝԖޑᙍ୍ ሦβݾǴ٥ϼӦǴటරӛኻ࿉ӅӕѦҬᆶӼӄࡹБޑӧܿੇࠄੇ ှǴډᆙᜢ߯٠ؒԖளޑӛჴ֚ᜤख़ख़Ƕኻ࿉ჹѦᜢ߯ύૈϩࣚ Ԗᜢኻ࿉ჹѦՉૈΚޑ፦ᅪϝฅុǶ ჹኻ࿉ CFSP ϐݓᏔၮӣᔈ.3
ჹύӅݓᏔޑԃύӅϺӼߐ٣ҹϐࡕǴኻ࿉ (ኻӅᡏ)բр 1989 ౢڋࡹݯ،ᐒޑԋ୯೯ၸኻࢪࡹݯӝբ (EPC)ߚ҅ԄځǴࢂۓ،ၮ Ƕۓ،ޑǴ࠹թኻӅᡏբрݓᏔၮقচ߾೯ၸ࠹ޑӄᡏठڗǴ௦ޑғ ࡌҥӅӕѦҬᄤӼӄࡹϐࡕǴۓԃኻ࿉ӧȠଭථࠟլచऊȡύೕ 1993 зڗǴӢԜाۓ፦ᆶጄൎբрձೕ܄ޑೌמځωჹрαݓᏔϷ ኻ࿉ှନݓᏔ٠ाޗᒋکҭሡኻ࿉ԋ୯ठ،Ƕ߈ԃύӅଯୠ ӧ٥ࢪӦޕǴύӅҭుޑၮǴኻ࿉ّϞ҂ૈ೯ၸှନၮϐ،Ƕӕኬ ӅኳڐܿڙΨѝૈௗيલЮԋӅӕѦҬӼӄࡹచҹǴύӅҁ ኻ࿉ CFSP ౻،ኳԄǶڙԄǴόёૈௗ 4.ύ୯εഌჹ TPP ᆶ RCEP ޑᄊࡋᡂϯ
TPP)ᆶ ୱӄय़ᔮუՔᜢ߯ (RCEP)ࢂ) ۓڐၠϼѳࢩუՔ ύ୯εഌჹ TPPޑ аԋҥ٥ϼԾҗຩܰࣁҞǴЬᏤ RCEP ӄౚᜢݙǶRCEP ࢂܿ࿉ӧ٥ϼӦӭᜐӝբڙᆶୱӝᄊࡋഢ ҞࣁЗǴډӝբਣࢎǶޑύЈӦՏԶගрޑيङඳΠǴࣁᆢៈԾޑ ΑԖᜢ٥ϼӚډӄཥำς໒ǴRCEP ΨளޑRCEP բࣁӦӝբ
89 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ୯ޑᑈཱུӣᔈǶՠ RCEP ܌ගрޑ೯ၸӝаܿ࿉ࣁύЈޑኧঁᚈᜐ ک TPP ޑҞ٠όܰǴӢࣁ٥ϼӦрޑFTA ٰୱӝ εᔮᡏऍ୯ᆶύ୯εٿᚈਣࢎӝբኳԄǴ߯җӄౚޑ٠Ӹ RCEP ഌЬᏤǴᒿ TPP ፋղำε൯ᘉǴВҁ҅Ԅ֤ፋղਫ ࡕǴচҁడคཀᜫуΕ TPP ፋղޑύ୯εഌǴᄊࡋΨр ҞԖ 12 ঁԋ୯Ǵҗऍ୯ЬᏤǶୱӄय़ۓڐǶၠϼѳࢩუՔ ୯ৎࣁਡЈǴӆуύ୯εഌǴӅԖ 16ڐᔮუՔᜢ߯ (RCEP)Ǻаܿ ঁԋ୯Ƕ
ࡌҥёޑ Ҟύ୯ჹ RCEP ЍᄊࡋǴவᔮਏٰ࣮ǴRCEP ԛځၗཞѨǴکຩܰޑٰ܌ύǴسᡏޑаׯᡂύ୯ӧаܿ࿉ࣁືЈ Ȩ10+6ȩǴӢࣁВҁ׆ఈޑࡷᏯǶϐύ୯ϸჹВҁගрޑࢂᔈჹऍ୯ ቹៜΚǴՠޑ୯ৎયΕፋղٰफ़եύӅӧܿ٥ӝፋղύޑӭ׳೯ၸஒ ԋ୯ύǴςঁ 21 ޑ ᡂϯǴӧ APECޑҞ٥ϼ༈ςวғΑख़ा Ԗ 11 ঁ୯ৎуΕΑ TPP ፋղǴձࢂ߈ԃу৾εǴᏀՋঢуΕፋղ ޑ୯ǵܿ࿉ٿᐞǵཥޑΟ୯ǵεࢩࢪۓڐࡕǴTPP ςஒчऍԾҗຩܰ Ӧ൩ࢂܿ٥ǴВޑϩ୯ৎયΕǴ٥ϼӦۘؒԖ TPP ँઇ εӭኧख़ा୯ޑӝ٥ϼӦکҁᗬ୯ςуΕ TPP ፋղǴTPP ஒᙟᇂ ᔮჴΚε୯ǶӢԜǴঁٿ٥ϼ୯ৎǴѝԖύ୯ᆶ߮ᛥථޑৎǴഭᎩϐѦ ୯ሞຩಔᙃǴሡޑᔮჴΚϷ୯ሞӦՏ࣬ᔈځύ୯ٰᇥǴࡌҥᆶܭჹ ޑ Ǵаᔈჹ TPPۓڐԾҗຩܰޑӭىεǵୖᆶ୯ৎىाᔮೕኳ ख़ा৩ǶޑቹៜΚε୯ڀࡷ ᏯǴ೭ Ψ ࢂ җ RCEP ჴύ୯εഌԋࣁ 5.य़ჹংᡂᎂᙯᖿख़ຎ
1992 ԃᖄӝ୯ᛝुȠংᡂϯਣࢎϦऊȡ (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC)ǴᗨฅύӅᛝुΑ Бϝ߄ҢǴύ୯٠۔ਜȡǴύӅۓԃ 5 ДᛝुȠ٧ 1998 ܭ၀ऊࡕΞ က୍Ƕޑਜۓ୯ৎǴӢԜύӅؒԖቬՉ၀ޑጄൎаϣڋߚచऊᆜा ಖۈӧӚ୯ӈǴύӅوᗨฅኻ࿉ԋ࣬ख़ຎংᡂᎂǴᅹ෧௨Ӄ ՅǴ୲ஒа۳فޑᄽ໒วύ୯ৎתᖄӝ୯ংᡂᎂύޑӧᐕۛ ޑྕ࠻ᡏಕ௨ܫໆયΕԵໆǴமፓς໒ว୯ৎѸ܍ᏼᐕўೢҺǴᓬ շ໒วύ୯ৎՉፓᆶ෧ໆǶՠࢂύ୯εڐೌמၗߎϷٮӃ෧ໆ٠ග ୯ᜢፕᅌӭϡϯǴவख़ܭೲൾϯǴӕਔǴᏢࣚჹזഌय़ჹᕉნԡࢉ ংᡂᎂᚒሡӚ୯ӅӕډޕᢀᗺࡕрᇡӕᢀᗺǴᇡޑຎΚǵճ ࡹᙯᖿख़ຎǶ2007 ԃǴύӅϦѲȠᔈჹޑᑈཱུୖᆶှ،Ǵч٧ֽ ڐংᡂϯ୯ৎБਢȡǴ၀БਢࡰрǴύ୯ᔈරӛȨଯࡋଛӝǴ ԋ ҥȨ୯ৎᔈჹংᡂϯϷૈ෧ᅹπբሦᏤλಔȩ(ഋখǴ ԄӝբȩǴ٠ Ϟࡕ 5ۓಃ 16 ۛύВᗬᕉნߏǴΟ୯ዴޑǶ2014 ԃ 4 Дۭ(2009 ԃஒှ،ಒᗭಈ (PM2.5) 9 εӝբፐᚒǴࣁ٥ϼӦεԦࢉୢᚒӅ ӕոΚǶ
90 ύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝϐΚᇡޕᄽᡂᆶӢᔈ! ! Ϥǵ่ፕ ǴقёวǴჹঁ୯ৎԶޕΚᇡޑኻࢪӝܭᔠຎύ୯εഌჹ ୯ሞᜢ߯ፕޑวᆶᡂᎂǴதϸࢀӧӚ୯࣬ᜢሦୱࣗԿࡹᚒǶ ࣁځӝำӭаޑдୱځǴШࣚޣሦૐޑࣁୱӝύيኻ࿉ ԋ୯ΨᒿޑጄҁǴጄҁр֚ნਔǴӵኻӒᐒǴ٥ࢪୱӝ ܭǴஒԖճزࣴޑኻࢪӝፕॊܭϐౢғᅪቾǶӢԜଞჹύ୯εഌჹ ӝၸำύޑҥᆶᄊࡋǴջ٬٥ࢪӦޑୱӝܭှ٠ႣෳύӅჹ ӢᡂኧӸӧǶ܈дᐱҥᡂኧځԖۘ
БϷᏢࣚᇡࣁኻϡ۔ǴύӅޕΚፕॊёޑኻϡܭҗύ୯εഌჹ ޑࡌҥࣣԖճܭኻ࿉ᡏ୯ሞӦՏᆶჴΚޑගϲǴฅԶኻϡϣϝӸ ࡹჴΚගϲԿيǴԖԾډᄊ༈ǶӢԜύӅཀޑӧε୯ЬᏤᚒ ܭԖճǴࢂаԾ 2000 ԃаٰǴύӅჹځࡌҥωჹޑำࡋࡕǴ٥ϡۓ ߥӺǶฅԶ 2007 ԃаࡕǴคፕࢂ୯ሞᜢ߯Ꮲࣚፕܭಖᖿۈᄊࡋޑ٥ϡ ᔮวǴࣣ٬ளύӅόӆࣙឨВҁஒ٥ϡຎࣁޑೲזيᙯᡂᆶԾޑॊ ж٥ϡڗΓ҇ჾ܈ᄊࡋᆶࡹωᅌрว٥ϡޑБ۔ǴύӅڀπ ޑёૈᄊ༈Ƕ
Ꮲࣣࣚ܈Б۔ΚፕॊёวǴύӅคፕޑ CFSP ܭԶଞჹύӅჹ ޑǴЪ CFSP ӧӼӄ୍ٛڀख़ाπޑჴΚගϲܭᇡࣁ CFSP ࢂኻ࿉ჹ ډޕǶӢԜύӅᇡىٛፁૈΚόךԾޑϩਏૈόᄆǴЬाচӢᗋࢂኻ࿉ ख़ाǴฅԶԜᗺёૈ൩ࢂচҁԾమර҃ԃаٰύ୯ठΚޑᐱҥ୍ٛૈΚ ୯ৎӼӄวޑख़ाБӛǴӢԜ೭ᗺᇡޕࢂύӅ܌চԖޑǴჹܭύӅޑ ѦҬᆶӼӄቹៜԖज़Ƕ߈ΒΜԃٰǴύӅӧ୯ΚஙଆݩϐΠǴӛܿੇǵ ӄय़ൎǴӧ嘸ύ୯࠶ુፕȩޑаऍ୯ࣁ२ډǴӕਔΨၶޑࠄੇΚໆ ޑᆶ٥ࢪӚ୯ځΠǴύӅჹѦࡹҔᇟவȨஙଆȩᡂԋȨวȩǴჹ уΕ TPP ༟ԖճຝǶ٣ჴǴ೭ΨࢂύӅ܈ ӝǴаϷࡌҥ RCEP வΚᢀѐቩຎӧஙଆၸำύǴࣁᆢៈ୯ৎճǴᗉխ୯ሞൎᓸΚന ᜐ٥ϼ୯ৎሦڬჹѦࡹᙯᡂǶќБय़ǴவύӅӧܿੇࠄੇᆶޑԖճ ୱӝǴ٥ϼӦाԋ CFSPܭ୯ৎճϝଯβݾፂँٰ࣮Ǵଓ ǶوၡाޑϝԖ࣬ᇿᇻ
ᔮޑيࡕջख़ԾܫϩǴύӅচҁӧׯॠ໒ޑӧংᡂᎂࡹ ܫᔮһᒘжπᆶπǴᅹ௨ޑǴЪύ୯εഌۺวǴલЮᕉნߥៈᢀ ᆶኻ࿉ޑྗ࣬ѐࣗᇻǶவύ୯εഌჹܭኻ࿉ংᡂᎂࡹޑΚፕॊ ሦӃӦՏǴЪংᡂᎂᚒςޑኻ࿉ӧԜሦୱډޕёаှǴύӅςᇡ റࡍᜢ߯ǶӢԜύӅޑ୯ሞ໔ΚࡹݯډύੋϷځᕉߥᚒǴޑߚൂપ ϝᆶวύ୯ৎ่ࣁӕତጕǴӧᖄӝ୯ংᡂᎂύ݆လኻऍޑी ฝǴഖኻ࿉ޑᅹ௨ܫѝ՞ӄౚޑ 10%ǴவΚᢀᗺᢀϐǴวύ୯ৎ ჹԜԖ๊ჹᓬ༈Ǵ܈ёཟ՞ӄౚংᡂᎂޑ၉ᇟǶ
91 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ୖԵЎ
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ύ୯ຑፕཥᆪ(2006)Ƕჹ٥ϡᄊࡋ༾֮ᙯᡂǴύ୯ཀӧၢрऍ୯୮Ǵ http://big5.ce.cn/gate/big5/www.ce.cn/ztpd/xwzt/guonei/2006/zmdh/z mgx/200612/13/t20061213_9752031.shtmlǶ
ύ୯ຑፕཥᆪ(2009) ǶংЎҁрǴ77 ୯იϸჹǴ https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/yotu/AiE3e6NGnkgǶ
ྍࡹૈکፋǺჹኻ࿉Ȩ2030 ংޣᏢ܌ύ୯ຑፕཥᆪ(2014)Ƕኻࢪ ࣮ݤǴޑҞȩ http://cass.cssn.cn/xueshuchengguo/guojiyanjiuxuebu/201402/t201402 18_966631.htmlǶ
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ፋኻ࿉ᔈჹংᡂϯ۔ہ୯ύѧࡹ۬(2010)ǶวׯॠکύΓ҇Ӆ നཥЎҹǴhttp://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-03/23/content_1562592.htmǶ
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—ᒋШࣚکޑѳǵӅӕᕷᄪک୯ѦҬ(2008)ǶࡌΦکύΓ҇Ӆ
92 ύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝϐΚᇡޕᄽᡂᆶӢᔈ! ! ླྀዅⵀߏӧύ୯วଯቫፕᏝԃϱᓓޑᄽᖱǴ http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_chn/zyxw_602251/t418780.shtmlǶ
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ඳభǴᄤᄤࠄᏢൔǴ21(3)Ǻ116-121ǶޑǶኻϡ(1999)דӕЈǵ
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ଯλϲǵᝄ㛇Ҵ(2012)Ƕኻ࿉ংࡹޑӢϩǴ୯୯ሞፕᏝǴ14(5)Ǻ 7-13ǵ79Ƕ
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93 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! Ǵ6ǺزǴኻኻࢪࣴޑჹኻࢪᡏϯځஞֻ(2010)Ƕኻ࿉ংཥࡹϷ 32-43ǵ158-159Ƕ
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94 ύ୯εഌჹኻࢪӝϐΚᇡޕᄽᡂᆶӢᔈ! ! ঋፕᆶ୯ሞংᡂϯݯᐒ=ڋቅ(2013)Ƕኻ࿉ংᡂϯӭቫݯᐒ Ǵ5Ǻ47-55ǶزКၨǴ௲௲Ꮲᆶࣴޑڋ
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Mann, F. A. (1992) The Aspect of Money. New York: Oxford University Press.
Paterson, Matthew (2009) “Post-Hegemonic Climate Politics?” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 11(1), 140-158.
95 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! The Evolution and Response of the power cognitive of mainland China to the European integrationǺFocus on the euro, CFSP and Climate Change
Abstract
In recent years, the Eurasian regional integration has become an important national development issues around the world. The integration process and the outcome of EU become a major concern issue around the world. The doubts and controversy of transferring and distribution power of the EU members has become the obstacles of European integration. The cognition and response of Mainland China to European integration is far-reaching impact on the integration of Asia in the future. This paper attempts to explore the cognitive and reaction of Mainland China to the European integration process involving the power factor, and choose three topics, the euro, CFSP and Climate Change for further research the view of power of Mainland China.
Keywords: Regional Integration, euro, CFSP, European Union, Power
96 !ѳၸำᡍߐᘖଷᇥޑձ໔௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦܄а ! ѳၸำޑձ໔௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦܄а
ᡍߐᘖଷᇥ
ഋࡌԀ1
ᄔ ा ᐕำᆶࠠᄊǴϝ҂ޑձৡ౦ᗨςᅌѨǴՠѳϯ܄ޑ௲ػԋ൩ ௲ػ܄Ȩ໒วύ୯ৎζޑႣය܌ǴߐᘖଷᇥځǶЀزፕᆶࣴޑԖϼӭ زલЮჴᏵǶҁࣴ׳ᄽȩǴޑ܄ጕޔόճׯ๓ᐕำǴஒևߚޑ ѳϯᐕำаޑζӧଯύᆶε໘ࢤ௲ػتѠǴޑϩΑၸѐϖΜԃ ቹޑձ໔௲ػ֡ϯ܄ܭᡍߐᘖଷᇥǴ٠ᇥܴᔮวᆶ௲ػᘉჹ ៜǶ
ᡂᎂၗǴᕇளຬၸѤޗӝ 1990 ԃ~2001 ԃӚයѠزҁࣴ ձৡ౦ߏਔයᄽᡂ܄ኬҁǴჄϩΐঁрғဂಔǴаी௲ػԋ൩ޑ ࣬ჹόճǴӢޑӧଯύ໘ࢤᆶε௲ػ܄Ƕ่݀ᡉҢǴζ ձ܄ᔮวᆶ௲ػᘉำࡋΠǴޑวԶᕇளׯ๓Ǵՠӧόӕޑᔮ Ǵϝࢂޣׯ๓٠ό࣬ӕǴӚ໘ቫӢᔮวԶගଯ௲ػԋ൩ޑৡ౦ ǵ܄ᆶϩ໘ቫζ܄تǵ໘ቫ܄تׇϩձࣁ໘ቫځӃζࡕǴت Ǵനࡕࢂ܄ᆶϩΠ໘ቫζ܄تǵΠ໘ቫ܄تᆶϩΠ໘ቫ܄໘ቫζ ༈Ǵ಄ӝߐᘖଷᇥჹوޑጕޔǶ೭ᅿׇԋΑᄽᡂၸำߚ܄Π໘ቫζ ໒วύ୯ৎޗᄽၸำ܌Ⴃයޑᖿ༈Ƕ
ձǹߐᘖଷᇥ܄ᜢᗖӷǺ௲ػԋ൩ǹ
շ௲سπբᏢޗᏢᆶޗࣁଯᙴᏢεᏢޣբ 1
97 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! Explaining threshold hypothesis according to the equalization process of gender inequality in education
Abstract
Although gender inequality in education has diminished these years, its pattern and process has not received much attention. The Threshold Hypothesis has generated a few discussions and controversy. However, systematic empirical evidence to evaluate this hypothesis has been less forthcoming. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to demonstrate the equalization pattern and process of gender inequality in education for the last forty years in Taiwan, and to explain how the key factors involved are affected by economical development and educational expansion.
We reorganize the 1990-2001 “Taiwan Social Change Survey” data by birth cohorts, and estimate the gender effect on the opportunity of receiving mid- and higher education from 1951-1991. The results show that the equalization process is not linear, but rather ladder-like, and is consistent with the assumption of Threshold Hypothesis. Further, the equalization of gender inequality in education differs by socio-economic backgrounds: The order of catching up with the educational attainment of upper level male is upper level female, lower level male, and lower level female, respectively.
Key words: educational attainment, gender, threshold hypothesis
98 !ѳၸำᡍߐᘖଷᇥޑձ໔௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦܄а ! قǵ
ޑፕǴӭаՋБଯࡋπϯ୯ৎޑวኳԄޗܭߏයаٰǴჹ วݩΨႣයӧғౢΚᆶπϯޑᡍᆶᢀᗺࣁ୷ᘵǴ໒วύ୯ৎ ׯᡂǶฅԶǴ߈ԃٰޗޑำࡋගܹϐࡕǴԖᆶՋБπϯ୯ৎኬ ࢂჹ໒วύ୯ৎځᅌ໒ǴЀزӦϐࣴޑՋБς໒ว୯ৎϐѦܭჹ ձόѳ܄ᇡࣁ໒วύ୯ৎޣᏢޗǴϩٯձ໔ৡ౦ࣁ܄Ƕаޑ ጕޔߚൂፓޑமፓ܌ᐕำևߐᘖଷᇥȐthreshold hypothesisȑޑׯ๓ Ƕىᆶፕۘόкزჴࣴޑ༈ȐOgenaǴ2000ȑǶόၸǴ࣬ᜢو܄
୯ӧΒԛᏯࡕԿϞςၻϤΜԃǴᐕβӦׯॠǵ௲ػᘉᆶᔮך ஏǴّϞςၲа୍ܺࣁЬೌמวǴౢவၭࣁЬԿമΚஏǵ ਔ໔ǵޑς໒ว୯ৎϐӈǴอኩيೲࡋวǴᔒޑזǴᔮаཱུޗޑ ᄽၸำࢂցӵߐᘖፕჹ໒ޑձ໔௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦܄ᔮวǴޑೲז ȨҁβϯፕܭࡘዊǴࢂᜢޑǻϞᏢࣚදၹрޑႣය܌วύ୯ৎ ޑೲזၸำǴӧཱུอਔ໔ϣԖޑ୯ᐕ໒วύ୯ৎךЬǶޑॊȩ ϩѲᆶࢬᖿ༈ǵᔮׯ๓ำࡋᆶၸำǴ֡ᆶଯޑᔮวǴӚ໘ቫ Ƕ܄ख़ाځǴԖزҁβϐႣයᆶჴࣴܭࡋπϯ୯ৎόӕǴჹ
ӢޑԋӢᆶׯᡂޑձৡ౦܄ձ໔ৡ౦ׯ๓ᐕำǴѸӃှ܄ϩ ่ܭȐ1992ȑᜢדǴԶࡕॷ᜔ኾزፕᆶࣴޑӃፕ࣬ᜢزનǶҁࣴ ձৡ౦ᒿ܄ኳࠠǴԶࡌҥޑ໘ቫ௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦ϐ໔ᜢ߯ޗᄬᡂᎂᆶ ᡂᎂፓӚයၗޗኳࠠǴ٠ӝ 1990~2001 ԃѠޑᄬᡂᎂԶᄽᡂ่ ୯ԾᏯࡕѤΜᎩԃ໔ǴךǴаΒϡᘜྗϯБԄՉϩǴඔᛤр ᡏᄊᖿ༈Ǵޑ௲ػӦՏόѳׯ๓܄໘ࢤǴζޑӧȨ໒วύ୯ৎȩ ϣၸำǴаᆶߐᘖଷᇥჹ၉Ƕޑ٠ှᄽᡂ ԋӢᆶׯ๓ᐕำޑձৡ౦܄Βǵ௲ػԋ൩ ԋӢޑձ໔௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦܄Ȑȑԋ
Ꮲԋᕮৡ౦ǴࣗԿζޑձϐ໔ؒԖᡉ܄࣬ᝩჴزᏢࣚፏӭࣴ Ǵ1998ǹ৪ཥຽǵדғӳ٤ȐӵǺഋಹǴ1993ǹഋࡌتԋᕮᗋКޑ܄ ႍǴ1999ǹѠчѱࡹ۬Ǵ2000ǹഋ ࡌ Ԁǵቅ ҅Ǵ2001ǹഋࡌԀǴ2006ȑǶ ௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦ǴЬाࢂᐒৡ౦ǴԶߚԋᕮৡ౦Ȑޑձϐ໔܄ӢԜǴ Ǵ1992ǹᖴλ᭷Ǵ1992Ǵ1998ȑǶדኾ
ձৡ܄ܭۈፕǴёᘜયࣁᆬޑ໔௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦܄ٿܭᏢࣚჹ ǴۈԶֹԋǶӧৎБय़Ǵவрғ໒ޗ౦ཀǴԶࡕၸৎǵᏢਠᆶ
99 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ௲ػᐒȐMaccoby andޑՅයࡑԶԖόӕفޑޑР҆ჹ࠸ηߡԖόӕ ޑJacklin, 1974; Xie and Hautgren, 1994ȑǹӧᏢਠ௲ػၸำύǴ௲ࣽਜ္ ӑຝǴӧ࠸η໔݈څޑձ໔மਗ਼܄ՅǴفޑڒ൧ζتϣወӧӦሀΑ ᆶᏢਠᕉნϐύӸӧȐSadker and Sadker, 1994ȑǴΨϸࢀӧ௲ػว ள৩٠ڗӦՏޑ܄ٿϩπБय़ǴޗȐBianchi and Spain, 1986ȑǹӧ Յفޑ߾ЬाࢂᏼҺৎԏΕЍࢊ܄تЬाࢂৎ٣୍ǹ܄ό࣬ӕǴζ ȐTsai, 1984; Marini and Shelton, 1993; Wright, 1997ȑǴӧԜΠǴ௲ ځǴ܄ζޑߡԖόӕȐᖴλ᭷Ǵ1998ȑǶԶջ٬ࢂ൩܄ٿфਏჹޑػ ႖ȐJacobs, 1989ȑǴ೭ᅿৡ౦όрӧଆ܌Ԗ܄تᙍǵᙍ୍ϝᆶ ཀޑள௲ػБय़ڗЬӦӧ܄ᗺǴࣗԿࢂঁғఱॉၞǴӢԜёૈ٬ζ ࢂӦӧ௲ػ܈ȐCanes and Rosen, 1995; Jacobs, 1996ȑǴ܄تᜫόϷ ၗำࡋȐBecker, 1975; Polachek, 1981ȑǶޑ܄تჹܭၗ࣬ჹե
ՅቚமଷᇥȐthe sex-roleفձ܄ԜѦǴKanterȐ1977ȑගрȨ reinforcement hypothesisȑȩǴமፓζ܄ӧიᡏύޑȨϿኧӦՏȐminority ኧໆ࣬ჹၨޑ܄Ǵӵ݀ζڋᓸΚᆶޑำࡋۓౢғ܄statusȑȩჹζ ნຫٰຫଯǴ೭ᅿϿኧӦՏᆶຝቻЬကȐtokenismȑ֚ޑय़ჹ܄ϿǴ߾ζ ᔈǴԶаڋज़ךԾ܄Չࣁ่݀ǴхࡴЍଛიᡏᓸϷζޑԋ܌ ՅኳԄଷȐfemaleف܄ԔΑཀаϷफ़եԋ൩ǶԶζסӦ܄سᅌ ζޑ܄تᏢಞᕉნύǴԋ൩ຬၸޑ܄ࡰрǴζ׳role model hypothesisȑ ௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦܄ٿჹຝีϿǴԋ܄ζޑёаүਏᏢಞ܄٠όӭǴζ܄ ௲܄تǴӧεଣਠ္ǴډـॺёаךȐNixon and Robinson, 1999ȑǴ ௲ৣǴՠتܭǴԶӧύǵλᏢ္Ǵջ٬ζ௲ৣКଯ܄ζܭКଯޑৣ ȐඁૠǵঞЎችǴ2004ȑǶ܄تࠅεӭኧࢂޑᏼҺՉࡹЬᆅ
ၸำ٬ޑӆᇙޗख़ख़ৡ౦٠ൻᕉϸᙟǴջ٬ࢂՏೀ࣬ӕ໘ભǴՠ Յӆၸ҆فձ܄ӦՏȐRobinson and Garnier, 1985ȑǴޑပΕၨե܄ζ ௲ػԋ൩ޑ܄ٿᒃሀΠѐȐMohr and DiMaggio, 1995; Wright, 1997ȑǴ ൩ӧ܄ձৡ౦ཀբҔᆶᒿࡕޑғࢲᐕำৡ౦ΠౢғǶ ڋᐒޑձ໔௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦܄ȐΒȑׯ๓
Ǵεठхࡴ໘ቫ่ᄬׯᡂǵက୍௲ػڋձৡ౦ϐᐒ܄ׯᡂ௲ػԋ൩ ޑჴࡼᆶᔮวΟБय़Ƕ
όޑೀ໘ቫՏ܌ձৡ౦ำࡋӢ܄ӧ໘ቫ่ᄬׯᡂБय़Ǵ२ӃǴ ӕԶԖόӕȐBourdieu, 1973; Wright, 1997; Dumais, 2002ȑǶWrightȐ1997ȑ මаӭϡᘜϩԄȨConsciousnessɨ ɠ 1ȐClassȑɠ 2ȐGenderȑ
100 !ѳၸำᡍߐᘖଷᇥޑձ໔௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦܄а !
ύǴ 1ǵ 2 ᆶ 3ځᜢ߯Ǵޑձৡ౦܄ɠ 3ȐClass × Genderȑȩ߄Ң໘ભ໔ ࢂӚԾᡂჹ consciousness ޑቹៜΚǴԶҬϕբҔ 3 ߾ࡰрΑόӕ ᜢ߯Ǵޑձৡ౦ำࡋόӕȩ܄ձਏ݀Ƕ٩Ᏽ೭ᅿȨόӕ໘ભ໔܄ޑ໘ભ ᒿ໘ቫޑ๊ჹࢬǴᡏޗޑ܄ձৡ౦ཀϐமࡋ൩ᅌԄ༾Ǵ ܄ձѳЬကޑදϷำࡋຫଯȐCharles and Bradley, 2002ȑǶ
܄ޑౢғ܌ΠǴа೭ᅿᜢ߯ޑ໘ቫख़ಔᄌޗฅԶǴӧჴሞ ᢀᗺٰޑࢂаȨ࣬ჹȩځׯᡂำࡋǴ٠όܰჸǴЀޑձৡ౦ཀ ำࡋҭӕਔޑයఈ܄ت௲ػำࡋගଯΑǴՠޑයఈ܄ᢀჸǴᗨฅζ ջࡰрǴѠزࣴޑΠǴᖴλ᭷Ȑ1998ȑޑගଯǴӧ೭ᅿ࣬ჹቚу ৡຯΨؒޑ௲ػයఈ܄ٿǴЪჹ܄ζܭ௲ػයఈܴᡉଯޑ܄ت҇ჹ ޑձѳཀ܄Ǵقளࢌ໘ࢤ௲ػȩԶڗᖿ༈ǶόၸǴ൩ȨޑԖᕭλ ձৡ౦Ƕ܄ޑளࢌ໘ࢤ௲ػڗᅌදϷஒफ़ե
ޑ܄ڋࢂჴࡼက୍௲ػǶமڋᐒޑձৡ౦फ़ե܄ಃΒᅿ٬௲ػԋ൩ ǴӢԜǴӧက୍௲ػޑ܄ձৡ౦Ǵ٠ЪࢂԖ໘ࢤ܄က୍௲ػ೯தࢂؒԖ Ԅჴࡼ୯҅ۈԃ໒ 1947 ܭৡ౦ِೲफ़ԿȨ0ȩǶѠޑձ໔܄໘ࢤǴ λ໘ࢤက୍௲ػǹ1968 ԃӄय़ჴՉΐԃက୍௲ػǶԿ 1975 ԃǴ୯҇λ ᏢΕᏢςၲ 99%Ǵ1984 ԃޑ୯҇ύᏢΕᏢΨςၲ 99%Ȑ݅ϺએǴ КǴӧ҅Ԅჴࡼ୯λက୍௲ػϐࡕǴ1950ǵ܄2000ȑǶԶᐕԃӚભᏢਠζ 1956 ᆶ 1961 ԃǴ୯λޑζ܄Кϩձࣁ 38.99%ǵ45.77%ᆶ 47.07%ǹ К܄ζޑԶӧჴࡼ୯ύက୍௲ػϐࡕǴ1966ǵ1971 ᆶ 1976 ԃǴ୯ύ ӧ୯܄ϩձࣁ 39.06%ǵ42.33%ᆶ 45.42%Ȑ௲ػीೀǴ2005ȑǴζ ܄تܭӦᖿ߈זΜԃ໔Ǵࡐޑჴࡼက୍௲ػࡕܭКǴޑλᆶ୯ύ໘ࢤ ޑКǶ
ӭჲǴޑำࡋǴቹៜϩଛىкޑࢂᔮวǶၗྍڋಃΟᅿቹៜᐒ բҔம১Ƕ࣓݅ǵ३ዅޑձৡ౦ཀ܄ำࡋቹៜىᔮкޑԶৎ Ǵޑж໔ၗྍࢬکၗྍଛޑձ໔ৎύ܄Ȑ1999ȑဂϣǵ Ƕӵ݀ৎ܄Ԗᡉڀቹៜޑ௲ػԋ൩ܭଛৡ౦ჹޑձၗྍ܄ࡰр่݀ ձৡ౦ཀԶ܄ϩଛৡ౦ஒӢޑηζ௲ػϐၗྍԖज़ਔǴၗྍٮύё ࠸Кζ࠸ԖճǴStromquistȐ1989ȑ൩ࡰрǴتԖৡ౦ǴԶ่݀೯தࢂ ࠸ाتख़ाӢનǴՠԜਏ݀ჹζ࠸Кჹޑηζԋ൩ۓ،Р҆ᔮၗྍࢂ ޑӭ׳ϐΠǴᔮว٬ޑज़ཱུځሡҔԖ܌εǶ٩ԜǴӧ௲ػ ޑ൩फ़եǴ၀௲ػ໘ࢤڋሡҔਔǴၗྍज़܌Γॄᏼளଆࢌ໘ࢤ௲ػ ܄ձৡ౦൩Πफ़Ƕ
ᄽǴғػΠफ़ςԋදၹຝǶғޑޗԜѦǴᒿᔮวᆶ
101 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ػΠफ़όࢂδϐ໔วғǴԶࢂᅌሀ෧ǴӢԜǴᒿৎЊηζΓኧ Ȩϩ҆ኧȩΠफ़ǴҭှΑၗྍԖޑي෧ϿǴৎၗྍϩଛӧηζޑ ձ໔ৡ౦ΏᅌΠ܄ϐᐒቚуǴ܄ζޑ௲ػόճܭज़ำࡋǴԶ٬ۚ फ़Ƕ Ⴃයᆶ࣬ޑϯᐕำ—ߐᘖଷᇥ֡ޑ௲ػԋ൩܄ٿȐΟȑ ᜢჴ
܄ޑձ໔௲ػӦՏόѳำࡋᄽᐕำБय़Ǵ२ӃǴ௲ػԋ൩܄ӧ ȐӵǺᓛܴቼ 2001Ǵޑۓձৡ౦ࢂցςΠफ़ǻ೭ঁเਢࡐᡉฅࢂޭ 2006ǹጰలႍ 2004ǹֆችྻǴ2007ȑǶୢᚒࢂǴৡ౦Πफ़ޑၸำࣁՖǻ ܄ጕޔᜢ߯٠ߚևޑวϐ໔ޗගܹᆶޑӦՏ܄ߐᘖଷᇥᇡࣁζ ࢂวύ୯ৎǴӧᔮว߃යёૈϲǴՠӧวၲځᜢ߯ǴЀ ӭΚࡕωᝩុϲǶOgena׳फ़եǴѸӧԖ܈ำࡋਔǴߡଶᅉۓ Ьကᢀᗺ܄ӛ่ӝΑଭլࡘЬကζڗȐ 2000 ȑᇡࣁԜᅿ ȐMarxist-Feminist viewȑ܈ Lenski ޑԔጕᢀᗺȐcurvilinear viewȑǴё य़ᇮǶޑуჴ׳ӦՏวᆶᔮวϐ໔ᜢ߯܄ζډள
วǴӚიᡏȐӵǺ໘ભǵࠤໂǵޑޗႣයǴᒿޑ٩Ᏽߐᘖଷᇥ ٬Ҕȑڀձȑ໔ӧࢌय़ӛȐӵǺӦՏǵѱϯำࡋǵၗૻπ܄ ޑৡ౦ᕭλޑၸำǴ߃ਔрΠफ़Ǵՠӧᒿࡕрৡ౦ᕭλޑ൯ࡋ ǴԶࡕӧᝩុΕȐӵǺၗྍǵǵᐒޑଶᅉǴࣗԿৡ౦ϲ ȑΠǴৡຯωᝩុᕭλǴܭࢂևрიᡏ໔ৡ౦ᕭλޑᡏᐕำᆶޗ Ӛޗޑ໒วύ୯ৎܭख़ाᜢᗖǴ൩ӧځᜢ߯Ƕ܄ጕޔวϐ໔ࣁߚ ޑ໘ቫϐϩѲৡ౦ࣗεǴᔮว߃යрόѳำࡋε൯ׯ๓ ຝǴЬाࢂᡉӧၨௗ߈ቫՏǵၨܰᕇளගܹޑჹຝǴฅԶǴ ၸำύ٠όᒿϐᕇளޑǴӧᔮวޣΠቫ໘ቫޑቶε׳ӭǵ׳ܭჹ όճำࡋϼᝄख़Ƕа PalȐ2003ȑჹӑࡋ҇ၮҔ೯ޑׯ๓ǴӢࣁдॺ ߃යǴࠤໂǵ໘ቫޑวǵቶמǴӧ೯ૻࣽٯࣁزϐࣴޑמૻࣽ ᝩុදϷϯǴޑᕭλǴՠᒿࡕࠅؒԖӵႣයޑৡ౦Ԗε൯ࡋޑϐ໔ ᆶ೦ጁΓޓໂӦǵЎޑ่ᄬύԖϼӭပࡕޗޑӑࡋܭচӢӧ αǶ
ϩϐޑӦՏׯ๓ᐕำ܄Ꮲࣚаߐᘖଷᇥࣁ୷ᘵǴՉζޗҞ നதزǴа OgenaȐ2000ȑჹࡓᇯϐࣴޣ܄ж߄ڀǴـ٠όӭزࣴ ӧ௲ػǵ଼܄ԃϐ໔Ǵζ 1982~1970 ܭගϷǶOgenaȐ2000ȑаࡓᇯ ᐕำޑநǵπբӦՏǵᙍǵౢȐՉȑόѳᒿਔ໔ᄽᡂ ௲ػ܄ࡓᇯζܭǴӧ௲ػӦՏόѳБय़ǴჴΑߐᘖଷᇥჹزՉࣴ
102 !ѳၸำᡍߐᘖଷᇥޑձ໔௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦܄а ! ှញΚǶޑԖཱུ٫ڀԋ൩ว
ӧБݤǴOgenaȐ2000ȑа୯ϣғౢЛᚐȐGDPȑࣁᔮวࡰ ǴीԛǵѳБᆶҥБբࣁԾᡂǴаᘜϩᔠᡍᔮว ԖᡉॄڀቹៜǶ่݀ᡉҢԛᆶҥБޑᡂჹόѳำࡋ ਏ݀ǴԶѳБࠅԖᡉ҅ਏ݀Ǵ߄Ңᔮวᆶόѳำࡋϐ໔ࢂߚ ጕ܄ᜢ߯ǴӢԜǴOgenaȐ2000ȑᇡࣁ೭ᅿຝ಄ӝߐᘖፕϐႣයǶ ǵζتΓαीၗǴϩޑќѦǴVaidȐ2004ȑаӑࡋ 1901~2001 ԃ ࢂցȨӷȐliteracyȑȩޑৡ౦ǴVaid а 10 ԃࣁ໔ຯǴӅள 11 ঁຯ ၡ৩Ǵӧ 1901~1911 ԃ໔ޑձ໔ৡ౦ׯ๓܄ᄽᡂǴ่݀ᡉҢޑਔය Ԗफ़եǴ1911~1951 ԃ໔ε൯Πफ़Ǵ1951~2001 ԃ໔ΞᆢόᡂǴΨؒ ԔጕࠠᄊǶޑ࣬՟زևрᆶ OgenaȐ2000ȑჹࡓᇯϐࣴ
ᡂᎂፓၗࣁޗጰలႍȐ2004ȑම٬Ҕ 2000 ԃѠޣ୯ϣᏢ ϩ٩ᏵǴаεऊΜԃࣁಔຯǴჄϩ 1946~1955 ԃǵ1956~1966 ԃǵ ޑளଯ௲ػȩڗԃΟঁрғဂಔǴаΒϡᡄᒠᘜϩȨ 1979~1967 ளόڗ୯҇ӧ௲ػךৡ౦ǴޑӚᡂਏ݀ǴКၨԜΟрғဂಔ εౣკႽޑΠफ़܄ጕޔձৡ౦ߚ܄ϩ่݀ςևځᄽᡂǶޑѳ Ȑӧ܄ձᡂޑ logit ߯ኧБय़Ǵаζ܄ࣁୖྣǴΟঁрғဂಔϩձࣁ 0.850ǵ0.782 Ϸ-0.098ȑǴόၸǴज़ܭኬҁኧǴૈჄϩΟঁਔࢤǶ
ӦՏ܄ǴᗨฅܴΑࡓᇯ୯ϣζ่݀ز٩Ᏽ OgenaȐ2000ȑϐࣴ ༈Ǵՠ٠҂ᇥܴၸำوႣයϐ܌ၡ৩ևӵߐᘖଷᇥޑόѳำࡋफ़ե ᇡࣁǴа௲زҭฅǶҁࣴزࣴޑচӢǴVaidȐ2004ȑޑύрȨଶᅉȩ фૈǴՠࢂӧޑόѳԖׯ๓ޑ܄ζܭǴᔮวᗨฅჹقளԶڗػ ໘ቫКୃଯϐΠǴӢᔮวԶׯ๓ޗΠቫޑำࡋၨଯڋᔮၗྍज़ ձৡ౦ȩ೭ҹ٣܄ϐǴ൩Ȩफ़եقǶඤ܄ζܭǴόЗޣ௲ػᐒ ձৡ౦ׯ܄ࢂܭำࡋǴӧӚ໘ቫ٠ό࣬ӕǴڋज़ޑǴӢࣁᔮӢનقԶ ձৡ౦ᄽၸำǴᔈ܄ޑᄊΠރǴӧӚ໘ቫ൩όᅰ࣬ӕǴ೭ᅿޑ๓ วᖿ༈ϐচӢǶௗΠٰаኳࠠᇥܴ܄ߚጕޑႣය܌ёаှញߐᘖଷᇥ ೭ᅿǶ Οǵኳࠠࡌᄬᆶᄽ
ޗȐ1992ȑමࡌҥঁኳᔕӧ௲ػᘉкᆶᔮวΠǴόӕדኾ Ǵӵკ 1Ƕ၀ኳޑӢનᡂϯԶᄽᡂ܄ৡ౦ᒿ่ᄬޑள௲ػڗ໘ቫ Ǵѳ֡ԋᕮԖৡ౦Ǵѳ֡ৎᔮచҹҭޣ୷ᘵࣁǺόӕ໘ቫङඳޑࠠ ដࠠԔጕϐঁٿޑݩރԖৡ౦ǶӢԜǴж߄ǵΠ໘ቫϩኧᆶৎᔮ
103 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ܈ቚуڗᜢ߯ǴᒿᕴᒵޑដࠠԔጕٿ ຯᚆǶ٩კ 1ޑۓ໔Ӹӧ ܈Ƕคፕࢂ௲ػᘉޑ ᡂϯࢂӵკ 2ڗᒵޑᔮวǴǵΠቫ ளቚуளၨܴᡉǴڗ௲ػޑᔮวǴӧวҗեϲଯਔǴ໘ቫ ᝩុϲଯࡕǴڗৡ౦ᅌϲǹԶӧᕴᒵޑளКڗǵΠ໘ቫ௲ػ ளКڗ໘ቫǴǵΠ໘ቫ௲ػܭளᅌଯڗ௲ػޑΠ໘ቫቚу ໘ቫ໔௲ػৡ౦Ǵᒿ௲ػᘉᆶᔮวޗৡ౦ᅌΠफ़Ǵޑ ԶԖόӕǶ
ޗȥǶȠύ୯ٯளϐᜢ߯Ǻа௲ػᘉкࣁڗǴ1992ǴȤ่ᄬᡂᎂᆶӦՏדკТٰྍǺኾ ᏢтȡǴ16Ǻ89-105Ƕ
ྗΠफ़ᆶᔮวჹ໘ቫ໔௲ػόѳϐቹៜڗკ 1 ᒵ
Ղၸᐋ Հၸᐋ ۍ ։ ֺ
᜔ᙕ࠷ࢨᆖᛎ࿇୶ ளϐᜢ߯ڗᔮวำࡋᆶǵΠ໘ቫ௲ػ܈ڗკ 2 ᕴᒵ
تᡉҢزᄽБय़ǴӵॊǴԿϞϝ҂Ԗჴࣴޑձৡ౦܄Զӧ ԋᕮϩѲដޑǵζت---ॺԿϿёаЬךζғǶӢԜǴܭғԋᕮᡉଯ ৡ౦Ǵჴሞࢂᐒৡ౦Ǵޑǵζϐ໔௲ػԋ൩تࠠԔጕஒ࣬ӕǴԶ ;ৡ౦ำࡋόӕȐBourdieu, 1973; Wright, 1997܄ٿуॊ໘ቫ໔ ǵتǴ߾ǵΠ໘ቫϐۺཷޑȐ1992ȑኳࠠדDumais, 2002ȑǴ٠่ӝኾ ഋǶ܌ ដࠠԔጕᜢ߯Ǵࢂӵკ 3ޑளΓኧڗζԋᕮᆶჴሞ௲ػ
104 !ѳၸำᡍߐᘖଷᇥޑձ໔௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦܄а !
Ղၸᐋߊࢤ Հၸᐋߊࢤ ՂၸᐋՖࢤ ڇ ՀၸᐋՖࢤ ᖂ Գ ᑇ ։ᑇ ᜢ߯ޑǵζᏢғϩኧᆶჴሞϲᏢΓኧتკ 3 ǵΠ໘ቫ
КǴаృӧᏢΓኧޑX ືࣁԋᕮǴY ືࣁჴሞᕇள௲ػ ޑ კ 3 ǴǵΠ໘ቫᏢғӧԋᕮᆶॄᏼۺኳࠠϐཷޑȐ1992ȑד߄ҢǶ٩ኾ ដԔጕϐ໔ԖٿϩኧϩѲޑΚԖৡ౦ǴǵΠ໘ቫᏢғૈޑᏢ ձӢન܄ଯࡋόӕǶӧуΕޑដԔጕঁٿৡ౦Ψ٬ளޑຯᚆǴԶᔮ ձৡ౦ཀբҔΠ܄ԋᕮ٠คᡉৡ౦ǴԶࢂޑǵζᏢғتϐࡕǴӢࣁ КߡόӕǴޑζǴჴሞᕇள௲ػتޑԖ࣬ӕԋᕮڀᐒৡ౦ǴӢԜǴޑ ྗؒԖڗΠ໘ቫǶ٩Ᏽ೭ᅿᜢ߯Ǵջ٬ᒵܭձৡ౦λ܄ޑ٠Ъ໘ቫ ǵζӧ௲تวԶቚуǹǵΠ໘ቫޑᐒϝӢࣁᔮޑ܄फ़եǴζ ᖿ༈วǶޑ КǴӵკ 4ޑளڗػ
Ղၸᐋߊࢤ ڇ ᖂ ՂၸᐋՖࢤ Հၸᐋߊࢤ ՀၸᐋՖࢤ ᆖᛎ࿇୶
ᜢ߯ޑζᏢғృӧᏢᆶᔮวتྗόᡂਔǴǵΠ໘ቫڗკ 4 ᒵ
܄Ǵѝࢂζޣள௲ػڗวёаᅌᔆံӢᔮόճԶคݤޑᔮ Π໘ቫǴԶܭਔ໔Ӄޑձѳ܄εǴ٠Ъ໘ቫ܄ت൯ࡋКޑቚу ྗᒿᔮڗձৡ౦ᒿᔮวԶᅌफ़եǶฅԶǴӵ݀ᒵ܄ޑᡏ ǵζӧ௲ػتวԶᅌफ़եǴҭջࢂǴ௲ػᅌᘉǴ߾ǵΠ໘ቫ ᘉǴǵΠ໘ቫޑ௲ػܭᖿ༈วǶҗޑ КǴ൩ӵკ 5ޑளڗ ӕਔբҔޣٿᐒቚу൯ࡋǴӧᔮวᆶ௲ػᘉޑΨԖၨε܄ت ޑৡ౦ۓ௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦Πफ़ၸำύǴߡёૈрᆢޑձϐ໔܄ΠǴ
105 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ਔයǴ൩рߐᘖଷᇥ܌Ⴃයޑৡ౦Πफ़ᒨᅉޑຝǶ2
Ղၸᐋߊࢤ ڇ ᖂ ՂၸᐋՖࢤ Հၸᐋߊࢤ ՀၸᐋՖࢤ
ᖂፖᆖᛎ࿇୶ࠀၞڇ᜔ ζᏢғృӧᏢวتკ 5 ௲ػᘉᆶᔮวΠǴǵΠ໘ቫ
ձৡ౦फ़܄ܭࢂǴӧᔮวၸำύǴ௲ػᘉჹޑॶளӆԛᇥܴ ڋཀက٠ό࣬ӕǴӧᔮว߃යǴӚ໘ቫ֡Ԗ௲ػၗྍज़ޑԖڀ܌ե ǴЬाࣁቫ໘ቫङඳޣளྗڗਔǴऩ௲ػᐒࣗϿЪ҂ᘉǴ಄ӝ кΕ௲ံ܄໘ቫζޑளྗڗձৡ౦ஒΠफ़ȐЬाҗ಄ӝ܄ǴԜਔޣ ձৡ౦Πफ़൯ࡋஒᖿȐံкΕ௲ػՉ܄ػՉӈȑǹऩ௲ػҭᘉǴ߾ ௲ػޑζȑǶӕǴᔮวёׯ๓ၨե໘ቫتӕਔхࡴ໘ቫޣӈ ளڗձৡ౦ҭஒΠफ़ȐЬाҗ಄ӝ܄Ǵऩ௲ػᐒ҂ᘉǴڋၗྍज़ ձৡ౦Πफ़൯܄кΕ௲ػՉӈȑǹऩ௲ػҭᘉǴ߾ံ܄Π໘ቫζޑྗ ζȑǶتΠ໘ቫޑளྗڗӕਔхࡴ಄ӝޣࡋஒᖿȐံкΕ௲ػՉӈ ޑζتਔǴᡏڋৎၗྍज़ޑޣԖ಄ӝၗ܌ᒿࡕӧᔮวёׯ๓ ௲ػό֡ߡёѨǶ
යᢀᗺᕇளᇥܴǶ৪ຼڮբϐෳǴҭёவғ܌ॊаኳࠠࣁ୷ᘵ ǵζࢲӧόӕتғࢲᐕำǴԶޑॺך୯Ȑ1993ȑࡰрǴਔ໔ǴࢎᄬΑے ਔ໔Ǵ௲ػǵπբǵৎǴ௨ޑጕԄޔࢂঁـ܌Γتਔ໔Ш္ࣚǴޑ ਔ໔Ǵ҂ٰкᅈΑᡂኧǴޑࢂঁᡂـ܌ӈԋׇǴҹҹֹԋǹζΓ ڐԶЪ௲ػǵπբǵৎᗋளᔒӧӕਔ໔วғǴࣗԿ۶ԜፂँԶԖࡑ ܈ ਔដȐsocial clockޗǵζӧғύय़ᖏঁتǴـፓǶ٩Ԝё ჹঁޗਔដཀࡰޗǶޑཀကࢂόӕޑ܄ζک܄تܭsocial timeȑǴჹ ޑ܄ٿӦ߄ܴ܄ೕጄསҢޗࢂǴӧܭऊǴڋޑԃសᆶՉ٣໔ᜢ߯ޑΓ ޑ܄ٿȨਔᐒȩǴޑΓғҺ୍ਔǴ௲ػǵπբǵஆ࠷ǵৎ٣ҹр ǴࢂᖴλޣԵໆԾόӕǴϸᔈҭԖ౦ǶԶᆶԜ࣮ݤԖ౦Ԕӕπϐ֮ ჹޗ௲ػԋ൩ᆶᅿᜪৡ౦ှញࣁޑԋ܌ৡ౦ڋ᭷Ȑ 1998ȑஒԜᅿज़ Ƕ่݀ޑՅයࡑϐቹៜفձ܄ Кޑѐ൩ᏢޑᕴΓαύǴޑޣ2ȨృӧᏢȩࢂࡰԃសςၲ၀൩᠐ࢌ໘ࢤ௲ػ ӵǴ୯ύ௲ػృӧᏢ= 12 Կ 14 ྃ୯ύᏢғΓኧ÷12 Կ 14 ྃΓαኧǶٯǶ
106 !ѳၸำᡍߐᘖଷᇥޑձ໔௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦܄а ! ቹៜৡ౦Ƕӵ݀Ȩᔅޑள௲ػڗǵζتਔដჹޗаკ 6 ߄Ң೭ᅿ ਔ໔ޑΓғҺ୍ϐǴԶ E3 ௲ػ໘ࢤวғޑǵζ࠸Ӆӕتշৎीȩࢂ ǵζቬՉৎीҺ୍تձৡ౦ཀϐΠǴा܄ΞᆶԜҺ୍ਔ໔ख़᠄Ǵӧ ள E3 ௲ػ໘ࢤਔрৡ౦Ƕाڗӧ܄ٿৡ౦Ǵԋ܌ਔ໔൩Ԗޑ ᐒৡ౦Ψޑǵζӧ E3 ௲ػ໘ࢤتࡕǴۯਔ໔ᅌޑቬՉҺ୍܄ζ ᒿϐᕭλǶ
ቹៜϐᄊኳࠠޑள௲ػڗζتයӢનჹຼڮკ 6 ғ
܄تᔅշৎीਔ໔ጕරޑ܄Ǵૈ٬ζقҺ୍Զڮаᔅշৎी೭ғ ׯ๓ǴৎाޑวำࡋǴᒿᔮޑௗচӢǴᔈࢂᔮޔനޑ౽ ǴقE3 ໘ࢤ௲ػԶ ޑளკ 6 ύڗܭำࡋஒफ़եǴჹྣკ 3Ǵჹޑշৎीڐ ჴሞӧᏢដࠠԔጕଯࡋϲǹᔅշৎ܄ǵζتޑׯ๓٬კ 3 ύޑᔮ ձჹ܄ǵζృӧᏢԔጕຯᚆᕭλǴتޑ ीਔ໔ጕӛѓ౽Ǵკ 4 ᆶკ 5 ਏ݀ߡफ़եǶޑள E3 ௲ػ໘ࢤڗܭ
ำࡋ٠ό࣬ӕǴӢ໘ڋΓϐज़ঁޑόӕܭόၸǴᔅշৎीҺ୍ჹ ǴᔅշৎीҺ୍ёૈ٠όӸقԶޣၨଯ໘ቫܭቫङඳଯեԶԖৡ౦Ƕჹ ǴৎᔮقύԏΕৎԶܭӧǴѝा಄ӝၗǴ֡ૈճΕᏢǹჹ ࠸تǴόፕقԶޣၨե໘ቫܭ࠸Ε၀௲ػǹԶჹتٮၗྍёૈૈග Ƕڋज़ޑᗋࢂζ࠸Ǵय़ᖏᔅշৎी
फ़եԶᕇளϲᏢᐒǴനεڋज़ޑӧᔮวΠǴ२ӃӢᔅշৎी ࠸تύ໘ભङඳܭζ࠸ǴӢࣁᔅշৎीਔ໔ጕჹޑࢂύ໘ભޣے ᔅշৎीਔ໔ࡕ౽Կ E3 ௲ޑ܄ёૈ٠όӸӧǴᔮว٬ளύ໘ቫζ ձৡ౦Πफ़ǶԶࡕӧ௲ػᘉ܄ޑػ໘ࢤϐࡕǴԜਔ E3 ௲ػ໘ࢤᡏ ΠεໆуΕၨե໘ቫޣǴՠԜ໘ቫޑηǵζёૈᗋԖᔅշৎीҺ ࠸ᆶζ࠸ᕇளׯ๓ǴԜਔ E3 ௲ػ໘ࢤتǴᔮวӕਔ٬ڋज़ޑ୍ ۯǵζᔅշৎीਔ໔ጕӕਔتձৡ౦Πफ़ำࡋ൩ᖿǴӢࣁ܄ޑᡏ ൩όܴᡉǴѸࡑᔮวำࡋᝩុගଯǴӚޑձৡ౦෧Ͽ܄ࡕǴ ձਏ݀ჹ܄ࡕԿ E3 ௲ػ໘ࢤϐࡕǴۯǵζᔅշৎीਔ໔ጕഌុت໘ቫ ਏ݀ωᝩុफ़եǶޑள E3 ௲ػ໘ࢤڗ
107 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! БݤزѤǵၗᆶࣴ Ȑȑၗᆶኬҁ
ҁፕЎፕᔮวჹܭ܄ձ໔ৡ౦ϐቹៜǴࡺ௦ҔՉࡹଣЬीೀ 2005 ԃϤДϦթϐ୯҇܌ளीᄔाȐStatistical Abstract of National ѳ֡ޑIncome in Taiwan Area, Republic of Chinaȑύ҇୯ѤΜ~ΖΜԃ Γ୯҇ғౢЛᚐȐPer Capital GNPȑբࣁᔮวำࡋϐङඳၗǴ٠ ԾฅჹڗኧॶևԔጕࠠᄊǴӢԜܭሽϒаፓኧǶҗނа 2001 ԃ ଣவز௦ύѧࣴزኧॶǶӧኬҁБय़ǴҁࣴޑጕϲޔԃډኧǴள ᡂᎂፓǴ٠ஒ 1990~2001 ԃϐӚයၗޗՉϐѠ܌ԃଆ 1984 բӄय़ӝǶ3
ளϐ௲ػำࡋϷৎङڗձǵрғԃԛǵ܄хࡴঁΓϩ୷ҁሡ ۊඳၗǴԶৎङඳၗ߾ахࡴৎߏ௲ػำࡋǵᙍǵᝤೣǵл Ӛයၗϐೖୢϣीόᅰ࣬ܭၨ٫Ƕҗޣࢂցࣁᐱηϣ܈ኧۂ ኬҁኧҭόӕǶ२ӃǴӵ݀ԖޑΠǴᕇளᡂሡޑӕǴӢԜǴόӕ Ǵޣձǵрғԃԛǵ௲ػำࡋǵৎߏ௲ػำࡋǵৎߏᝤೣᡂ܄ޣೖڙ ΜΖȑྃਔৎߏᙍȐᙍ܈ΜϖȐޣೖڙёளኬҁኧ 42,805 Γǹऩቚу ᡂǴளޑȨࢂցࣁᐱηȩޣೖڙՏȑǴளኬҁኧ 33,289 Γǹऩӆቚу ኧǴۂۊኬҁኧ 24,453 ΓǹനࡕǴऩஒȨࢂցࣁᐱηȩᡂׯࣁл ёளኬҁኧ 13,403 ΓǶ
܌ӝၗࡕǴаՉࡹଣЬीೀϦթϐ୯҇ၸॊѤᅿᡂሡ ளଯύ௲ػϩǴஒኬҁ٩ڗԃ҇୯ѤΜԃࣁଆᗺǴӧϩۈளၗଆ рғԃԛϩࣁ҇୯ΒΜΟ~ΒΜΎԃԛǵ҇୯ΒΜΖ~ΟΜΒԃԛǵ…… ளε௲ػϩǴڗ҇୯ϤΜΟ~ϤΜΎԃԛǴӅΐঁрғဂಔǹӧϩ ஒኬҁ٩рғԃԛϩࣁ҇୯ΒΜ~ΒΜѤԃԛǵ҇୯ΒΜϖ~ΒΜΐԃ Ӛрғဂಔڗԛǵ……҇୯ϤΜ~ϤΜѤԃԛǴҭԖΐঁрғဂಔǶ٠ ኬҁǶޑж߄҇୯ѤΜ~ΖΜԃࡋډрғԃϐύኧբࣁж߄ԃኧǴள ȐΒȑϩБݤ
ࠠᄊևǴӢޑࢂаȨࢂʏցȩ่݀ځளǴڗࢌ໘ࢤ௲ػܭᜢ ձৡ౦ำࡋǴӵԄȐ1ȑǺ܄௦ΒϡᡄᒠᘜϩीزԜǴҁࣴ ڗѳǹԶܭৡ౦Ǵεऊࢂӧ҇୯ΎΜԃѰѓᖿޑளଯύ໘ࢤ௲ػڗζӧت 3 ڗزѳǴӢԜǴҁࣴܭձৡ౦Ǵεऊӧ҇୯ΖΜԃᖿ܄ޑளε໘ࢤ௲ػ ǶىᡂᎂፓၗՉϩςޗᆵޑ1990ɴ2001 ԃ໔
108 !ѳၸำᡍߐᘖଷᇥޑձ໔௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦܄а ! C P S рғ×܄ت×ɠd×рғಔɠe܄ت×lnD i T a ɠb×ङඳᡂɠc E1 P U i ύǴa ࣁதኧǹb ࣁङඳᡂ߯ኧǹc ࣁኬҁࢂځ(ಔ(1 ձᆶрғဂಔҬϕϐ܄߯ኧǹd ࣁрғဂಔᡂ߯ኧǹe ࣁޑਔ܄ت ߯ኧǴԶӚрғဂಔޑ܄ձਏ݀Ȑаζ܄ࣁୖྣȑջܭ܄ձᡂ߯ኧ ཀကࣁǺࢌрғဂಔӧځձᆶрғဂಔҬϕ߯ኧȐeȑǴ܄Ȑcȑу യᆉКԾฅჹኧǴҭջࢂޑӭр܄ζܭ࣬ჹ܄تளǴڗޑࢌ௲ػ໘ࢤ ȐӵǺزࣴޑձਏ݀ǶӧၠԃКၨਔǴӵङඳਏ݀܄ޑᡄᒠᘜϩύ Raftery and Hout 1993ǹഋ܃Ⴀ 2001ȑǴԜኧॶёаޔௗՉၠԃКၨǴ Ƕޑձృਏ݀ᒿԃᡂϯ܄ډԶள ่݀زϖǵࣴ ձৡ౦ᄽᡂ܄ளଯύᆶε௲ػϐڗȐȑ
ᡂᎂ୷ҁፓǴኳޗѤಔѠޑԶӝрॊ٩όӕᡂሡ ኧᡂۂۊࠠෳ၂Ǵӧ෧ϿኬҁኧϐΠቚуРᒃᙍ୍ǵࢂցᐱηǵл Ǵ٠όૈቚуှញΚǴӢԜᡂхࡴৎߏ௲ػำࡋࣁ୯λǵ୯ύǵଯ дϿኧځԄᏢਠ௲ػȐჹྣಔȑǵѦ࣪ᝤǵ҅ڙύȐᙍȑǵεаϷ҂ ளଯύȐࡰڗဂǵҁ࣪ᝤȐჹྣಔȑǴаԜी҇୯ѤΜ~ΖΜԃ໔Ǵ Μϖ~ΜΖྃϐ௲ػǴх֖ଯύǵଯᙍᆶϖΟԃȑᆶεȐࡰ ձৡ౦Ǵᛤԋკ 7܄໘ࢤ௲ػϐٿϖࡕΒԃǵΒǵΟᆶεᏢȑ ߕ߄ 1ȑǶـϐᄽᡂᖿ༈ȐΒϡᡄᒠᘜϩኧॶ ˅ˁˈʳ ࠷Օറၸඒߛ
࠷խၸඒߛ ˄ˁˈʳ ࢤܑ
৫ڣ ฆ ˿̂˺˼̇ ˃ˁˈʳ
ˀ˃ˁˈʳ ˇ˃ ˇˈ ˈ˃ ˈˈ ˉ˃ ˉˈ ˊ˃ ˊˈ ˋ˃ ձৡ౦ᄽᡂკ܄ளϐڗ໘ࢤ௲ػٿ კ 7
Ǵ௲ػቫભຫଯǴζғقǴ൩௲ػቫԛৡ౦Զډـҗᄽᡂᖿ༈ёа ਔ໔ǴޑόճѨ܄ǴζقόճεठКၨᝄख़ǹ൩ਔ໔Զޑ ௲ػӦՏৡ౦Ǵၨޑǵζϐ໔تᇥܴΑ֡ޣٿε௲ػКଯύ௲ػఁǶ ձৡ౦ᒿਔ໔Զ܄ޑၨե໘ࢤǶᗨฅӚ໘ࢤ௲ػܭଯ໘ࢤ௲ػᡏଯ
109 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ৡ౦Ƕޑफ़եǴՠࠅԖ௲ػ໘ቫ
ձৡ౦܄໘ࢤ௲ػϐٿளଯύᆶεڗᖿ༈Бय़ǴޑԶӧৡ౦फ़ե ǵت௲ػόճᕇளׯ๓Ǵޑ܄Ӄࡕၲคৡ౦ǴᡉҢᔮว٬ζ֡ ޔၸำ٠ߚևൂፓޑৡ౦ᅌѨǴՠफ़եޑளଯύϷε௲ػڗζ ளଯύ໘ࢤ௲ػБय़Ǵ҇୯ѤΜ~ѤΜϖԃᆶ҇୯ϖΜڗΠफ़Ƕӧ܄ጕ ளε໘ࢤ௲ػБय़Ǵ҇୯ڗձৡ౦٠คܴᡉΠफ़ǹӧ܄ޑϖ~ϤΜԃ ѤΜϖ~ϖΜԃᆶ҇୯ϖΜϖ~ϤΜԃޑ܄ձৡ౦ҭคܴᡉΠफ़ǴᡉҢζ ໘ࢤǴԜຝޑׯ๓ǴӧᔮวၸำύǴዴමрଶᅉޑ௲ػόճ܄ ಄ӝߐᘖଷᇥϐႣයǶ
ձৡ౦֡ϯၸำϩ܄ȐΒȑ௲ػԋ൩
ձৡ౦܄ޑձ໔௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦ᄽᡂኳࠠǴ௲ػԋ൩܄ࡌҥϐ܌ӵ ᄽᡂᆶ௲ػᘉำࡋԖᜢǴӢԜǴޑӢᔮวԶᕇளׯ๓Ǵՠৡ౦ Ǵ٠ᆶޑ௲ػ໘ࢤٿளڗǵζӧتޑаკևόӕ໘ቫزҁࣴ ϐኳࠠ࣬ჹྣǴزၸำǴ٠ᆶҁࣴޑᔮวำࡋ٠ഋǴаϩৡ౦֡ϯ аှញ܄ձৡ౦Πफ़ၸำύวғଶᅉຝޑচӢǶ
ᕴృӧᏢޑ໘ࢤ௲ػٿკ 8 БѰǵѓკࢂ҇୯ѤΜ~ΖΜԃ໔Ǵ ృӧᏢεठᆶᔮวޑଯύ໘ࢤ௲ػډـᜢ߯Ǵёаޑᆶᔮว ృӧᏢӧಃᆶಃΒঁрғဂಔৡޑጕᜢ߯ǴԶε໘ࢤ௲ػޔև ᖿޑࣁ 7.33%ȑǴϐࡕ߾Ԗᆶᔮว٠ޣࣁ 6.32%ǹࡕޣόӭȐ ༈Ƕ
Ⴤϩ٩ᏵǴ٠ᙁൂϩࣁǵޑ௲ػำࡋբࣁ໘ቫޑќѦǴӵ݀аৎߏ ޣǹ୯ύаΠޣࣁቫङඳޣΠ໘ቫǴৎߏ௲ػำࡋࣁଯύȐᙍȑа Кޑள௲ػڗǵζتǴკ 8 ΠБѰǵѓკևǵΠ໘ቫޣࣁΠቫङඳ Ǵقߕ߄ 2 ᆶߕ߄ 3ȑǶᡏԶـᜢ߯Ȑ၁ಒኧॶޑᆶᔮวำࡋ ǵ܄ǵ໘ቫζ܄تளǴКҗଯԿե٩ׇࣁ໘ቫڗޑ໘ࢤ௲ػٿ߃ය ѳ܄ٿวǴΨև໘ቫޑǹԶӧᒿࡕ܄ǵΠ໘ቫζ܄تΠ໘ቫ ࣬಄ǴЪวᖿ༈ҭᆶკޣႣය܌زΠ໘ቫǶԜΒຝᆶҁࣴܭਔ໔Ӄ 5 ޑኳࠠ࣬՟Ƕ
௲ػᘉǴ٬ޑளଯύ໘ࢤ௲ػҽǴ҇୯ѤΜ~ѤΜϖԃ໔ڗӧ ձৡ܄КӕਔቚуǴჹᔈკ 7ǴԜਔයޑ௲ػڗǵζᕇتǵΠ໘ቫ ำࡋၨեǴڋᔮज़ޑ౦٠คᡉΠफ़Ƕӧᔮว߃යǴӢࣁ໘ቫ ৎޑόճ२Ӄᕇளׯ๓ǴՠΠ໘ቫޑ܄ᔮว٬ள໘ቫζ ӭǴ܄تКቚуளК໘ቫޑᕇள௲ػ܄а໘ቫζ܌ϝࡐεǴڋᔮज़
110 !ѳၸำᡍߐᘖଷᇥޑձ໔௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦܄а ! ձৡ౦٠҂܄ӭǴӢԜև܄ККΠ໘ቫζޑᕇள௲ػ܄تԶΠ໘ቫ Πफ़ޑຝǶ
ள௲ػᆶᔮวϐᜢ߯ڗζتკ 8 ҇୯ѤΜ~ΖΜԃǵΠ໘ቫ
௲ػᐒᝩុቚޑ҇୯ѤΜϖ~ϖΜϖԃ໔Ǵᗨฅଯύ໘ࢤޑᒿࡕ Ԗज़ǴӧᔮวΠǴޣቚуૈ܌Кޑள௲ػڗ܄تуǴՠӢࣁ໘ቫ ǵζΨӕਔቚуᕇளଯύتຝǴԶΠ໘ቫޑᝩុׯ๓όճ܄໘ቫζ ձৡ౦ӢԜளаΠफ़ǹ҇୯ϖΜϖ~ϤΜ܄ޑКǴԜਔයޑ໘ࢤ௲ػ Ǵӧ௲ػᘉکК֡ςၲႫޑǵζᕇளଯύ໘ࢤ௲ػتԃ໔Ǵ໘ቫ ձ܄КǴޑǵζӕਔቚуᕇளଯύ໘ࢤ௲ػتᆶᔮวΠǴΠ໘ቫ ᕇளڋᔮज़ޑৡ౦Πफ़൯ࡋӆࡋ෧ǹ҇୯ϤΜԃϐࡕǴΠ໘ቫ КΏᖿ߈ޑଯύ໘ࢤ௲ػڙ܄ࣁЬǴΠ໘ቫζ܄ׯ๓Ǵ٠аΠ໘ቫζ ձৡ౦ၱᅌΠफ़ǵѨǶ܄Ǵ܄تΠ໘ቫܭ
ε௲ػᐒࡐϿǴޑளε௲ػБय़Ǵ҇୯ѤΜ~ѤΜϖԃ໔ڗӧ კ 2ȑـኳࠠȐҭޑȐ1992ȑדഋϐኾ܌ ٠Ъ҂ε൯ቚуǴ٩Ᏽკ 1 ǶԶӧ௲ػޣЬाࣁ໘ቫङඳޣளڗਔයǴޑǴӧ௲ػᐒࡐեޕё ȑϐΠǴᔮว२Ӄׯ๓Α໘ቫڋज़ޑளၗڗࢂ܈ᐒ҂ቚуȐ ձৡ౦ᡉΠफ़Ǵ٠Ъ܄КǴჹᔈკ 6ǴԜਔයޑᕇளε௲ػ܄ζ ԋǶ҇୯ѤΜϖ~ϖΜԃ໔Ǵε௲ػᐒቚуǴֹ܌܄ࢂҗ໘ቫζ ձৡ౦ӢԜ҂ૈᝩុ܄КǴޑǵζӕਔቚуᕇளε௲ػت٬໘ቫ ҇୯ϖΜ~ϖΜϖԃ໔Ǵε௲ػᐒᝩុቚуǴՠᕴృޑΠफ़Ƕᒿࡕ ಄ӝၗԶૈ܄تӧᏢϝόଯȐҗ 10.47%ϲԿ 18.46%ȑǴՠ໘ቫ
111 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ߾ӢᔮวԶ܄Ԗज़ǴԶ໘ቫζޣቚуૈ܌КǴޑᕇளε௲ػ ձৡ౦ߡևΠफ़Ƕ҇୯ϖΜϖ~ϤΜԃ໔Ǵ܄ᝩុׯ๓όճำࡋǴ ǵتΠ໘ቫޑளၗڗК֡όӆቚуǴԶ಄ӝޑε௲ػڙǵζت໘ቫ Ƕۓձৡ౦Ώᆢ܄КǴޑε௲ػڙζǴӢᔮวԶӕਔቚу ᝩុᅌᕇளׯ๓ΠǴǵΠ໘ቫζڋ҇୯ϤΜԃϐࡕǴӧৎᔮज़ ձৡ౦Ψᅌ܄Ǵ܄تၳЪᅌຬຫޔКޑளε໘ࢤ௲ػڗޑ܄ ѨǶ
БԄևǶޑฅǴॊϩᆶКၨǴࢂࣁ٬ᄽᡂၸำаၨࣁᙁܰ ৎߏ௲ػङඳ๊όૈֹӄж߄ᔮၗྍำࡋǴᔮ໘ቫҭߚȨȩᆶȨΠȩ ޑำࡋىаৎߏ௲ػᆶৎၗྍк܌ϩѲǴރΒϡϩǴԶࢂևᅌቫޑ ၨӭǹৎߏ௲ޣǴϩѲӧᔮᅌቫၨᆄޣᜢ߯Ǵࢂৎߏ௲ػำࡋၨଯ ၨӭǶᏢғԋᕮҭฅǴଯեԋޣǴϩѲӧᔮᅌቫၨΠᆄޣػำࡋၨե ၨӭǹϩޣϩѲӧ໘ቫᅌቫၨᆄޣϩѲӧӚ໘ቫǴѝࢂϩኧၨ٫ޣᕮ ჹຝǴΨޑׯ๓ૈ܌ၨӭǶᔮวޣϩѲӧ໘ቫᅌቫၨΠᆄޣኧၨե ࢂӕਔჹӚ໘ቫଆբҔǴѝࢂόӕำࡋޑᔮวǴჹܭόӕ໘ቫޣԖ ᔮܭᘉǴՏޑаǴᔮว߃යଛӝ௲ػ܌ׯ๓ำࡋǶޑόӕ ԛࢂᔮᅌቫၨύ໔Տځׯ๓ǴޑΓᕇளҥջޑᅌቫᆶϩኧᅌቫၨᆄ ǶԶᔮុวǵ௲ػុޣǴനࡕࢂՏۚ໘ቫᅌቫၨեՏޣ ձ܄௲ػᘉᆶޑჹຝ൩ᅌӛΠ౽ǴଛӝόӕำࡋޑᘉǴׯ๓ ຝǴԶޑᐒޑ௲ػڙǵζتޑৡ౦Ǵߡрόӕਔයׯ๓όӕ ᖿ༈Ƕޑձৡ౦ׯ๓ᐕำӭݢࢤ܄ౢғ
ձৡ౦ཀӢ܄ำࡋǴ٬ளڋᔮज़ޑᔮวׯ๓ΑӚ໘ቫܭҗ ձৡ܄ޑளଯύᆶε௲ػڗ໔ѨǴவаޜޑԶளаբҔڋၗྍज़ ςᕇزձৡ౦ಖ܄ளଯύ໘ࢤᆶε௲ػБय़ǴڗǴӧޕ౦ᄽ่݀ё ձৡ܄ਔයǴӢԶ٬ޑζӕਔቚу൩ᏢКت໔ΨӢࣁමԖځࡎѳǶՠ යຼڮᛤᇙϐғ܌ܭวԶᅌΠफ़Ƕჹᔈޑ౦ӧҽਔࢤ҂ᒿᔮ ᔅշৎीਔ໔ጕǴςӧޑζتȐკ 6ȑǴӚ໘ቫڋಃ໘ࢤҺ୍ϐज़ շৎीҺ୍ڐ҇୯Ύ̋ԃжύය౽Կଯύ௲ػᆶε௲ػ໘ࢤϐࡕǴӢ ǶՠࢂӧၸำύǴ״ձৡ౦Ǵ൩Ԝ่܄௲ػԋ൩ޑౢғ܌ำࡋৡ౦ڋज़ޑ ձ໔௲ػԋ܄ǴԋޑշৎीҺ୍ਔ໔ڐࡕۯǵζӕਔتрܭҗ ޑOgenaȐ2000ȑჹࡓᇯ ܭຝǶԿޑ൩ৡ౦ᄽၸำวғߐᘖׯᡂ ځձৡ౦ᄽኳࠠᆶϩ่݀ෳǴ܄ޑࡌҥ܌زǴ٩Ᏽҁ่ࣴ݀زࣴ ຝǴҭᔈᆶᔮวӕਔׯ๓ޑձৡ౦ׯ๓ᐕำрߐᘖׯᡂ܄ࡰ܌ ᐒԖᜢǶޑζᕇள௲ػتၨե໘ቫ
112 !ѳၸำᡍߐᘖଷᇥޑձ໔௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦܄а ! Ϥǵ่ፕ
ҁЎа࣬ᜢፕᆶԖЎࣁ୷ᘵǴࡌҥΑཥޑ܄ձৡ౦ᄽᡂኳࠠǴ ໒วύ୯ܭ٠ჹ୯ϣӭεࠠፓၗᆶीኧᏵՉϩǴමឦ ޑ܄تܭ௲ػԋ൩࣬ჹ܄ᔮԋߏၸำύǴζޑѠǴӧၻъШइޑৎ ձ܄ᄊკႽև௲ػԋ൩܄ǵᐕਔޑόճำࡋϐᄽᡂǹ٠аֻᢀ ჴޑᡏڀ׳ٮᆶፕගزᜢ߯Ǵයૈࣁ࣬ᜢࣴޑৡ౦ᆶᔮว ᏵǶ
ᜢܭޗᄽၸำύǴიᡏϐ໔ৡ౦ޑѳϯၸำǴޔࢂޗᏢ Ǵزวϐࣴޑ໒วύ୯ৎӧ೭Бय़ܭᚒǶ߈ԃٰǴჹޑࣚᜢЈ ޑޗഌុගр٠ᡍǶԜଷᇥϐЬࣁǴᒿۺཷޑȨߐᘖଷᇥȩ วǴӚიᡏ໔ӧࢌय़ӛޑৡ౦Ǵ߃ਔрΠफ़Ǵՠӧᒿࡕрৡ ࢂևܭ൯ࡋଶᅉǴӧᝩុቚуΕϐࡕǴৡຯωᝩុᕭλǴޑ౦ᕭλ рიᡏ໔ৡ౦ᕭλޑᄽᡂᖿ༈ᆶޗวϐ໔ࣁߚޔጕ܄ᜢ߯Ƕҗܭ໒ Ӛ໘ቫϐϩѲৡ౦ࣗεǴᔮว߃යрόѳޗޑวύ୯ৎ ຝǴЬाࢂᡉӧၨௗ߈ቫՏǵၨܰᕇளගޑำࡋε൯ׯ๓ ၸޑǴӧᔮวޣΠቫ໘ቫޑቶε׳ӭǵ׳ܭჹຝǴฅԶǴჹޑܹ όճำࡋϼᝄख़Ƕޑำύ٠όᒿϐᕇளׯ๓ǴӢࣁдॺ
ޑձϐ໔܄ᔮวᆶ௲ػᘉำࡋΠǴޑ٩ҁЎϐଷǴӧόӕ ำࡋόڋᔮज़ޑǴय़ჹޣ௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦ׯᡂό࣬ӕǹόӕ໘ቫ ޣձ໔௲ػԋ൩֡ϯၸำևᏢ܄ਔ໔࣬౦Ǵޑձৡ౦܄ӕǴׯ๓ ୯ǴךޑዴᡉҢǴᏯࡕޑϩ่݀Ψޑᖿ༈Ƕჴሞޑߐᘖׯᡂޑࡰр܌ Ⴃය࣬಄ǴޑၸำБय़Ǵᆶߐᘖଷᇥჹ໒วύ୯ৎޑ௲ػӦՏගܹ܄ӧζ ໔ځৡ౦Ǵ٠҂ֹӄᒿᔮวԶफ़եǴޑளଯύᆶε௲ػڗӧ܄ٿ рޑᒨᅉຝǴ಄ӝߐᘖଷᇥ܌மፓޑᄽᡂೕࡓǶ
ޗȨޑឍញ܌ፕس Luhmann ډԋߐᘖׯᡂࠠᄊϐচӢǴჹᔈ ᄽޗᕉნȩϐޑᕉნჹຝࣁᆶϐԖᜢޑǴϕسӚԛޑύس ᡏᔮᅌԋߏޗॺёႣයǴӧךኳԄȐProvost,1985; 1989ȑǴ ձ໔௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦܄ำࡋόӕǴׯ๓ڋᔮज़ޑय़ჹ܌Ӛ໘ቫܭਔǴҗ ࠠᄊǶޑጕޔձ໔௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦ׯ๓ᐕำևߚ܄ਔ໔൩ό࣬ӕǴԋޑ ၨեϐ໘ቫǴӢܭϝၹڋӕኬӦǴӧѠวᐕำϐ߃Ǵᔮၗྍϐज़ ୯ӧᔮวᆶ௲ػךǶޑձ֡ϯǴόࢂӕਔૈၲԋ܄ޑԶόӕ໘ቫ ගଯࢂ٩໘ቫԶόӕǴԶ೭ᅿׇޑ௲ػԋ൩܄ᐕำύǴζޑᘉ٠Չ ǵ܄ᆶϩ໘ቫζ܄ت༈ǺӃࢂ໘ቫوޑጕޔΨԋΑᄽᡂၸำύߚ Ǵനࡕࢂ܄ᆶϩΠ໘ቫζ܄تǵΠ໘ቫ܄تᆶϩΠ໘ቫ܄໘ቫζ
113 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! Π໘ቫङඳޑζ܄Ƕ
ᄽύიᡏϐ໔ޗа܈زЬਔǴࣴޑӧᡍфૈፕᆶፂँፕ ਔ໔ᗺКၨǴঁٿ٩ᏵǶՠࢂǴӵ݀аࢌޑόѳׯ๓բࣁፕޑ ٩ᏵǴᕴᡣΓளϿΑᗺᇥܺΚǴޑፂँፕ܈ௗբࣁፕᘐфૈፕޔԶ ᄽࠠᄊǴ܄ጕޔߚޑϐ໔ᕴԖݾǶߐᘖଷᇥΠزࣴޑ٠Ъόӕ ևᆶϩǴޑᡉฅևΑќᅿࡘԵБԄǶҗߏਔයᖿ༈ᄽᡂ ຝǶޑፂँፕኳԄૈֹӄှញ܈Αόࢂфૈፕـॺ࣮ך
ޑ໘ቫϐ໔ޗܭࠠᄊόӕޑձ໔௲ػᝡݾ܄ܭࢂǴҗޑॶளග և܌ڋЬा߄ӧӢࣁᔮज़ޣ௲ػᝡݾࠠᄊȐഋࡌԀǴ2006ȑǴ ໘ቫϐ໔ޗ࠸᠐ਜȑǹԶتளଆٮӵǴጁΓৎѝૈٯᐒৡ౦Ȑޑ ζتளǴ܌ठǶᒿᔮวׯ๓ৎЊ܌௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦߾ࢂԋᕮৡ౦ޑ ௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦Ǵࠅޑ໘ቫϐ໔ޗ௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦ΏᅌѨǴՠࢂǴޑ Ꮲਠ௲ػӧ߈ښᔮวԶᅌफ़եǴԜཀ܈ᄽޑԖᒿਔ໔ؒ ޗ໘ቫ໔Ӣၗྍৡ౦ȐЎϯၗྍǵޗၗҁǵނၗҁȑ܌Ꮴठޑ ԋᕮৡ౦ǴۘុոΚǶ
ౣ٠ό࣬ޑڗ௦܌дᏢߐӧᡍߐᘖፕਔځࢂǴޑձाᇥܴ Кၨό܈ᏢǵᙴᏢǹނӵǺٯीрȨሚॶȩǵȨߐᘖਏ݀ȩǴ܈ӕǴ ӵǺᔮᏢǵЈᏢǵ௲ػᏢٯ٩ᡂৡ౦Ǵ܈ӕਔයԾᡂਏ݀ৡ౦ ȐӵǺYonelinas, Dobbins, Szymanski, Dhaliwal, and King, 1996; Nieh and Lu, 2004ȑǹ܈ᢀჸǵϩǵКၨीኧᏵȐӵǺPal, 2004ȑǴόፕࢂ ፦Ƕ܄ጕޔԖߚڀᡍǵᔠຎวᖿ༈ࢂցܭаՖᅿБԄևǴख़ᗺӧ ձৡ౦ኧॶǴඔᛤрᡏᖿ༈Ǵբࣁᡍߐᘖ܄ीϐ܌аᐕԃزҁࣴ চ߾Ƕޑۺ٩ᏵǴ಄ӝᡍԜཷޑ܄ଷᇥϐҔ
ЪόԋዕǴـ٠όӭޑЬᆶၮҔ܌ᏢࣚޗߐᘖଷᇥϞ ഋϐჴ่݀ᆶ࣬ᜢှញǴ܌زࣴޑՠ OgenaȐ2000ȑǵPalȐ2003ȑΓ วᐕำϐᐱޗޑѠډॺݙཀךБԄǴ٬ޑዴჴᘉΑΓॺࡘԵ ໘ቫ่ᄬǵᔮచҹǴόޑǶѠӧၸѐٗࢤȨ໒วύ୯ৎȩਔය܄ زѸाǶҁࣴޑၮҔǴԾฅΨԖᔠຎޑՋБς໒ว୯ৎǴӧፕܭӕ ޑز໘ભৡ౦ᄽᡂኳࠠϐࡕǴԋΑҁࣴޗޑȐ1992ȑדӧ่ӝኾ ޑձ໔௲ػԋ൩֡ϯᐕำᒿᔮวԶёૈౢғ܄ϩኳࠠǴ٠ኳᔕ ፕǵޑႣයǴ࣬ߞჹ࣬ᜢᚒޑᡏӦᡍΑߐᘖଷᇥڀ׳ᄽࠠᄊǴ ԵሽॶǶୖޑۓಕᑈǴૈԖޑԋ݀زϩБݤᆶჴࣴ
114 !ѳၸำᡍߐᘖଷᇥޑձ໔௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦܄а ! ୖԵЎ
Ǵᆛ֟ǺزѠчѱࡹ۬Ȑ2000ȑǶѠчѱߙϿԃԛЎϯϐࣴ http://www.culture.gov.tw/pdf/89-04.pdfǶ
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Ͽኧ---аѠࠄѱ୯ύζޑӭኧǵΚޑձ܄ඁૠǵঞЎችȐ2004ȑǶ ᜪǴ49Ȑ1ȑǺޗǴৣৣεᏢൔǺΓЎᆶٯᙍᒧᆶਕᎂࣁޑ௲ৣ 29-52Ƕ
ϺએȐ2000ȑǶѠ௲ػྍǴѠчǺ୯ҥ௲ػၗᓔǶ݅
ձၗྍଛ܄࣓ǵ३ዅȐ1999ȑǶѠመǵ࠼ǵѦ࣪ဂৎύϐ݅ ǴΓΓЎϷޗࣽᏢтǴ11Ȑ4ȑǺ475-528Ƕ
Ꮲ܄ٿᜢਔ໔Ǵζᆶױ---πբᆶৎޑΓتک୯Ȑ1993ȑǶζΓے৪ тǴ4Ǻ175-206Ƕ
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КǴᆛ֟Ǻ܄௲ػीೀȐ2005ȑǶ௲ػीࡰʏӚભᏢਠᏢғζ http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/STATISTICS/EDU722000 1/user1/index03.htm?openǶ
ϐᡂᎂǴ܄ᙍϩࢬᆶ௲ػᐒό֡מႠȐ2001ȑǶѠӦଯύʏ܃ഋ тǴ47Ǻ253-282Ƕز௲ػࣴ
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тǴ52Ȑ4ȑǺز௲ػᝡݾࠠᄊϩǴ௲௲ػࣴޑձ໔܄ഋࡌԀȐ2006ȑǶ 71-105Ƕ
Ȑ1998ȑǶဂϷৎङඳჹᏢԋᕮቹៜϐኳԄ---চǵᅇᏢูדഋࡌ Ǵ21ȐȑǺ85-106ǶزբКၨǴ௲௲ػᆶЈࣴ
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115 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! Ǵύύ୯ٯளϐᜢ߯Ǻа௲ػᘉкࣁڗȐ1992ȑǶ่ᄬᡂᎂᆶӦՏדኾ ޗᏢтǴ16Ǻ89-105Ƕ
ᏢǴޗቹៜǴѠѠޑᘉჹ௲ػᐒϩଛޑጰలႍȐ2004ȑǶଯ௲ػ 7Ǻ47-88Ƕ
ձৡ౦ǴᔮፕЎᘀтǴ29Ȑ2ȑǺ܄࣪ᝤᆶޑᓛܴቼȐ2001ȑǶ௲ػԋ൩ 117-152Ƕ
ձৡ౦ᆶ୯ሞ೯ஆǴᔮፕЎᘀтǴ34܄ޑᓛܴቼȐ2006ȑǶ௲ػԋ൩ Ȑ1ȑǺ79-115Ƕ
ہǶ୯୯ৎࣽᏢٯчѱ୯ύࣁ܌ձᆶ௲ػᐒ—аΒ܄ᖴλ᭷Ȑ1992ȑǶ ࣽᏢǴ2Ȑ2ȑǺ179-201ǶޗтǺΓЎϷ༼زࣴ
ᏢтǴ9Ǻ205-231Ƕ܄ٿձᆶ௲ػයఈǴζᆶ܄ᖴλ᭷Ȑ1998ȑǶ Becker, G. S. (1975) Human capital, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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118 !ѳၸำᡍߐᘖଷᇥޑձ໔௲ػԋ൩ৡ౦܄а ! ளϐᡄᒠᘜϩ่݀ڗߕ߄ 1 ௲ػ
ளଯ௲ػȐN=39548ȑڗ ளଯύ௲ػȐN=39072ȑڗ ٩ᡂ Ծᡂ Bྗᇤ B ྗᇤ தኧ 0.750*** 0.130 -1.924*** 0.070 ङඳᡂ Рᒃ௲ػࣁ୯λ 1.270*** 0.029 1.196*** 0.043 Рᒃ௲ػࣁ୯ύ 2.340*** 0.051 1.809*** 0.052 Рᒃ௲ػࣁଯύȐᙍȑ 2.983*** 0.067 2.556*** 0.054 Рᒃ௲ػࣁεа 3.636*** 0.097 3.233*** 0.061 ------Ԅ௲ػ҅ڙРᒃ҂ Ѧ࣪ᝤ 1.016*** 0.053 0.486*** 0.040 Ͽኧဂ -1.227*** 0.098 -1.125*** 0.145 ҁ࣪ᝤ ------рғဂಔ ҇୯ 23~27 ԃрғޣ -4.542*** 0.181 ҇୯ 28~32 ԃрғޣ -4.021*** 0.159 ҇୯ 33~37 ԃрғޣ -3.254*** 0.148 ҇୯ 38~42 ԃрғޣ -2.668*** 0.136 ҇୯ 43~47 ԃрғޣ -2.117*** 0.134 ҇୯ 48~52 ԃрғޣ -1.730*** 0.134 ҇୯ 53~57 ԃрғޣ -1.082*** 0.136 ҇୯ 58~62 ԃрғޣ -0.344 0.146 ҇୯ 63~67 ԃрғޣ ------҇୯ 20~24 ԃрғޣ -3.272*** 0.265 ҇୯ 25~29 ԃрғޣ -2.388*** 0.161 ҇୯ 30~34 ԃрғޣ -2.134*** 0.143 ҇୯ 35~39 ԃрғޣ -1.282*** 0.095 ҇୯ 40~44 ԃрғޣ -1.186*** 0.080 ҇୯ 45~49 ԃрғޣ -1.004*** 0.075 ҇୯ 50~54 ԃрғޣ -0.721*** 0.074 ҇୯ 55~59 ԃрғޣ -0.437*** 0.074 ҇୯ 60~64 ԃрғޣ ------܄ձȐаζ܄ࣁୖྣȑ -0.483** 0.173 -0.230** 0.087 рғဂಔᆶ܄ձҬϕբҔ ҇୯ 23~27 ԃрғޣ×܄ձ 1.984*** 0.229 ҇୯ 28~32 ԃрғޣ×܄ձ 1.965*** 0.207 ҇୯ 33~37 ԃрғޣ×܄ձ 1.508*** 0.196 ҇୯ 38~42 ԃрғޣ×܄ձ 1.254*** 0.184 ҇୯ 43~47 ԃрғޣ×܄ձ 1.196*** 0.181 ҇୯ 48~52 ԃрғޣ×܄ձ 0.969*** 0.182 ҇୯ 53~57 ԃрғޣ×܄ձ 0.506** 0.186 ҇୯ 58~62 ԃрғޣ×܄ձ 0.251 0.200 ҇୯ 63~67 ԃрғޣ×܄ձ ------҇୯ 20~24 ԃрғޣ×܄ձ 2.322*** 0.291 ҇୯ 25~29 ԃрғޣ×܄ձ 1.526*** 0.196 ҇୯ 30~34 ԃрғޣ×܄ձ 1.601*** 0.175 ҇୯ 35~39 ԃрғޣ×܄ձ 1.080*** 0.128 ҇୯ 40~44 ԃрғޣ×܄ձ 1.148*** 0.111 ҇୯ 45~49 ԃрғޣ×܄ձ 0.927*** 0.107 ҇୯ 50~54 ԃрғޣ×܄ձ 0.661*** 0.106 ҇୯ 55~59 ԃрғޣ×܄ձ 0.448*** 0.108 ҇୯ 60~64 ԃрғޣ×܄ձ ------2 Log Likelihood 37166.169 34021.113
119 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ளଯύ௲ػڗǵζتߕ߄ 2 ҇୯ 40~80 ԃᔮวำࡋᆶǵΠ໘ቫ К
ԃ рғ ᔮวำࡋ ᕴృӧᏢ ໘ቫ ໘ቫ Π໘ቫ Π໘ቫ ܄ζ ܄ت ܄ζ ܄ت ࡋ ԃԛ GNP LNGNP ӄᡏ ໘ቫ Π໘ቫ 40 23-27 190,863 12.159 13.23 57.45 10.58 70.59 45.21 16.93 4.11 45 28-32 292,019 12.585 19.69 67.38 16.51 76.09 58.95 25.30 7.60 50 33-37 408,982 12.921 31.24 84.71 24.80 89.50 79.25 33.18 15.21 55 38-42 655,504 13.393 41.98 89.84 35.28 92.51 86.87 43.15 27.35 60 43-47 1,085,407 13.897 54.46 90.62 49.02 93.22 88.28 57.48 40.94 65 48-52 1,666,421 14.326 62.62 94.58 56.77 95.05 94.11 63.06 51.20 70 53-57 2,573,553 14.761 74.85 95.84 69.71 95.43 96.22 70.25 69.19 75 58-62 3,867,088 15.168 86.05 96.40 82.47 95.25 97.54 81.09 83.63 80 63-67 5,764,210 15.567 89.88 97.85 86.27 98.24 97.54 83.24 88.96 ԾฅჹኧǴԃࡋᆶрғԃԛࣁ҇୯ԃǶڗ ຏǺLNGNP ࣁ GNP
ளε௲ػڗǵζتߕ߄ 3 ҇୯ 40~80 ԃᔮวำࡋᆶǵΠ໘ቫ К
ԃ рғ ᔮวำࡋ ᕴృӧᏢ ໘ቫ ໘ቫ Π໘ቫ Π໘ቫ ܄ζ ܄ت ܄ζ ܄ت ࡋ ԃԛ GNP LNGNP ӄᡏ ໘ቫ Π໘ቫ 40 20-24 190,863 12.159 6.32 33.07 4.70 52.86 8.77 7.89 1.11 45 25-29 292,019 12.585 7.33 41.18 5.13 60.00 24.44 7.86 2.27 50 30-34 408,982 12.921 10.47 52.09 7.12 67.80 32.99 11.16 2.85 55 35-39 655,504 13.393 18.46 61.40 12.65 68.83 53.75 17.52 7.36 60 40-44 1,085,407 13.897 21.37 60.40 15.87 69.16 50.40 21.81 10.09 65 45-49 1,666,421 14.326 23.63 61.08 17.69 68.42 54.46 23.13 12.60 70 50-54 2,573,553 14.761 28.07 65.67 20.67 67.12 64.26 25.01 16.76 75 55-59 3,867,088 15.168 35.51 64.27 26.97 64.96 63.61 30.01 24.22 80 60-64 5,764,210 15.567 42.66 63.81 34.60 60.92 66.49 32.06 36.71 ԾฅჹኧǴԃࡋᆶрғԃԛࣁ҇୯ԃǶڗ ຏǺLNGNP ࣁ GNP
120 !ϐ᠙ნ൨܌ۺǺᒿᢀЈزӧ௶ᇥ္ ! ϐ᠙ნ൨܌ۺǺᒿᢀЈزӧ௶ᇥ္
ഏᑳᛁ1
ᄔ ा ޑӣ៝аࣽᏢғيπբ္ዎѤΜᎩԃǶϸޗӧޣҁЎբ ௲ৣᐕޑՉӕᏢڐޣπբޗᆶډǵ௲ৣǵޣϩ௴ำǵԋࣁჴ୍πբي ᆶ௲࠻္ᢀჸഉޗӧکᏢಞǵ௲Ꮲϩ٦ǵךำǴฅࡕ೭٤ԃӧԾ ௶Ўӷϯࣁ೭ጇፕځၸำᡍǴஒزᇥՉ௶ޑՔಡ᠋ӣ㎸ϩ٦ ΏࢂᘜزЎകǶЎകᗺр௶ᇥՉࣴޑғౢၡ৩ᆶБݤޕբࣁزᇥ ғౢϐ୷ҁޕᆶޕ࣮ࡑځǴЪزጄϐࣴڂزᜪࣁࡕжϐୖᆶԄࣴ ՉޕֺܴᏢЦӺϘેϐکሽॶǵҥǵᄊࡋᆶБݤᆶহᏂৎ ᇟܭӝǴჹޑғౢޕکख़ຎჴ፬ୖᆶ֡ޣٿӝᏢᇥ࣬ࠨӝǶ ᄊࡋᆶჴڮғޑғᐒࢲዃϸ࣪ǴΨଓޕԖڋЎӷϐфҔᆶज़ق Կ๓ࢂܭᏢୢǶԜѦǴεᏢϐၰǴӧܴܴቺǴӧᒃ҇ǵӧЗڮғޑჴ፬ ሸৎǵݯ୯ѳيǵ၈ཀ҅ЈǵঅޕठނᏂৎଓ൨ϐচ߾ǴԶ ՋܭځࣁεᏢϐᆜҞǴޣำǴԜΒޑჴ፬ڮᏢୢᆶғޑϺΠΏࢂᏂৎ ۶ԜԖ࣬ϕቚ௴วϐфਏǶزጄϐ௶ᇥՉࣴڂБࡕж
ՉӝǵᇡፕǵБݤፕǵჴ፬ǶޕǵزǵՉࣴزᜢᗖӷǺ௶ᇥࣴ
ୋ௲سϿԃᅽճᏢูٽπբᆶޗεᏢەࣁᓉޣբ 1
121 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! Abstract Recalling his career in social work since 1974 as a freshman, in this article he discusses why he advocates narrative action research and how narrative action research can be a way of producing knowledge which upgrades a practitioner into a higher state of " knowledge and praxis in harmony". He explains in this writing how the traditional way of becoming a Confucianist and the ways of learning and doing narrative action research can go along with each other.
Keyword: narrative researchǵaction researchǵ knowledge and praxis in harmonyǵepistemologyǵmethodologyǵpraxisǶ
ޑπբᏢಔಃۛޗسᏢޗԋࣁѠύܿੇεᏢךՋϡ 1974 ԃ ಔسπբޗޑ္ڋᏢғǴΕᏢਔӄΒΜϖΓǶӢࣁࢂಃঁεᏢᏢ ޗޑаӦளѠԋࣁжϯ୯ৎѸाࡌҥ܌ವܴךಃۛᏢғǴޑ ᙗޑӢࣁЎϯޣ܈ೢҺǶޑΓόёᗉץॺ೭ךࢂڋπբᡏ ഏǴӵፕᇟᏢԶጇϾη܌ᇥǴޕᏢಞϐࡕӵ݀தԖᐒჴሞᄽግჴ ाϣޕᏢୢךນޔޑનᐆךӢࣁޣ܈٣ǹޑזಞǴࢂҹࡐ ӧܿךჴ፬ՉǴωૈᆉࢂֹᏢಞǶޑϯᙗഏΓฅࡕᙯϯࣁғࢲ္ ੇεᏢޗπբᏢಔ௲࠻္ޑ᠋ᆪǵࡘᒣᗨฅࡐख़ाǴՠࢂ܌ғޑᅪൽ ္ୖᆶ୍ܺہიπբᔼޗᅪൽǴӧᏢғکᏢ܌ךख़ाǶ׳ёૈ מ္སԾᄽግշΓޑہიޗӧ܈იუՔҬၯਔǴޗࢲǶӧᆶ ךಠಠਔǴԖ٤ਔংӣᔈךکୢдॺाόाךډიუՔ᠋ޗډѯǶབ ୍ܺࢲǵޗ္ᝢᒤہԖୢᚒǶȩӧπբᔼؒךࡐӳǴךၰǺȨ იޗᏢಞࢲǶޑޗಔᙃᆶ่ޗޑࢂΜϩԖཀက׳୍ܺᔼ໗ޗಔᙃ ϸࡘǵ؇ᐘǵךѳѠǴԖշޑᏢ܌ᄽግჴಞፐךঁٮᜢ߯ᆛ๎ගޑ ֚ޔܭᙯ౽ғࢲขᗺόԿךᇥᡣޣ܈ᘍಥךᡣ׳௲࠻္ᆪᆶࡘǴ Ǵததޑࢤߙᔴٗךፏӭόှᆶ֚ൽǶኧΜԃϐࡕǴӣᢀޑፐ࠻္ܭᘋ Γғޑਔ೦Юکၗ፦ޑךаـమཱ࣮ךεᏢፐғࢲǶޑԖ᠋ؒᔉ ᡍाୖ৴рϙሶၰਥҁόёૈǴᓐਭޗ୍ܺࢲ္ࢂᅿѸा ፐᡍǴޑറγᏢՏکπᅺγޗڗӧऍ୯ךᐒጔǶᆕӝޑΨࢂ۩ၮ ΠॊΟҹڙགڅుךણݣғఱǴޑԾρӧᖱѠᖱѠΒΜᎩԃך٠ӣᢀ ٣Ƕ
ᜤаჹᔈჴғࢲჴ܈ޜѺଯܭፋόխࢬقǴȨፋՖܰȩǶځ ޣፕॊǶฅ೭٤ॄय़ຑॊёૈѝࢂ᠋ޑϓ܌ޕѝࢂόޣ܈፬ୱǴ Ψ൩ЈӼளӦນךǴޕϼᇿᇻǶࡽԖԜᇡޣნࣚຯᚆᖱ܈ғࢲᡍ
122 !ϐ᠙ნ൨܌ۺǺᒿᢀЈزӧ௶ᇥ္ ! ֚ךԾܭЪഐྔשԾρǺჴӧόѸѝӢࣁԾρ᠋όрϙሶӜԶԾ ᇟᆒྗ၍ញϪقޣፕॊҁٰ൩όӭǴԶЪ൩ᆉፕᇥޑൽϐύǶԖਏᆒྗ ӅሳǶکნࣚόӕǴϝฅᜤԖჹ၉يԾکᡍޑύᜢᗖǴԾρؒԖ࣬ჹᔈ Ꮲಞ൩ӳǶکғࢲޑזᝩុ
ගډڙຎഁགྷႽޣ܈ѡǴٿ၉ᇟԖޑག܌ፐำЈԖ܈ᄽᖱ᠋ ᙶమ൩ࡐΑǶόाයࡑၸ܌Ԗۺࢌঁཷܭ܈ᗺፂᔐԶԖᘉǴ ǶёаޑǵགྷႽޑຝܜᇟЎӷҁٰ൩ࢂقᇟፕॊ֚ᘋǶقόा׳ӭǴ Ꮲق၍ញǶᇟک߄ၲޑᆒྗǴՠ٠ؒԖᆒྗคᇤᇟЎӷΚقाךԾ ځᗨฅԖ٤ཱུᆄǴՠޑ᎙᠐ࢂᇤ᠐ǶԜ၉ᇥޑԖ܌ৎӼդԎǵՆёᇥ ၰǶځύ֖ᙦॶளୖ৴
ࢂдޕᆶុϸ࣪অ҅ǶᏢਠ္᠋ᆪ᎙᠐ϐޕԛǴᏢ࣪ࡘԾځ Ǵሡा࣬ᐕᆶфΚωૈऀምᛖނᡍǴഖซӵ႖݈ᑍޑΓϩ٦ ޑი္ޗπբϐਔǴऩόࢂԖޗ߃ᏢךाᗺǶޑ٠ඓඝдΓᡍـ࣮ ਢπঁکიԋϐϕᡍҔٰޗӭکՅفი༸ޗаکࢲ୍ܺ کਢፕঁޑӧЎӷ္يᜪКᄟᖆෳǶٗ٤ᗦޕიᡏπբکբ Ўӷ಄פғࢲᡍ൨ޑىӄؒԖֹךǴשஒѝࢂךჹޕიᡏΚ ٗ٤ЎӷёаوიᡍǴԿϿޗޑԖπբᔼךઝஏǶӢࣁޑဦ္ იޗёаԋࣁԾρޕၯᔍᡍǴፕޑှܭԋࣁᅿ֚ൽӭ ၂ᒱᇤ٠ុঅ҅ךፐᏢಞӅӕᄬᑐрکიࢲޗࢎᄬǶྣୖޑᡍ ᡍԖຯᚆǴࣗޑፐҁ္کᡍགྷݤᗨฅதޑၸำǶԾρޕԾᏢԾޑ Ԗ׳იᡍΨޗԖΑཀကǴۈፐำϣ໒ޑԿԖҟ࣯ǶՠԿϿচҁคག ޕޑǶԾρޕޑԾρܭჹྣғрឦޕፐҁکཀကΑǶԾρᡍ ઓઝᆶ࠶ઓဃΨϯΑǴ٠Ъុঅ҅ޕόᆅჹᒱӳᚯǴፐҁ ޑၸำΨࢂࡐԖཀကޑࡘԵግಞǶӆᇥǴޕ܌ࡰੋޑຝШࣚǴόᘐ ࣔΏӧޑޕޕ࣬ߞǺԾךࢂܭԾฅΨ၀ᒿϐঅ҅ǶޕࢂܭᡂϯǶ ᢀჸࡘᒣԶុঅ҅ǺޑਥᏵԾρૈ׳ᡍШࣚǹѬޑࡰੋԾρૈ׳Ѭܭ ޑаฅ܌ځޕǴᗋૈុుϯԋࣁޕޑฅځޕǴόࢂޕޕᗋԖԾ চӢϐǶޑࣔޕޕΚᎦΨࢂԾૈޑزǶ೭ঁుϯޕ
ΟޣǴȨޕՉӝȩόܰǴӢࣁޕόܰǶЦܴᒏȨޕϐϪ ၍کඓඝှޑჹ೭ѡ၉ךȩǶޕᑑჴೀջࢂՉǴՉϐܴᆒჸೀջࢂ ᆶ၈ཀ҅Јނ٣ޕᒬӦགޣྍԾՉޕᆶᑑՉૈӝǶޕញࢂ ՉځӦՉǴޕԖԖޣნࣚѸԖঁܴܴቺޑՉӝޕᑑՉǶޑ ǴຬقຬຫᇟقნࣚऀᇟޑՉӝޕǶޕགޑნܭჹޣՉܭᆙԌ ߄ޑ಄ဦقόૈᏧᙖᇟޕჴЬကགྷႽǶޑຫஒፕᆶჴ୍ֹऍ่ӝ ๓റޑǴሡाऀ߄ຝނ೯ჸ٣ޣǴѸࢂঁܴܴቺޕຝᇡ ޑᇡࢲӧΠޣԶՉǶؒԖᒬۺ҅ޑݙΠޣǴࢂܴܴቺޕϐ ЈޕǴคவޕՉԶǴѝૈፋፋፕᆶჴ୍ޑᛮᘐํೱǴ࠹ᆀޕՉӝ
123 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ԶόуࡘᒣᆶୖྣޕᇡޑۺཷقӼኃǶၸਜҁǴѝ٩ᇟךаԾ Ǵࡐޕᇡޑ᐀߄ຝӵՖǴϝฅଶ੮ӧ߄ຝޕགྷႽѝૈεཷکᡍךԾ ΚکඓඝрЋਔᐒૈޣᡂϯᜤෳǶՉکፄᚇޑၸࡋᙁϯჴ፬ୱܰ ၰ๓ѯޑޕՉωࢂωჴᏢǶ
ޗᏼӭԃ܍ௗϕǴуޑޣჴ୍πբޗӭکΟǵѤΜԃࡕ ે๎ޗၰǴωჴᏢΨѝࢂᢃ൪ӧޕޑ׳ךޑπբ௲ৣᙍೢ ዊࢬ္ૈᔈᕉნᡂϯǴ࣮՟ଯܴޑૈΚǴᅿӧคதШ္ࣚғӸޑ ᗋԖၰࢬޑၰࡡதόᡂޕΚຯᚆჴૈޑ๓ѯБߡǶ೭ᅿ๓ѯ ޣՉޑৱඔቪၸǴВதғࢲ္܍໔Ƕ೭ࢬݞӧՋၯ္ֆځݞᐉҫ ࢬΚၰᆶݞၰቨઞǴऩჹ۶۞ޕࢬݞԜ۞Ǵόޑᕴࢂઠӧྟᜦ᠈ ᑑޕޑၲ۶۞ډࠀՉǴၠຫࢬݞޕӵՖ֚ޣԖఈǴՉؒޕ ޑޕϐۺӭ҂ຬຫཷـޕޑך٣ǴϞਜғхࡴޕᗋዴךޑՉǶӵϞ ǴπډሡाԾნࣚ҂ޣπϻǶᏢޑၰᗋલϿܴܴቺޕ߳ज़Ǵຯᚆჴ ڰᏢೌࣚޑБݤǶϞکЈᄊޑޕጄᆶࡌᄬғౢڂޕǴϸ࣪ىϻό ЈǴલϿૈ،ޑБݤǴՠࢂᗋલϿଓکוޑޕฅόલଓ ޕࡽԋޑԶٰ܍অግǴΨЖલँઇᝩޑሡा܌Կ๓ϐၰܭᄊӦၯЗ ᆶ௲ػޣπբᏢಞޗஒаঁךոΚǶӧ೭ጇЎക္Ǵޑጄڂғౢ Ǵךޑጄڂزࡕж௶ᇥՉࣴوᑄЇҏӦፋፋܙᡍǴޑޣπբ ༾҃ЈளǶکـᆅᑍϐޑӵՖଓܭᜢ ჹྣޑጄڂϐжزጄᆶჴࣴڂϐࡕжزᇥՉࣴ௶
ШࣚᇡܭჹޣᇡܗБय़زߵᓀǶࣴޑΏࢂᇡШࣚزࣴ ޑቶࡋǵుࡋǵᆶಒጏำࡋǹќБय़߾ाঅ҅ჹܭШࣚᇡޑѨᇤǶ ጄόڂزচ߾Ƕՠࢂࣴزᆶࣴۺ୷ҁߞޑဂӅӕ࣬ߞޗزጄࢂࣴڂزࣴ ёаᙯ౽Ծޣزጄёаঅ҅ǴࣴڂǶނဃޑࢂٰ৾ጢࡨǴόёࡷᏯঅ҅ .Yvonna S ک ጄǶEgon G. CubaڂزࣴޑဂǴᙯϯԾρޗزࣴޑρᘜឦ ݾǶдॺ٠Ъᇡޑጄϐ໔ڂЋн္ኗЎፕزࣴ܄Lincoln(2005)ӧ፦ ჴޑςዴҥǴԶЪόК܄ጄ҅ڂࣁคனᅪӦӚᅿࡕж ҁ፦ᆶޑޕǵޑҞزጄᇽՅǶдॺவҁᡏፕǵᇡፕǵБݤፕǵࣴڂ ጄǵࡕڂጄǺϩձࢂჴڂزಕᑈǵሽॶᆶউय़ӛፕКၨϖᅿࣴ ጄǶдॺΨ࣬ߞόڂᆶፕୖکጄǵڂጄǵࡌᄬፕڂղፕץጄǵڂჴ ጄωࢂ҅ዴڂ࣬ϕҬࢬǴ۶ԜቹៜǶ୲ᅿޑጄϐ໔όёᗉխڂӕ ѝКၨჴךǶӧԜޑԶЖલࣽᏢᚶᅪᆒઓܫᄊࡋǴ୷ҁࢂό໒ޑคᇤ ጄǶڂزᇥՉࣴ௶ޑጄڂᆶፕୖکጄڂёаᘜᜪࣁࡕжکጄڂ ጄჹྣ߄ȑڂزǺࣴـቫय़ǶȐୖޑቫय़߾ୖԵଜᒧдॺፕޑፕ
124 !ϐ᠙ნ൨܌ۺǺᒿᢀЈزӧ௶ᇥ္ ! ጄჹྣ߄ڂጄᆶ௶ᇥՉڂჴ
ጄڂᇥՉ௶ޑጄ ࡕжڂჴޑж ࡓബрჴӸӧ ຝШࣚࢂΓЈȐࡌᄬȑӧࡡۓЬ٩ൻࢌ٤ނҁ ᡏ ޑຝШࣚǶ தόᡂޑҁᡏϐԶЄϯև ፕ ޑӭख़ຝШࣚǶ ЬᡏࡌᄬǵǵЄޣȐЬᡏȑຝࣁᇡޣزᇡ ຝШࣚȐ࠼ᡏȑૈࣴ ᇡǶЬ࠼ϩҥǴЬᡏा࠼ᢀύҥӦ ϯрǴևܭჴШࣚϐύޑ ፕ གޕຝШࣚωૈᒣܴബຝШࣚ ຝǶᇡޣЬᡏᆶԾρࡌᄬϐຝ ӅޑࡓǶ ࠼ᡏჴࣁЬᡏᆶ࠼ᡏ࣬ϕ٩Ӹۓޑ٩ൻ ӕӸӧǶ ຝШ္ࣚԖঁձЬᡏࡌᄬϐ ຝǴΨԖӅӕࡌᄬϐຝǶঁᡏЬ ᢀགޕϐຝऩࣁдޣࡌᄬϐຝ Ȑᡍȑ߾ঁᡏ܌ૈགޕϐຝు ᜢ߯ޣٿޣЬᡏᆶࡌᄬຝϐдڙ ϐቹៜǶ ᇡޣޑሽॶୃӳቹៜЬ࠼ᜢ߯ᆶ ΨቹៜЬᡏགޕϐຝШࣚǶ ᄊᆶϕᜢރЬ࠼Ӹӧޕᢀགޔ ᆒઓǴޑࣽᏢБݤǴҁᚶᅪޑسБ Ҕ ϐޕࢎᄬϐਣࣁགۺཷق߯Ǵᇟ ޑݤ ϩᆕӝǵϸᙟᔠᡍЬᡏᒣܴқ Ƕڀᇶշπ کᇡޑፕ ຝШࣚǶҔࣽᏢБݤғౢ ჹຝޑှᇡёࣁࣽᏢޕǶ ᇡޣѝૈགޕԾρ࣬ߞޑຝǴ ሡाϸ࣪ਣуፏགޕޑ߳ज़Ǵঅ ਣѦЬ࠼࣬ܫਣǴ٠໒҅ ШࣚǶޑϕ٩Ӹ ߞޑǶ ӢЬ࠼ᡏ࣬ϕ٩Ӹჴࣁᡏޑຝ࠼ᡏزউ Ьᡏ൧ख़ࣴ ǴϕࣁЬᡏϐܫǴЬᡏ၈ǵ໒ۺ ᢀ ൧ख़࠼ᡏǶ ΚǴቚૈޕགޑԔסڙЬᡏᗝᗗό ۓޑวബຝШࣚکࣴ ᇡ࠼ᡏ ٠অޕΚǴૈޕགޑ࠼ᡏܭࡓǶ ჹ ز ගϲЬᡏϐნࣚЗکਣޑҞ ҅Ծρ ޑ ܭЬ࠼ӝϐԿ๓ნࣚǶ ૈޑԔסڙόޕബ٠ᆅ೭ঁ ᗝᗗᇡЬᡏ܌ຝޑЬނ٩Ᏽ ࣴ Ьޑޣ൧ख़дܫ၈໒Ƕ ΚǴΚޣᆅޑШࣚ ز ޣ ᡏǴջܴܴቺၸำύϐЬᡏǶ ჹྣᜤޑϯۺ࣬ᔈჹྣǴཷޑၗࢂᙁϯޑጄჹྣ߄ȩ္ևڂȨ ჴޑຝШࣚਔزჴሞޣزϩҥǶฅԶࣴޑமϯΑᜪձϐ໔کխཱུϯ ךǶޣزޑ໔ࢬᡂϯՏޜޑጄϐ໔ೱុӀԄڂᅿٿݩࢂӧ ޗጄຎࣁڂزጄǴஒ௶ᇥՉࣴڂጄຎࣁԾฅࣽᏢڂᇡࣁёаஒჴ วܴຝШࣚਥ܈ाวޣزҞࢂࣴزࣴޑጄڂጄǶჴڂΓЎࣽᏢ ܫҗ໒ޣزࢂࣴޑҞزࣴޑጄڂزࡓǶ௶ᇥՉࣴۓޑྍೀࡡதόᡂ زǴฅࡕϸࢀԄӦϸᢀ᠙ნǴБय़ᗝᗗගϲࣴيԾ܈ޣдޕགޑ၈ অךԾޑਣǴՉܴܴቺޑᘉԾρکΚǴќБय़অ҅ૈޕޑޣ ግǴаЗܭԿ๓ࣁಖཱུҞǶ
125 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ֺܴᏢቹៜǶԙᐫѤਜڙፕॊჴుޑጄჹྣڂزᅿࣴٿ߄೭ ډၰၡࢂܴܴቺǵᒃ҇ǵ٬ԾρၲޑကӦᗺрଓ൨ܴےຏ္εᏢ໒ ᆒઓᆶϣ఼ྋޑᆢӧԿ๓ნ္ࣚǶԶεᏢЎകيஒԾܭᄊӦݙૈ ޑፕॊǶаֺܴᏢޑጄڂጄᆶჴڂزჹྣ߄ύ௶ᇥՉࣴܭݙ ޑΠޣزำ໘ࢤόӕǴޑৡ౦ӧଓ൨ޑጄڂᅿٿࢎᄬᢀϐǴ ޣٿଯࡋᢀϐǴޑ௭ڗόхǴคԖϩձ܌ნࣚԖ౦Ƕӵ݀வ༝ᑼค ٠คᤦǶ
ǶނၰϩࣁѤঁቫԛǴջϺǵΓǵ٣ǵޑֺܴᏢஒШ໔ ԶԿѝԖঁǴ೭༝ܴޑԿၰϐӧόӕޑნ္ࣚԖόӕޑచҹΏԖ όӕޑѦᡉ߄ǶܭࢂԖԿεคѦԿλคϣ఼ϪޑϺǴᆶΓǵ ޑШᔮ҇ݯ୯ѳϺΠד೭ѤϐቫԛϩձǶεᏢፕॊҥނک٣ǵ ނǶӧޕᆶठނǴջޕᕇளۈຝ໒ނزࣁᏢவጁځޣ։ηᏂ ޑۺЈࡘཀيࢂૈᜢྣԾܭნࣚࡕǴΚԖΑ߃ૈޕᇡޑᗝᗗЈޕठ ௴ଆԾЈǴЈཀۺ߄ǶཀޑۺǴԜਔा၈ཀǴҭջा၈ཀۺଆЈ ၈คଵǴฅࡕёаΨωૈ҅ЈǶԜջ၈ཀᆶ҅ЈǶЈ҅ฅࡕૈ ջ։ηΓޣᇡࣁࢂᏂيǴฅࡕ٩ԛૈሸৎǵݯ୯ǵѳϺΠǶঅيঅ фޑຝૈϸࢀр၈ཀ҅ЈޑԖ٤ಒጏ༾္֮يਥҁǶঅޑШᔮ҇ ૈ܌ۺЈޑޣՏډΚόૈޕکۺཷقᇟޑϻნࣚǶ೭٤ᡂϯόࢂಉᕫ ځᒏϐǺԿၰҁЯ܌ȺЈाݤߐȻ္ځѤዂᢀӧےǶԜঞжᝄޕ ЈǴฅޣБޕǶ
୷ᘵфϻǴଆޑጄࢂᇡ೭ঁШࣚڂጄǴԾฅࣽᏢڂᅿٿჹྣ೭ ΚǴૈޕک۔ӸӧؒԖวрགᏔޑნ္ࣚނфϻǶޑޕठނջ ቹៜڙᆣགڙϺೕጄ္Ǵόޑ߄ӧᙁൂܴқځԖЬᡏཀǴؒ ڂᡂϯǶ٩ൻ೭ঁځёа೯ܴჸىጄڂၮբǶᒥൻჴځԶଆҷᡂϯ ᡄᒠޑวᎦр୷ҁૈޣزШࣚᕕှǴࣴނܭჹૈزጄՉ ૽ግᐕޑጄڂǴჴقԶޣᏢޑزᏢಞࣴ܈ޣΚǶჹঁᏂૈޕᆶᇡ ำࢂߚதख़ाޑ୷ᘵᗝᗗǶӵεᏢϐፕॊǴঁᏂޣӧނठޕޑфϻ ׳୷ᘵǴޑጄڂΚࡕǴջᔈ၀ӧჴૈزޑᎦᗝᗗр୷ҁ ნࣚుǶޑӦΕ٣ᆶΓ
ǴࢂԖԖޕǴૈ۔ጄᛑǶΓԖགޑނጄᛑ఼ᇂ٣ᆶޑΓ ǵሽॶୃӳᆶჹШࣚۺӸԖǶӢԜΓӢࣁᡍǵߞޑటԖЬᡏϩձᒧ Γ൩ޑຝǴόӕޑόӕǴᏤठᅿԯᎦίԭኬᅿΓޑᆶϩձղᘐڙག ᕴޣֺܴᏢޑՉࣁ߄ǶӢԜǴᏂৎΠ܈ՉᒧޑࢂԖόӕ ߾ࢂز୷ፓǶ௶ᇥՉࣴޑᆶؼૈޕࢂගঀѐΓటӸϺठؼ ၡᆶচ߾БځጄǴڂޑጄǶ೭ঁ໘ڂزࡕжࣴޑހጄ໘ڂж ΓঅግǶঁޑ໘ࢤيϐࡕǴ၈ཀ҅Јঅޕठނࢂޑݤ୷ҁೀ
126 !ϐ᠙ნ൨܌ۺǺᒿᢀЈزӧ௶ᇥ္ ! ጄڂزࣴޑࢂᅿԋΓϐऍزᇥՉࣴ௶
πޗǶޣғࢲՉޑπբշΓՉ္ػᙗഏрٰޗࢂঁך фૈ଼ޗޣշΓޑǶӳޣշΓޑǴࣗԿֹऍޑբ೭Չයࡑػрӳ ΓӧύЎϯޑЈᡫ଼நԋዕǴӕਔૈคచҹௗયΓǶ೭ኬηيӄǵ ნࣚӛٰ࣮ǴޑϯނךӜᠸࢂဃ፣ϐΓǶжΓவԾڮޑ္ ӧᏂৎϣဃѦЦܫǴᘍز೭ࢂঁαဦҞǴჴሞᜤаၲԋǶ ֹޑ։Ьݯ୯ѳϺΠޑ൩ࢂᔅշֹऍޣշΓޑЎϯۭΠࡘǴֹऍ ऍᏂޣ։ηΓǶ೭ঁҞፕࢂёૈӧΟᆜΖҞޑεᏢϐၰ္ᅌԛࡵ Կ๓ϐნࣚǶ೭όࢂαဦҞǴԶࢂঁޑၲԋૈز໘ԶǴࢂঁಖ γόёаόѶኾǴҺख़ԶၰᇻޑಖཱུҞǶ
ӃԖӵΠ൳ঁ࣮ݤόӗόךӵՖᆶϐԌೱϐǴزፕ௶ᇥՉࣴ Ƕז
ಃǴғࢲӧШ߫ϯࣗుނ፦Ꮴӛޑжޗ္Ǵԋࣁဃ፣ϐΓਥ ჴךҞǶֹԋԾޑЍΓॺѐၲԋکЎϯ࣮ख़ǵႴᓰޗҁόࢂЬࢬ ԋ㵝ဃ፣։ηΓϐ܌аᜤаၲԋǴԖϩচӢࢂӢࣁ೭ࢂόЬࢬ ޗဂઔᅽǴόЬࢬЍǴόӝਔжǴόӝ߫ШޑǵђԴޑǵό୍߫ޑ ҞǶаԜࣁҞޑշΓπբޣӧᏢਠޑᏢಞၸำ္ǴΏԿВࡕԋࣁ շΓπբޣᜤаಥШ߫ϯЬࢬፕॊᔒᓸޑޗᓸΚǶШ߫ޗ යࡑǴ൩ૈჹշΓޗޑຬၸᖒၗکᖒၗࡑၶޑեୃޣѝा๏շΓπբ πբޣԋޗᓸΚǶԋဃԋ፣ǵԾமό৲ԋ㵝։ηΓዴჴѝࢂЎ ϯࣔޑΓғཀကϐ܌ӧᆶჹޕΓޑයࡑǶ
ಃΒǴԋࣁဃ፣ϐΓࢂЎϯ္҅ዴЪᓬӃޑख़ाҞǶ܌ᒏϼ Չόࢂ҅قՉǶځǴᢀقځǶ٠Ъ᠋قԛҥځԛҥфǴӆځҥቺǴ ჴ፬БݤکፕॊޑཐǶЎϯ္٠ЪԖϐΦᇻޑΓ։ηཱུε БݤΨޑҞǶฅԶǴ೭ӧѤਜϖ္ၩᙦޑၲԋԋဃԋ፣ ᇥ௶ޑقჴ፬ǶԶҥکԶᜤаӦჹࡑǵှǵॊەӢࣁόӝਔ ᇥԾρ௶ޣزǴᗎፎࣴزǶ௶ᇥՉࣴޑࢂૈௗεᏢϐၰزՉࣴ ޕठނБݤᆶЈၡᐕำࢂёаޑՉᒧيՉǴฅࡕᢀྣ᠘ჸԾޑ БݤǶزғౢᆶࣴޑޕךԾޑሸৎيঅܭаϷ၈ཀ҅ЈǴаठ
ز៙ຝǶჴЬကࣴޑғౢБԄޕಃΟǴᏢೌࣚന߈ኧΜԃ ғౢБԄǴਥҁᜪޕޑဂޗጄڂزдࣴځ൧ख़کόૈှޣزጄࣴڂ ڂᇡࣁᔈ၀Ӄϸࡘᔠ҅ຎȨჴЬကךϸඵՉࣁǶޑ՟Ӎჾ០ନؼჾ ጄڂȩ௨ᔒӕࣁȨჴЬကز߄ຝࣴޑໆϯޑጄၸࡋШ߫ϯѐે๎ϯ ࢂόӕزୢᚒǶฅࡕωёૈှ௶ᇥՉࣴޑȩزࣴ܄፦ޑຝે๎ز ԿϿаόӕ܈Ӧှ۶ԜǴܫǶԿϿ۶Ԝᔈ၀࣬ϕ൧ख़Ǵ໒زࣴޑጄڂ
127 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ៙ӛǶӵ݀ᜫཀ໒ޑԾρڋԾӦ܄ᄊࡋޑ܄ጄϐόёӅໆڂ ܫԾρǵගϲຎഁნࣚǴൻεᏢϐၰ໘ԶՉǴᙯ౽Կ௶ᇥՉϐࡕ уऍӳǶ׳ጄ߾ڂزжୖᆶԄࣴ
ոΚᆶѤޑጄڂزಃѤǴӵҁЎࢤϐፕॊǶวࡌᄬ௶ᇥՉࣴ ӧଓ൨ࡡதಖཱུϐၰၡΟচ߾Ȑܴܴቺǵᒃ҇ǵوਜ္εᏢፕॊϐ ǵሸৎǵݯ୯ǵيǵ၈ཀǵ҅ЈǵঅޕǵठނᡯȐΖکԿ๓ȑܭЗ ຬکጄǴΨࢂӧঀගϲڂزǶঀ௶ᇥՉࣴޑѳϺΠȑࢂ࣬ϕࠨӝ ՉЗ҅ࢋکᒋނጄნࣚǶख़ཥࡌҥШ߫ϐၡᆶဃ፣ϐၰڂຫჴЬက ޗޑဂᔈ၀ӅӕոΚᆶဃ፣ύனϐၰޗጄڂύனϐၰǶ௶ᇥՉޑ ဂჹ၉Ǵ࣬ϕᏢಞǴుϯှǴӭख़၍ញǴჹ၉ҬޗزჴЬကࣴکဂ ၰၡ۶ԜӕՉǴ࣬ϕઔᅽǶޑࢬǶ׆ఈӧ൨ চᆶᏹբޑزᇥՉࣴ௶
চޑزᇥࣴ௶
Չᒧ٩ൻޑΓঁΓғǶޑঁΓаՉࢲрԾρॺך ҞǶঁΓғࢲ္کΓғཀကޑǴӕਔଓ൨ԾρۺሽॶߞޑԾρ ࡺ٣εᆜǶӭޑጕǴΨёаᇥࢂԾρືޑՉᒧϭୌрԾρΓғޑ ഋॊǶᗋԖ٤ΓᇥдޑǴ೭ࢂΜϩᙁϯزࣴޑᇥԋᇥࡺ٣زΓஒ௶ᇥࣴ ϦޑБݤǶԖΓࣗԿૈεزᇥΨёаࢂࣴ௶ޑόᔉࣁϙሶᇥᇥࡺ٣ БݤᔉǵҔၸǴزᅿࣴғᇥԾρزࣴޑБݤز໒ჹᒧ௶ᇥࣁࣴ БݤǶฅǴزԾρΨǴՠᇡࣁ௶ᇥόᔈ၀բᅿࣴزՉࣴ ΨόࢂᄬԋՉزБݤǶ൩ႽԖୖᆶՉϐࣴزѝԖ௶ᇥѸฅόࢂ௶ᇥࣴ Бݤᔉ٬ҔزᅿࣴाҹǶՠᡉฅӦϦ໒࠹ᇥԾρޑزࣴ ǴаڒΓ҅ӧ௶ᇥǴՠΨӕਔᄽԾρΓғნࣚϐੌ၅ǵᄌᆶԾޑၸ ϐӵϔຂǶـޕϷຎഁ
٣Ԗޑ٣൩ԋࣁӵྟ۳٣ΑǶՠࢂวғޑᙯᕓϐ໔Ǵখখวғ ᆄΏԿኧޑϐ٣ޕࡺ٣ѝࢂޑǴᏫޕӭ҂ૈ٣Γ ࣬ᜢ಄ဦǹ೭٤಄ဦёޑΨѝࢂ٣ᆄޑЎӷᒵΠٰقᆄǹԶᇟ ޑ٣ǴՠΨёૈѝԖኳጋޑᆒྗၮҔǴӢԶଯࡋᜢೱමวғၸૈ ΓғТޑᇥрখখᄽၸޑӣᢀǴӵჴޑЈܫॺᄊࡋ໒ךᜢᖄǶӵ݀ ᏫᆶഋॊǴӕޑдΓჹӕ٣ҹόӕځکӣ㎸ޑдΓځࢤǴ٠Ъಡ᠋ ՉޣٛፁǶٗሶ௶ᇥࡺ٣೭ҹ٣ǴӢࣁՉ܈ៈ៏ךਔϿ٤Ծ ҔЈᙣޣǵ٣ࡕӣᢀ᠘ჸნᆶЈნǹӢࣁ௶ᇥՉޕҔЈޑΠ ᝅڟᇥਔᡍǴӆᡍ٣ҹǵӆ௶಄ဦӣᢀ٠قᎯᇟ όӕഋॊᆶӣ㎸ǴঁޑӦಡ᠋࣬ᜢдΓܫᡍǹӢࣁ٣Γ௶ᇥΨ໒ ҔЈΚޣᆒઓᆶ௶ᇥՉޑزᇥςόӆѝࢂᇥࡺ٣ǴӢࣁӭΑࣴ௶
128 !ϐ᠙ნ൨܌ۺǺᒿᢀЈزӧ௶ᇥ္ ! ՉวکЈნޑԾρǵԾρܭჹޣࢂ௶ᇥܭၸำǴޑزݙ٠۳ൺӣᢀ ғޑნે๎ޑᇡుϯᆶ໒ǴޕૈΚᆶ௵᎒ࡋΨගϲǶΨ൩ࢂ ᆒઓǵᄊࡋǵЈΚޑزόѝࢂᇥࡺ٣ǴᗋѸуΕࣽᏢࣴزᇥǴ௶ᇥࣴ ᘉᢀᗺᆶຎഁຎୱǶ೭ኬکӭख़य़ӛޑ٣زޑݙǵϸൺޑ ϸ࣪ǴԖᐒߦԋ௶ᇥՉࣴزޑᐕ܌ၸำزǴࣴزᇥΏԋࣁࣴ௶ ᅐόޣǶԶӵ݀௶ᇥـޕғࢲᄊࡋᆶᘉޑ٠অ҅Ծρـుϯ࣮ޣز ಡ᠋όӕᢀᗺܫࡺ٣ǴΨؒԖ໒ޑЈӦғࢲǴ՟ԖऩคӦӣᢀ௶ᇥԾρ ௶ᆶᜐࣚ٠ᘉຎഁεཷόวғǴڋज़ޑԾρـόӕ၍ញǴ࣮ޑҥ ǶԶӵ݀زǶฅԖΓ٩ฅ࠹ᆀԾρΑ௶ᇥࣴزᇥΨ൩όԋࣁࣴ ΑǴډ᠋϶ܻޑคᗦقޔӦࢰჸΚـӵჴӦᇥΑǴԖ۩Ԗঁ၈Ԗޣᇥ௶ ᐟڈډǵ϶ፊǵ϶ӭᆪǴԶளޔ϶ޑ϶ᗋԖᐒǶдӢࣁ೭ܻޣᇥ௶ аࣁёаᜪКךচǴکၸำޑวғբҔزᐒǶ೭ঁ௶ᇥࣴޑᆶϸ࣪ ғౢၸำǶӵޕჴ፬ޑǵሸৎيǵ၈ཀǵ҅ЈǵঅޕǵठނεᏢ္ ᠙ჸЈნᆶნᆶుϯᘉᇡيঁΓՉΑǵ௶ᇥΑǴՠࢂόૈϸ݀ ΓғࢂؒԖሽޑǴόᔠຎϸ࣪قӜޑᓨᓨӦᇥѡۭךǶ ॶޑΓғǶฅࡕǴᓨᓨӦుుుుӦࣁдࣹᛗǴઔᅽдǶ
ᓐတکЈੇޑᔅշǴӧԾρޑຝ಄ဦܜҗޣزࣴޑزᇥՉࣴ௶ ߿ඪک៛ඟךԾܫ໒ޑࢌᅿำࡋکࡺ٣Ƕа၈ཀЈޑύӆԛᐕԾρ Ǵس಄ဦޑຝܜीΨࢂޑ୷ҁᄊࡋǶԶໆϯޑሡाޣࢂ௶ᇥ ୖޑᆶӆޕᇡکਣޑΓǴᗨฅၮҔόӕޑၮҔ೭಄ဦी௶ᇥ ЈᓐՉϸᢀ᠙ნǶܭԵࢎᄬǴΨԖёૈᙖѬӆࡺ٣Ǵฅࡕӆԛ Ǵ٠ёૈౢғόӕزၸำ൩ࢂԛޑӆᐕుϯᘉᇡکԛ௶ᇥ ϸᢀ᠘ჸ٠ၸޣᡍǶ௶ᇥޑᇥჴǴӆԛᐕ٣ҹ௶ޑಃԛᐕ όӕᡍᆶᢀޑᆶ࣬ᜢΓޣдୖᆶځཀ൨ᆶ٣ҹڅکӣ㎸ڙௗܫ໒ ܈ᘐஒࢂࡐख़ा௶ᇥᡍǴ೭ပৡ܈ပৡޑԛᡍٿᒣکᗺǴჸ ׳வ೭٤ৡ౦߄ޣزᐒᡣ௶ᇥࣴޑࡐӳٮҟ࣯ග܈ᘐ܈অႬ բҔǵޑШࣚǶ೭٤ৡ౦ёૈࢂటఈکԾρޑӭख़य़ᇮـӦϸ࣮࣪څు բҔǶৡ౦рޑၰቺೕጄӧόӕნᆶᜢ߯ᆛ๎ޗբҔǵޑךགྷԾ চӢޑుቫځزҺ୍Ƕՠৡ౦ᆶޑёૈচӢӈᖐࢂόёૈޑ ࢂ௶ᇥޣుΕᇡԾρᆶШࣚޑᐒǶҔीኧӷᆶኳࠠ௶ᇥΨࢂᅿ ǶٗـჹीኧӷໆϯኳࠠԖ٤ԋךёૈၡ৩Ƕѝࢂޑزᇥ௶ ޣӢનǴଯࡋѐঁΓᆶኳԄϯǴࡐௗ߈ݯ๎ેޑѐϼӭঁձϯܓ٣௶ ޑаࣁѝԖཱུϿኧךኳԄǶޑ܄όाԖঁޣǴᆅޣஒΓ࣮ԋᆅ ၰࢂፔ༏ǻstatisticsޕၗૻǶգޑԾρԋߏډᇥள௶ޑΓૈவीБԄ ޑӷྍ state ៛ጕǶ
ΓǴޑௗયჴԾρ׳ᕕှǵ׳ԾρᆶШࣚǴـ୷ҁᇡӦा࣮ ΠǴаϷ٣ࡕޑᖰᇽૈவ௶ᇥύᏢಞԋߏǶӧ௶ᇥܫ٠Ъᄊࡋ໒
129 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ޑԾρՉ่݀ࢂϙሶܭᕉნШࣚǵჹܭԾρǵჹܭჹډϸᢀ᠙ნளޑ ࡺ٣ૈԖࣴޑԾρزǴவԶࢌ٤ׯᡂวғǶٗ٤όᇡࣁࣴޕཥ زࣴޑԾρዕ٠ԖԋфᡍܭڰΓǴதޑਏ݀ޕғౢکز ـຎਣǴவԶ࣮܈ጄǴӢԜΨѨѐඤঁՏǵඤୋ᜔ǵਣڂ ᐒǶޑԾρکШࣚޑᙦόኬ׳ঁ ᑛ״ޑ಄ဦਣق٠ຬຫᇟقᎯᇟ
ΚࢂૈޑǶ߃زՉࣴس಄ဦقᇟޑຝܜ٩ၮҔޣᇥ௶ ᎯᎯૈΚǶฅԶǴ೭٠όࢂाޑԖ୷ҁس಄ဦقᇟޑჹԾρ٬Ҕ ૈΚाӭሶᆒዕǶԖ୷ҁޑᎯૈΚ൩ёаΑǶӧჴሞ௶ᇥޑၸำ္Ǵ ൩ࢂᅿس಄ဦقගϲǶฅԶǴᅿᇟޑᎯԾฅޑس಄ဦܭჹ قཀᇟޑᎯѬکᢀޔޑԾρڋਣǴᎯѬǴԖཀӦόѬज़ ္Ǵ಄ဦࡰੋϙሶࢂس಄ဦقΚࡐख़ाǶाᕕှӧᇟૈޑЬΓޑЎӷ ձЎϯᡍϝฅৡ౦ѮεǴঁޑঁΓЎϯౢрǶՠࢂޑဂӅӕᡍޗ གྷႽ٠ό࣬ӕǶԜޑ၍ញᆶӧЈύတύӆޑ಄ဦܭঁΓჹӢԜ дх֖ᙦځޑӕਔǴ೭ϙሶϐѦޑख़ϙሶޣᆶ᠋ޣ಄ဦࡰЇᇥقѦᇟ ಄ဦقགྷႽ೭٤ᇟکـጨΑǶ࣮ޑᡍШࣚӕਔ࣬ำࡋޑ ғޕޑޣزᑛǴёૈ҅ࢂࣴ״ޑ಄ဦਣقдǴҭջࢂຬຫᇟځޑጨ ᜢᗖǶޑଯნࣚቫԛ׳໒ǴฅࡕΕޕཀךౢǵԾ
Ӆӕ༟ޣғࢲՉޑس಄ဦǴࢂЎϯޑϣӅ೯سࢂЎϯقᇟ ॺϩ٦Ҭࢬךޑϣس಄ဦѝࢂ࣬ӕЎϯ಄ဦޑԖ܌ၟقਣǶᇟޑ کޣߦҬࢬᕕှǶ௶ᇥکࢂӧոΚుϯۓॺόךଆᗺǶ௶ᇥਔޑޑ ሡޑॺךటఈǵޑॺӚԾךॺԖךǶట܈ޑҞޑதԖፄᚇӭϡޣಡ᠋ کЇᏤԾρޣᜢ߯Ǵ௶ᇥךள߄ၲаೀΓޑॺӧ௶ᇥ္ԖҞךाǴ ޑቶᗡ׳дځጨΑޑคཀ܈ጄᛑǴΨԖཀۓޑдΓᜢݙᡍШࣚ فޑҥǵว၉ޑǴдޣΑှว၉ޑᜢ߯ᆛ๎Ƕӵ݀ૈಒጏکᡍШࣚ ޑགྷႽ൩ԖঁКၨ୲ჴک၍ញޑ၉ᇟ಄ဦܭॺჹךࡋǴҾკǵటఈǴ ᅰܭॺӛךа܌ΚԖज़Ƕૈޑ৲ೀεໆૻکॺတໆך୷ᘵǶ೯த ಄ဦӧҬقৡᒱ൩ёаǶӢԜᇟޑှǴѝाόाрϼᝄख़ޑёૈᙁϯ ޑख़ाǶၸᗝᗗ௵᎒کሶᆒྗٗޑॺаࣁךჴؒԖځଅޑࢬᕕှ ځ಄ဦёǶ᠋قΚКᇟૈޑޔکЈნޑዂృܴਟܫᢀჸૈΚǵ໒ ηǶځՉǴᢀځाᢀ׳Ǵق
ޑᇥԾρ௶ޣΠǶ௶ᇥޑᇥᙯᕓջԋ۳٣௶܈ΓΓ௶ᇥࡺ٣ ᡍǴၸԾςޑᡍǴวр߄ၲޑБԄǴ೭߄ၲБԄϸࢀ௶ᇥ ך္य़ǶΓسЎϯ಄ဦޑဂޗਣΞਣࢎӧޑޣਣǴ௶ᇥޑޣ ಄ဦૈ߈ᜢ߯ຯᚆǴΨૈᇙྟჿ౧ᇻຯᚆǶقᇟޑᜢ߯ёаၸӅӕ ᇥǴց߾၉ᇟ௶ޑॺךϸ࣪کᜢྣޕॺ၈Ъុ௶ᇥǴӕਔךନߚ
130 !ϐ᠙ნ൨܌ۺǺᒿᢀЈزӧ௶ᇥ္ ! ޑᑛ״ຬຫਣکࢰჸڀှǴࢂόޑှࢂЎϯຠᠸԄޑЍኖ ᇥᆶ᠋၉όሡाࢰჸᆶຬຫਣฅё௶ޑှǶӧВதғࢲШ္ࣚݱݱ ਣբҔޑ಄ဦقᇟܭىόૈᅈޣزǴ္ࣴزаǴՠࢂӧ௶ᇥՉࣴ ࡽس಄ဦقᇟܭѸჹޣ၍ញǶ௶ᇥک߄ၲǵಡ᠋ᆶགྷႽޑڋज़ ௶ၸำǶΨ൩ࢂޑᇥᆶಡ᠋௶يගᒬǴךԾޑޕӕਔጨޕࡰЇ ״ᆶڋёૈज़ޑਣբҔޑقᇟܭޕाҔЈ௶ᇥǵҔЈಡ᠋ǵԖޣᇥ ޣزᑛǶ௶ᇥࣴ״ޑ಄ဦਣࡰЇբҔقຬຫᇟޔکᑛǴ٠аགྷႽΚ ΚǴ೭Ψૈޑᑛ״ਣقǵຬຫᇟقӕਔΨӧᗝᗗᎯᇟޑقӧ٬Ҕᇟ ޔЈૈΚǴջکགྷႽΚޑᢀჸૈΚǵ༝ܴమృޑ᎒௵ޣࢂӧᗝᗗ௶ᇥ ޑӭ׳ॺωёૈԖךϸᢀ᠙ნਔǴ္زӧ௶ᇥՉࣴޣΚǶฅࡕ௶ᇥ ගϲǶޑᇡǵϩǵϸ࣪ǵࢰჸᆶঁΓნࣚޑޣزుϯࣴکـࢰჸǵ࣮ ाၲԋϙሶزᇥՉࣴ௶
Бݤزࣴکزࣴޑጄڂॺததжךǻګ೭ҹ٣ࢂϙሶزࣴ ॺᇡ೭ঁШࣚǶךёаᡣزᇥܺǺࣴךӦǴ൶ᜫӦԾ܄ᇤᏤǶಞᄍ ሡाǵཀკǵҥǵሽॶୃӳჹޑਥᏵдޣزॺࣴךѝນزჴࣴځՠ ߄ຝШࣚǶޑѦӧޑᇡޣزॺࣴךѝນزࣴޑ၍ញǶεϩޑШࣚܭ ԖϙሶࣴؒޑॺךǶڋज़ޑΨԖѝૈ߄ၲШࣚ߄ຝڀ೭ঁϩ٦πقᇟ ϣЈШࣚǶᇡШޑΓ܈ШࣚޑॺΕ߄ຝۭΠךЎҁёаᡣޑൔز ߞҺࡋǴࣴޑǴ۶Ԝᜢ߯ܫᜫཀ໒ޣϣЈШࣚሡाдޑှдΓکࣚ ϣЈШࣚǶԜѦǴޑޣдڙᢀΚǴωԖᐒགޔΨाྕࢋ௵᎒Ъޣز ॺؒԖѸाǴΨؒԖΚόᘐѐଓୢձΓᖱ೭၉ࢂϙሶཀࡘǴԖਔংך ܈લЮӼӄགǴޣ܈ຒ༼ᖱॊǴقΨόࢂдόᜫཀᖱమཱǴԶࢂલЮᇟ ٠ߚᇡޑЬाҞقԶךჹزᜢ߯ࣚጕǶ ௶ᇥࣴޑॺҞךຬຫΑޣ ॺฅךزΚǶҗࣴૈޑࢋ௵᎒ྕޑᗝᗗᇡШࣚޣزШࣚǴԶࢂࣴ آآᡂϯǴޑόᘐޔШࣚޑᇡ܌ॺךᇡǴՠޑШࣚܭғౢჹૈ මᇡၸঁࣴךǻѝࢂ߄Ңګԋ݀ԖϙሶཀကޑزՐࣴ ԶςǶز
ததޣزࡌǴȐՠࢂࣴزࣴޑѸฅх֖ሽॶᒧک่݀زਥᏵࣴ ȑԶ׆ఈΓॺӵԜ࣬ߞЪ᠋வࡌǶ೭߄ޑ࠹ᆀࡌࢂ࠼ᢀຬฅύҥ ॺόךࢂܭኅఈǶԖ٤ਔংࡌᡂԋࡹݤਢǴޑࢂᅿඓШࣚޑ ॺܺӦךॺǴऩךҾკݯޔڋቹៜٗሶǶӢࣁ೭ঁᡏډڙளό ԋҁफ़եਏቚуǶՠࣽᏢவٰޑ࣬ߞࡌ٠ݯǴݯޑόуᚶᅪ ՉፕᡣΓᒥൻǴ೭όᔈکࡹٮ٠ගޕǶғౢޑޕࢂᚶᅪࡽԋ ܴޑნࣚڮǴङᚆගϲғڋऊڋޑࢂШ߫ޑǴ೭ঁҞޑҞޑز၀ࢂࣴ ҞǶڮғޑნࣚډၲа൨يԿ๓ǴङᚆঅܭЗکቺǵᒃ҇ǵܴ
Шࣚࢌਔޑόࢂाᇡ೭ঁࡡதᡂϯޑЬाҞޑزᇥՉࣴ௶
131 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ॺௗ߈ǶךԔምᛖסਣӵՖޑԾρᇡШࣚـኬᇮǶԶࢂा࣮ޑ ǴԶಃΒঁޕޑॺჹ೭Шࣚךၰޕزዴࢂाၸբࣴޑಃزࣴ ԔምᛖǶ೭ঁסޑᇤৡՉϸ࣪ᆶঅ҅ਣޑॺᇡШࣚךޕԋ݀ࢂག ଓ܌ǴޑҞཀက୷ҁࢂᒱᇤޑǴଓޑШࣚࢂᜬॹᒱޑ܄ж ඵޑࢂ࣮ᔉ೭ШࣚޑǶ҅ԖཀကޑǵӦՏࢂؒԖჴࡡΦཀကޑ ၰԖӢ൩Ԗ݀ǴၸࣴޕǴѝाޑϪؒԖϙሶाޑችǴ೭Ш߫ ՉǶࡕжقޑၰவӢঅ҅Ծρޕ༫ઝೱ่Ǵฅࡕޑၰ݀ᆶӢޕӭز ЬाԖૈຬຫ೭٤Ш߫٣୍ǴόᚹጔӰགྷޣزᇥՉࣴ௶ޑ ಋǴωૈԖᐒௗ߈ޑნࣚǶ ׯᡂϙሶǻ
ᇡࣁԾρғౢزǶ௶ᇥՉࣴޕޑдΓکޕޑёϩԋԾρޕ ǶᗨฅԾρғౢޕޑঁΓᔈ၀ԾρғౢԾρǴޑࢂࣔޕޑ ӧޑঁΓঁΓᐱคΒǴܭറεǴՠࢂҗکόᆒጏޕޑ ШࣚǴඔᛤޑډޕঁΓགǴӢԜޑೀნΨࢂᐱคΒکՏޑШࣚ ёૈᗋ㚄ड़όЎǴՠޕޑॺԾρךǶᏃᆅޑΨόࢂኬޕޑШࣚ ߚதޕޑԾρޑΓғნࣚǴჴޑॺჴךǴϸࢀޕޑॺჴך ࣔǴคёඹжǴߚதख़ाǶձΓޑޕ൩ᆉςࢂȐϺȑǴΨ ܭნࣚǴᕇठᜢډၲךШࣚǶޑᇡ܌ךޑό಄ӝ҂ၲϺნࣚ ࡵ໘ӛԶᕇठǶ၈ჴӦךǴѝૈҗޕޑ
کϩᜪޑޕޑॺךջЎϯޕाׯᡂჹࡑдΓޣزᇥՉࣴ௶ ॺǴཀךЎԶϯϐޕޑҔǶдΓޑόӕޕޑᄊࡋǴᒧόӕ ೭٤ܭॺׯᡂԽܺךाޑǴޑଯᖐࣁЎܴޕޑջࢌ٤дΓ Ƕՠ௶ᇥޑॺᗋό୲ኾமεਔǴЎԶϯϐࢂόܰᗉխךǶޕ ǴޕԾρғౢډਕભޕޑाவЎԶϯϐޕޑԾρޑޣزՉࣴ ޕޑٰᔠᡍǵᑃግǵਠ҅ԾρޕޑॺךдΓЎϯޑՠԾρाᒧόӕ ޑǻࡌګޕךԾޑॺࣔךٰਠ҅ฒᑃޕǶाᒧҔϙሶЎϯ ϩԋΟᅿǴਜǵЎਜǵਜǶޕޑॺךচ߾ӵࡕǶЎϯޑᒧکϩᜪ ғӸǵᆢޗ௲ፐਜǶ௲ፐਜሀϩ٦ӧШ߫ޑж߄ࢂӚભᏢਠޑਜ ғी܌ሡޑᙍޕǶЎਜޑж߄ࢂЎᏢλᇥǴӚᅿᒵբޣғࢲ ޗᐕўЎϯਜᝤǶਜࢂޑၩᡏғࢲᡍکЎᏢബբޑᡍᆶགྷႽ इᒵǴၩޑ௲ᏤᏢғکΓғᒵޑޣϺϐნࣚډဂϦᇡςၲ ሡाӭ᠐ЎਜǴޣزၰၡਓำǶ௶ᇥՉࣴޑნࣚډӴॺӵՖၲ ਜǶਜᔈ၀Ԑ൩᠐ၸࡐӭǴόሡाᝩុ፤ޑޣՏԋ൩ٿᒧᆒ᠐ ᘉຎഁຎୱǶाᒧکᙦࡋޑޕΚ᎙᠐ǶЎਜҔٰᑃግϪዲԾρ ᅰໆቨቶښԾραܭᡂΑ൩ׯᡂԾρᒧǴ۸ښ᠐Ǵαޑښ಄ӝԾρα ЇᏤਜǵဃਜǶᒧԾρལޑԿ๓ნࣚډॺၲך᎙᠐Ƕਜ߾ࢂЇᏤޑ
132 !ϐ᠙ნ൨܌ۺǺᒿᢀЈزӧ௶ᇥ္ ! ΓғნࣚǴΨёޑॺҞךܭნࣚᇻଯޑǶᗋԖǴӭЎਜޣԋ൩ޑख़ аኩਔ໘ࢤ܄ӦԋࣁԾρᒧޑਜǶ ғౢԾρޑޕ
ࢂԾρޕᜪǴϩձჹࡑၮҔǶᅿٿΨሡाϩԋޕޑԾρܭᜢ ԖሽॶҥǵԖᆣࢬǴࡐჴӦࢬޕǴ೭ᜪޑޕག۔Јག ޑॺךܭǶӸӧރϯǴคคۺཷقؒԖᇟޕᡂϯǶฅԶǴ೭ᅿ ຝϯϐڀགྷႽਂਆǴޑॺךၸޕတੇǴΠջೳǶ೭ᅿکЈੇ ԋዕӦЎςޣຝϯࣁຎ಄ဦǶ܈قࡕௗᖂॣϯࣁᇟ ำࡋᗋόԋޑЎӷ಄ဦϯځࣁЋᇟǴޣຝЎӷǴࡕ܈ӷϯࣁॣЎӷ يޑǴᆙԌΠޕޑΠܭࢂჴӸӧޕޑ۔ዕǶಃᅿЈག ጕǶޑޜǴ੮ΠࢌΠਔޕךԾޑݩᆶᕉნǶಃΒᅿ಄ဦϯރЈ বᅿޕᅿٿѦӧნે๎ςၸѐΑǶ೭کݩރךԾޑՠࢂΠ КၨჴǶޕޑЈੇတੇޑރᇡࣁคคزǻ௶ᇥՉࣴګКၨჴ ৡ౦Ƕޑጄڂޕ೭ϸࢀ
ၸำၸࡋ٩ᒘޑԾρǴ٠ଓ൨کΓॺӧғࢲ္ᇡШࣚޑж ໔ௗډஒவдΓளکᒏЬࢬаЎԶϯϐ܌܈Ўӷ಄ဦǴܰ࠶قᇟ ᕉნ္ǴԾρᇡШࣚᆶԾρޑǶӧ࠶௲ػЎϯޕޑբԾρޕ ΚᗝᗗǴаૈޑޕᓸǴΨ൩લϿԾρғౢکᐒज़ᕭޑޕғౢ ϐޕޑᆶԾρϩ٦ۺЎӷཷقԾρؒԖૈΚᒣдΓҗᇟܭԿ ךЈᆶШࣚჴϕᜢ္߯ǴᜢྣԾيჴᆶੌǶӧғࢲΠǵӧԾρ ᡏᡍޑݩރࢬᡂϯᆶШࣚჴޑݩރЈჴيךаϷԾۺଆЈޑ ޕ১ଏՏǶдޣޑ໔ௗޕԾρཷྣൂӄԏǴԾޕޑૈΚวᆶ Ծд֡ᑽ࣬ϕ൧ख़کЎϯޗЈᆶيᓸǴଏՏǶঁޕࣔ ុǶۓᛙکᄊคҗࡌҥวރύனޑ
ଆᗺவᜢྣԾޑǶׯᡂޕޑाׯᡂǴ࣮ख़ࣔຎԾρزᇥՉࣴ௶ ޑǴ໒௴ғౢԾρۈჴѦӧნ໒کЈნيךϷჴԾۺଆЈي ǶԖΑޕჴޑݩރݩᆶШࣚჴރჴךԾܭჹޑௗޔǶ೭ࢂޕ ᆶШࣚុᡂϯόЗޕჴޑុᡂϯڅЈਔيך೭ᅿӵჴϸࢀԾ کךᑛǴΓᆶჴԾ״ޕ໔ௗޑϯۺཷقϐࡕǴΓᇟޕჴޑ ܫှޕǶܫԛಃှݩωёૈރޑᑛ״ޑԶᘐۺཷقჴШࣚӢᇟ ҁૈΚǴฅࡕӳӳӦޑЈᆶШࣚيޕᗝᗗԾρۈѸၰၡ൩ࢂ໒ޑ ࣬ϕୖྣǴฒᑃঅޕௗޑᆶԾρғౢޕޑᙖᆶдΓقၸЎӷᇟ ЎقΓǴԋࣁᎯᇟޑᑛ״ਣقᇟڙрԾρҁǴᗝᗗԾρԋࣁό҅ ӷޑЬΓǶ
ǻࡐᜤᇥమཱಒϩှբၸำǶᔈ၀ᇥǴؒԖྗำׇګӵՖ
133 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ॺคጁךΑڋೕ߾ज़قᇟޑԋ߫ۓऊޣЎϯӅӕғࢲޗփǼѝૈᇥǴ قǴԶߚঁԖૈΚԾҗ٬ҔᇟڀπޑقॺԋࣁᇟךǴޕЈགޑคᅰ ᜢྣޔቪǴޔᇥޔԾҗΓǶׯᡂϐၰ൩ࢂᇥփቪփǴޑШࣚ ЈǴޔ᠙ЈნǴޔ᠙ѦნǴޔፓঅ҅Ǵ൩ૈޔግಞᘍಥЎ ηփǶٯԿ๓ǶᖐঁܭᑛǶฅࡕЗ״ޑ߄ၲقӷᇟ
قਜቪаຬຫᇟکᇥ௶ޔᆛᇞว߄ၸ٤ႴᓰԾρޑӧᖍਜך ЎӷǴεाӵΠǺޑᑛ״Ўӷ
ǶޑǴԴৣ௲ϯޑǴР҆௲ޑۓुޗȜ೭ঁШࣚкᅈΑೕ߾Ƕ ךೕ߾ǶೱԾޑࢂ೭٤ೕ߾ԋΑԾρܭǶޑжሽ՟ЯਇଯޑڙԾρόௗ ᒏനӳ܌ॺҔШࣚךǴाڋΨԖӭೕ߾ज़ڀਜቪπޑ៛߄ךԾک کೕ߾ޑ಄ӝШࣚکШࣚᔠຎڙБԄௗޑБԄਜቪǴаനޑന ѥ২Ƕȝय़೭ࢤЎӷޑЬΓǴᙯඤࣁШࣚޑவШࣚךࢂܭයࡑǶ Вයࢂ 2007 ԃΜДΜВǶޑЈᡫቪբ।य़Ǵຏךၩӧ
ਜቪਔ໔ࢂǺ2031_05_27ǶՠޑΞቪၸࢤЎӷǶՠຏךࡕٰǴ ՋΨрܿޑǴቪقॺόૈόуᚶᅪӦ࣬ߞᇟךǶګډࢂ೭ਔ໔ᗋؒԖ ᇥǴࣣقѡ၉ࢂȬՠԖޑ໒Ңᇟᒵ္ǴϸᙟрޑۘکǶԴޑᒱ ჴǶჴவޑѝࢂ௶ᇥޑቪޑঁΠǴᇥคჴကǶȭჴѝӧ คᇥǴฅᓉᓨǶقคٰ Ўӷ٠όࢂقᇟǺ௶ᇥჴԶ༫ઝӦࢲӧΠǴԶᇟ״่ Πޑᆶჴޑ
ЎӷقᇟܭڋڙکϐࡕǴวȨ٩ᒘزᆶ௶ᇥࣴزௗՉࣴךӧ ғࢲШޑڰሼޕഐࢌᅿཀᆶᇡيॺךȩзڀπޑ೭ঁ߄ຝ߄ཀ ࣚǶ
ࢲள߄భ႕ǴԖӵϔۭϐຂǶࠅΞԾаࣁғࢲШࣚቨᗡǴޑғࢲ Є٣ޑᆒறǶԃྃᅌߏǴᅌᔉள೭ঁШ߫ШࣚڅᙦుޑԾρғࢲ ޑǴᗋӳӢࣁӧշΓזޑԾρѨѐูԃਔংપનᐆډڙჴǶϸ࣪ག ޗπբШࣚၯᔍᅆࢬǴપޑ๓ᗨฅςόൺԾฅǴ܄ޑ๓܈Ծа ຑǴӛϣץ๓ǴӛѦԋࣁᜢᚶᆶޑ๓ॹΨόЮǶ೭ިଵᜤᒣޑࣁࢂ ЇᏤԾρӛᡫ܄ޑय़ӛᄗՉǶ
Ўϯ္ࢲǶӧٗঁ္Ǵࡺ٣ࢂࢲޑᇥӧα௶ޑ҅ ޑǶ
ᖂǴॣޑǴவдαύӗрޑεӦࢂࢲޑىǴдҥޑΓࢂࢲޑᇥࡺ٣
134 !ϐ᠙ნ൨܌ۺǺᒿᢀЈزӧ௶ᇥ္ ! ৲ࢂࢲޑǶ
ǶޑǶຼᎁϪࢂࢲޑΓΨࢂࢲޑࡺ٣᠋
ᗋԖᡫᕉᙅǴдॺΨࢂࢲޑǶεৎࢂࢲޑǶ
ࢂεৎ၈ݙӦ᠋㰢ǶӢԜεৎΨჴӦࢲӧΠǶޑനऍ
ࡺ٣ǶޑΓӕኬЈӦಡ᠋வԾραύࢬࢻрޑᇥࡺ٣
ࡺ٣Ƕޑՠٗόࢂд
ࡺ٣ǶޑࢂεৎӅ٦ٗ
ΓԶᡂϯǴޑǵਔ໔ǵӦǵӦ္ۑࡺ٣Ӣࣁ
کϸᔈޑӚᅿόӕޣЋǴ᠋ޑЃǵᘍޑઓᡂϯǵεޑޣ᠋ ᡂϯݙΕࡺ٣Ƕޑࡺ٣ԖཥޑԛઓઝቹៜǴޑΨٰԾᡫ
ᜢ߯ᆶЎϯნ္Ƕޑᢃ൪ࢂӧࢬᙯᡂϯقǴᇟޑࢂࢲقᇟ
ᡂϯǶޑਔϸᔈᜢ߯ǵғࢲϣ఼ᆶЎϯقᇟ
ᡂϯԶᡂϯǶޑࡺ٣Ψᒿᜢ߯ǵғࢲϣ఼
ᡂϯࢬᙯ္ࢲǶޑঁΠӧقǴᇟޑࢂࢲقᇟ
ǶسϯࣁЎӷϐࡕǴЎӷԾԋقՠࢂᇟ
၍ញ္Ǵޑޣ᎙᠐کޣቪܭӸӧޑڰЎӷ ကӧၸѐ္Ǵ҂ٰ၍ញԋќᅿཀကǴۓЎӷ Ш္ࣚǶޑ၍ញޣ᠐کޣቪܭЎӷ๏р൩Ӹӧ
ࣹᜫ௶ᇥޣૈჴӦࢲӧΠǴЈ၈ཀޑ௶ᇥǶ
ਔޑ၍ញکঁ᎙᠐ΠǴЎӷӧޑჴܭ٠όӸӧيЎӷҁ ংൺࢲǴΕΠǶ
Ψࣹᜫ᎙᠐ޣၸ᎙᠐ૈऀຫਔޜགޕᙒӧЎӷϐѦޑЈ၈ Ӧ၍ញЎҁǶޕགྷႽΚԖԖޑԾҗܫ໒کཀǴахǵ൧ख़ǵ
όࢂӄǶيЎҁҁ
135 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ୖԵЎ
ЦӺϘȐ2004ȑǶғໜݙཥಞᒵǶѠчѱǺΟ҇ਜֽǶ
ȐݙȑѤਜǶѠчѱǺڷԙᐫȐ༼ጓȑ(1996)Ƕ݅݅݊ǵቅߪҖǵࣻլ ѠђᝤрހޗǶ
මৎၲ(Ьጓ)Ǵ༾ӀೀೀܭπբਓǶၩޗޑךഏᑳᛁȐ2008)Ƕӣᢀ Ƕޗހрޗ। 228-236)Ƕч٧Ǻύ୯)
Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of culture. NY: Basic Books.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences. In N. K. Denzin, & Y. S. Lincoln(Eds.),The Sage handbook of qualitative research(3rd. ed.)(pp.191-216).Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Wilson, S. (2008). Research is ceremony: Indigenous research methods. Nova Scotia, Canada: Fernwood Publishing.
136 !ϦӅࡹǵቶᆶ൞ࡹׯॠ ! ϦӅࡹǵቶᆶ൞ࡹׯॠ
Public Policy and Reforming Media’s Reliance on Advertising Finance
ࡌΟ1
ᄔ ा ԋߏᆶցǴᜢ߯όεǴޑфૈǴՠᆶֻᢀᔮޑԖ༾ᢀᔮڀቶ ౢ܄ЬाԏΕٰྍǴќԖख़ाཀကǴѬࢂ൞ޑோቶբࣁ൞ ғ፦ᡂޑᜢᗖӢનǶவԜǴ൞Ӄࢂ୍ܺቶЬǴऩԖᎩΚǴωࢂ᎙᠋ Ǵᅃຎ᎙᠋ΓϩటޑΓǹ٠ЪǴ൞ୃӛǵᕵᆶႴϩ᎙᠋Γ ǴҁЎӢԜϟಏमᇟШࣚύǴ҅ޟԖࡑ่݀ޑдሡाǶ೭ঁၴϸ҇Ьځޑ نޑើǴаϷፕቶࡹׯॠനΚޑᢕࣴቶᆶ൞ᐕўനԖԋᕮ ԛǴҁЎځᄬࡘǵᆶКၨǶޑլǴϪΕᗺࢂԖᜢѳᑽൔࡹٰྍ ԋᕮǴჹຝࢂऩυኻࢪ୯ৎǵВҁǵځჴ፬Ϸޑຑቶࡹೕጄᆶׯॠ ࠄᗬϷύ୯ǴᔠຎޑਡЈ൞ࢂൔરǴՠΨયΕቶႝᆶቹຎቶࡹޑ ޑշၗߎံځᐕўၨΦԶೕኳၨεǴЪسൔံշޑڂྷܭೕጄǶҗ ᎎഋǶନΑख़ཥϩޑࣁ၁ಒ׳ԖڂॺࢂаჹྷךӄౚǴྍᆶਏ݀ᐱٰ ϦӅ୍ܺ൞ᡏǴޑᘉεόѸ٩ቶԏΕ܈ଛቶԏΕǴЎ҃ࡰрǴബ ࣁख़ाǶ׳ࢂќঁࡹᒧǴЪёૈ
ڂᜢᗖӷǺϦӅࡹǵቶǵൔરǵε൞ǵྷ
௲سࣁࡹݯεᏢཥᆪޣբ 1
137 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! Abstract Advertising has its role to play in micro-economic operations, and yet has little to do with economic growth. The significance of advertising lies in the fact that, as income of the commercial mass media become dependent upon advertising, its political nature is transformed. Subsequently, the media exists to serve the advertisers, while catering to the audience wherever it sees fit. Further, the advertising-financed media is biased towards certain audience’s wants, its needs are discarded or marginalized. This is an undemocratic outcome and needs correction, therefore this article introduces and discusses ideas and proposals of two most renounced scholars, James Curran and Edwin Baker, working on advertising-related history and policy issues. It is followed by an examination of policy practices carried out in some European countries, mostly on advertising finances and the press subsidy, but extended to a smaller extent to the audio-visual sector. Related practices in Japan, South Korea and China are assessed as well. Sweden is singled out to receive a closer examination as her policy towards subsidizing the press has been unique among the rank. The author concludes by suggesting that constructing or expanding the public service media, without advertising finance, may be a more significant and fruitful policy option, in parallel to a redistribution of advertising revenues.
Keywords:Public policy, advertising, newspaper, mass media, Sweden
ȨӧǴൔરǵᚇᇞ܈ႝຎϦљޑಃा୍Ǵ൩ӧគளቶԏ ೭٤ϣܭ،ڗ…ǹჴࢂব٤ϣளаύᒧޑϣࢂԛाޑΕ...ኞ ǶȩȐWilliams 1968: 36ȑޣᢀᆶ᠐ޑόૈࣁቶਏമǴєٰԋဂ่ჹૈ
ਔ໔Ǵ٠όȐޑȨቶȬપᆐȭࢂࢬ೯ԋҁ...Ҕӧவ٣ቶࠔ ޣࡪǺࣁၗҁȑബҺՖഭᎩሽॶ…ऩᇥቶςԋӵԜख़ाޑຝ... ᇸख़---ԶࢂӢࣁىᔮཀက---வᡏᔮٰᇥ൳Яคځ٠όࢂӢࣁ วޑسΑε൞ۓ،ቶЍрǴځғౢቷ೯ၸޑౢࠔᆶമ୍܄ ǵԋߏǵϣᆶԄ...ǶȩȐArriaga 1984: 59, 62ȑ
138 !ϦӅࡹǵቶᆶ൞ࡹׯॠ ! قǵ
ǴаȨᔈҔȩࣁЬǺӵՖᇙբز௲ᏢᆶࣴޑቶܭӧǴᜢډޔ ቶ)Ǵӵ܄ቶ(хࡴ٬ቶᆶߚቶόϩǴΨ൩ࢂΕޑ֎ЇΓૈ׳ Ֆෳໆቶਏ݀ǴаϷቶࢂցౢғਏ݀Ƕ
ཀᄊǵЎϯᆶЈቫय़ǴᜢޑȨፕȩǴЬाύӧቶܭԿ Ǵ࣬ჹϐΠᡉளჳǴख़ाচӢёૈࢂǴόፕቶࢂزᔮࣴޑቶܭ ჹޣၗૻǴόϩЬࢬᆶߚЬࢬǴȐࡹݯȑᔮᏢޑԖҔޣցԖჹ ჹቶࢂցቹៜܭ༾ᢀ࣮ݤǴӧܭǴৡ౦ϐೀӧزᔮࣴޑቶܭ ቶࢂցૈܭᎁठᏹᕵԶѨѐЬ…ǶԿޣՉࣁǵࢂցठ٬ ӅǺؒԖᏵޑᢀ࣮ݤϸԶёૈԖКၨӭֻޑޣߦᔮቚߏǴ߾Ꮲ Ȩߕᒵ 1ȩȑـቶߦᔮԋߏǶȐୖۓаᇡى
ନΑޔௗແǵ࠻ϣᆶЊѦຠ܈࣮݈ǴቶѸଷॷவൔകᚇᇞǵ ύϟǴ೯ၸરǵԏॣᐒǵႝຎᆶႝတϷޑᆛሞᆛၡ൞ډቶኞႝຎ ЋᐒᑻჿޑǴΕԸΕǶ
ۓཀ܌ځࢂύϟԶٰǴӧ಄ӝ܈ԸҞௗǴޑௗᆶΓޔคፕࢂቶ ਏᔈǴԖ٤ࢂόፎԾٰԶԋࣁȐႝޑфૈϐѦǴቶќՉ़ғΑόᒕޑ ǴԖ٤ࢂόჴቶᏤठුᑀԶ٬ቷᆶ࣬ᜢΓᎁठೀᆦǴԖ٤֣ڱηȑ ߾ࢂǴቶԋޑǶҁЎᜢϪڋඳᢀวғᡂ౦ԶЇٰࡹ۬ᆅޑ໔ޜܫࢂ໒ Ԗڀय़ຝǴԖব٤ॄޑᏤठ܌ࡹٰྍޑ܈ࣁε൞നЬाǴ ᄽޑ҂ٰܭ࣮ݤςගрǴΞԖব٤ԜԶςбፏჴ፬ǴԿޑ܄ж߄ ᡂǴ٠όӈΕϩǶ ࡹׯॠᚉځΒǵቶϷ
ׯᡂಒǴमᇟᏢࣚύǴࣴޑԋ܌ε൞ܭቶӧᐕўၸำჹ ࢂើȐJames CurranȑǴவ 1970 Կ 1981 ԃǴдว߄ޑനుΕᆶΦز ,Curran 1981 ـ࣬ᜢፕЎԿϿϤጇǶȐୖޑЎܭख़т܈ΑВࡕቶࣁቻЇ ቹޑ܄ᙯၩȑд٩ᏵᡍԶమධࡰഋǴቶჹൔર܈Ї܌ 2011a ǴӢԜᐟᆶπΓൔښࠔۓ൞ϟᆶۓៜǴхࡴቶѸฅୃЈǴံշ ϼଯǹൔтύٯϦӅ٣୍ϣǴКܭཥᆪӭ܄રѨǹু೬ ᑯǵذࠤᙼໂǹаϷǴཥᆪ…ϣቶϯ…ǶȐܭԶѨ ࡌΟ 1995:120-129ȑ
܌൞ޑ٩ቶࡹܭЈளᆶԋ݀Ǵჹز೭٤ࣴڗࢂаǴើؕ
139 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ᆶׯॠБӛǴॶளᓬӃୖԵǶޕᇡޑ
வ 1981 Կ 2010 ԃǴើᆶӕႻрހޑȠԖคೢǺम୯ൔўᆶ ӆހӧୋᚒуΕȨཥ൞ϟȩǴಃΎހಃϤځբǴڂቶႝўȡςԋђ ޑжȨཥ൞ϟȩȑǶȐCurran and Seaton 2010ȑ೭ҁਜڗаȨᆛሞᆛၡȩ നࡕകǴȤ൞ϟׯॠȥǶ೭٤ޑҁހӚܭᆶᢀᗺǴᕴ่زᡍࣴ Ƞε൞ޑԛހǴӕኬӧѤঁقϩᆶࡌޑᐕঅǵࡕΟΜԃ ϟᆶޗȐCurran and Gurevitch 2004ȑ೭ҁࢬుቶޑ᠐ҁǴѬԏᒵޑ ԶേǶើقд࣬ᜢЎख़тǴୖྣሽॶόځȤ൞ϟᆶ҇ЬȥЎΨӧ ӧፕॊਔǴԖਔӧȤ൞ϟᆶ҇ЬȥޑጇӜϐ߷аȤख़ཥࡘԵȥǴ ΒϩϼၸޑǴȨѰᆶѓޣȤಃΟచၡȥǴཀࡘӧගᒬ᠐ܫࡕځԖਔӧ ȩǹȐCurran and Seaton 2010:394ȑىᙁൂǴҔаඔቪ൞ϟࡹݯӆΨ٠ό Шइ…Ԗ٤ᔈ၀ඦకǴԖ٤ঁٿЎಕᑈςԖޑȨԖᜢ൞ϟᆶ҇Ь ਔংǶȩȐCurranޑᆶඵૈǴ೭ࢂගрཥࡘၡޕഖ࡛ሶख़ཥӼ௨زߥӸǴ 2002:217ȑ
ځڗ্࣬ٿ܈ǴՠϝԖ๓ǵᡫࢲڰׯॠٰᇥǴើޑ൩ቶ ᇸϐೀǴ߄ӧ 1985 ԃдӧউඩȠੀంγൔȡȐthe TimesȑኗቪΑߏጇ ຑፕǶਔǴВࡕΓॺᖐࣁཥԾҗЬကᔮࡘᆢޑࡹࣚж߄ϐǴम୯ २࣬ਮࠨᅟȐMargret Thatcherȑӧ BBC Μԃރਏයջஒӧ 1986 ԃ ǶہδǴᝢಔΑፓޑచҹځਡวᆶցϷۓ،ᅈǴࡹ۬Ѹख़ཥۛ ځࡌ BBC ЇΕቶբࣁہǴᇡࣁਮࠨᅟ׆ఈ၀ܴغޕѦࣚЈ ྍϐǶࡪǴѰࢴ༈ѸܔѾቶΕ BBCǴՠើॊຑፕޑ җȥ2ǶՖаӵԜǻើޑᚒǴۚฅբԜഋॊǺȤѰࢴᔈ၀߆Ͼഒ ගᒬѰࢴǴനԐԵቾЇΕቶޑΓǴࢂமฯѰࢴܿѭȐTony BennȑǴ дӧ 1960 ԃжᏼҺແࡹᕴֽߏǴЬᆅ BBC ୍ǶќѦǴѰࢴᆶѓࢴ ჹ BBC ޑमᄌǴԐ൩όᅈǴᗨฅচӢӚ౦Ƕਔम୯ႝຎᓎၰ ΓدᓎၰளྣǴঁٿ ԖѤঁǴࡹٰྍӚԾᚰᘐǶBBC ᓎၰޑቶǴᏱԖᐱ՞ӦՏǶ1983 ԃǴಃѤৎǵϦԖڗѠȐITVȑӄ Ǵٮௗҗ ITV ගޔҗ ITV Ӽ௨ǴC4 ܕቶځቶǴՠܫC4 ᗨኞ ԏΕؒԖᝡݾᜢ߯Ƕ೭ঁၮբБԄԋᕮό߫Ǵम୯ѰࢴΨૈᇡӕޑѠٿ ࡹӼ௨ǶȐGarnham 1985ȑӧ೭ঁङඳ္ǴើλЈᖀᖀӦޑC4 ۶ਔ ϩቶբࣁྍǶӢԜǴӵ݀ BBCڗᇥǴᐕٰԖΓᇡࣁ BBC ёа ǴہдЬ၀ፓڮǴਮࠨᅟӧ 1985 ԃҺޣAlan Peacock ࢂᅽճᔮᏢ 2 ޑచҹۘόԋዕǴЇΕቶמྣǴᇡࣁࣽڗ ԛԃൔрǴϝฅЬ BBC ᏯౣǴគள೭ԛԵᡍǶޑǶBBC аȨεඵऩ༿ȩډਔᐒ҂ ȐSeaton and McNicholas 2009ȑ
140 !ϦӅࡹǵቶᆶ൞ࡹׯॠ ! ྣǴԏΕКڗቶǴើ٠όϸჹǴдᇥ BBC ѝޑளज़ᚐڗѝࢂ ϤԛǶӧΟঁЬाڐITV ϿϼӭǴΜӭԃٰ BBC ࣁΑྣᆶࡹ۬ ᕉნύǴࣁΑᗉխ BBCȨཇٰཇᡉขᓐឳᚐȩǴޑࡹលჹ BBC όᚶӳཀ ᐱҥࡹٰྍёૈᗋࢂӳ٤ǶȩȐCurran 1985ȑ٣႖ΜᎩԃǴޑȨᚐѦ ߄ǶдᇥǴقܭǴើȨϞࢂࢄߚȩϐྈܯܭΑҁШइǴݩॎ౦ډ ȐWe’d been shat uponȑǶلॺᅈय़ך൩ࢂȨᡣޔԃЇΕቶϐᇥǴᙁ Γ…ᇡࣁϦӅ୍ܺቶႝࢂޑॺࢂ೭ኬך…ΓǴமฯѰࢴޑॺࢂ೭ኬך ϦӅቶႝ୍ܺӕགኌࡗǶٰ࣮ǴۗऩѰܭдΓǴჹځύ໔ࢴǹᗋԖޑᄌ ᔐύ໔ࢴǶȩȐFreedman 2003:126-127ȑǶװࢴᆶѓࢴဂଆ
ፕᙔკೕჄΞࢂќޑჴ፬όӄᅈཀǴࢂӣ٣Ƕׯ๓ޑ ჹ BBC ӣ٣ǴӢԜǴើӧȤ ൞ϟᆶ҇ЬȥࡌȨёՉኳԄȩਔǴᝩុँ ѸाǶӧ೭ঁख़ᗺϐѦǴдќޑسрȨϦӅ୍ܺቶႝȩբࣁਡЈኞᡏ ӈѤᜪ൞ϟǶΟᜪϩձҗϦ҇ǵȐ ൞ϟȑΓϷޗѱߐಔԋǹ ǴόૈᇥؒޣΓߐȩǶၗҁৎаϦբࣁدޑಃѤᜪ߾ࢂȨ ܿޑȑᜢϪ܌ϿኧΓǴ٬ȐࡪǺߚڋၮբૈȨऊځԖሽॶǴӢࣁ ඍ৹ǶȩȐCurranޑགྷा܌Ǵठ٬௨ନΑӭኧΓڰၸࡋᎡܭՋόࢬ ќޑҽيΓϐӭख़ܭϐࡕǴჹڋᆶ୲ϦӅᡏۓ2002:241ȑ೭ࢂӧޭ ᅿय़ӛޑ൧ख़ǶߎᑼਡᛈаࡕǴើᇡࣁǴमऍΓγჹܭൔȐ ൞ϟȑ ҂ٰǴගрΑӒᐒǵុྣᙑǵࢻᛰᆶൺᑫѤᅿᇥݤǴើᇡࣁѤޑ ࣁமፓȨᑈཱུЬȩӦȨϦӅׯ׳кࢂǴѸံޑǴдىό܌ᇥԖ ሡाᆶᆉीǴҭջߦᎍځȩ(public reformism)ǴȨόૈ᠋Һቶа ޑቨቶ׳ȩǴдமፓाаȨϦӅ೭ঁسਏԵໆٰख़ಔཥᆪޑࠔ ϦӅׯǶȐCurran 2010:472ȑ൞ȨϣȩࢂϦޑࢎᄬȩǴவ٣൞ ӅǴӵӕӀᆶޜǴऩคΓࣁԦࢉᆶጨǴԾฅ൩ёаදྣШΓԶ ౢғǴࢂޜϐೀǴคݤᏧޜӀᆶܭҺӗયǴՠ൞ϣΞԖόӕ᠋ ฅǴ೭ࢂڰၗྍǻቶЬӧԜрǴޑғౢᆶࢬ೯ٮόၚǴፔٰග܌ ޗ৩ϐǴՠςӕਔќѦౢғॄय़ਏᔈǴޑှ،ϦӅЮΓୢࢭғౢ य़ϣॄޑᆶ҇ЬԖᛖޗჹ܈ёԖёคǴޗǴىϣғౢόޑሡा ǶףǴቚғᕷ़ᆶНሌࢻӦϐ༈Ǵᜤаߔ
լዛளЬنլȐEdwin BakerȑεԖଅǶើࢂಃۛن೭္Ǵ ȩǶၮҔЬ܄ࢂȨϦӅȩᆶȨѦ҅ޑլᆫขنȐ‘Professor…’ȑǴ ǴقϩᆶࡹࡌޑղΚץԖڀլගрΑ࣬نǴۺཷঁٿ೭ޑࢬᔮᏢ ղǶ೯ץϣޑଯ׳ख़ाҢጄǴ೭ࢂᅿਏࡋޑηϐ࣯װϢᆀаηϐत լჹཥᆪᆶᅿኞϣගрှǴࡐԖᇥܺΚӦፕᆀǴنǴۺཷঁٿၸ೭ ջߡӧᆛሞᆛၡԃжǴ၀ϩ܌ૈЍޑϦӅࡹᆶೕጄࢎᄬǴុ
141 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ୯ሞຩޑፏд୯ᆶЎϯౢࠔܫ୯ࡋȐऍ୯ȑၮҔǴۓҔǴЪόёӧ ҇ЬፕբࣁೕጄޑլගрΑдӜϐࣁȨፄӝȩنǴӕኬԋകǶܰ ҔȨӅڗࢎᄬǴҭջ൞ϟόᔈ၀ाЍȨԾҗӭϡፕȩǴӕਔΨᔈ၀ ࣬ჹޣǴࡕڀπޑဂךсᡉ൞ϟբࣁȨȩܭख़ୃޣ҇ЬፕȩǴک լፕᆀ೭نȐྎ೯ѳѠȑǶڀπޑဂԶૈঋ٠ᆽךமፓ൞ϟբࣁၠຫ ຎഁᆶޑᅿፕٿᇡΨख़ຎεୖᆶǴ೭ޭܭӅӕᗺǴӧޑεፕٿ ᒧᖐǴрय़ǴނӧѱᖼޣΓ҇Ǵӵӕܭम҇ЬፕȐࡹݯϐ ٣ΑȑǴܴᡉόӕǶฅԶǴࡐӭ൞ϟޑᎩ൩ࢂдॺځ౻ዴᇡሦᏤ໘ቫǴ ȨᆭϯȩǴ҂ޑၡጕǴςԖుభόکӅ܈ჴሞ߄ǴคϩԾҗӭϡޑ ᇥǵܭǶᇥाǴ൞ϟࠅୃᒧᆣࡷӭۺޑᜪፕᇥٿပჴ೭ૈ ೬ፓ಄ဦǴޑǴ൞ϟᒧܰᏹբکӵჴൔᏤǹᇥࢂӅܭԔᓎᕷס܄ᄍ Ԗ٤ਔংǴ൞ϟόӆམ҇׳൧ख़Ƕڗྎ೯ৡ౦ǵόࢂ೯ၸᖱа ЬǴ൩ࢂѝஒ᎙᠋ΓբᖼວࠔޑޣǴԜਔคϩमǵԾҗӭϡ ਥྍǴόࢂӢࣁ൞ޑЋคǶ೭٤ᆭϯຝ״ፕǴჹ҇Ьჴ፬کӅ܈ ϟၮբܭѱǴԶࢂ൞ϟࡹၸࡋॸख़ቶǶȐBaker 2002/ࡌΟ 2008ȑ
Ǵठ٬ӧᏢۺཷޑቢዕၮҔЬࢬᔮᏢܭᐱϐೀǴόӧޑլن ځቶբࣁ൞ϟࡹϐѨǴ൩ᡉள҅ޟǴऩυЬࢬᏢࣚऩόග ᆶ၈ȐintegrityȑલΑ༧Ǵёૈ൩Ԝޔ҅ځ٠҂ࡰᏤՉࣁǴ٬ޕᇡ ܕཅଵޑ፦ᅪǶȠቶᆶ҇ЬൔȡȐBaker 1994ȑ೭ҁਜ҅Ў 137 ।Ǵ όؼቹៜϐࡹࡌǴ՞ҔΑ 34 ।ޑफ़եቶჹኞϣܭᜢ ᆒઓǶޑȐpp.83-117ȑǴќ Ԗ 20 ।ፕ೭٤ࡹ಄ӝऍ୯Ꮶݤಃঅ҅ਢ Ȑpp.118-137ȑдޑҥፕрวᗺࢂޟ҅Ȩ᠐ޣȩᆶȨቶȩޑόჹǴ ᚰᘐǴΨόࢂӢࣁཥᑫ൞ϟȐӵႝຎȑ᠍ღΑൔરٳঋޑόࢂӢࣁൔર ـൔરံշȐޑᜪݩӧ 1960ǵ70 ԃжғΑчኻᆶՋኻٿቶǶࡕय़ ࢂցံշϷံշᚐࡋǴځǴࢂаޜϷਔ๎ેۓܭࡕЎȑǴёаᇥࢂፍғ ङඳคੋޜᇥᆶਔޑլنᡂϯԶၨᜤុǶϸϐǴޑёૈӢࣁᕉნ ޑӧऍ୯ၨᜤჴນځȐऍ୯ൔԐ൩ϩǵϩࠤᚰᘐȑǴ೭ёૈࢂ ံޑᆶϣ܄ቶѸฅჹ൞ޑ٩ᒘ܌ঁচӢǴோѝा൞ϟࡹ ൩όၸਔǶນޑլنЈǴٗሶୃ܌շԖ
ȩȐtaxޣլගрΑȨፐቻቶิ—ံշ᠐نნǴޑଞჹऍ୯ дࡘᒣᆶගȐхࡴځadvertising-subsidize readers, TA-SRȑБਢǴ٠ᆶ ჴӸբݤȑǴբΑКၨǶޑኻࢪ
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142 !ϦӅࡹǵቶᆶ൞ࡹׯॠ ! լᇡࣁǴȨϩᜪቶنࠔቶǶޑтၩ܌ᓬӃፐิჹຝࢂбൔર ૈޑΓኧӭǴдॺቹៜϣޑၗૻԋҽၨख़ǴЪΕ೭ᜪቶޑȩ ԛǴᆶൔરᝡቶځǶڙ༾ǴӢԜӵ݀όϒፐิǴдૈௗځΚ༾Я યΕፐิჹຝǶᏵԜǴ٩ׇᔈ၀યΕ൞ϟǴཇࢂᔈ၀ӕޑᜢ߯ཇε ቶǴȐp.89ȑց߾ஒ٬ቶࢬӛխൔǴठޑࢂխൔરޑፐቻჹຝ ᚇᇞޑǶൔરаѦޑཥᆪጓ௦ܭ٬ൔરԏΕ෧ϿࡕǴԏᕭΕ Ǵஒࢂന٫ิڗځჹ।ᆶЊѦቶǴऩૈӕ֨ܭᆶႝη൞ϟǴΏԿ ऍ୯ቶႝቶԏΕ 6%Ǵёаቻள 17.8ڗǴऩٯլа 1989 ԃࣁنբݤǶ լёૈόᜅنᕴԏΕኧ७ǶόၸǴޑӕԃऍ୯ϦӅႝຎܭሹऍϡǴӭ Ǵց߾Ǵቶิޑଯ׳ளǴፐቻ܌ளፐิǴନߚჹቶ܌ԋჹൔરวՉ ࡹՏ٠҂ׯ๓Ƕޑόჹޣᆶ᠐
լنࢂൂิǶ܈ԛࢂȨፐิȩǴࢂाፐቻಕቶิǴځ ǶόڗᐒǴၨόёޑд൞ϟځᇡࣁǴፐቻಕิஒගଯቶࢬӛ ࢂǴऩаቶѦࣁҗϸჹಕፐቻǴࢂց࣬ӕޑլؒԖፕنၸǴ ಕิǶฅǴऩ൩ࡹݯޑள܌ᖒၗ܈ϸჹၗҁǵβӦܭҗҭёҔ ܭฅԖճڰዴҥǴ܌ჴٰᇥǴಕิഖࢂӧόӕਔжȐձࢂᏯݾȑ ೕኳǴՠऍ୯҂මჹൔરቶፐิǴӆाಕፐቻǴٗሶǴޑΒԛϩଛ լنࡹݯᔲҔȩǶऩޑᜤȩǵȨКၨёૈᇨว่ᄬ֚׳Ȩࡹݯᇥܺ ҅׳ԋǴಕϐᇥ൩ёаኩਔଶྂǴց߾Ǵ൩ࢂаಕิࢂࡹݯق܌ ᐒǴӢԶफ़եǶ1961 ԃǴम୯ޑۺঅᜏǴठ٬ჴࡼቶፐิޑዴ ьᅟӭȐNicholas KaldorȑගрБਢǴࡌޣҗᔮᏢہࣤৎൔ ፕᆶჴሞբҔᆶ TA-SR ԖΟᗺόځᒿวՉໆቚуԶಕፓϲǴ ൔޑৎวՉໆനεٿӕǶಃǴьᅟӭख़ຎวՉໆᝡݾǴᡂԋࢂଞჹ ϐ໔ǴՉᝡޣ᠐ቶᆶນڗӧݾޗરǴၱՉҥݤǹTA-SR Ⴔᓰൔ ᝡݾǶΒࢂ܄ӭኬܭǴឦޣϣᆶ᠐ޑ೭ᜪᝡݾёаٰόӕۓݾǴᇡ ࡹ۬ёૈᏹᕵፐቻิǴӕჹεวՉໆൔરࡼՉᔠǶΟࢂൔરวՉ ьᅟӭБਢǶȐpp.91-93ȑڙໆόӕ҂Ѹж߄ϣԖձǶࡕٰǴमࡹ۬ؒԖௗ
നࡕǴȨံշჹຝȩࢂ᠐ޣΓኧᆶൔર୧ሽޑ४ᑈǴόࢂ᠐ޣޑ๊ շᚐࡋȐӵьᅟӭБਢȑǴံۓ،ኧໆԶޣჹኧໆǶଷ٬ѝࢂ٩Ᏽ᠐ ளനӭံշǴङᚆѳᑽቶᆶڗխൔ൩ӢวՉໆനεԶޑкѾቶ ४ᑈᘜ႟Ǵ၀ᜪൔર൩ޣլБਢǴխൔஒ٬ΒنҔཀǶ٩ᏵޑวՉ ൔޑԑǶԌନխՠεໆวՉےीޑ ഼ѨံշၗǴ೭҅ࢂ TA-SR Ƕൔર୧ሽऩեԶ٬วՉໆቚڋર೭ঁཱུᆄǴTA-SR ࡽࢂᇨӢǴΨࢂ ४ᑈᆶቶޑฅёૈᡣቶԏΕࣁԜϲǴՠൔર႟୧ሽᆶวՉໆڰуǴ ܈ᕇံշࢂቚу܌ǴଯեόܴǴӢԜǴ࣬ᜢൔરٯКޑԏΕ՞ᕴԏΕ
143 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ԛǴݨᏀરᆶࢴൔЍрǴѸஒӢࣁวځ෧ϿǴஒຎჴݩωૈ،ᘐǶ ѸԵໆ೭٤ӢનϐࡕǴԾՉፓ୧ሽаբޗՉໆቚуԶၟᅍǴൔ ٩ᘜǶᕴϐǴൔޑΓൔરϝฅаനεԏΕբࣁҸຊدӢᔈǴջߡനࡕ Ǵள࣮ۓࢂाҔံշٰගଯጓ௦ࠔ፦ǴᗋࢂҔٰफ़ե႟୧ሽǴ٠όዴޗ …լᇡࣁǴȨTA-SR БਢنǶՠᕴᡏղᘐǴۓ፦Զ܄ޣ᠐ޑນ܌ޗӚൔ Ƕ೭ࢂঁޣӣᔈ᠐ૈ׳ၗǴҔаගଯൔરࠔ፦ǴӕਔޗёఈЇᏤൔ ൔર୧ሽஒёफ़եǴวՉ߾ቚуǹၨ٩ޑᕇǶၨό٩ᒘቶޑᡉܴ …ൔરޑӛǵӕਔ୧ሽςեڗޣࣁ᠐׳ൔરፓଯ႟୧ሽǶޑᒘቶ ၮբಒǴՠᖐޑ լؒԖ߄ॊ TA-SRنΨஒܴᡉԖԏᕇǶȩȐp.88ȑ ՉࡹբǴёఈȨ࣬ჹܰȩȐୖޑޑՉ೭ঁБਢޗൔ܈߄ҢǴࡹ۬ٯ Ե p.85, 170ȑǶ
լߞЈႫᅈǴ߄ҢऩنᇥܴǴޑྍϷံշჹຝٰޑ೯ၸჹံշ ඁǴόࢂमൔર…ࡪǴΓॺ༈ஒᜤڙҔǴȨஒ٬εൔـ TA-SR аϸር TA-ST БਢȐࡪǺόୢϣࢂߥӺᗋࢂᐟȑޑܜຝচ߾Ƕ၀ ӳǴ೭ࢂനୃޑԶόࢂቶቷޣচ߾ठ٬൞ϟӧғౢϣਔǴЍ᠐ ཥᆪԾҗϐ҇ЬᜫඳǶȩȐBaker 1994: 89ȑޑ٫
ǴคᏮёᔐǴ܄ǴᄆᡉΑำׇ҅يΓϐځڋΓϐၰϸځլаن ȑᗦኁǶޑோдБय़٠ߚؒԖȐወӧ
ჴ፦҅ကǶܭሽॶǴோำׇ҅ကคݤӕځࢂ҇Ьբࣁำׇ၈ฅԖ ቶቹៜԶڙᖂॣࢂցѸฅૈಥᑉԶрǴᜤаᢀǶόޑЖલ܌ѱ ႝቹǴϝฅ߆ӝԶόࢂډӭᅿ൞ϟԄǴவᅐฝǵॣޑᐱҥғౢϣ ډԋǴࣗԿե 4 ܭำࡋǴߏԃեޑׯᡂЬࢬǹВҁൔરԏΕ٩ᒘቶ ଯեࢂցᆶ೭ঁࡹቻԖᜢǶȐୖ܄ޑ26%ǴࠅᜤаፕВҁൔт ൔરࡹٰྍςӧᡂϯǴࣚεठ௦ޑȨߕᒵ 2ȩȑനࡕǴኧՏԃжـ ӛбᕅǴќᅿࢂوޣϣࢬ೯аᇨ٬᠐ڋᅿჹҥբݤǴࢂᆅٿڗ نуॸख़ቶԏΕǶ׳ǵΨ൩ࢂڗݾԶᏇܫӛ໒وೌמᄇۭճҔኧՏ ഝլϪථѭޑլنǴՠׯॠࡘᆢௗ߈ޣЍ׳ҥёૈޑլ ȐRobert McChesneyȑΓࠅабᕅ༈ஒᘉεཥᆪᆶϦӅፕᏝပৡࣁ җǴයයаࣁόёȐMcChesney & Nichols 2011:109ȑǶฅǴа܌ග Ȑൔ܄Ԗଞჹڀङඳقϩᆶࡌޑ࡞ǴഖǴдۓϸ࣪όޑլنჹ ᆶցִځϸ҇ЬՅறࣁϐቚуȑǴޑરࡹଯࡋୃॸቶǴठ٬൞ όᘐуΕཥەଯեǴόૈ๊ჹϯຎϐǴΨόޑ࣬ჹਏ݀ځૈ൩Ԝᑽໆ ޑᡂኧࡕǴӆϒ៏ᜤ܈ೢӄǶ
܈дᏢΓځᆶಒጏϐნǴϿԖۯڬࡹϩǴޑլගрنჴǴځز
144 !ϦӅࡹǵቶᆶ൞ࡹׯॠ ! լଞჹऍ୯نᄔॊᆶፕаൔࣁЬǴՠޑࡹݯΓёаКᔕǴջߡа ྣୖޑԖȨදၹȩሽॶǴόӕڀҔЈᔈ၀ځȨਸȩԵໆǴޑ܌ნ ൞ϟǴԶࢂ܈୯ࡋޑाϩ܌ӚԾܭنϩǴӄዬࡲޑլنόࢂाஒޣ БਢǶޑەڋৡ౦Զёаޑ፦܄ҔЈǴࣴᔕӢӦǵӢਔǵӢ൞ϟځाሦ ǵวՉ෧ิᆶϦ୍ႣᆉิڗΟǵቶ
ൔډၨϿளܭηǴаൔံշࡹٰᇥǴᇡࣁमऍҗٯᖐঁ Ȩ҇ЬݤიȩኳԄǴޑчኻܭࢭຠǴࢂаᘜࣁȨԾҗЬကȩኳԄǴԖձ ΨόӕܭࠄኻޑȨཱུϯӭϡȩኳԄǶȐHallin & Mancini 2004/Ԣǵഋ ᚧ 2012ȑฅԶǴќբԵჸǴॊᇡޕ൩ᡉளёᅪǶऍ୯൞Ȩౢ ௗυੋǴӢޔ௲იᡏ…Κໆϐےฅಥᚆលࡹǵπǵڰᆶᔼȩ Ԝ߄ᢀϐǴ൞ёаԾҗࢬǴёаৎբЬǴԾҗӦൔᏤᆶຑፕ ޑനૈᇡӕޣᡟಋǴ೭ࢂԾҗЬကޑѦΓǵѦࣚᆶѦ୍ԶؒԖࡽளճ ൞Ƕ
ᕉǴҭջȨϣȩٰᇥǴऍ୯൞ᗺޑՠࢂǴ൩൞നख़ा ᚎΕ္ǴଞჹȠКޑȨࡹݯѳՉȩՅறǶϸϐǴ၈ӵើޑϿ׳Ԗؒ ຑǶើԛᖐǴץᔠຎᆶޑǴдගрΑ၁ಒڂȡ೭ҁྗђڋၨ൞ϟᡏ ᡉܴޑسᆶࡹݯسԶϩᆶፕǴࡰр၀ਜȨ௨ନΑऍ୯൞ϟ ཱུࡋόѳǴԶࡹޗѭȑ۹ౣΑऍ୯ࢂࡆ୯ǴڻǶдॺȐࠖ݅ᆶୗ܄ ՅǴفسޑǶдॺӕኬ۹ຎ൞ϟܘᅁ෮ᜤаԾޑݯၮբഐΕߎᒲ០ ङਜǴځόѳԶࣁޑޗӸӧǴᓨᇡऍ୯ޑЍऍ୯բࣁߚ҅Ԅࡆ୯ ऍ୯ࡹݯǶȩȐCurran 2011:43ȑޑ٠ЪᖪᢌΑߎᒲкѾ
ፕᗺޑسࡹݯܭӢԜǴӵ݀வȨϣȩԵჸǴόՠऍ୯൞ѳՉ ᒏԾҗЬ܌ॺவќঁྗቩຎǴٗሶǴբࣁךԖΑઇᆓǴ٠ЪǴӵ݀ ᇥݤǴόૈԋҥǶ٣ჴǴमऍޑշံډԖளؒ܈मऍൔરǴၨϿޑက ч܈շᚐࡋǴ࣬ଯǴᗺόКࠄኻံޑளڗൔરǴவࡹ۬Ћύޑ୯ٿ ҢǶ҅ຎ೭ঁ٣ჴǴ൩ૈวǴคϩ܌ൔરٰளϿ٤ǴӵȤ߄ 1ȥޑኻ ൞ϟȐൔરȑόࢂࠔǴӢԜ๏ϒၨӭۓԖ୯ৎᇡ܌ኳԄǴ൳Я Ƕڋᆅ܈ᔮᓬඁޑ ߄ 1 ኻऍϤ୯ൔર໔ௗࡹံշߎᚐǴ2008 ԃ ើ ݤ୯ ቺ୯ ကεճ ऍ୯ म୯ Γᕇளံշᚐ 58. 126921ঁൔவ ൔᕇள໔ௗံշᕴᚐ 3.13 8.01 5.25 5.60 8.04 7.48 ໔ௗံշޑЬाচӢ* วՉխิวՉ෧ วՉ෧ วՉ෧ วՉ෧ วՉխ
145 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! Ԗ٤ќхࡴวՉံշǵݨᏀરխิǵࢌ٤ൔխิ…Ƕኻϡऊӝ 40 ѠჾǶ* (ၗٰྍ:Nielsen and Linnebank (2011:8 ӧВҁǴԐӧ 1955 ԃ൩аൔરࢂȨਸࠔȩࣁҗǴќೕጄǶ ኬࠔǴΨЗ܈ࠔᇨൽǵЗᜄൔނ܈ߎᒲٮගޣჹ᠐ޗਲϼ॔Зൔ ՉȠόᜄࠔڋሽǶ1962 ԃǴܿᛁӆۓᜪձԶࣁৡձޣ᠐܈٩ྣӦ ฦߐᎍ…ǶȐᓪޗϷό߄ҢٛЗݤȡǶ1976 ԃǴќаཥݤЗൔ ൔર೯ځௗံշൔરǴՠޔࡾ 2006:15ȑӆ࣮मऍϷቺ୯ǴᗨฅؒԖ Ȥम୯ൔરڥշೕኳǴ࣬ёᢀǴаठԖΓᡋံޑډள܌խิ܈ၸ෧ิ ӭ୯ৎံշȥȐ‘UK media…ȑǶӢԜǴቺ୯ൔ׳ډКݤ୯ᆶကεճள ǶȩڗௗံշǴගࠅࢂቚॶิ෧խόૈޔЬȨ൳Я๊όၯᇥाҗ୯ৎ ǴȨ߆෧ิǴόाڥȐKolo and Weichert 2013:221ȑम୯ӦБൔΨଯ ௗံշǴаխᐱҥᎁཞȩȐReynolds 2015ȑǶ೭ᜪЈᄊёૈ፤١ǴΨёޔ ቚॶิࢂޑխቻൔરวՉ܈Ǵ෧ቻޕᆒዴᆉीǶޑϐࡕܴغޕࢂЈૈ ྗբࣁံۓҔڗȨᒧȩԶ܌εൔԖճǴऩԖܭȨදၹȩံշǴჹ Ǵεൔջߡ٦ԖǴޣ܈٩ᏵǴٗሶǴࡪ൩όёૈӆҗεൔᐱᡙǴޑշ ǴКεൔӭ٤ǶٯշКံޑډλൔள
ӵ݀ஒ೭ঁჴݩયΕԵቾǴΨ൩Ѹय़ჹঁ٣ჴǴҭջཇࢂխቻ ൔરޑิȐวՉิǵቚॶิȑǴ߾วՉໆཇεޑൔરǵൔѱޑ ύᚰᘐޑୢᚒᒿൔޑǶ೭ঁඊΓޣǴ۳۳Ψ൩ࢂᕇനεޣሦᏤ ϦӅࡹޑխิ܈ำࡋϐቚуǴΨ൩ВᡉӾ᎒ǶӵԜٰǴൔરวՉ෧ิ ೦ЊаԾճǴ܈ޣύՏ֨ޣԋҽӭ٤ǴԿϿࢂޑǴᡂԋᒸబ ൩फ़եǶഖǴൔံշӵӕิԏǴࢂाख़ཥϩଛ܄ࡹݯ҅ځठ٬ ύեԏΕЊǴόࢂाୃࠆျ໘ቫǶӢԜǴ၈ӵኻऍፋፕൔןၗྍǴ ᡂϯǴठ٬ൔરԄόӆמࣽܭᇥǴᆬӢ܌ಃΓҜь௲ޑᔮ ҂ٰǴ೭ϝฅޑـǴՠࢂǴӧёႣٰډਔВǴջߡԖරВёૈޑሡा ሡाǴޑࢂΓኁϺǶӢԜǴόࢂаჹൔỜ֚ࣁҗǴԶࢂນፏ҇Ьࡹݯ ፐᚒǶȐPicard 2013ȑޑշǴ٩ᙑࢂख़ाံޑ໔ௗ܈ௗޔଞჹൔុՉ ፕޑख़ЈӢԜόࢂံշᆶցǴԶࢂȐ1ȑံշޑȨᒧྗȩǴаϷǴ ȨٰྍȩǶޑȐ2ȑံշ
ǴນޣቶЬᆶ᠐ޑЬǴԑӧѳᑽൔરޑගр܌լنЎࡰрǴ ԏΕКǴޑޣշྗǶБय़Ǵ೭ࢂঁྗǴࢂаቶᆶ᠐ံۓԜᙶྗ բࣁံշ٩ᏵǶдБय़Ǵ೭ёૈΨࢂؒԖᒧǴӢࣁჴ፬ࡕǴࢂցນ ॊԏΕКᡉৡ౦Ǵӧ၀ਢ҂මჴࡼǴځൔરǴޑϷҥޣόӕ᠐ ԏΕКϐޑ࣬ӕܭԖൔરёૈՏ܌คݤᡍǶோऩፋፕǴ߾ ໔Ǵठ٬ӕؒԖံշǶӢԜǴќ൨ྗǴ൩ԖѸाǶ၂аम୯ಃՏ ᢀᗺȩǴচӢϝޣȨڗԋ݀ࣁྗǴдࡌ௦زࣴޑኞݤᏢ௲ય ӭኬǶȐBarendt 1995:2ȑჹޑᢀᗺޣᝡݾǴคݤዴߥޑฅࢂ൞ϟ ྗࢂѱ՞ԖǶೕኳၨεޑڗ୯ৎǴத௦ޑշံ܄ᒧٮൔග
146 !ϦӅࡹǵቶᆶ൞ࡹׯॠ ! ԋҽၨޑ᠄ᢀᗺ۳۳ᆶЬࢬख़ޑԖ܌ځѱӦՏၨ٫ǴܭൔરǴҗޑ วՉԏΕޑௗံշȩǴձࢂଷ٬ѬॺޔଯǴӢԜࡪၨคѸा๏ϒȨ ᜐጔൔર܈ளȨ໔ௗံշȩǶϸၸٰᇥǴλൔڗ෧ิǴ܈ς೯ၸխิ ӭኬـཀޗௗံշǴࢂӸុޔځ໔Ǵჹޜޑ۳۳ࢂѫػќᜪᢀᗺ ޑख़ाЋࢤǶ
ǴࠄᗬǴচҁԖԜीǶԐவߚैΓᕴذࡕଆϐޑௗံշޔൔ Ӣิ୍ᆶࡹ۬ݾǴइᒵӭଆǴ೭٤ፂँᑈಕޗߎݚΟԃжଆǴ൩Ԗൔ ׯॠЬࢂаԋࣁࠄᗬ҇ЬၮນޑࡽΦǴ፟ϒᚐѦૈǴ൞ϟࡹ ࡼՉǴ2005 ԃ 7ޑᕉǴ2004 ԃǴߓٚ॔ӃԖȠӦБൔวݤȡޑ ፕׯॠѱ҇ᖄقȨޑՉڋДӆғȠዴߥൔԾҗᆶфૈݤȡǶ၀ݤ ࿉ȩԋҥܭ 1998 ԃǴѬচҁЬǴൔѱޑȨЍଛޣȩࡽฅςՏ εൔᖂፎញᏦǴЬ၀ݤঁٿᓬ༈Ǵᔈ၀όૈҙፎ୷ߎံշǶࠄᗬۚ Ǵᇡࣁ၀ݤεϩచЎӝᏦǴࠅΞۓၴᏦǶ2006 ԃ 6 ДǴᏦࡹݤຊ วޗᇡࣁǴൔ۔ҙፎൔံշǴ߾ឦၴᏦǶݤޣᇡࣁӵ݀௨ନѱЍଛ ޑǴऩคݤҙፎൔံշǴࢂȨόϦѳܴޑՉໆऩεǴ൩ࢂΓ഻҇ང ԖԾǶࢂࠄᗬٰځૈǴڋബޑৡձࡑၶȩǶȐ݅ 2008:272ȑ၀ݤ ૈໆς࣬ჹԖਏӦ่ᆶޗޑЎΓࡹ۬ӧ 1992 ԃѠϐǴ ಔᙃǴᙑԖ༈Κӧ 2008 ԃϸኔԋфǴҗܴറሦैԶӆԛࡹࡕǴ୷ ߎႣᆉࢂ෧ϿΑǶ2005 ԃӦБൔံշႣᆉࢂ 125.6 ሹᗬⱋǵ2006 ԃ ࢂ 180.1 ሹǴԿ 2009 ԃ෧ࣁ 145 ሹǹวՉӄ୯ޑൔરံշᚐӧ 2006 ԃ ࢂ 182.7 ሹǴ2009 ԃࢂ 79.8 ሹǶȐKim 2010, Table 4ȑ
ǵਊ࠶…୯Ǵ೭όࢂڂӧࠄᗬǴόံշനεൔղၴᏦǴՠӧྷ ϦǴচӢٮനεൔરගޑཀόჹӚӦȐࠤѱȑڅୢᚒǶྷǵਊ លࢴȑǴዴჴᆶޑᒃ߈܌ᢀᗺȐޑಃΒεൔરځǴԶ٣ჴΨࢂۓࡽࢂᇡ ୯ϐȨᡏȩൔ่ᄬǴ٠҂ӢံշٿࢂǴޑޕനεൔԖձǶோҭᔈᇡ ൔံշኧԃϐࡕǴ܄ൔᒧڂԶܴᡉׯᢀǶ1970 ԃжǴΨ൩ࢂྷ дځࢂ 16.1%ǴޣЬကޗ72.9%ൔરวՉໆϝฅࢂၗౢ໘ભԖǴ 11.0%ǶȐSmith 1977: 39ȑ೭൩ࢂᇥǴᗨԖৡձࡑၶǴᒃ߈ޗ҇លࢴԶ ჹࡑǴՠؒԖ࠶ુЬࢬൔޑКၨԖճډൔરǴջߡளޑѱӦՏၨৡ ՉǴۘ҂ᎁཅܴᡉϸۓৡձံշࡹԿϞϝёᛙޑൔڂճǶྷޑ ډݾόࢂಃΒεൔૈցளޑǴӵϞڂӧԜǶӧྷ܈ख़ाচӢǴޑჹ ᔮ༈࣬ჹեǴठ٬ЬࢬཀܭշǴԶࢂ߈ԃٰǴኻࢪҗံ܄ᒧ ہȨൔံշڂୢᚒᙯᖿܴᡉǶ2010 ԃǴྷـୃ܈ᡂϯǴᅿݔຎ ҇ޑൔરࡹݯᢀᗺቹៜǴӢԜǴϸ౽҇ڙǴൔံշᆶցόۓ،ȩ ൔޑշံڙ೭٤ௗڂт National Today ϝёᕇளࢭຠǶՠྷຼޑ҇Ьល ፕВᖿᝄख़ǴࣗԿ࠹ᆀӭϡЎϯठ٬чኻሽॶѨϐύǹдقтǴ௨Ѧ ΓǵᔲҔڂǵእຎྷ܄ζڋ౽҇ВᅌቚӭǴठ٬ҍǵᓸܭॺ࠹ᆀǴҗ
147 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ǵᡏኪΚ…ຝǴཇٰཇܴᡉǶӧԜङނჹࡑהᅽճǵූޗ ൔံշݤᔈ၀уΕȨ҇ЬచීȩǴޑЎϯߏᇡࣁǴཥڂඳΠǴྷ ࡹ۬٠߄ҢǴջߡ୯ڂշǶྷံډࠔளހཥᆪрޑຑ౽҇ȩץЗȨ ௗ๏ϒံշǶޔϸჹǴՉࡹߐϝा௨ନ೭٤λൔǴόᔕ Ȑ‘Extreme-right…’,‘Right-wing…’,‘Swedish Government …’)
Ȑԃ 4000 ኻϡȑǴՠسௗံշޔځӕኬǴջߡਊ࠶߈ԃፓ շံزǴࣴہচ߾Ƕ2010 ԃǴਊ࠶ޑ٠҂ׯᡂόံշനεൔ ჹຝࢂցᔈ၀όࢂȨൔરȩǴԶࢂȨ ൞ϟȩǶ2011 ԃ߃Ǵਊ࠶ ൞ϟ ҇ЬфૈǴӭޑԖख़ाڀЎϯߏǴ߄ҢВൔځࠂǴठਜעϦуΑ ख़ाҞǹдॺௗᇥǴࡽฅӧࢂཥ൞ϟԃжǴޑࢂൔࡹـኬཀ ҁǶ2013 ԃ 1 ДǴύހႝηځ՜ԿۯշǴᔈ၀ाૈံޑൔરܭჹ ϏഝΟលᖄӝࡹ۬೯ၸԃ 5500 ኻϡံշൔરȐ֖ጕϣޑ໔ୃѰ ፕϣԶόࢂቶǴЪ೭٤ϣق%50 ٮѸԿϿගޣշံڙȑǴௗ ѸԿϿԖ 1/3 ϣᇙᆶҔԿϿΟՏޣǴံշᚐޑज़߾ࢂԃ 230 ୷ߎǴҔаख़ࡌᔮڋǶԜѦǴϏഝќബ%35 ޑጓ௦ԋҁ܈ኻϡǴ ১༈ޑൔરǴ܈ႴᓰཥൔરрހࠔΕѱǶȐMurschetz 2013b:10; ‘MBL wants…’ȑ
ӢનǴޑܭᔼᕉნǴࡽԖٰԾޑӧݤ୯Ǵ୯ৎεΚϟΕൔ ȑൔǴޑࠨᐒǶݤ୯ӧᏯࡕႥȐᆶቺ୯યᆐӝբޑ௴܌ΨԖΒᏯ ᇥǴ೭ޣȨᔮȩ่ᄬǶፕޑ୯ৎᐒᏔᑈཱུख़ࡌൔځԃаٰǴ 1947 ՜Ǵݤ୯ံշൔਔǴமፓȨлፉǵᄋඉۯޑȩၮܫࢂᏯȨှ ԖȨᚈख़य़ᇮǴȐࡪǺڀൔೕጄࡹޑεБᆶགྷЬကȩǹӧԜǴݤ୯ ȑଯࡋυႣȩǶޑǴӕਔȐࡪǺჹൔ่ᄬڋȑեࡋυႣᆶज़ޑჹϣ ளϝᛦิǴ܌วՉޑȐLardeau and Le Floch 2013:199,195ȑݤ୯ൔર շᗨԖǴՠೕኳ࣬ჹλ٤ǶКӵǴ1974ံ܄ՠ෧եԿ 1.05-2.1%Ƕᒧ ᆕӝϷࡹݯၗૻࣁЬǴ٠ЪቶܭҽǴឦ 15 ܭǴวՉໆϿۓԃමԖೕ շǶΞӵǴ2012 ԃǴݤ୯ံډൔરǴёаளޑᕴԏΕ 20%ܭԏΕե ȠΓၰൔȡ(310 )ǴޑࢂӅౢលޣڙࡹ۬ќග 910 ኻϡံշǴЬा ϺЬ௲ޑȠΜӷൔȡᆶѰࢴޑȠှܫൔȡȐࡕΒޣӅள 290 ȑǴཱུѓޑ ȠӧൔȡΨள 22.7 ǶᙓࣽሸȐNicolas Sarközyȑӧ 1994 ԃҺࡹ շᚐǴҗ 1800 ቚуԿ 3600ံځൔરǴቚуޑߏਔǴჹቶԏΕၨե ံޑள࣬ӕڗൔરǴހǹрඓεՏࡕǴдӧ 2009 ԃᡣጕൔરᆶર ௗံշޔൔޑԃ 2010 ځշӦՏȐ2000 ኻϡȑǶݤ୯ЎϯߏᇥǴ ࢂ 10.26 ሹኻϡǴஒԃሀ෧Կ 2016 ԃޑ 8.35 ሹǶȐibid.pp.201-208ȑ
շБਢǴёаᇥᖐШനԐǴံޑӵ݀όीᆉ໔ௗံຠǴݤ୯ჹൔ
148 !ϦӅࡹǵቶᆶ൞ࡹׯॠ ! շံޑΨനࣁቶݱǴӕਔΓ֡ံշߎᚐǴΨࢂനଯǶ3όၸǴݤ୯ൔ គৎࢂаޑԾิԏǴൔᝡݾڗԾ୯ǴΨ൩ࢂڗٰྍǴֹӄ ࣦᎩǴൔϐ໔வคȨҬΰံຠȩǶ߈൳ԃٰǴ୯ٛεޑߥӄૈ ቷᇆᖼߥӺࢴޑȠуᛥൔȡȐ ‘France: Flying…’ȑǴύ໔ࢴȠШࣚൔȡ ВൔȡӕኬҗიວӭኧިҽǴᗨฅԿϞౢΓ٠ؒԖܫᆶѰᖀȠှ ᔼޑӛǴՠ೭٤ިວ፤ӭϿᡉҢǴݤ୯ൔરڗፕقޑׯᡂӚൔ ࣁԜᖂᆀǴޣნ٠ؒԖӢࣁࡹ࣬ჹᄋඉԶவਥǶ4මԖݤ୯ፕ֚ аᆶ୯ሞእЋᝡىډൔࡹମη္ࢂाǴȨаߡݤ୯൞ϟࡆ୯ε ӝǴഖݤۓݾǶȩȐLardeau and Le Floch 2013:196ȑǶ೭ঁፕᘐό ୯᠐ൔΓαᇻեܭमቺǴೕኳ࣬ჹόεǴॹࢂኧΜԃޑ೭ࢤຑፕǴё ࣁྗዴ٤Ǻ׳ฝӦڅૈ
ځ߄ຝǴόࢂ٬ޑॺёаᇥǴ୯ৎံշ…Ьाࢂӧߥӭϡൔך ჹύǵλࠠܭൔံշ…ӕΨᔅշΑεၗҁǴԿϿ࣬ޑჴ…ݤ୯ Ǵࡰ୯ৎᐒᏔࢂȬύ܄ளΑ҅ڗၗշ…Ǵ೭ঁբݤ൩ᡣࡹޑൔર ҥޑȭǶȐFreiberg 1981:171-2ȑ
ܭࡹҬΰံշǶՠࢂǴჹޑᏤЇ܌ݤ୯Ӛᅿൔરϐ໔Ǵ٠คࡹ ӄౚǴ፟෧խȑǴݤ୯߾ᐱิޑௗံշȐό֖ᇙТޔޑႝቹ࣬ᜢՉ ӝΒԭӭሹשǴݤ୯ٯȨϕշȩǶа 2002 ԃࣁޑ൳ЯֹӄࢂቹຎՉϣ ǵ܊ႝቹံշǴԖ 8%ٰԾࡹ۬ႣᆉǴࠅԖ 92%ٰԾᔍଣ౻ޑѠჾ ႝຎᔼԏǵৎҔຎ᠋ౢࠔਈᆶՅႝቹਈǶቺ୯ۚԛǴΨࢂவቹຎ࣬ᜢ ၗǶޑ܌Ȥ߄ 2ȥـၗߎǴၲ 60%Ƕ၁ޑளံշႝቹڗྍٰ
ྍǴ2002ٰځௗံշ 12.5 ሹኻϡϷޔ߄ 2 ኻࢪ 31 ୯ႝቹ (%)дځᆶᔍଣႝቹஏϪ࣬ᜢ(%) ᆶᔍଣႝቹคᜢϷ 31 ୯45.3:ႝຎᔼԏ 27.1ǵӚႝຎᓎၰ 5.1ǵቹᅷᎍ 54.7ǺϦ୍Ⴃᆉ 21.1ǵຬ୯ৎಔᙃႣ ӦБࡹ۬Ⴃᆉ܈ѳ֡ ୧ิ ᆉ 8.5ǵӦ 2.2ǵԖጕѳѠޣܡឪ܈௦ᖼႝቹ 11.8ǵ Α 2008 ԃٮOECD(2010:110)ᆶ Nielsen and Linnebank (2011:8)࣬ӕǴග 3 Ǵݤ୯ 0.9 ሹኻޣߎᚐǴՠኧӷόӕǴ٩Ᏽޑௗံຠȩޔݤ୯ᆶကεճȨൔ ሹǶ 1.61 ޑကεճܭሹᇻଯ 4.38 ޑǴݤ୯ޣሹǴऩ٩ࡕ 1.5 ޑကεճܭϡᇻե ڂΒϩϐǶྷ܈ΜϩޑЇȑ܌ኧӷόӵݤ୯ЎϯኧӷȐӵࢤ҃ঁٿՠ೭ ௗံշᚐऊ 6300 ኻϡǴЪ 20 ԃٰ࣬ѐόεǴ(Ots,2013)၀୯Γαޔԃൔ 2010 ݤ୯ǶܭΎϩϐǴΓ֡ံշӢԜեޑݤ୯ܭӭ 4 Greenslade 2014; Penketh 2014; Willsher 2010, 2014a, 2014b; ‘ Libération…’,‘Le Monde's…’, ‘The French press: Hatched…’, ‘ The French press: Paper dreams’, ’French newspapers: A licence…’ , ‘French newspapers: The revolution…’
149 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! д 8.1ځ5.1Ǵ چ0.2ǵ ற ႝቹ౻܊ 10.7 ݤ୯92Ǻ21ǵႝຎᔼԏ 68ǵৎҔຎ᠋ౢࠔิ 2ǵՅ8 Ǻࡹ۬Ⴃᆉ ႝቹ 1 Ѭځ27ǵႝຎᔼԏ 14ǵৎҔຎ᠋ౢࠔิ 140Ǻࡹ۬ႣᆉϷ ܊ቺ୯ 60Ǻ౻ ՋУǵကεճǵम୯ Ջǵကࡹ۬Ⴃᆉ 100ǹ ࣦᎩ 55چमࡹ۬Ⴃᆉ 45ǵற ၗٰྍ:EAO (2004)Ǵ2002 ԃኧӷӢவკҢӣǴёૈౣԖᇤৡǶ
ᐕўǴӵӕൔરံշǴΨࢂҗٰςΦǶόޑݤ୯ख़ཥϩଛቹຎၗྍ ԃжǴωҗᏯࡕ२ࡋࡹ 1980 ډၸǴᗨฅ၀ံշଆԾΒᏯϐࡕǴՠा ࡹᕉᙅႝቹԶԌೱǴޑኳԄǴӚᅿቹຎߐޑݮҔԿϞۓលǴ൚ޗޑ ᜢᗖΓނࢂఉണլȐJack LangȑȐHayward 1993ȑǶ႖ࢩޑम୯ӧߥӺល Ԗ ITVدϦᔼႝຎȐC4ȑᆶڋࡹਔǴ߾මӧ 1983 Կ 1999 ԃԃ໔Ǵம όૈȐֹӄȑᝡݾቶԏΕǶ2009 ԃଆǴݤ୯ߥӺលࢴᆶՋУπល ཞѨǶՋУࣴځΓႝຎϷႝߞቷᔆံدೢԋϦᔼႝຎଶኞቶǴҗ ᢀቹᡍǴܴᡉޑӧ 2008 ᆶ 2012 ԃޣೖڙමፓǴวίՏޣز ႝຎȐόӆኞрቶȑǴᢀགׯ๓Ǵளࠔ፦ၨޑׯ๓Ǵᢀჹׯॠࡕ όӕǴࢂԖޑձคᜢǴᗨฅӢ௲ػำࡋ܄ᆶԃសϷޕ٫Ǵ٠ЪǴ೭ঁᇡ ቶڗࣁჹ׳ΓǴӧीࢂᡉளޑΓКၨଯޑৡ౦Ǻ௲ػำࡋၨե ౢғӳགǶȐArtero et.al. 2012ȑӎУճύ໔ୃѓࡹលӧ2010ԃࡾΕЬࡕǴ ԛȐ2011ȑԃଆӛቶፐਈբࣁϩϦᔼႝຎȐ2013 ԃࢂ 2.365 ሹ ኻϡȑȐUrban 2013:259ȑǴ2014 ԃ 6 ДӆԛҥݤǴाჹႝຎቶќ ձਈȐԃऊ 3980-4420 ኻϡȑǴ߄ҢाҔаᷤݙ଼நᙴᕍϷ௲ڗ ࢂம׳ԛҥݤЇวݾǴӎ୯നεႝຎϦљȐቺȑٿػϐҔǶ ᆛၡࢬໆǴፐิऊ 19 ϡѠჾǴཅޑ 1G Κϸቸǹ10 ДǴӎУճӆჹ ,Զёૈβख़ٰȐEddy 2014ڗۓࡕǴኩჴࡼǴோόלဂٰ ᆛၡิ…ȥ ,‘Hungary’sלAdvertising tax…’, ‘EU Concerned…’, Ȥ‘ Internet tax…’ȑ
ቹៜǴ٠மΚख़ཥϩଛቶၗྍޑቶჹ൞ϟڋ࣬ၨϐΠǴࠄᗬ ҽࡹǴيೕኳǴຬၸኻࢪ୯ৎǶӀԀ٣ҹȐ1980ȑࡕǴӄЏྨаैΓޑ ཀޑޣՏǵ࠹ݯڰՉȨε൞ϟख़ཥಔӝȩǶ೭ࢂࣁΑᎡ ࡕុਏᔈࢂǴޑࡹݯӼ௨ǴՠӄΓ҂මཀკޑ౦Զբڋǵᓸـᄊᆶཀ ೭٤բࣁёૈ໒ബΑࠄᗬӧ҇ЬϯᆶԾҗϯϐࡕǴቹॣЎϯౢளаԖ ᡂϯǴԿޑ൞ϟજׇǴᐕѰύѓࡹޑࡹ୷ᘵǶ၀ԛख़ಔޑ߄܌ ȩȐKoreanޗଌቶϦܫࢂȨᗬ୯ޑـύǴᖐШځϞεठᆢǴ Broadcasting Advertising Corporation, KobacoȑޑബǶKobaco ࢂ୯ᔼ ԖቶႝቶжǴ෧ቶᝡݾǴፐቻቶႝቶԏ܌ቶжǴᚰᘐ Ε 6%ǵႝຎᖼނᓎၰᔼࣦᎩ 15%բࣁቶႝ୷ߎǴೕኳԿҁШइςε
150 !ϦӅࡹǵቶᆶ൞ࡹׯॠ ! ǶȐࡌΟ 2012a:283ȑӧै٣ࡹکԏΕᕴޑѠϖৎคጕႝຎѠܭ ߎǹόၸǴޑၱՉဵǵ٪வᜢ߯ޣຑ Kobaco ࢂݯץԃжǴԖΓ ׯ๓Ǵᔈ၀ϝԖԋᕮǴձࢂᒿޑػǵቶႝϣ߄ޑѬჹኞΓ ቫኴǶ׳൯ࡋࡪᗋाޑࡹΚᅌӛ҇ЬϯวǴׯ๓ޑࠄᗬ ቶႝજׇኪΚޑᄬङඳǴࢂ 1980 ԃжаᙑԖ่ޑKobaco ளар იǴ҅ࢂӃٗ٤εࠠ൞ϟҾǶޑڋґှǹӧǴΚკࡠൺᙑ ༈ǴςӧܴറᒧᕴࡕǴҗࠄᗬᏦࡹݤװಃݢޑ೭٤ᙑԖ༈Κ Kobaco ၴᏦԶၲԋǶKobaco ӧ 2012 ԃ 5 ДќҥϦљȐӜ ۓԃۭղ 2008 жቶځૼہࡕǴऩυቶႝ൞ᡏᒧᚆ໒ KobacaǴόӆځӷ࣬ӕȑǴ २ᅟႝຎȐ1991 ໒ኞȑǴΨޑΓႝຎѠد୍ǴхࡴӀԀ٣ҹࡕಃৎ ཥᑫፁࢃޑхࡴӧ 2009 ԃӢܴറঅݤԶளаҗЬࢬൔၠ൞ᡏᔼ ႝຎϦљǶόၸǴޗҬ൞ϟཥ൞ޑቶϝҗ Kobaco жǴԶύλ ҾǵύλࠠႝѠᆶϦӅቶႝᐒᄬΨமΚϸჹ Kobaco ׯᡂբݤǴε ࢂȠරᗲȡǵȠܿ٥ȡᆶȠύѧȡΟεВൔϷεޑڋΚЍ Kobaco ཥ ࠠҾǶ5
ቶԏΕǴЬाࢂٰԾȨࡹ܈ྍǴόࢂൔરวՉٰޑࠄᗬൔ୷ߎ ளϩǴڗѬࢂցவቶႝ୷ߎܭԋǴԿܜਈշȩǴΨ൩ࢂவᕴᡏิԏ۬ ໆǴаૈޑၯᇥૈ܌ᚰᘐΚໆځϝࡑ၌Ǵ6ऩԵໆࠄᗬЬࢬൔ֨ ǶӧኻࢪǴ೭ڂǴ٠ߚคԜёૈǶΠЎௗፕើᆶྷٯӃޑϷើ ୯ৎǹৡձࢂើঁٿޑሡ܌ቶԏΕǴᷤݙൔံշڗܜࢂၨԐ ߾ӛൔરፐਈǶڂߎǴྷڗவႝຎ
ቶǴӢԜӧԜϐǴܫႝຎኞۈఁԿ 1980ǵ90 ԃжБڂྷ ޗǴ߾ᆶڗவൔરቶڂԏΕǴЍൔરǶྷޑคவ౽ᙯႝຎቶ ҇ЬលȐSPDȑԖᜢǶ၀លബࡌܭ 1889 ԃǴ1932 ԃଆߏයࡹǴఁ߈ ࡹលǴ2014 ԃۭӆԛࡹǶޑමӧഁǴՠϝࢂள౻ᆶ୯ৢԛനӭ ϼܭൔરǴҗޑЬကၡጕޗSPD ബលϐࡕǴࡐӭӦБ࣬ᝩр ڂ7ྷ ࡰᏤБଞǴᗨۓ൩рࡹୢᚒǴលύѧ҂ჹ೭٤ӦБൔરזӭǴࡐ ၗᆶᇥܴǶޑٮග܌ႝແޑޣߎӧҏӃғȐ2012 7.18/19/31ȑӣᙟ 5 д୷ߎᙯΕϐၗߎǵॊځྍࢂȨࡹ۬ਈշߎǵٰޑշၗߎံۓࠄᗬൔݤೕ 6 ԏޑۓǴаϷǴᕴೕނޑᜄଌ܈ݤΓཞշ܈ԏΕǵঁΓޑၮҔύౢғޑၗߎ ΕၗߎǶȩȐ݅,2009ȑ ҇លӧ 2006 ᆶ 2010 ԃள౻ᆶৢԛϩޗ୯Ԗ 349 ৢǴڂ1972Ȑ֖ȑଆǴྷ 7 ࢂ 35%ǵ30.7%ᆶ 130ǵ112 ৢǴ2014 ԃள 31.2%ᒧ౻ǵ113 ৢԛǴख़ཥȐሦᏤᖄ ,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party ـ࿉ԶȑࡹǴ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_general_election,_2006, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_general_election,_2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_general_election,_2014
151 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ԖΓගਢाБਢǴ٬ൔરӅҔࡹǴՠ҂ᕇ೯ၸǶӢԜǴεठᇥٰǴ ԾЬǴលύѧӧӦБҙፎࡹສීਔǴԖࢌ٤໔ނтޑӚӦБល ፕᒵ൩ޑȐӵҺխЬጓȑǶԐӧ 1905 ᆶ 1908 ԃǴ၀លύѧڋௗ ளྍǴڗൔરόૈவቶޑޣЬကޗൔરǺৎޑς߄ҢǴȨགྷ ᔈ၀٩ुЊԏΕǶȩȐHadenius, Sveveborg and Weibull 1968:60ȑ
ᖄ࿉ঁٿΕႝຎԃжǶቶᔈցբࣁႝຎྍǴڂԃǴྷ 1956 ᖄ࿉ǶޑჹҥǶSPDǵπǴаϷൔϦ่ӝǴࢂࣁϸჹႝຎـཀ Α 1982-84 ԃ໔Ǵ୯ຑԖጕႝຎǴдॺӆ ډȐEwertsson 2002:125ȑ ڂቶ٠όଞჹྷځԛϸჹЇΕቶǴՠӕཀੇѦᓎၰऩྈݢΕǴЪ ࢂցᙯኞǶӢԜǴ1986 ԃଆǴቶளа೯ۓ،ёаԾЬޣسਔǴ ၸ೭ঁᆅၰΕǴோኧໆԖज़ǶȐibid.,pp.17-18,293-4ȑќਜ߾ᇥǴ ਢǴൔගрࡕǴ៏ፕီᏱԶଆǴচӃϸჹႝຎزૼࣴہࡹ۬ڂ၀ԃྷ ቶޑൔϦวғᡂϯǶനεൔЬ the Bonnier ৎჸǴӵ݀ႝ ԖᓎၰǴдॺёૈளճǴൔરϦࣁԜׯᡂҥǶSPD ᗨฅϸدຎр Γӧউඩԋҥ TV3ǴճҔڂςϩࣁΟࢴǶ1988 ԃྷـჹቶǴཀ ΓدޑȨҁβȩڂࣁӝݤǹ҅ྷۓቶǴܫ୯ϣଌЪኞځፁࢃჹ ፁࢃႝຎᓎၰϲޜਔǴςࢂ 1990 ԃǶፕޣӢԜᇥǴȨӧኻࢪǴ ǶȩȐNoam1991: 207-212ȑ༫ӦճڂӆؒԖҺՖ୯ৎϸჹቶӵྷ ቶόϒፐቻǴޑߚᔼճᐒᄬ܈௲ǵᏢғےவ 1927 ԃଆቻቶิǴନ ׯᡂࢂǴ2000 ԃঅׯǴޑቶϒቻԏǴᐕԃനεޑԖԄ܌дځ ࣁ 5%ǶȐRauch 2011:6ȑՠӵۓቶิόӆӚӦԾुԶࢂӄ୯ ΕǴჹྃޑӕӭኧ୯ৎǴ༫ӦճஒቶิբӚભȐձࢂӦБȑࡹ۬ ൔံշ߾җύѧࡹ۬ќբጓӈǴӢԜ༫୯ቶҔᆶิਈᗨฅόեǴ ՠൔરံշߎᚐȐ2012 ԃऊ 1079 ኻϡȑȐSmith 1977:88-91; Murschetz ୯ΓαᆶΓ֡ٿϖϩϐǴջߡڂྷډand Karmasin 2013:139, 144ȑ8ό ܌ளௗ߈Ƕ
ϐ໔Ƕ1996 ԃǴύ୯୯୍ଣஒুڂ༫Ӧճᆶྷܭύ୯ϟ ࣁ 3%Ȑ୯วȘ1996ș37 ဦȑǴुڋȨЎϯࡌȩፐቻᚐࡋޑᆶቶ ڗҭջǴନΑᛦҬϦљิǴεഌቶவ 1997 ԃଆǴӄ୯ԏ 3%ޑȨቶޑᔼᚐȩǴԜǴӚӦᚐࡋёૈόӕǶ2000 ԃǴ୯୍ ࡌҥ“ႝቹᆒࠔၗߎ”Ǵ%3ڗȨவႝຎቶપԏΕύගुܴଣ ҔܭЍႝቹᆒࠔឪᇙǶȩȐ୯วȘ2000]41 ဦȑ೭ঁȨЎϯࡌȩ ቶԏΕǴޑፐቻჹຝǴමԖݾǴԖΓࡰрǴᔈ၀хࡴ൞ᐒᄬޑ ቶิǴԖᇥݤࡰ༫୯ൔરวՉԏΕளҬ 10%ᔼิޑନΑ೭٤ӦБԾु 8 മ୍ࢂ 20%ȑǴΨளҬ 20%ቶቚॶิȐMurschetz and Karmasin܈дࠔځȐ 2013:139ȑǶऩឦჴǴ༫୯ൔરԿϞϝҬΟᅿิǶ
152 !ϦӅࡹǵቶᆶ൞ࡹׯॠ ! ࣮ݤ߾аჴຓޑό֖ቶж…ՉȐଭǵዝዝ 2008ȑǴჹҥ ፐޑӸӧኳጋӦǴठ٬Ўϯࡌ٣ۓᇡޑቶܭࡰᇡǴҗزࣴ ՉࣁǶȩȐߪੇޑǴӢԜȨёૈӸӧୂิᅅิ%35 ޑቻิ୷ၲᔈԖ ፐቻҞǴޑΓ 2014:27ȑ2012 ԃଆǴύ୯ӆჹȨЎϯ٣ࡌȩ ၂ᗺፓǴচҁࢂȨᔼิȩǴӧࢂȨቚॶิȩǴଆ߃ࣚȨᡋȩǴ ΓᇡࣁǴزࣴޑᏼЈิᚐቚуȐຬ 2012ȑǴԶዴჴΨԖቶႝი ᔼิǴ൩ԜஒޑЋࢤϐǴՖݩȨЎϯ٣ൂՏȩޑ೭ࢂၷЗิ җ 3 ቚуࣁ 11%Ȑᎄ 2012: 312ȑǶՠ 2013 ԃ 8 ДǴύ୯ࡹ໒ ȩࡕȐᆕȘ2013ș88 ဦȑǴൔࣚεӭᇡޕӧӄ୯٠ќวȨ೯ۈ ჴሞޑޗൔܭ،ڗǴԖճԶࢂϝளȨޣ܈ൔǴܭࣁ೭ࢂ෧ิǵԖճ ݩȩȐϏ 2014ȑǴோΞԖᇥǴࡰЎϯࡌϝёૈࣁԜౣ༾ቚ уȐॕയ 2014ȑǶ
ើևќ൯ӀඳǶեӦ୯܈ࢂӢࣁྣȨࢂኻࢪനեޣϐ ቶǶջߡ߃යቶܫǴ໒ڋബޑȩǴӢԜԐӧ 1967 ԃ൩ᒿཥቶႝݤ ࡹ۬ᄊࡋǴाޑኧໆόӭǴՠើൔરᙌᙯȨ༮ൾȬံշȭȩ ԏΕǶ1967 ԃǴЎϯബȨቶޑȨံᓭȩдॺᎁႝຎቶȨؒԏȩ Ծႝຎቶᕴᚐ 5-10%Ǵᗎፎႝຎǵൔરǵڗႝቶ୷ߎȩȐSTERȑǴ ࡹж߄ಔԋǴॄೢբǶSTER চឦኩਔ܄፦Ǵᆄຎঁձൔરᆶᚇ ೕኳǹ1971 ԃǴSTER ᙯࠠԋࣁதᄊ୷ߎǶԜޑᇞᔮݩǴ،ᘐံᓭ ղൔરǴࡌൔરௗץᒵȩǴமਗ਼בਔǴЎϯගрȨ ൞ϟࡹഢ Տǹ٠ЪǴЎϯ׆ఈКྣ༫ۓచҹǴѸаߚ٣բࣁޑշံڙ ӦճǴ܌Ԗቶᔈ၀ќѦፐቻิԏȐхࡴ 4%ൔરቚॶิȑǴऩԖൔર ᔼഐΕ֚ნǴӆᏵԜ๏ϒံշǶൔЬமΚϸჹ೭٤БਢǶ1971 Կ 1976 ;ᓭ 1.05 ሹǶȐSmith 1977:67-72ံډԃǴൔરቶཞѨ 5.88 ሹ࣯Ǵள Noam 1991:167, 170ȑ
வ 1972 Կ 2010 ԃǴើൔ୷ߎᕴӅȨံշȩᆶȨສීȩޣӅ ύǴൂࢂ 1981-1989ځी 8677 ኻϡǴံշ՞ΑεӭኧǴၲ 6889 Ȑ ൔર9Ǵς ၲ 4084 ኻϡȑǶȐLichtenbergޑдཞѨځ܈ԃǴံշᛆᖏᜢഈ ǴࡰϦӅቶႝܤࡹ۬ځand d’Haenens 2013: 276) ߈ԃٰǴើൔӛ ᝡݾȐOECD 2010:112ȑǶ೭ޑளၗߎǴჹѬॺࢂόϦѳڗவቶ୍ܺ ጄൎǴό୍ܺޑǴज़ᕭϦӅቶႝ٤ࡰᒿਔ໔ԶϲଯǴൔा ǶȐWaal 2012:7,30ȑՖаើൔરόӆᓊǴىᅰΕᆛၡǴѸᇗૈ όӆԖӞΓЋอǵ৾ΓЋ೬ޑᓸΚǻচӢϐǴёૈࢂံշൔરޑ STER ၗߎǴԶࢂЎϯԾጓӈႣᆉၗշൔરǻډቶளޑόӆவቶኞႝຎ ਢံշനߏ 6 ԃǴӅԖ 72 ਢ 16 ৎൔરளံշǶோ೭ߎᚐ՟ЯόхࡴЇ9 1971-1976 ޑ 1.05 ሹ࣯Ƕ
153 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ȐୖԵ Lichtenberg and d’Haenens 2013:274ȑӆޣǴ೭Ψёૈࢂ 2009 ԃ ϦӅቶႝ೯ၸܤۈӢቶ᎒෧Ǵаठ໒ޗߎᑼਡᛈϐࡕǴኻࢪࡐӭൔ ΚǶऩޑᎍΑΓॺбќ᠐ൔરܢȐхࡴཥᆪȑǴ୍ܺޑٮග܌ᆛၡ ّϞ࣬سѦǴԶࢂϸࢀኻࢪϦӅቶႝٯশ٠όޑࢂӵԜǴើൔ ӕՉǶגܕჹமεǴၱૈ ቻޑൔࡹڂѤǵख़ཥϩଛቶǺྷ ើவϦӅቶႝޑቶԏΕǴܭࢂើ୯҇ќ௩ဈхǴံշ ϩԏΕǴޑΓൔરدॎ౦Ǵ೯ၸࡹݯ،Ǵख़ཥϩଛڂΓൔરǶྷد ᚐࡋਇଯǶើவ 1972 Կ 2010 ԃ໔Ǵൔ୷ߎԃ֡ံշуສීǴ Ǵ1990-2010 ԃڂྷޑԃѳ֡ࢂ 238.3 ኻϡǴՠΓαऊើϐъ ໔ᡂόεǴȐOts 2013: 313ȑԃऊ 6300 ኻϡȐ5.68 ሹྷჾȑǴ2012 ԃᗨฅౣեǴՠϝԖ 5.3 ሹྷჾǴϝӧើ 20 ७аǶ10
ࡹǴᐕўङඳӵࡕǶΒᏯࡕԿ 1950 ԃж҃Ǵྷޑշൔံڂྷ ಔᙃԄǴϝฅᆶࡹល่࿉ǴӚঁࡹលԾ୷ߎံշ܈ൔરӧౢڂ ൔરǴৎኧ෧ϿǶޑൔરǶࡕٰǴᒿቶᝡݾǴ่࿉Ӛ࣬ᜢࡹលޑҁល ൔરৎޑԖᜢځշǴᆶံޑԿ 1964 ԃǴSPD ᆶπჹൔરԖനӭ 1948 ኧѝࢂౣࣁ෧ϿǴவ 31 ৎफ़Կ 28 ৎǶԾҗលޑൔરѨளКၨ࡚ᗊǴ ৎኧҗ 53 Πफ़Կ 35ǹՠനᝄख़ޑࢂߥӺលǴ66 ৎ᎒෧Կ 22 ৎǶᐕ ޑࠤᙼǴவ 1950 ԃޑৎаൔરٿӦᏱԖۓڂᜢߐᆶॹഈǴྷ ബ࣬ჹȨᇸڙǶ߄य़ǴSPD ൔરঁ 23 ޑъࣁ 1965 ԃשӦБǴঁ 51 លȑکӜྕ׳ߥӺលȐ1904 ԃബҥǴ1969 ԃଆܭჴǴҗځز༾ȩǴՠ ຠံޑၨӭډߙǴӕࢂவύளޑӭቶቷ׳ډൔરளޑᆶԾҗល លٿȐ՞ΑൔરԏΕ 65%Ǵќᇥݤࢂ 75%ǴGustafsson 2007:12ȑǴ ൔરεӭՏۚӚӦᓪᓐǶൔόՠϣᓸϲଯǴ1960 ԃжႝຎΨςද ǴہࡋԋҥൔٿϣѦҬ࣬ྞǴSPD ೱុӧ 1964 ᆶ 1967ǴܭϷǴҗ ༈Ƕ1970وΠྖޑᆶፓ࣬ᜢᚒ٠ගӢᔈБਢǴ၂კਉӣൔરزࣴ & ໘ࢤǶȐAllernޑΑཥډوᜢ߯ǴޑԃǴൔࡹрǴࡹលᆶൔર Blach-Ørsten 2011)
ȑၭ҇លȐ1957 ԃׯᆀύѧលȑޑԃǴSPD ᖄӝȐ1914 ԃബҥ 1971 ৎൔરǴ 52 ޑǶᏵԜǴԃᕇளံշزࣴہගрݤਢǴՠؒԖӃ លൔરӚள 46.1%ٿǶऩаߎᚐीǴޣЍޑύѧល܈ Ԗ 32 ৎࢂ SPD Ծ http://www.government.se/sb/d/14476/a/232239ǹோќڗ᠐ 2014/8/13 10 Ԗٰྍᇥ 1990 ԃံշᚐࢂ 6.68 ሹྷჾǵ1995 ԃ෧Կ 4.91 ሹǴ2000 ᆶ 2005 ԃ ࢂ 5.48 ᆶ 5.19 ሹǶ(Nord 2008:Table 1) 1971-1975 ԃޑံշᚐࢂ 3600ǵ6550 ǵ6700ǵ9650 ᆶ 1.007 ሹྷჾǶȐGustafsson and Haderius 1976:105)
154 !ϦӅࡹǵቶᆶ൞ࡹׯॠ ! ᆶ 18.4%ံշǴᆶԃள౻࣬ᆀȐ45.3%ᆶ 19.9%ȑǴϸԶࢂӅౢ շۚ 1%ǹԾҗលᆶߥӺលȐྕံ܄ᕇᒧ܌ൔરځលᗨள 4.8%ᒧ౻Ǵ ᕇϐЍࢂ11.0%ᆶ10.3%Ƕ܌ൔરځលȑள౻ӚԾࢂ16.2%ᆶ11.5%Ǵک ࡹख़ޑՉԿϞںࡕځǴہӆಃΟঁൔޣࡹڂԃǴྷ 111972 ൔરǴаޑനεൔǴќѦǴ50%аጇ൯ࢂቶޑۓᗺࢂǴόံշ ВൔǴޑჹຝࢂुЊ՞ 75%ޑఁൔǴҭ֡όᕇံշǴჴሞᕇံշޑϷ႟୧ ՞Αᕴံշߎᚐޑ 85%ǶȐWeibull 2003/ᑵᆬ։ 2005ȑ
ิԏǴԶࢂٰԾѳय़൞ϟȐൔરࢂനڗշൔરǴྍόံڂྷ ബលޑॊǴᔈ၀ᆶ SPD సྍΦᇻ܌ቶԏΕǴख़ाচӢӵޑȑےε ൔࡹȡਜᗨᆀ၁ಒǴӕਔڂᜢǶၹमᇟ࣬ᜢЎǴȠྷױԑے ӧ 1971 ԃςЇΕཥิբࣁံշၗߎǴՠؒԖቪܴิǶڂගϷྷ ȐGustafsson and Haderius 1976:81ȑԛԃǴѦᝤȐम୯ȑΓγਜቪǴϢ ၩǶѬـमᇟЎςޑᆀനԐЪ࣬ჹӄय़Ǵፓኻࢪ 13 ୯ൔံշ ࠔቶހԖѳय़р܌ԾڗᚐࡋǴޑჹቶፐቻྍբࣁံշൔરڂᇥǴྷ ԏΕޑ 10%ǴൔરิၨեǴࢂ 6%Ǵՠԃࡋ൞ϟቶԏΕόϷ ԖቶԏΕ܌ǴڗǴόϒፐิȐ1974 ԃଆǴፐิߐᘖޣྷჾ 300 ԖൔરтฦቶǴόፕวՉໆӭჲǴ܌ࡹ۬ӧڂளፐቻȑǶќБय़Ǵྷ ࡓ๏ϒ࣬ӕጇ൯ޑቶၗྍǶȐSmith 1977: 44ȑǶ
Ǵൔર෧ࣁ 3%Ƕ%10 ڗԖѳय़ቶϝ܌Α 1980 ԃж߃Ǵ՟Яډ ȐHedebro1983:143; ೭ၗΨࣁ Baker 1994:95, 173n40 ЇҔ; Hulten εൔԏڂচӢёૈԖΒǶࢂྷޑڙ೭ঁཥิǴൔௗܭ1984:11ȑჹ ܭᔼȐቚॶȑิ 6%ςեځΕаวՉࣁЬȐਔຬၸ 50%ȑǴ ࠔޑ 10%ǴЪวՉ܌ளຬၸ 300 ྷჾωϒፐቻǶȐSmith 1977:43ȑ ଷ٬όவǴࡹ۬ѝሡ࣮ሸࠔǴፓଯൔરวՉิᚐǴൔԶձࢂ εǶќঁচӢёૈࢂਔൔᚰᘐᖿ༈ВᖿܴᡉǴ׳ཞѨ൩ޑεൔ ௗଞჹൔરϣҥݤȩȨ೭ঁޔȨٰܕஒёૈڙЬёૈᏼЈǴऩόௗ БਢǶȩȐHedebro 1983:144ȑޑᕪ׳
ڗԃжǴൔરаႝຎςኞቶࣁҗǴමӧ 1998 ԃගਢǴࡌ 1990 ගǴ߄ҢۓԖቶิǶ2002 ԃǴ୯߄،೭ঁගਢǴ่݀ࢂ܌ дځऩࢂࡹ۬ࡹёǴ൩௦યǶόၸǴԿϞൔરቶิϝฅߥ੮Ǵ ୯ڂྷܭफ़եȩǶȐOts 2013:314ȑ೭ঁࡹჹ൞ϟቶิࢂȨ ԏΕǴӧံޑԾቶิڗࡹ۬ڂᕇճǶྷځൔર՟Яคཞܭࢂӳ٣Ǵჹ շൔϐࡕϝԖഭᎩǶӕਔǴൔરࣦᎩҭឦёᢀǴ1976-2007 ԃ໔Ǵԃ Ծڗ᠐ 2014/8/13 11 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Sweden#Riksdag_election_results_in_percent_1911-2010.5B15.5D
155 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ǹ2007%12 ޑǴനଯࢂ 2006 ԃ%1.4 ޑᕇճ 6.4%Ǵനեࢂ 1981 ԃ֡ ԃǴΜৎᕇճനεޑৎൔરǴനଯ 40%ǴനեΨԖ 20%Ƕ2000 ᆶ 2007 Ǵϩձࢂ 35%ᆶ 29%ǴऩуΕխٯԖቶԏΕК܌ԃǴൔરቶ՞ ቚуԿ 42%ᆶ 37%ǴႝຎቶҽٯൔȐҭளᛦิΕံշ୷ߎȑǴК Α 2013 ԃǴൔરϝډᚐԖ 17%ȐGustafsson et.al. 2009: 6,8,11-12ȑǶ ՞ 19.05%Ǵуխൔࢂ 26.54%Ǵႝຎࢂ 18.9%ǶȐ‘Total ad spending…’ȑ ኧӷࢂǴႝຎ 25.97%Զൔર 15.44%Ǵٿ೭ޑբঁჹКǴ2013 ԃम୯ ൔቶԏΕᡉฅᗋࢂ࣬ჹமࠂǶڂȐ‘Data: UK advertising…’ȑྷ
ޑ ԿϞǴനϿёૈԖϖঁচӢǶࢂ SPDុۯ೭ঁံշࡹளа ࡹਔǴSPD ᆶၭ҇ȐύѧुڋҥǶΒࢂനԐޑჹቶځᆶ܄ࡹលឦ ࡹݯҥόӕǴѰѓǶΟࢂ SPD คፕӧරޑޣលȑӝբǴջߡΒ ӧഁǴࢂளനӭ౻ᆶനӭৢԛޑࡹលǴऩуѰࢴលȐӅౢលȑᆶ ᆘលǴ2006 ԃϝԖ 171 ৢԛȐᕴৢԛ 349ȑǴ2010 ԃफ़ࣁ 156 ৢǴ2014 12 ள 29ǵ23 ᆶ 23 ৢԛǶ Ѥڗԃࢂ 159 ৢǴԶύѧលӧᖐΟԃԛΨ ȐࡹݯΓȑཀڂਏ݀ǶനࡕǴံշ൞ϟёૈςࢂЬᏤྷޑࢂၡ৩٩ߕ ޑԋϩϐǶ
ഖԖؒԖౢғਏ݀ǻ၂բຑӵѰǶزൔࡹڂՠࢂǴྷ
ᖼǴٳಃΒৎൔરǴਏ݀ࢂ၀ൔջߡᎁΓޑวՉۓಃǴံշ ளံշǶӢԜǴමԖΓᇥǴံշठڗӸӧǴᙖԜځεൔიϝฅᜫཀᆢ٬ շǴȐOts 2009:381; 2013:308ȑόคᇡࣁ೭ံޑӭ׳ډൔიளޑ٬ཇε ᆶਊ࠶ӢࣁӸӧ೭ᜪံڂ٣ჴࢂǴྷޑᏵǶՠࢂǴόݾޑࢂံշѨਏ ύ 4ځշǴਊ࠶२༫ථഌϝԖ 9 ৎൔરǴࡹݯᆶཀᄊৡձܴᡉǴ ൔરǴޑշǹԾҗࢴЬථቺঢᅟነൔǴՠߥӺࢴᆶ࣬ჹᐟံډৎள ҭૈғӸǶȐAllern and Blach-Ørsten 2011: 97ȑӆޣǴᗨฅȨ୯ৎၗշ /ཞѨȩǹȐWeibull 2003ޑϝฅόǴคݤѳᑽၨλൔરӧቶѱ ԖൔરԏΕ 2-3%Ǵՠ՞ௗ܌ᇥǴံշ՞ٰٯᑵᆬ։ 2005ȑோ൩К ǴȐGustafsson et.al, 2009:9ȑǴќঁᇥݤ߾%20-15 ޑշൔરԏΕံڙ ᆀ՞Α 5-35%ǶȐHallin and Mancini 2004/ഋǵԢ,2012:16ȑ2010 ޑշൔરံډၗࢂǴൔံշᚐ՞ൔᕴԋҁ 2.7%Ǵՠ՞ளޑԃ 15-20%ԋҁǶȐOts 2013:314-315ȑ
Ǵ1978ٯൔરࣁޑΟԛаހҢǴӵ݀аຼр܌ಃ ΒǴӵȤ߄ 3ȥ วՉໆ՞ൔરӄ୯ᕴวՉᕴໆځനεൔიวՉ 2 ᅿൔરǴڂԃਔǴྷ ኧӷࢂ 6 ᅿᆶ 24%ǴวՉύࡋቚу 3%Ƕόঁٿ21%ǶԿ 2011 ԃǴ೭ 12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_general_election,_2006, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_general_election,_2010
156 !ϦӅࡹǵቶᆶ൞ࡹׯॠ ! ǴֹӄճዎᏤӛޣၸǴӵ݀КၨΒεൔიǴύࡋϸԶ෧Ͽ 1%Ƕӆ ȑ՞ԖൔરวՉໆǴࢂவ 59%ቚуԿ 67%ǴڋѱϦљȐ֖ৎޑ ߚᔼճݯኳڗიᡏȑϝёᆢ 33%Ƕൔર௦ޗߚᔼճൔરȐ୷ߎᆶ ԑᆶےബᒤޑคᜢǴՠ၀ൔ܄ᆶߥӺࡹݯޑԄǴᗨฅᆶൔરϣ ȨߥȩǶȐOhlsson 2012:349ȑᡉޑ࣬ჹၨଯډၡጕǴ൩Ԝࠅёаள ԾҗЬကኳԄǹᏃޑӛऍ୯وՅறǴؒԖޑុۯϝԖڋฅǴчኻ൞ϟᡏ ȨࡹݯѳՉȩᜢ߯ǹջߡΚໆவޑᆅѬॺόӆᆶࡹលߥமਗ਼Ԗᐒ ȨཥᆪϣޑൔરځԃжаٰǴࢉࡰчኻൔરς࣬දၹǴՠ 1990 ӛȩុӸӧǴ٠ЪቹៜࡹݯǶȐAllern and Blach-Ørstenڗཀᄊځᆶ 2011:98)
Ǵ1978-2011(%)ٯวՉໆКځൔიౢԄǵൔરኧໆϷڂྷ ߄ 3
ൔიϐൔરኧ/วՉ՞Ԗ% วՉໆ ԃ 1978 2011 ቚ෧% ൔરวՉໆ 449.1 322.6 -28ڂྷ നεൔი 2/21 6/24 3 εൔი 41/23 40/22 -1ٿ Ѥεൔი 55/27 64/37 9 Ζεൔი 71/54 88/74 17 ΜϤεൔი 85/83 98/88 13 วՉ՞Ԗ% ቚ෧ໆځൔიౢԄϷ ԃ 1978 2011 Γᔼճ 59 67 8د ߚᔼճ୷ߎ 15 29 14 ߚᔼճಔᙃ 26 4 - 22 ԃǴ୯ςӧ 2011 ԃ࠹Ѳ௴ 1990 ܭुڋՉൔံշݤޑڂྷ வ 2017 ԃϡѿଆՉǶۓൔፓǴࣁࣴᔕཥံշኳԄྗഢǴႣޑཥ ȐOts 2013:318ȑ
ӭϡ߄ǶࣁޑǴሡ೯ၸᝡݾݤ൩ૈၲԋ൞ϟۓߥӺលࢴᇡڂྷ ޑፕॊᡉளёߞǴдॺමᇥǴ൞ϟౢύ٠ߚୢᚒޑΑाᡣԾρ Ԗ൞ϟᆶѳѠाԖ܌٠คόִǴႴᓰٳǴၠ൞ϟᔼᆶౢӝ่ ೕኳޑǴϦӅ୍ܺቶႝڗϦӅ୍ܺȨϣȩωࢂख़ᗺǹൔરံշᔈ၀ ߾եࡋНѳջёǶ
ԃࡹϐࡕǴ 2006 ځ೭٤ፕᗺӧޑόၸǴߥӺលࢴᖄ࿉ӧഁਔය ǶȐOts 2009ȑޣᑈཱུЍޑЎϯߏϸၸٰԋࣁൔરࢭຠځԖΑᡂϯǴ ቶǴ༈Ѹคݤ܈ޣᔈऩѝࢂ੮๏ٮၗૻ܈ǴཥᆪۓSPD ߾ᐕٰᇡ
157 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ΨόᘐՉǴගଯϦӅ୍ܺӢԜ༈ӧѸٳሡǴᚰᘐঋ܌಄ӝ҇Ь ՉǵϝฅѸाǶҗܭ၀លࣁЬޑᖄ࿉ςӧ 2014 ԃΕࣿख़ཥࡹǴচҁ ǴࣁϐቚуǶྷ܄ёૈޑԃტۯൔံշࡹǴڂྷޑ൩ςёૈុ Ҝь௲ޣز२ৢ൞ϟᔮࣴޑᔈΑमᇟШࣚڥΑӑǴٮηගٯޑڂ ፕᗺǶдᇥǴջߡൔર೭ঁၩᡏԄёૈѨǴՠࢂࣁයۘᇻǴӢԜޑ ሡޑޗᖈ҇ЬᆶܺځᐒᄬȩǴ٬ޗࡹ۬ᆶޑᇡࡌᄬȨჹΓ҇ॄೢ ਣࢎǴ٩ᙑѸޑୢᚒۓճዎሡाޑཥᆪౢ܈ाǴԶόё᠋Һൔર ཥᆪբࢂঁȐڇख़ाচ߾Ǵ୍٬ࡹݯΓȨाஒӑޑࢂᏤЇΓ҇ բݤǶȩޑǴ೭Ȩόࢂό୍ჴޕঁϩȩǴ٠ाᡣࡹݯΓᇡޑኞȑࡹ ȐPicard 2013:55ȑ
ཥࡹǴޑ2017ԃջஒၡܭൔࡹόࢂܴВǴԿޑڂྷ ࢂցڂব٤բݤǴளբࡕុᢀჸǴख़ᗺԖΟǶࢂံշྗǶྷڗ௦ շǴόჹനံ܄ᒧڗᆶਊ࠶13ǵើǵ14༫Ӧճ15୯࣬ӕǴϝฅ ளڗவൔરቶڂྍǶྷٰޑԛࢂံշځεൔ๏ϒҺՖံշǶ ࢂόࢂЇΕ༫ӦճڂቶԏΕࢂុΠफ़ǴྷޑྍǴோൔરޑշံ բݤǴவϦ୍ႣᆉޑЇΕݤ୯୯ޣ܈ԖቶፐቻิਈȑǴ܌բݤȐჹ ՜ԿჹൔۯൔံշࢂցޑڂշྍǻനࡕǴྷံޑጓӈႣᆉբࣁཥ ᔼǴӕኬ೯ၸံշځচғᆛၡཥᆪϷܭշǴ٠ЪԶჹံޑހરᆛၡ Զ๏ϒႴᓰǴӕኬॶளݙཀǶ
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௦ጓ٠և၀߾ܭ߾ཥᆪࢂѝԖঁΓ࣮ǴᗋࢂሹঁΓ࣮Ǵჹ ނ፦Ȑᜐሞԋҁࢂ႟ȑᆶ܄ᐒᄬٰᇥǴԋҁֹӄ࣬ӕǶ೭ঁ܈Γޑཥᆪ ԋҁǴόёૈࢂ႟ȑǴֹӄόӕǴۓ፦ౢࠔȐӭғౢঁ൩ளቚу ȨϦӅȩȐpublic goodsȑǶޑࠠڂȨϣȩ೭ঁޑε൞ܭӸӧ բݤǴֽख़ཥϩڂਊ࠶ൔરόံշനεൔǴϩচӢࣚᏼЈࡹ۬ЇΕྷ 13 ଛቶԏΕǴȐSmith 1977: 48-53ȑਊ࠶ံշᚐ 1969 ԃࢂ 470 ǵ1995 ԃၲ 2.69 ሹǵ2006 ԃऊ 2.88 ሹਊჾȐ3600 ኻϡȑȐØsteraas 2006; Skogerbø, 1997ȑ 14ើൔံշᚐ 1990 ԃжεໆ෧ϿǶ1985 ᆶ 1989 ࢂ 7900 ᆶ 4391 ኻϡǴ 1992 ள 3736 ǵ1995 ࢂ 2520 ǵ1999 ᆶ 2003 ࢂ 1260 ǵ2005 ࢂ 1440 ໔ڗΑ 2012 ԃǴើډշǶံޑൔરقǴԿ 2009 ԃӸ 50 ǴࢂჹϿኧᇟ ௗံշǴൔરวՉԏΕவԜሡҬ 9%ᔼิǶȐNieminen 2010:63; Herkman 2009: 78; Nieminen et al. 2013:189 ; Salovaara-Moring 2009:221-222ȑ 15 аวՉໆࣁྗǴӄ୯നεൔǵӚ࣪നεൔǴ܈ӧ၀࣪ԛܭӄ୯നεൔϐಃΒ εൔǴόૈҙፎᒧ܄ံշǶ၀Ҟӧ 2012 ԃޑߎᚐࢂ 520 ኻϡǴऊ՞ԃ ளǶȐMurschetz and Karmasin 2013:141ȑڗᕴံշᚐϐъǴԖ 7 ৎВൔ
158 !ϦӅࡹǵቶᆶ൞ࡹׯॠ ! Ǵ൩Ѩ௳ǶٮගڋǴ೭ᜪϦӅऩѝࢂ೯ၸѱᐒۓЬࢬᔮᏢᇡ ൞ౢǴٗሶǴቶբࣁ൞ϣܭᔈҔۺ೭൩ࢂᇥǴஒϦӅ೭ঁཷ ୢᚒǴࠅ़ғӕኬᝄޑฅёаှ،ϦӅЮΓၗڰԏΕٰྍǴޑ д൞ϣǴځࢂ܈ཥᆪǴޑკЎ܈ᜤᚒǶԜջǴόᆅࢂቹॣޑख़ ཥᆪᓎၰ݅ҥǴޑᔈຬໆȐКӵǴѠٮᜪࠠǴޑሡाޗрόӝ ܈ཥᆪޑۯڬᜪࠠȐКӵǴ࣬ჹӭኬᆶޑሡ܌ޗՠϣௗ߈ȑǴ҅ ǶىόځᔈཱུٮፓൔᏤȑǴ
ຎഁᆶཀޑ൞ȐቶࡹȑॠཥܭլᜢنҁЎϟಏើǴձࢂ வޣԛǴբځᄬࡘǵᆶКၨǶޑǴϪΕᗺࢂѳᑽൔࡹٰྍـ ऩυኻࢪǵࠄᗬϷύ୯ܭຑǴϷޑԋᕮځፕǴΕჴ፬Ϸޑቫԛۺ ೕጄᆶޑǴᗨаൔરբࣁਡЈǴϝଜໆયΕቶႝᆶቹຎቶࡹٯਢޑ ॶளᇡځᐕўၸำǴЀޑࡹٰྍځൔံշϷڂፕǶᆎύǴԖᜢྷ ޕǴҁЎӢԜԖКၨ၁ಒޑᎎഋǶ
ோӃԖቶӆ೯ၸࡹ๏ϒፓǴ೭൩ӵӕӃᡣϦ্ౢғǴฅࡕࡼ ᙴᕍǶ݀ӵԜǴੱੰޑᕖݯǴᗨឦѸाǴࠅѝࢂԛӳޑаᕉნᆶғᄊ ǶǴϦӅܺڗࣁё׳෧ϿቶբࣁࡹٰྍǴӝ܈ڗሶǴόٗ ԶٰǶޕ೭ঁᇡܭቶႝȐpublic service broadcasting, PSBȑኳԄ൩ࢂ୷୍ Ǵ៌ϲԋࣁϦӅೌמ๓ҔኧՏځа PSB բࣁ୷ᘵǴׯॠϐख़ࡌϐǴ٬ ୍ܺ൞ᡏȐpublic service media, PSMȑǴࢂЍ൞ȨϣȩϦӅ ٫ࡹБԄǶ׳ޑሡ܌ғౢ
ࡹբΑׯޑ PSM ځݤ୯ᆶՋУǴϩ໘ࢤஒޑԃаٰ 2009 ԏΕǴ٩ݤҗႝߞᆶႝຎᷤݙǶޑ෧ϿځॠǴ௨ନΑቶǴՠ ྍǴඤྣǴжϐа٩ᏵٰޑԃǴቺ୯ᆶើׯॠቶႝԏΕ 2013 ᐒޑచҹ๏ϒೌמளǴӕኬࢂ๓Ҕཥ܌ޑΓԏΕᆶፐቻቹॣฯᡏঁ ࡹٰྍȐࡌΟ 2015ȑǶޑ ཥΑ PSM׳Ǵ
ǴѬёୢᚒǴ෧Ͽ൞ϣ٩ࡹǴॶளଓޑख़ཥϩଛቶ લѨǶќঁࡹБਢࢂബ PSMǴόѸ٩ቶԏޑౢғ܌ᒘቶ ᅿࡹёа٠ӸǴٿ൞ᡏǴϕբᝡݾǶޑPSM ᆶ٩ᒘቶ ΕǴ٬ ԏΕǴϩёаᙯբ PSB ϐҔǶޑڗܜҥݤவቶ
࣬ჹܭኻࢪǴቶႝᆶൔરࢂऍ୯൞ޑЬࢬǴӢԜȨቶ…ࣚ ፕࢂȨதȩǴਔ่ޑΑࡹݯୢᚒǶȩȐHabermas 2009:179ȑࠖդᅦථۓ ၠ୯ȐྷޑፓǴΨࢂϸᙟϒаӑǶ߈ԃٰനεೕኳޑᢀჸᆶᏢೌޑΓ ࡰਥྍᆶᛰޔࢂ׳Ǵزਔǵम୯ᆶऍ୯ȑᡍࣴٯǵਊ࠶ǵើǵКڂ ϦӅႝຎǴӚঁЬाϦӅႝຎᓎܭБǺȨӧчኻǴ୯ৎஒεໆၗྍΕ ၰӢԜӧѱ՞ԖமεՏǶ೭൩ౢғΑਏ݀Ǵᓎၰεໆቚу܌ԋ
159 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ϦӅᓎၰΨ୍ܺޑǶ೭٤ЬाܫԶڋᢀ႟ණϯᖿӛ൩Ԝᎁၶޑ ϦǹѬॺޑཥᆪҞ೬ฯཥᆪԖǴ೭ኬ൩ૈஒȨӄ୯ȩȐnationȑ ᖄᛠӧଆǴόѝࢂ߆ӛमᢀǶ࣬ჹӦǴऍ୯Ϧຎ߾ӧᜐጔǴᢀ ȑჹȐ ࡪǺฯ ȑޣϦ҇Ȑύӧե௲ػԋ൩ޑٯϿЪӧቫ...ࡐεК ཥᆪόᆪόୢΑǶȩȐAalberg and Curran, 2012:199ȑ ߕᒵ 1 ᙁॊᜢܭቶޑᔮፕᇥ
1830 ܭۈЬाԏΕٰྍǴޑǴԋࣁऍमൔરᆶᚇᇞޣж᠐ڗቶ ς٬܄໘ભឦޑᡂϯǴൔરޑᆶ 1880 ԃжǶӧऍ୯ǴᐕъঁШइ གྷݤᆶཀޑளȨൔરᗺόԾҗȩǴӢࣁൔરѝȨჹൔЬᆶቶЬ ךȩǴ೭൩٬ளπሦ 1885 ԃӧ୯᠋ਔǴբԜឍॊǴȨܫ໒ۺ ॺޑΓԖ೭ኬޑӑຝǴளൔરᔈ၀ࢂΓΎϤኅޑോՁǹՠдॺ …շ…೭ࢂόჹᓐံޑΑၗҁډӑຝǴளൔરჴ፦ளޑΞԖќኬ ǶȩޑҺՖΓ…೭ࢂόჹޑჴݩؒԖၲ๏πΓǴΨؒԖၲ๏ऍ୯ ȐᙯЇԾ Schiller 1996/ࡌΟǵᛥШֻ 2010: 4-5ȑ
1890 ډຑፕǶᔮᏢගϷቶǴᗋाޑЎϯᆶཀᄊܭ೭ࢂឦ ԃǶଭྂᅟȐMarshall, Alfredȑӧ၀ԃрހȠᔮᏢচȡȐPrinciples Յȩفޑ܄ᅿቶǶᅿдᆀϐࣁȨࡌٿof EconomicsȑǴϩΑ פૈޣǴ٬ޣၗૻ๏ٮȐconstructive roleȑǴΨ൩ࢂቶග ՅȩȐcombative roleȑǴفޑ܄ǹᅿдᆀϐࣁȨᏯରޑдሡाډ ǶޣၗૻǴѝࢂҔٰӧቷϐ໔Ǵख़ཥϩଛٮቶࡐϿගޑཀࡰ೭ኬ ࢎᄬǶȐBagwell 2001:xiiv-xivȑޑόၸǴଭྂᅟؒԖஒቶયΕ༾ᢀᔮᏢ
1899 ԃрހȠԖ໕໘ભፕȡȐThe Theory of the Leisure Classȑޑ ਔǴۺཷ܄ॡդউȐVeblen, ThorsteinȑӧѤঁࢤပፋϷᡉा ᙁอၸȨቶȩȐadvertisingȑǴՠᗋؒԖрȨՉᎍȩȐmarketingȑ Α 1923 ԃǴȠલৢౢȡȐAbsentee OwnershipȑਜǴΜډ೭ঁຒǶ ೀрȨቶȩǴȨՉᎍȩΨԖϖԛǶ16ԜਔǴдᇥǴȬ܌Ԗౢࠔޑ ௗᜢೱǴԶѝࢂȨғౢёаޔѯǴਥҁ൩ᆶғౢؒԖמຝՉᎍᆶᎍ୧ ೡ୧ޑѦᢀȩǴՠȨόᅪȩǴՉᎍޑҽໆࠅΞȨᡂԋᇙᆶεໆ ॺΨёаϦϢӦᇥȩǴ೭ঁݩךπբȩǴȨޑനࣁख़ຎ܌ᎍ୧Չ ԋޑ่݀൩ࢂȨғౢεໆ៝࠼ǴᡣдॺᖼວԜೀፋϷޑ܈മ ԖεໆଛഢӼ௨ᆶࡼǴёఈ٬܌ޑǶȩ…Ȩྐᎍ୧ೌϷ࣬ᔈԶғ୍ ளঁޗဂޑၗҁԏΕ෧ъǶȩȭȐᙯЇԾ Schiller 1996/ࡌΟǵ ᛥШֻ 2010: 25-26ȑ ளǶ܌ਜٿаႝηཛྷ൨БԄ၌ޣ 16
160 !ϦӅࡹǵቶᆶ൞ࡹׯॠ ! ޑȨᔮᆶቶȩܭᇟǴѝࢂᜢق܄ύޑຑᆶଭྂᅟץޑॡդউ ࡰрǴȨቶբࣁख़ޣբځȠቶᔮᏢȡǴޑހϩᇥݤǶ1927 ԃр ѝࢂ႟ණѤޣ܈ȐpartisanȑǴـӚᅿፕǴଯࡋӚρޑΚޗा ޑௗᆕӝόӕޔǴᗋؒԖΓ၂ޕ܌ޣд٣คᜢǶᏵբځϩϖԶᆶ ᢀᗺǶȩȐVaile 1927/ 1985:VȑࢂаǴ၀௲ࣽਜ൩࣬ᜢЬᚒǴયΕ ॶԶׯΑౢࠔ፦ໆǴ܌ຬނǹቶੁޑၗྍޗΠǴхࡴȨቶࢂ ௲ػфૈǺځΚǴࣗԿǴቶԖޑวډளޗᡣ׳Ψᡣ୧ሽफ़եǵ ཥౢࠔཥวܴᆶ…Ƕȩޕ௲Ꮴౢࠔ٬ҔБݤǵ
ޑਜǴᇲฅගр࣬߈ޑހ౦Ӧӕԃр۞ٿΑ 1933 ԃǴεՋࢩډ வԾҗسᜢ߯ǴωዴᇡǺᔮᡏޑ፦܄سፕᗺǴவԜǴቶᆶᔮᡏ ᝡݾԃжΕᚰᘐ໘ࢤࡕǴቶᆙᒿрǴ٠ԖܴᡉԋߏǶ
ᝡݾȡȐChamberlin 1933/1962:71-72, 118ȑ܄դউӧȠፕᚰᘐޑऍ୯ ΑډᇥǴȨӧֹӄᝡݾਔǴቷૈаԖሽǴགྷ፤ӭϿ൩፤ӭϿǴՠ ፦ǴаϷǴቶǶȩ܄ǺሽǴౢࠔۓ،ᎍ୧җΟঁཥӢનځᚰᘐԄᝡݾǴ Ҿܭ،ڗԋҁΨቚуǴӢԜቶኧໆஒځǴՠౢࠔሡځȨቶૈቚу Ԗ...җ܌Եໆ...೭ಃΟঁӢનȐቶȑࢂᚰᘐԄᝡݾޑճዎཱུεϯ όֹǴޕЋࢤǴޑటځى೯ၸব٤ЋࢤωࢂനૈԖਏᅈܭວৎჹܭ ᛥᇯᇽϻΓȐRobinsonޑȩǶউඩ...ᎍ୧ЋࢤǴёૈׯᡂట܈ӢԜǴቶ ॺёаଷǴ၂კቚуৎϦљך167ȑ߾ԖΠӈҔຒǴȨ ,90 ,1933:21 फ़ሽ൯ޑሡ܌࣬ӕᎍໆቚуډࣁၲܭቶЍрǴёаբࢂ࣬ޑᎍໆ ࠔ፦ǵഢǵቶǴаϷሽБय़Ǵޑ۶ԜӧౢࠔޣࡋǶȩȨእჹᝡݾ ȑޑǶȩȨӧֹӄȐࡪǺᝡݾޣБԄ֎ЇޑՉᝡݾ...аӚᅿёૈ ڗ༾फ़ሽǴ൩ૈัޣѱǴ೯ၸቶՉᝡݾ൩คѸाǶӵ݀ԖՏᝡݾ ᎍໆቚуǴӆाᒲΕቶǴ൩ࢂ༿េϐᖐǶȩޑளคज़ໆ
ᘜયࣁѤزࣴޑ໒ബǴԖΓஒԖᜢቶȐᆶᔮȑޑҁਜٿ೯ၸ೭ ϦљຝǴࢂցౢғਏ݀Ƕಃ܈ࠔจǵౢࠔۓᅿǶಃࢂቶჹ ᎍ୧ໆǴౢғբҔǶಃޑಔౢࠔ܈ౢࠔǴۓܭΒᅿࢂǴቶࢂցჹ ౢȐindustryȑࢂόࢂԖҺՖᔮਏ݀Ǵ೭ࢂౢۓܭΟᅿࢂቶჹ ಔᙃȐstructureȑǵՉࣁȐconductȑᆶ߄ޑౢزᜢݙǴࣴ܌ᔮᏢ ቶЍޑࢂǴ၀ౢΕޑᜢݙ܌ȐperformanceȑǴ೭ঁ SCP рНѳǴࢂցᆶ၀ౢޑϦљϐኧໆᆶೕኳǴԖᜢᖄǶȐJacobson and Nicosia 1981/1989:277-278ȑ
ၗૻٮഖࢂੁǴᗋࢂቶගزፐᚒǴхࡴቶޑΟᅿೀ ޣԖҔၗૻԶ෧Ͽᆶғౢޣϐ໔ޑၗૻόჹȐပৡȑ…Ƕჹ ࣮ݤǴதԖࡹݯཀ఼Ǻࡹ۬ࢂցᔈ၀೯ၸิ፟Ћࢤೕጄቶޑ೭٤ගୢܭ ȠቶᔮᏢȡ௲ࣽਜǴޑΕǶӢԜǴӧҁᆶቶϦӝբޑໆ
161 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! …ӭਡЈᚒᗋࢂ҂ૈှ،ǴӚБݾޑᄊࡋࢂǴȨቶᔮᏢޑޣբ เਢǴٗ൩ᒱΑȩǶȐBrian & Sturgess 1981:132-133ȑޑۓዴډפऩा ፕǴٗሶǴନΑቶۓҔೀࢂǺࡽฅؒԖޑȐቶȑቷܭፓჹۓ೭ঁ ਔǴϦΚόᔈϟΕቶ٣୍ǶдॺԶፕᆀǴྍԾଭޣόჴཞ্ ᜪǴȨჴٿ፦೭܄ᒏቶёаϩբၗૻᆶᇥܺȐᏯରȑ܌ϩᜪǴޑᅟྂ ӧϿԖཀကȩǶдॺᇡࣁǴ܌ᒏᇥܺ܄ቶນፏߚ܄ǴၸЈբҔǴ ࠔจǴ٠όёߞǴӢԜ೯ၸิ፟ፐቻǴᙖԜ෧Ͽۓܭޣठ٬ ǶȐibid., pp.135-136ȑڗࡹ۬БਢǴ൩όёޑቷவ٣ቶ
ጇ൯όӭǶԖ٤ଳૄޑՉᎍ܈ӧѠǴᔮᏢ௲ࣽਜፋϷቶ ၸǴόаࣁཀǺȨቶౢғޑճᆶቶޑԋҁ...ӵՖໆϯᆶКၨǴ ୢᚒǶȩȐचࡾԋΓ 1996/2003:288ȑޑ܄ࡷᏯڀϝࢂሥقჹᔮᏢৎԶ ȨᚰᘐԄᝡݾȩ೭ঁਣࢎϟಏޑӧЇܫԖፕǴ߾εठั܈ගϷـऩ ᆶፕǶ
,ђȐPigouޑҁٰԾഌ҇Ϙ௲ǴдᗨමᙌჇൾቶޑၨԐ วචǴԶࢂ 20 Ꭹԃٰεठ҂මᡂϯـCecilȑϐȠᅽճᔮᏢȡǴՠϿ ЎȐഌ҇Ϙ 1970:175, 1985:204, 1992:260ȑǶдᇥǴӧჲ՞ѱǴቷځ дБԄǴځаׯౢࠔբࣁᝡݾЋࢤǴԶࢂёૈ೯ၸхး….ۓό ӑຝǶ৪ػޑЈύޣౢࠔӧيύϐ൩ࢂȨቶȩǴᙖԜׯ๓ҁځ ᝡݾѱȩ܄੧Ȑ1985:469-472, 1995:599-602ȑ҅ϸ٠ഋǴΨࢂӧȨᚰᘐ җȩǴϣύޑയڗ೭ঁਣࢎፕǴӈᖐΑϤᗺᜅԋᆶϤᗺϸჹȨቶ ЍǴޑεኞ٣ϐว…ӵ݀ؒԖቶܭᗺᆶ൞ԖᜢǴȨԖշ ӭεኞ…คݤғӸ..ၺፕ..วȩǴȨቷၸቶёૈॐ٬ε ԔȩǶమྛΓסޑቶډڙᗈፕёૈޗൔᏤǴޑኞ൞ϟբόჴ Ȑ1990:228ȑ҂ᇥ҅य़Ǵගॄय़ǴࡰቶࢂȨቷҥΕምᛖȩޑ όרঁБݤǶЛቼғΓȐ1998/2004:178-180ȑсᡉቶȨᆶሽ Ȩቶۓᇡܭᜢ߯ȩǴᗨฅගϷཥቷёаᙖቶΕѱǴՠᡉฅӛ ޑቶຑሽനॄय़ܭǶȩჹڀπޑҭԖёૈԋࣁԖЈΓٰ৾ၷߔᝡݾ ᝡݾӢжඹࠔӭԶȨόඪ෧܄ࢂഋЎጩȐ2000: 21-217ȑǶдᇥǴᚰᘐ ቶȨԿޑࢂவ٣ߚሽᝡݾǴᆎύΞаᎍ୧ҔܭቚሽȩǴ܈ሽ ϐǴӧޑҞঁٿޑቶϩᜪǴӢԜᇥቶޑҔΑଭྂᅟۯ႐ȩǶдΨ ߾όฅǴࢂाᘉቚޑϟಏǶќঁҞޣၗૻǴӧӛޑౢࠔٮගܭ ᎍ୧ԋҁεቚǴЪޑౢ…לቶа࣬ჹ܄ൔൺڗᎍໆǴठ٬ӕȨ௦ ᕴԏΕόቚԶεޑਏ݀Ǵ୧ໆᜤቚǴ٬ౢӄᡏځቶϕ࣬ؑᎍ ޑޗቶǴࢂޑཞǴࢂ߾Ԝᜪϕ࣬ؑᎍڙϐᅽճޗᆾбଯሽϐ্Ǵ ੁǶȩ
ᜢݙ܌аᔮᏢ௲ࣽਜϷЇΟঁǴؒԖೀಃѤঁ ୢᚒǴКӵȨቶЍрߦΑᔮԋߏǴޑȨֻᢀᔮȩ೭ঁᡏቫԛޑ
162 !ϦӅࡹǵቶᆶ൞ࡹׯॠ ! ਏ݀БӛǴ٠ЪѸฅޑۓ༏ǻȩ೭൩ੋϷȨӢ݀ȩ೭ঁᜤаᘐޑ೭ࢂ ԖቶЍрǴᜢ߯ऩՖǶȩ܌ӚᅿෳໆᆶޑϷȨᔮᡏϐύǴᕴᡏሡੋ ȐJacobson and Nicosia 1981/1989:279ȑ
ځǴހрـԋ݀ᒨԿ 1942 ԃωزಃѤঁǴಃጇᡍࣴܭᜢ ࡕԿ 1980 ԃǴ࣬ᜢբࠔᕴीԖ 11 ᅿǶѬॺ܌ෳໆޑԃж໔όǴԖ 1919-1940, 1945-1964, 1956-1966, 1956- 1967, 1929-1969, 1929-1972… ϐፕЎزȩᘜયᆶࣴޑۯڬǶ൩ቶᆶᔮ೭ঁᚒҞՉȨന ᢀֻޑȐHovland and Wilcox,1989:275ȑࢂȤቶᆶϦӅࡹǺቶ ࡰрǴаΜޣՏբٿᔮਏ݀ȥȐJacobson and Nicosia 1981/1989ȑǶ ӭጇፕЎନΑБݤӸӧલѨǴКӵǴԖ٤ࢂၗόֹȐ҂ೀӦБቶ ࢂ GNPǵޑೀ٠όӝǴӵયΕၗጄൎޑЍрȑǹԖ٤ᡂޑ ׳ᡏȑǹ܈ȐঁΓޑௗԖᜢޔ׳ᓯᆽǴࠅόࢂᆶቶ܈ౢғౢ ᡂϯБӛǶޑᜤዴᇡ׳ǴόࢂȨӢ݀ȩ೭ঁ܄ࢂǴεӭࢂፋᜢᖄޑᜤ֚ ǴೌמӢ݀ෳໆޑբԜᔠຎࡕǴϝฅѝᇥǴջߡдॺၮҔςԖׯޣՠբ ࠅΨૈගрΟঁόᆉ่ፕޑ่ፕǺȨԃϐϣǴቶЍрᆶঁΓ ᆶЍрǴӧीԖᡉ࣬ᜢޑ่ፕǴόૈ௨ନǶѝࢂёૈޑϕБӛ ǴޑǴோӕਔԃޑቶ՟Яቹៜޑԃ…ޕคݤ ޑࣁ݀ǴࢂϞԃޣࣁӢǴՖޣഖՖزቶǶȩޑёૈቹៜ೭ঁਔය ࢂǴϸϐǴѐԃ܈ቚуȐ෧ϿȑǹޑቚуȐ෧ϿȑǴ൩٬ԛԃ Ǵۓ෧ϿȐቚуȑǴϝฅคݤᘐޑቶቚуȐ෧ϿȑǴ٬Ϟԃޑ ࡐᜤ೯ၸࡹȐӵޣۓ،ཀࢂ…ϦӅࡹ֖ޑӢԜ่ፕࢂǴȨჹϦӅࡹ БԄǴٰᆅᔮȩǶȐibid. pp.288-294ȑޑȑ…ቹៜቶิ
ٰ࣮Ǵคፕࢂ೭ಃѤঁȐֻᢀȑǴᗋࢂќΟঁቶᆶᔮᜢ߯ ԴୢᚒǶਔǴऍ୯ഞ࣪πޑǴᗋय़ჹѤΜӭԃزϐ༾ᢀࣴ բ٠ӛӚޑдΓزǴȨࣴૈ܌ᏢଣᔮറγࡼଭើՋ൩ᇥǴдӧᆃᅰ Ӛᅿ่ፕǴϝฅឦॄय़Ǻፋፕቶ೭ޑډள܌՜ϐࡕǴҁਜۯᅿБӛ ελǴޑѝࢂҖႵᆂ܂ණЎ୴ᑈӵξǴՠฯᏵᜤ൨ǴٗޑЬᚒঁ ǶȩȐSchmalensee 1972:viiiȑډόפΨ൳Я
Ǵਥҁคݤޣ܈ቶᆶᔮϐୢᚒǴёૈϼᜤǴޑǴ೭ঁֻᢀ܈ Ǵᐕٰጇ൯നεȐ669 ।ȑހр܌ϒаዴᇡǶ2001 ԃز೯ၸҺՖᡍࣴ ޑȠቶᔮᏢȡፕЎǴᒧᙅၸᕴᡏᔮᆶቶ೭ঁЬᚒȐBagwell 2001ȑǴচӢёૈӧԜǶ17 ښαޣԖᇥܺΚǴаठڀᒠᒵΑ 34 ጇፕЎǴᅰឦ༾ᢀǺቶࢂցޣ17ጓ ǹቶزፕᆶᡍࣴޑၗૻǹቶᆶཛྷ൨ޑࣁϐׯᡂǹቶࢂ࣬Ԗሽॶ ᒏཛྷ܌Ƕزፕᆶᡍࣴޑǹቶᆶѱ่ᄬزፕᆶᡍࣴޑᆶౢࠔၗૻ
163 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ༏ǻȩ೭ঁᅪୢǴ٩ᙑόࢂޑȨቶЍрߦΑᔮԋߏǴ೭ࢂ ቚǴёૈόޕᇡޑΕǴ࣬ᜢزࣴޑӭ׳ӣเǴӆԖૈ܌زᡍࣴ ѸۺǴፕᆶߞᡂϯǶ݀ӵԜǴٗሶǴᡍȐჴȑЬကӧԜࠅ ϦӅࡹǶ18ޑǴ،ᘐԖᜢቶ ߄ځߕᒵ 2 ВҁൔરวՉᆶቶԏΕϷ
׳ቻёૈޑЎϯǴॎ౦ՋБǶόၸǴВҁൔરޗࡹᆶޑВҁ ൔરऩаम୯ྗٰ࣮Ǵࢂ፦ൔǴՠวՉኧᚳޑӭǴКӵǴӄ୯วՉ εǴ1996 ԃၲ 2749 ҽǴࢬՉൔ 658 Ƕϸᢀम୯ǴΓαᗨۚܿᛁ ϐъǴ1997 ԃࢬՉൔȨȩ770 Ǵ፦ൔ 285 ǶȐHayashi 2000, ܴ ՏǵൔરހΠΟϩϐހдቻࢂǴቶӭ՞Ӛځޑॠ 2006ȑВൔ ሽǵόߦᎍǶȐᓪۓ፤วՉȐλǵϑؼ 2004ȑǴൔર ࡾ 2006:15ȑӕኬᐱᐋተޑࢂൔޗԏΕޑᄬԋǶOECD ӧ 2010 ԃว ԾቶǴऍ୯ 87%നଯǴڗ୯ൔરԏΕѳ֡ 57%ځीᇥǴޑթ Вҁ 35%നեȐOECD 2010:59ȑǹើᆶϏഝӕኬեܭ 50%ǴՠᆬӢܭ ௗံշǶޔ୯ჹൔરԖٿ
1960 ԃǴВҁൔરޑวՉ܌ள՞ԭϩϐ 55.9Ǵቶ 41.3Ƕ1970 ԃ ԃԛǶ1988 ԃࢂ 47.0 ᆶ 40.2Ǵޑനଯٯࢂ 36.8 ᆶ 52.4ǴёૈࢂቶК Ȑబ 1990:87ȑ2000 ԃቶԏΕ՞ 36Ǵ2008 ԃ 26ǴᗨฅВൔќ ԏΕаวՉࣁЬǴቶᒿᔮ૰ଏჹВܭǶҗچԌשԖຬѱ֨।ቶᆶ Њु 1.13 ҽൔરǴ2009 ԃࢂ 0.95ፂᔐǴ࣬ჹၨλǴ2000 ԃВҁޑൔ ҽǴȐࠄ 2011ȑВൔวՉᕴໆӧ 1997 ԃၲഗঢ়Ǵࢂ 5376 ҽȐ֖ ӦБൔȑǴ2009 ԃࢂ 5035 ҽǹ2006 ԃȠ᠐፤ཥᆪȡӧ 2006 ԃวՉ 1 ίҽǴԿ 2009 ԃ෧Ͽ 2 ǴȠරВཥᆪȡࢂ 8 ԭϿΑ 6 ǶวՉ ௦ु᎙ǴΨԖᜢ%80 ޣࡋǴӕਔᔈ၀ᆶВҁ᠐ڋচӢϐࢂ፤ۓໆᛙ ߯ǴӧՋБǴངᅟើᆶऍ୯ुൔҭଯǴၲ 86%ᆶ 74%ǶȐRausch ǴࢂࡰޣӧᖼວࠔϐǴ೯ၸႣӃᔠ൩ёޕౢࠔ፦ໆǶ೭ᆶѸ ᡍȐӵǴႝቹȑόӕǶޑ፦ໆޕ٬ҔȐȑࡕω ޑހಃՏளЬᙓኀහȐPaul SamuelsonȑӧࡕΜΐޑᅟᔮᏢዛن18߫ᆀᒍ Ǵаკ߄ᇥܴǴ1928 Կ 1983 ԃ໔Ǵᖄѳ֡ᔮԋߏހȠᔮᏢȡϐ 1985 ԃ ፕǴۓቺВǶȐᙯЇԾ Skousen, 1997:148)Ƕӵ݀೭ࢂܭमऍǴΨଯܭ4.9%Ǵᓬ ӄค܈ࡐϿቶޑᖄǴᔮቚߏଯܭऍमቶՉޑՋБ୯ৎǴ߾ቶΏ മځഭᎩሽॶǴόࢂࣁၗҁബഭᎩሽॶǴӢԜޑੁǴ֎ԏςബрٰޗ ፕᘐǴёૈᡉளၨԖ֎ЇΚǶኞࡹݯᔮᏢวᆄޑമȩ܄Ȩߚғౢܭឦ Ȩ᎙᠋ΓࠔȩፕȐޑख़ຎڙ׳ԃж҃Ǵ߈ԃٰӢཥ൞ᡏВǴ 1970 ܭ ԖғౢΚ೭ঁፕڀёаவቩࡘቶࢂց܈McGuigan and Manzerolle 2014ȑǴ ǶـᗺǴᙦ࣬ᜢ
164 !ϦӅࡹǵቶᆶ൞ࡹׯॠ ! ᆶΓαԴϯࢂВҁൔനڋ116ȑќБय़ǴԖΓᇡࣁ፤ ,2012:13-14 ǶȐ‘Japan’s…’ȑڮठޑ১ૄ
ځВҁൔરૈ፦ᅪܭǴՠόѸฅӕڋቶډڙВҁൔરၨϿ ᖂǴࠅ҂ڥԖׯॠޜࡋՉԖԃǴӭԃٰڋॿޣǶВҁڋࡹᡏ ӝբᜢ߯ǴჹѦ࠾ഈǴѦΓᜤаΕǴВҁޑׯᡂǴϝᆶࡹ۬ᆢؼӳ 2009ȑᗨฅȠර,ۃۃዐ ;2011 ,ތ໔ǴόଯǴȐླྀޜޑࡹ۬ܭൔᐱҥ ВཥᆪȡӧኃӼ٣ҹǴჹВҁࡹ۬ගрࡐӭ፦ᅪǶȐ‘The press…’ȑ2014 ВҁрǴЎ࠹ࠔࢂցૈډଣȨᆧҏқȩ२ԛނԃǴѠ୯ҥࡺറ ፦ǶȐȤѠВ…ȥȑ܄ڻ೭ঁޑ߷Ȩ୯ҥȩϐӜǴΨ៛ΑВҁൔ
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‘Extreme-right paper granted press subsidies, 2010.4.22, http://www.thelocal.se/20100422/26230 ‘France: Flying a bit too close to the sun?’, Economist, 2004.8.7: 49.
‘French broadcasting: a fuzzy picture’, Economist,2008.2.23:68.
‘French newspapers: a licence to lose money’, Economist, 2004.11.27:73.
‘French newspapers: The revolution at Le Monde’, Economist, 2011.7.30:53-4.
175 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ‘Hungary’s Internet tax postponed but not yet abolished’, 2014.11.5, Retrived Nov.7.2014, From https://edri.org/hungarys-internet-tax-postponed-but-not-yet-abolished/
‘Japan's vulnerable newspapers: The teetering giants’, Economist, 2010.2.6:64-5.
‘Le Monde's uncertain future,Cap in hand’, Economist, 2010.6.12:70
‘MBL wants platform-independent press subsidies’, 2011.5.1, Retrived Mar .25. From http://www.nordicom.gu.se/common/publ_pdf/141_min_NMP1-2011.pdf
‘Professor James Curran’, Retrived Oct.10.2014. From http://www.gold.ac.uk/media-communications/staff/curran/
‘Right-wing newspaper seeks subsidy’, 2013.9.23, http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=5654071
‘Swedish Government: Press subsidies must depend on attitude to immigration’, 2013.9.27, http://www.friatider.se/swedish-government-press-subsidies-must-depe nd-on-attitude-to-immigration
‘The French press: Hatched, matched, dispatched’, Economist,2006.7.8:53
‘The French press: Paper dreams’, Economist,2004.10.9:49.
‘The press in Japan: gotcha’, Economist, 2014.9.20:28-29
‘Total Ad Spending in Sweden Dropped in 2013’, 2014.4.25 Retrived Aug.13. From http://www.emarketer.com/Article/Total-Ad-Spending-Sweden-Droppe d-2013/1010780#sthash.kjIh9u0h.dpuf
‘UK media receives more state aid than France and Italy’, 2011.8.24, Retrived Aug.28.2011, From http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=47 754&c=1 (ᆛВය:2011.8.28)
176 !ᏢғϐΓ፦ᆶፂँᆅኳԄسவࢃຝኞࣽ ! ᏢғϐΓ፦ᆶፂँسவࢃຝኞࣽ
ᆅኳԄ
Personality Types and Conflict Management of Mass Communication Majored Students: From the Perspective of the Four Elements l Signs
ླྀኀ1 ഋܴᙼ2
ᄔ ा Ꮲғϐس၂კவՋࢩНǵОǵβǵ॥Ѥᜪࢃຝٰኞࣽزҁࣴ ኞࣚǴޑख़ຎፂँᆅΓωܭჹ่݀زΓ፦ᆶፂँᆅኳԄǶࣴ ፂँᆅΓωਔǴஒࢂԖཀޑӧ٬ҔΓ፦ෳᡍٰቻ၂ӝಔᙃ ကޑୖԵǶ
ڗ௦ҥཀزёբࣁኞಔᙃቻωᆶҔΓϐୖԵǴҁ่ࣴ݀زࣴܭ୷ ڔୢܫᏢғբࣁኬҁ҆ဂǴวسύࠄεᏢϐεѤኞࣽ܌ΎڗኬǴ ӣԏࣁ 70.6%ǶڔҽǴԖਏୢ 706 ڔҽǴӣԏԖਏୢ 1000
ᡂǴፂँᆅኳԄࣁਏᡂǴڋୢᚒϩձаΓ፦ࣁزҁࣴ ᏢғسǶ่݀ᡉҢǴኞࣽ܄ࠠ࣬ᜢϩǴዴᇡӚᡂ໔ϐᜢᖄڂՉ ৡ౦ޑڗ௦܌ǴளаႣෳӢᔈፂँਔޣόӕΓ፦ڀύǴѤᜪࢃຝ ܄ౣǶ
ࠠ࣬ᜢڂᜢᗖӷǺՋࢩࢃຝǵΓ፦ǵፂँᆅǵኞǵ ௲سࣁߏᄪεᏢεኞᏢޣբ 1 շ௲سࣁߏᄪεᏢεኞᏢޣբ 2
177 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! Abstract
This study tries to understand the conflict management styles of the university students majored in media and communications, based on their personality traits according to the four elements (Water, Fire, Earth, and Air) of astrological signs. A purposive sample of 1,000 university students majored in mass communication from nine universities in Taiwan was conducted. There were a total of 706 responses, yielding a 70.6% valid response rate. Through canonical correlation analyses, the relations between personality traits and conflict management styles from the perspective of the four elements of astrological signs were examined.
This study found that conflict management styles can be predicted based on a person’s personality type using the four astrological elements of Water, Fire, Earth, and Air. Therefore, the data presented in this work is very useful for organizations in the fields of communications and media, those often deal with conflicts, in order to recruit specialists in conflict management.
Keywords: Astrological signs; Four elements of astrological signs; Personality types; Conflict management; Canonical correlation analysis
ޑᐒᆶҞزǵࣴ ᐒᆶङඳزȐȑࣴ
ډפᕉნǴӭಔᙃᆶϦљ׆ఈૈޑࣁӢᔈҞӭᡂᆶፂँᓎᕷ ኞޑࢂ࣬ख़ຎፂँᆅځഢؼӳ EQ ϐΓωǴЀڀ٠܄಄ӝಔᙃ ЇᙚǵঁΓྗഢޑቻω۳۳ѝૈၸΓΚҸϟޑಔᙃǴฅԶ܈Տൂ ޑቬᐕǴ܈ࢂҾࣚᅈཀࡋόଯ(38%)ޑΓෳ၂Ȑ104 Group, 2000ȑ ቻωޑΓϐೀШᔈჹϷፂँྎ೯ᆶᆅӵԜख़ाঁޣᔈ၂ܭᕕှǴჹٰ рפղᘐǶࢂаǴऩૈޑอයϣբрԖਏ܈చҹǴϸԶࡐᜤӧΠ ϐғВࢃ০ٰՉΓෳ၂Ǵߡૈᖄ่Γ፦ᆶঁΓፂँᆅޣҗᔈቻ ҔΓୖԵǶ܈ቻωޑԖਏ׳ႣෳኳԄǴջёբࣁޑ
ᆛઠΜϩߐȐृǴ2005ȑǴࢃ০ҭதҔٰΓڮࢃ০ᆉ ௗયޗᇥݤǴ҂ૈ܈ԵኧᏵୖޑ۳۳ѝբᅿीځ፦Ǵฅ
178 !ᏢғϐΓ፦ᆶፂँᆅኳԄسவࢃຝኞࣽ ! ǶࣗԿමԖ൳ڀπޑҔΓ܈ၺፕ҅ԄҔٰբࣁᒧω׳ࣁߐЬࢬᏢࣽǴ ՏࣽᏢৎǴхࡴ Jean- Claude PeckerȐϺЎᏢৎǴӕਔΨࢂݤ୯ࣽᏢၗ ᅟࣽᏢዛளЬीฝቪߞ๏௲ػߏǴ߄ҢنѤՏݤ୯ᒍکߏȑڐૻ ᏢറγᏢՏϒэࢃৎ Elizabethޗϸჹݤ୯ЃᎿ Sorbonne εᏢႧว TeissierǴᏼЈ Elizabeth Teissier (ᕴஏਟޑэࢃ៝ୢ)ճҔӴ܌ ᕇளޑᏢՏѐЍεᏢ܍ᇡэࢃᏢࣁঁ҅ԄޑᏢೌሦୱ(Nature 2001)Ǵᆅ Teissier ޑࡰᏤ௲ Michel Maffesoli ᇡࣁԖബཀޑፐᚒё ܭаٰ٤ཥຝȐᘲੇྍǴ2003ȑǶᆅӵԜǴவጰࡌύȐ2003ȑ ௲ػޑ϶ᜪձᆛઠᆛڮϩၗύᡉҢǴමೖၸࢃ০/ᆉޑബѱሞ ำࡋǴεำࡋೖޣ՞ 50%Ǵଯ ύ /ᙍำࡋ՞ 30%Ǵ୯ύำࡋ՞ 12%Ǵ ว௲ػำࡋຫଯǴೖКຫଯǴ೭ᆶӑຝύᇡࣁᏢᐕຫଯ ीځ࣬ߞࢃຝࣁђжࣽᏢϷܭϐᇥε࣬Ƕ୷ڮၨό࣬ߞࢃ০ᆉޣ ߞǴࣗԿ࣬ޑόѝᇡࣁࢃ০ϐᇥ٠ߚӄឦޣଯྗዴࡋǴ೭٤Ѝޑ ՉࣁǶޗߞࢃ০ளаԖਏႣෳ٤
ܭᆶፕЎǴӭΓ፦ҽǴჹزਜᝤǵࣴޑҞԖᜢࢃ০ ၨϿǴ҂ૈஒࢃ০ᆶჴ୍ᆅբࣽزᏢೌࣴޑፂँྎ೯ᆶᆅ ЬाচӢϐǶӢޑᡍΨࢂᡣ೭ߐࣽᏢคݤӧᏢೌᕇளᇡӕޑ܄Ꮲ Γ፦ځޣ၂კவόӕࢃຝȐНǵОǵβǵ॥ࢃຝȑزԜǴҁࣴ ҔΓϐୖԵǶ܈ёբࣁኞࣚቻω่݀زᆶፂँᆅኳԄǴࣴ
ᏢғϐΓ፦ᆶፂँسࣁவНǵОǵβǵ॥ࢃຝϩձኞࣽ ୢᚒӵΠǺزᆅኳԄ໔ϐᜢ߯ǴҁЎࣴ
ፂँᆅځНຝࢃ০ϐΓ፦ᆶڀᏢғسୢᚒ 1Ǻኞࣽزࣴ.1 ኳԄ໔ϐᜢ߯ࣁՖ?
ፂँᆅځОຝࢃ০ϐΓ፦ᆶڀᏢғسୢᚒ 2Ǻኞࣽزࣴ.2 ኳԄ໔ϐᜢ߯ࣁՖ?
ፂँᆅځβຝࢃ০ϐΓ፦ᆶڀᏢғسୢᚒ 3Ǻኞࣽزࣴ.3 ኳԄ໔ϐᜢ߯ࣁՖ?
ፂँᆅځ॥ຝࢃ০ϐΓ፦ᆶڀᏢғسୢᚒ 4Ǻኞࣽزࣴ.4 ኳԄ໔ϐᜢ߯ࣁՖ? ΒǵЎ Ȑȑࢃ০ᆶࢃຝϐΓ፦
ΨࡰрΓ፦ᆶزคݤᇡӕǴ٤ࣴޔᏃᆅэࢃᏢӧᏢೌ
179 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ,ӵഏဃࡀǵෞ☰ᐪǵഋԮఘ (2008)ǵHartmannٯࢃ০໔ค࣬ᜢӸӧǴ Reuter, & Nyborg (2006)ǶฅԶǴEysenck & Nias (1988) ࠅΨࡰрࢃ০ Ƕഋ፵ᐇ (2005)߾ගϷэࢃᏢЬޑ܄ᜢᖄޑԖᡉڀᆶΓ፦໔ ǵ፦ǴࣗԿঁ܄ঁޑΓঁډবঁࢃ০ǴஒቹៜܭঁΓрғਔឦ ৡ౦Ǵ܌όӕԶԖޑ҂ٰǶယ։ኾ (2005)ࣗԿวΓ፦Ӣࢃ০ ԶΓ፦ΨᆶவᙍձԖ܌ᜢᖄǴЪόӕࢃ০፦ΓᏼҺόӕᙍ ৡ౦ǶЦউ (2004)Ψ߄ҢǴࢃ০ό܌πբᅈཀࡋΨԖځձਔǴ ΓܭቹៜΚǴࣗЪǴࢃ০ჹޑᡉڀӛҭނᖼܭΓ፦Ǵჹܭჹ ൩يᘜӢǴԶࢂࢃ০ҁךԾޑࢃ০ܭӛϐቹៜΚǴ٠όӧނᖼک፦ ਏǶޑԖႣෳڀ
җܭҁЎख़ܭႣෳࢃ০ӧπբᙍޑ߄ǴӢԜӧࢃ০ޑΓ ፦ҽΏଞჹπբᄊࡋᆶᔈჹय़ӛՉϩǶࢃ০ৎ Tang (2013)Ϸ යࡑਔǴନΑаᢀޑπբܭঁࢃ০ჹAstrology.com.au. (2013) ও ࣮Γ፦ޑϼࢃ০ѦǴΨуΕΑэࢃᏢޑಃϤǴΨ൩ࢂπբ ᢀჸᆶႣޑᆒྗ׳Ե୷ᘵǴளрঁჹ 12 ࢃ০πբᄊࡋୖޑբࣁϩ ෳǶаΠࣁ 12 ࢃ০πբᄊࡋϐওǺ
धऐമǴڅነጞ০ CapricornȐ12 Д 22 В-01 Д 19 ВȑΓ፦ࢂ.1 όډـǵёޑǵᡂϯӭᆄޑᚈη০ǴπբѸࢂԖ፪ޑՠπբӧ๓ᡂ ڙǵόք݈ǴനӳԖΠёৡᇾǶ៥ጞ০όࡷౢձǴૈௗނΓ٣ޑӕ ߄ޑזаǴӧҺՖՉύǴёࡐ܌ӚᅿࡷᏯǴၸᏢಞԶᡂளᆀᙍǶ ǶޑۓኬηǴᗨ࣮ଆٰॶளߞҺǴՠϣӧࠅࢂόޑр
2.Н০ AquariusȐ01 Д 20 В-02 Д 18 ВȑΓ፦ၨձǵђ Ƕπբ܄ѱڀዊࢬόࢂٗሶޑബ܌ǴՠޣӃ០ޑǴததࢂዊࢬ܁ ӧѮᛵ০ǴᚷளඤπբǴঁπբࡐΦǶН০഻Ћπޑགǵ ٣ӳǴΨό഻ᅟעБԄᄌᄌޑΠǴҔԾρۓӧؒᓸΚǵؒਔ໔ೕ πբᕉნǶޑທךဤ
3.ᚈങ০ PiscesȐ02 Д 19 В-03 Д 20 Вȑᚈങ০ੁᅐޑΓ፦Ǵ ᆸѠǴޑǵჹѦᄽрךམଛπբӧྰη০Ǵߚதሡाঁёа߄Ծ ՅǶᚈങفλᖥํଝޑᄽᓨᓨคᖂתǴόـᚈങ০Ѹख़ຎǵ࣮ ᆒमǴऩคݤၲԋ߾ᙯǶޑவ٣Չύ܌০၂კԋࣁд
Բ০уπբೀζأԲ০ AriesȐ03 Д 21 В~04 Д 19 Вȑأ.4 ൩ѝࢂπբǴӛπբقࢃ০ǴπբჹдԶޑךԾܭ০Ǵࢂঁࡐ۸ ֹߡᚆ໒ϦљǴࡐᜤуǴऩࢂࡐёૈ൩ाԝόࢲǴՠ όᜏǶ܌ΨӧڮബǴջ٬уǵ܈ऩࣁԾρགྷѺ
180 !ᏢғϐΓ፦ᆶፂँᆅኳԄسவࢃຝኞࣽ ! 5.ߎФ০ TaurusȐ04 Д 20 В-05 Д 20 ВȑߎФ০уπբϺગ ০Ǵӧπբ߄ǴӛѝӧགྷाޑπբǴߎФ০πբࡐᆀ Ƕ۔ᙍǴՠ٠όགྷाளϼٌधǴନߚдགྷाϲ
6.ᚈη০ GeminiȐ05 Д 21 В-06 Д 21 Вȑᚈη০ࢂঁᑫ፪ࡐቶ аӧπբᒧӧдԖ܌ࢃ০ǴуπբࢂϺᛴ০ǴޑݱǵངᏢಞ ᑫ፪ޑӦБᢕࣴǴᚈη০Ψ഻ӧૈᡣдԋࣁಃဦΓނޑӦБǶ
7.Ѯᛵ০ CancerȐ06 Д 22 В-07 Д 22 ВȑѮᛵ০഻ࡑӧԖӼӄ аѮᛵ০ӧ܌ԾҗǶޑπբӦБǴՠπբӧЋ০Ǵ׆ఈଓޑག ጄޑϷ܌ǴӧдૈΚޑπբ߄Ǵ഻ࡐեፓǵόݙҞǵόೕጄ ٣ՠౢॶࡐޑπբǶѮᛵ০഻ϿϿޑൎϣǴֹԋдૈᇸֹܰԋ ଯǴ൩ёаၸдाޑғࢲǶ
8.ྰη০ LeoȐ07 Д 23 В-08 Д 22 Вȑྰη০ࡐԖೢҺགǴࣁ Ǵ܄πբϺޑधऐമڅǶуπբӧ៥ጞ০ڮ٣፤ޑдҽϣ၀ ፞ǴҔਔ໔ǵ଼நޑǶࣁΑӣൔԴᗥڮ٬ޑᡣྰη০ᅰΚֹԋԴᗥ ࡰзǶޑӧᓸΚΠֹԋԴᗥ
9.ೀζ০ VirgoȐ08 Д 23 В-09 Д 23 Вȑঁ܄КၨႽၯߢǴπբ ޑ܄ࡷᏯڻѦǴΨ഻வ٣Ԗ܄གྷܤࢂН০ǴჹπբନΑ ޑπբǴࢂࡐᆀᙍޑΓՅறঁڀόӝբ،Ǵՠӝ܄πբǶӧঁ Ƕق۸ٮЬᆅམଛǴගکୋЋǴёа
10.Ϻગ০ LibraȐ09 Д 24 В-10 Д 23 Вȑπբឦܭᚈങ০Ǵό ޕၰԾρाϙሶǴձΓளдӝϙሶπբǴϺગ০൩ᅰΚ၂Ǵ ǵऍགǴёа܄Ԗ᛬ೌڀǴϺગ০πբѸڮߚதଯǴΨࡐᇡ܄ё༟ ࡐҔတΚޑπբǴՠวචޜ໔ѸࡐεǶπբᆶғࢲϩࡐ໒Ƕ
11.Ϻᛴ০ ScorpioȐ10 Д 24 В-11 Д 21ȑΓ፦ԖഁЈǵངඓ ϕඁǴՠаҾԲ০ǴԖፂࠂǶΥ٣ᖱأǵૈࡩǴуπբӧ ࣁ२ाԵໆǴᇡࣁᔅշϦљय֧Ǵ൩ૈவπբᕇளӳӣ㎸ǶϺᛴ০ Ǵബڮᕉნ္ࣁπբ፤ޑдૈΚᆶሽॶۓࡐӳǴૈӧޭޑӧεϦљၸ ൻᕉǶ܄ঁؼ
ԾҗǴՠπЋ০ SagittariusȐ11 Д 22 В-12 Д 21 Вȑᗨଓ.12 ǴߎФ০قǶჹЋ০Զޑයࡑࢂߚத୍ჴޑπբܭբӧߎФ০Ǵჹ ҞǴޑຝܜܭჴᡣдᜫཀࣁΑଯᖒԶ឴࣊ᑫ፪ǴΨόᏰߏֹԋၸ୍ޑ ᡏǶڀाߚதۓޑၨܰᆙǴπբҞ܄уঁ
ԜѦǴਥᏵэࢃೌޑᇥǴΜΒࢃ০ΞёᘜᜪࣁѤঁຝज़Ǵϩձࣁ
181 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! НຝǵОຝǵβຝǵ॥ຝǶНǵОǵβǵ॥ΏࣁѤεԾฅϡનǴϩձж أཀຝǶ॥ຝࢃ০хࡴНǵᚈηǵϺગǹОຝࢃ০х֖ޑ߄Ѥਔׇ ԲǵྰηǵЋǹНຝࢃ০хࡴᚈങǵѮᛵǵϺᛴǹβຝࢃ০߾х֖៥ Ǵ॥ຝᆶОຝࢃ০ᆶѦӛԖᜢǴНຝǵβຝقጞǵߎФǵೀζǶԶ ߾ᆶϣӛԖᜢǶѤᅿࢃຝϐΓ፦ϩॊӵΠȐPhillabuster.org, 2012; Astrodienst, 2013)Ǻ
1.Нຝࢃ০ຝቻࡾϺǴख़གǺН࣬ࢃ০ޑΓྕࢋჱᓉǵགಒᑨǴ Ψࡐ௵གǴՠԖਔགྷݤόϪჴሞЪ഻ᏧགޔࢰჸΚཱུமǴޑނჹ٣ Ҕ٣Ƕ
ΓᆒΚк؊ǴޑОຝࢃ০ຝቻহϺǴख़ՉࣁО࣬ࢃ০ǺО࣬ࢃ০.2 ಉکǴԖਔၨזΨޑѐזޑՉΚǴՠٰޑىᐟਗ਼ǴԖΜܫھག ЈǶ
3.βຝࢃ০ຝቻࣿϺǴж߄୍ჴǵᛙख़Ǻβ࣬ࢃ০ޑΓख़ǵհᓉǴ ԾߞЈόமǶکߥӺܭჹࡑག၈ΦǴ٣Ψဌ፯ჴӦǴՠԖਔၸ
4.॥ຝࢃ০ຝቻоϺǴख़ඵችᆶྎ೯Ǻ॥࣬ࢃ০ޑΓࡘᆢวၲǴགྷ ᡂϯ܄߄ၲૈΚமǴՠقҬǴᇟޗӛǴᏰߏޑႽΚᙦǴԖࡘགྷৎ ЛੰǶޑᆣϯکӭᆄǴԖ഻ཥჇᙑ ȐΒȑΓ፦
Pervin (1993) ࡰрǴΓࢂঁΓӧᒪǵᕉნǵԋዕǵᏢಞӢન ΓޑӈسǶΞΓࢂ܄ᆶΦ܄ԖڀǴ܄ᐱঁޑҬϕբҔΠ ፦܌ಔԋǴ፦ࢂΓᄬԋޑाનǴቹៜΓᜪޑѦᡉՉࣁǶӢԜΑ ှঁΓޑΓ፦ǴߡёႣෳдޑՉࣁϸᔈǶAnastasi & Urbina (2006) ǴڀπޑᄊࡋቻکǴΓෳᡍࢂෳໆᆣǵᐒǵΓሞᜢ߯ډΨග ࢂឦܭЈෳᡍޑᅿǴԶऍ୯୯ৎࣽᏢଣ(National Academy of ڗᕇޑScience) ҭЍ߄Ң:ȨЈෳᡍࢂന٫ǵനϦѳǵаϷനᔮ ȩǶࢂаǴӄౚӚҾ،ޑշঁΓрӝڐБݤǴёаޑԖҔၗૻ ࢂᐞࢪǵફՋើځݩς࣬දၹǴЀޑӧΓ٣ᅩᒧਔǴ٬ҔΓෳᡍ ޑǴ2010ȑǶҞനதЇҔےኻࢪҾȐഋ౭࣭ǵच৹উǵࢫӀک Γ፦ፕϐࣁ McCrae & Costa (1987)ගрޑϖεΓ፦ፕ (Big Five)ǴஒΓ፦ϩԋϖεᄬय़ǺѦӛ܄ (extraversion)ǵ໒ܫ܄ (openness to experience) ǵ϶๓܄ (agreeableness) ǵᝄᙣ܄ (conscientiousness)ǵઓ፦ (neuroticism)ǴϩॊӵΠ(Mount and Barrick, 1995)Ǻ
182 !ᏢғϐΓ፦ᆶፂँᆅኳԄسவࢃຝኞࣽ ! 1.Ѧӛ܄(extraversion)
ϐำࡋǴΨࢂᑽໆঁΓӧΓሞډᜢ߯གޑдΓܭࡰঁΓჹ ቻନޑໆຑໆǶ҅ӛૈޑǵሡޑᐟڈமࡋǴхࡴჹޑϕ ΑԾߞǵЬࢲ៌ǵ഻߄ǴۘԖ഻Ҭܻ϶ǵངୖᆶᎵӝǵࢲ ዃѦӛǶӢԜǴऩঁΓᆶдΓϐ໔ޑᜢ߯ຫଯ܈ࢂຫӭǴ߄Ң ຫѦӛǶϸϐ߾ຫߥӺǶπբ߾ࢂ߄ၨࣁհᅃǵલϿࢲΚǶ 2.໒ܫ܄(openness to experience)
ࡋהϐނ٣ޑࡰঁΓᑫ፪ϐӭჲϷుࡋǶᑽໆঁΓჹόዕ Ԗ໒ڀӛቻ҅ځຫଯǴ܄ܫ໒ځǴऩঁΓᑫ፪ຫӭኬϯǴ܄ᆶ ЬଓܭᡂǴ๓ཥЈǵ഻ࡘԵϷڻᗡЈૅǵԖགྷႽΚǵӳ ࣬܄߾ၨࣁჴሞǵᑫ፪႕ǵ᛬ೌޣຫե܄ܫᡏᇡᡍǶϸϐǴ໒کᡍ ჹΨКၨեǶ 3.϶๓܄(agreeableness)
ᒥൻำࡋǶऩჹЬᆅǵଛଽΓޑΠϐೕጄۓ܌дΓܭࡰঁΓჹ ቻࣁԖᘶᇮǵќΓߞځำࡋຫଯǶޑ܄کᒃځೕጄϐᒥൻࡋຫଯǴ߾ ᜱǶϸϐǴ϶๓ڙշΓǴՠΨКၨܰܭᒘǵࡑΓ϶๓ǵܰ࣬ೀǵ ຑǵӭᅪǵಉᎹǵܰࡗǵЍଛЈၨமǶץ߾ࢂӳޣӛեڗ܄ 4.ᝄᙣ܄(conscientiousness)
ҞϐЈǵύำࡋǶऩঁΓҞຫϿǵຫࡰঁΓჹଓ ቻԖոΚπբǵԋ൩ᏤӛǵځᇡᅰೢำࡋຫଯǶځǴ߾ځܭЈठΚ όۙόኙǴԜѦΨཀ఼ॄೢǵӺइࡓǵൻೕᗂંǵᙣǵԖೢҺགǶᝄ ᖓ১ǵדǵόёߞᒘǵᚷණǵಉЈǵཀޑ߾ёૈ߄рᅐคҞޣե܄ᙣ Ǵа܄ǵុ܄ಔᙃޑΨёᑽໆঁΓ܄٦ЬཀӛǶӢԜǴᝄᙣ ᐒமࡋǶޑӛՉࣁڗϷҞ 5.ઓ፦(neuroticism)
ࡋǶۓᆣᛙޑΚǴΨ൩ࢂঁΓૈޑᐟڈय़གॄڙ܍ঁΓૈ ፂکགྷǵЈኁᢠǵၸࡋటޑԖόϪჴሞڀΓࢂցۓઓ፦Ψё᠘ ڙௗૈ܌ΦӛǶঁΓޑᄊރ፦ǶѬࢂᅿᐕཱུᆣޑ ຫܰౢғӭቾǵޣຫଯǶઓ፦ӛຫଯ܄ᆣ௵གځᐟຫϿǴڈޑ ܫԖᙼᓉǵڀ߾ޣǴϸϐǴઓ፦ӛຫե܄ǵᆣϯڒᆙǵԾ ፦ǶىᅈךǵόᆣϯǵԾ
183 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ȐΟȑፂँᆅኳԄ
ᔈᅰໆᗉխϐ٣ǴՠԾ 60 ԃжаࡕǴک܄а۳ፂँᇡࣁࢂઇᚯ ǴӧϦӅᜢ߯ᆶΓΚ܄όёᗉխک܄ቹៜޑԖڀ܌ፂँډݙཀۈΓॺ໒ ቹៜǴӢԜǴ߈ԃٰፂँޑፂँჹಔᙃᕮਏԖ҅ӛޑၗྍሦୱΨຎ ;ೀᆶᄊࡋΨᅌҗȨፂँှ،ȩᙯӛȨፂँᆅȩ(Jameson, 1999ޑ Rahim, 2001, 2002, Wall & Callister, 1995)Ƕ
,ΏྍԾ Blake, MoutonۺRahim (1983)ፂँᆅኳԄϐፕཷ Barnes, & Greiner (1964)ᆶ Thomas (1976)ჹΓሞፂँޑ၍ញǶRahim (1983)ஒᜢЈޑख़ᗺܫӧᜢЈԾρ(concern for self)ϷᜢЈձΓ(concern ำࡋଯեϩࣁǺӝ(integrating)ǵޑय़ӛٿय़Ǵ٠٩ືঁٿ(for others (compromising)ڐᔈ(obliging)ǵᗉ(avoiding)ǵЍଛ(dominating)ǵִ ፂँޑԶౢғᚈБሡىϖᅿፂँӢᔈౣǶȨӝȩࢂᅿᙖҗᅈ ࣬౦Ϸ࣬ӕϐೀǴԶޑှ،Ǵዂమ۶ԜޑୢᚒܭᆅኳԄǴᚈБ ှ،БਢǹȨᔈȩ߾ࢂᅿࣁΑޑрᚈគפᢀᗺǴҾკޑߚᔈჹБ Ծܭǵ٠ஒჹБճךకǵ឴࣊ԾܫǵᜫཀۓᚈБᜢ߯ᛙڰᎡکᆢ ှ،БਢǹȨޑᒡգគךρճϐǴ٬ჹБёаၲԋҞǴࢂࣁᅿ ᗉȩࢂᅿࡽόᜢЈԾρճǴΨόӧЯჹБϸᔈǴӛցᇡፂँӸӧ ፂँᆅБԄǹȨЍଛȩࢂঁޑᓸ܈ଏᕭڗǴ௦ـჹፂँຎԶό܈ ᝡᖻǴޑҞǴόெ឴࣊дΓǴஒፂँຎࣁߚគόёޑԾρډΓࣁΑၲ ೯தᐱᘐᐱՉǴޣளᓬ༈ǴୃӳԜኳԄڗΚޑᆶдΓፂँਔҔԾρ ȩࢂᅿڐЋࢤǹȨִޑзϷ࠶ુڮό഻ᆶдΓӝբǴࣁΑԋф٬Ҕ ڐϩଛǴִޑࢂϦѳ่݀ޑБݤǴճޑᚈБҽճى۶Ԝ឴࣊ǵᅈ & ԛाБਢ (Ejaz, IqbalޑڙБݤ೯தࢂᚈБёаௗޑ،ှޑౢғ Ara, 2012)Ƕ ȐѤȑΓ፦ᆶፂँᆅኳԄ
;Robbins, Judge, & Sanghi, 2009; McCrae & Costa, 1987)٤ Frederickson, 1997; Antonioni, 1998; Basim, Cetin, & Tabak, 2009; Wood วǴΓزBell, 2008; Ahmed, Nawaz, Shaukat, & Usman, 2010) ࣴ & Γ፦ҽǴPark܄ӢᔈౣǶӧѦӛޑፂँܭΓჹঁډ፦ቹៜ & Antonioni (2007)ࡰрǴѦӛ܄ΓᆶፂँᆅኳԄ໔Ԗᡉޑᜢ߯Ƕ ೯தჹࡐӭ٣ᡉрଏᕭǴޣե܄ǴѦӛډFrederickson (1997)Ξග ӢԜӧय़ჹፂँਔǴதаᗉޑБԄೀǶMcCrae & Costa (1987)߾ ࡰрǴଯѦӛ܄ޣ഻ӳޗҬǴҬሞЋ๙ၨӳǴӢԜӧय़ჹፂँਔӛ௦ Γ፦ҽǴAntonioni (1998)วǴ໒܄ܫБԄೀǶӧ໒ޑڐҔִ ܫ܄Γ፦ᆶӝ܄ޑፂँೀౣևр҅ӛᜢ߯ǴΨ൩ࢂঁΓ
184 !ᏢғϐΓ፦ᆶፂँᆅኳԄسவࢃຝኞࣽ ! ᡂǴӧӢᔈཥЈǵ഻ࡘԵϷڻᑫ፪ຫӭኬϯǵԖགྷႽΚǵӳ ፂँਔӛ௦ҔӝޑፂँೀኳԄǶ
϶๓Γ፦ҽǴAntonioni (1998)ᡉҢ϶๓܄ᆶӝፂँೀБ วǴزԄև҅࣬ᜢǶ؇ྦྷᝊ (2001)ᆶ၏ඁૠ (2007)ࣣЍ೭ࣴ ᒋࣁՉࣁکǴӧΓሞϕӛᗉխፂँᆶᝡݾǴຎޣၨଯ܄ᇡࣁ϶๓ ፂँೀኳԄǶԶ Wood & Bell (2008)ࣴޑ܄ӝڗ߾Ǵၨёૈ௦ྗޑ Γёа܄ᆶѦӛ܄Colorado State University 288 ՏᏢғวǴ϶๓ ز ԖਏႣෳѤፂँೀБԄǶBasin, Cetin, & Tabak, (2009)߾วǴ໒ܫ Ǵ܄Rahim (1983)ϖፂँᆅБԄ֡ևр࣬ᜢ ܭΓჹ܄ᆶ϶๓܄ ՅǶفޑᄽख़ाתΓӧፂँೀၸำύҭ܄ᆶᝄᙣ܄ԜѦǴѦӛ
ёᑽ܄ǴᝄᙣډΓ፦ҽǴMcCrae & Costa (1987)ග܄ᝄᙣܭ ଯ܄ᐒமࡋǴᝄᙣޑӛՉࣁڗǴаϷҞ܄ǵុ܄ಔᙃޑໆঁΓ ୃӳᒧޣ܄ԋ൩ᏤӛǵόۙόኙǵᙣǵԖೢҺགǴӢԜǴᝄᙣڀޣ ፂँᆅБԄ(Frederickson, 1997)ǶAntonioni (1998)ࣴޑᆶӝڐִ Γ܄ઓܭᆶӝፂँೀБԄ໔և҅ӛᜢ߯Ƕ܄ҭࡰрᝄᙣز ፦ҽǴMcCrae & Costa (1987)ࡰрǴઓ፦ӛຫଯޣຫܰౢғӭ ၨեǴ܄ᓸלፂᆶڋǴᇡࣁၨคݤ܄ǵᆣϯڒቾǵᆙǵԾ ӢԜǴઓ܄Γ፦ၨଯޣวӛаᗉБԄೀፂँǴᆶᗉ ϐፂँೀБԄև҅࣬ᜢǴՠᆶЍଛ܄ϐፂँೀБԄևॄ࣬ᜢ ӧय़ჹޣAntonioni, 1998)ǶԶѠ؇ྦྷᝊ (2001)ࠅวઓ፦ӛଯ) ᝡݾϐፂँکЍଛڗፂँਔǴ࡚ܰចғǴΨКၨᆣϯǴӢԜ௦ ೀБԄǴԜፕᗺᆶ Antonioni (1998)ॎ౦ǶBasin, Cetin, & Tabak, (2009) Γ፦ᆶፂँᆅ٠คҺՖ࣬ᜢǶ܄ࠅࡰрǴઓ ीزΟǵࣴ ኬҁزȐȑࣴ
ǴӢԜǴҁࣴڀёբࣁኞಔᙃቻωᆶҔΓϐୖԵπ่݀زࣴܭ୷ Ꮲғբࣁኬҁ҆سεѤኞࣽޑኬǴᒧջஒ፯Ε൩ѱڗ௦ҥཀز ѸঅፐܭεѤғǴسεᏢϐኞࣽ܌ύࠄΎڗܜǴ܄БߡܭဂǴ٠୷ ڔी 706 ҽǴԖਏୢڔӅी 1000 ҽǶӣԏࡕϐԖਏୢܫวڔਔՉୢ ӣԏࣁ 70.6%Ƕ
ғ 276 Γ (39.1%)ǵζғ 430 ΓتύځኬҁӅी 706 ΓǴزҁࣴ ࣁ 186 Տ (26.3%)ǵ॥ޣឦβຝࢃ০ޕǶ٩ᏵኬҁϐрғВයள(60.9%) ຝࢃ০ޣࣁ 171 Տ (24.2%)ǵНຝࢃ০ޣࣁ 189 Տ (26.8%)ǵОຝࢃ০ ޣࣁ 160 Տ (22.7%)Ƕ
185 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ڀπزȐΒȑࣴ
εϩǴхࡴΓ፦ໆ߄ǵፂँᆅໆ߄ǴٿӅϩԋڔୢزҁࣴ аΠ൩Ӛໆ߄ϐٰྍǵϩБԄǵߞਏࡋԵᡍϒаᇥܴǺ 1.Γ፦ໆ߄
ϖεΓ፦ፕ(Bigޑ٬Ҕ McCrae & Costa (1987)ගрزҁࣴ Five)ǴஒΓ፦ϩԋϖεᄬय़ǺѦӛ܄(extraversion)ǵ໒ܫ܄(openness to experience)ǵ϶๓܄(agreeableness)ǵᝄᙣ܄(conscientiousness)ǵઓ ፦(neuroticism)ǶԜໆ߄চी 30 ᚒǴӢનϷߞࡋϩঅुࡕǴմନ 5 ᚒ (ಃ 1ǵ7ǵ16ǵ23ǵ29)Ǵഭी 25 ᚒǶȨѦӛ܄ȩҗ 6 ၰᚒҞ(ಃ 13ǵ ȩҗ 6 ၰᚒҞ(ಃ 3ǵ5ǵ11ǵ܄ܫ14ǵ15ǵ18ǵ19ǵ24 ᚒ)ٰᑽໆǹȨ໒ ٰ(ȩҗ 4 ၰᚒҞ(ಃ 2ǵ6ǵ20ǵ26 ᚒ܄12ǵ21ǵ27 ᚒ)ٰᑽໆǹȨ϶๓ ȩҗ 5 ၰᚒҞ(ಃ 4ǵ8ǵ9ǵ17ǵ30 ᚒ)ٰᑽໆǹȨઓ܄ᑽໆǹȨᝄᙣ ፦ȩҗ 4 ၰᚒҞ(ಃ 10ǵ22ǵ25ǵ28 ᚒ)ٰᑽໆǶӧϩБԄ௦ҔϤ ᗺໆЁࡋǴаȨߚதӕཀȩǵȨӕཀȩǵȨԖᗺӕཀȩǵȨόϼӕཀȩǵȨόӕ ཀȩǵȨߚதόӕཀȩϩձ๏ϒϤԿޑϩኧǶ
ቻॶӧ 1ڗܜаӢનϩݤԵᡍໆ߄ϐࡌᄬਏࡋǴ٠а௹Ҭᙯື ቻॶࣁ 3.131Ǵှញໆࣁ 52.185%ǴځаϐϖঁӢનϩձࣁǺȨѦӛࠠȩǴ ቻځࠠȩǴܫᚒҞǴள၂ᚒ 6 ᚒǹȨ໒ޑ 617. ܭߥ੮Ӣનॄໆε ॶࣁ 2.747Ǵှញໆࣁ 45.782%Ǵߥ੮Ӣનॄໆεܭ .544 ޑᚒҞǴ ቻॶࣁ 1.926Ǵှញໆࣁ 48.138%Ǵߥځள၂ᚒ 6 ᚒǹȨઓ፦ȩǴ ੮Ӣનॄໆεܭ .585 ޑᚒҞǴள၂ᚒ 4 ᚒǹȨᝄᙣࠠȩޑቻॶࣁ 2.653Ǵှញໆࣁ 53.051%Ǵߥ੮Ӣનॄໆεܭ .566 ޑᚒҞǴள၂ ᚒ 5 ᚒǹȨ϶๓ࠠȩޑቻॶࣁ 2.093Ǵှញໆࣁ 52.332%Ǵߥ੮Ӣન ॄໆεܭ .682 ޑᚒҞǴள၂ᚒ 4 ᚒǶӧߞࡋБय़Ǵᕴໆ߄ϐϣ ҭࣗؼӳȐፎୖ᎙߄ 1ȑǶ܄ᚒҞϐϣठځ߯ኧள ॶࣁ .788Ǵ܄ठ 2.ፂँᆅኳԄໆ߄
ӧᜢЈԾܫख़ᗺޑ௦Ҕ Rahim (1983)ፂँᆅໆ߄ǴஒᜢЈزҁࣴ ٿय़Ǵ٠٩ືঁٿ(ρ(concern for self)ϷᜢЈձΓ (concern for others य़ӛޑำࡋଯեϩࣁǺӝ (integrating)ǵᔈ (obliging)ǵᗉ compromising)ϖᅿፂँӢᔈ)ڐavoiding)ǵЍଛ (dominating)ǵִ) ౣǶԜໆ߄চी 35 ᚒǴӢનϷߞࡋϩঅुࡕǴմନಃ 33 ᚒǴഭी ᚒǶȨᔈࠠȩҗ 7 ၰᚒҞ(ಃ 32ǵ42ǵ43ǵ46ǵ47ǵ55ǵ60 ᚒ)ٰᑽ 34 ໆǹȨӝࠠȩҗ 9 ၰᚒҞ(ಃ 31ǵ34ǵ39ǵ45ǵ50ǵ51ǵ58ǵ59ǵ65 ᚒ)ٰᑽໆǹȨᗉࠠȩҗ 5 ၰᚒҞ(ಃ 37ǵ52ǵ53ǵ62ǵ64 ᚒ)ٰᑽໆǹ
186 !ᏢғϐΓ፦ᆶፂँᆅኳԄسவࢃຝኞࣽ ! ࠠȩҗ 6 ၰᚒҞ(ಃ 35ǵ36ǵ44ǵ49ǵ56ǵ63 ᚒ)ٰᑽໆǹȨЍڐȨִ ଛࠠȩҗ 7 ၰᚒҞ(ಃ 38ǵ40ǵ41ǵ48ǵ54ǵ57ǵ61 ᚒ)ٰᑽໆǶӧ ϩБԄ௦ҔϤᗺໆЁࡋǴаȨߚதӕཀȩǵȨӕཀȩǵȨԖᗺӕཀȩǵȨό ϼӕཀȩǵȨόӕཀȩǵȨߚதόӕཀȩϩձ๏ϒϤԿޑϩኧǶ
ቻॶӧ 1ڗܜаӢનϩݤԵᡍໆ߄ϐࡌᄬਏࡋǴ٠а௹Ҭᙯື ቻॶࣁ 3.402Ǵှញໆࣁ 48.602%ǴځаϐϖঁӢનϩձࣁǺȨᔈࠠȩǴ ቻځᚒҞǴள၂ᚒ 7 ᚒǹȨӝࠠȩǴޑ 551. ܭߥ੮Ӣનॄໆε ॶࣁ 4.956Ǵှញໆࣁ 55.064%Ǵߥ੮Ӣનॄໆεܭ .637 ޑᚒҞǴ ቻॶࣁ 2.377Ǵှញໆࣁ 47.549%Ǵߥځள၂ᚒ 9 ᚒǹȨᗉࠠȩǴ ቻॶࣁޑࠠȩڐᚒҞǴள၂ᚒ 5 ᚒǹȨִޑ 615. ܭ੮Ӣનॄໆε 2.593Ǵှញໆࣁ 43.222%Ǵߥ੮Ӣનॄໆεܭ .568 ޑᚒҞǴள၂ ᚒ 6 ᚒǹȨЍଛࠠȩޑቻॶࣁ 2.927Ǵှញໆࣁ 41.814%Ǵߥ੮Ӣન ॄໆεܭ .515 ޑᚒҞǴள၂ᚒ 7 ᚒǶӧߞࡋБय़Ǵᕴໆ߄ϐϣ ҭࣗؼӳȐፎୖ᎙߄ 2ȑǶ܄ᚒҞϐϣठځ߯ኧள ॶࣁ .898Ǵ܄ठ ȐΟȑीϩБݤ
٬ҔӢનϩᔠෳໆ߄ϐࡌᄬਏࡋǴ٠а Cronbach’s ዴᇡزҁࣴ ǵ໒܄Γ፦ȐѦӛځޣໆ߄ߞࡋǶࣁᕕှНǵОǵβǵ॥Ѥᜪࢃຝ ܫ܄ǵઓ፦ǵᝄᙣ܄ǵ϶๓܄ȑᆶፂँᆅኳԄȐᔈࠠǵӝࠠǵ ୢᚒ 1ǵ2ǵ3ǵ4ǴаΓزࠠǵЍଛࠠȑϐᜢ߯Ǵҁࣴڐᗉࠠǵִ ࠠ࣬ᜢϩǴڂᡂǴፂँᆅኳԄࣁਏᡂǴϩձՉڋ፦ࣁ аዴᇡӚᡂ໔ϐᜢᖄ܄Ƕ ่݀زѤǵࣴ
ፂँځНຝࢃ০ϐΓ፦ᆶڀᏢғسୢᚒ 1ǺኞࣽزȐȑࣴ ᆅኳԄ໔ϐᜢ߯ࣁՖ?
ࠠ࣬ᜢϩ่݀ӵ߄ڂፂँᆅኳԄϐځНຝࢃ০ϐΓ፦ᆶ 3 Ϸ߄ 4Ǻ
ࠠ࣬ᜢ߯ኧၲᡉНྗǶڂచٿԖڀᡂ໔ٿޕҗ߄ 3 ள.1
ύಃΟځࠠ࣬ᜢ߯ኧϩձࣁ .737 ᆶ .520ǶڂಔٿǴޕҗ߄ 4 ள.2 ࠠ࣬ᜢ߯ኧΟᆶѤǴ Xڂࠠ࣬ᜢϐਏᡂ(Y)ǴၸڂಔᆶಃѤಔ ᡂှញޑᡂ౦ԭϩКȐख़᠄ໆȑϩձࣁ 1.4 ᆶ 0.2ǴᡉฅୃեǴཀက όεǴࡺόϒፕǶ
ᡂڋࠠ࣬ᜢ߯ኧࣁ .737ǴᡉҢ X ڂࠠ࣬ᜢٰ࣮Ǵڂவಃಔ.3
187 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ှញ Y ਏᡂϐᡂ౦ໆȐܜрᡂ౦ኧԭϩКȑࣁ 36.7%ǴԶӧӚ X ᡂϐӢનॄໆύǴ໒ܫ܄ ( .675)ǵᝄ ᙣ ܄ ( .623)ǵϷѦӛ܄( .534)Ǵ ࠠ( .817)ϐڐࠠ࣬ᜢǴࢂቹៜ Y ᡂϐӝࠠ( .979)ᆶִڂၸಃಔ ǵᝄᙣ܄ܫ໒ڀǴНຝࢃ০ޕࠠ࣬ᜢளڂϐǴவಃಔقЬाӢનǶඤ ࠠኳԄٰೀڐӧय़ჹፂँਔǴӛ௦аӝࠠᆶִޣΓ܄ǵѦӛ܄ Ƕ
ᡂڋࠠ࣬ᜢ߯ኧࣁ .520ǴᡉҢ X ڂࠠ࣬ᜢٰ࣮ǴڂவಃΒಔ.4 ှញ Y ਏᡂϐᡂ౦ໆȐܜрᡂ౦ኧԭϩКȑࣁ 25%ǴԶӧӚ X ࠠ࣬ᜢǴࢂቹៜ Y ᡂڂᡂϐӢનॄໆύǴઓ፦( .376)ၸಃΒಔ ࠠڂϐǴவಃΒಔقϐЍଛࠠ ( .812)ᆶᔈࠠ( .594)ϐЬाӢનǶඤ Ѝଛࠠᆶڗӧय़ჹፂँਔǴӛ௦ޣઓ፦ΓڀǴНຝࢃ০ޕ࣬ᜢள ᔈࠠБԄٰᔈჹǶ
ࠠ࣬ᜢቹڂಔٿᡂȐΓ፦ȑၸڋவᡏٰ࣮ǴᡉҢ .5 ៜਏᡂȐፂँᆅኳԄȑϐှញᡂ౦ໆࣁ 61.7%Ȑ36.7%+25%ȑǴ ख़᠄ໆࣁ 26.6%Ȑ19.9%+6.7%ȑǶځ
ፂँځОຝࢃ০ϐΓ፦ᆶڀᏢғسୢᚒ 2ǺኞࣽزȐΒȑࣴ ᆅኳԄ໔ϐᜢ߯ࣁՖ?
ࠠ࣬ᜢϩ่݀ӵ߄ڂፂँᆅኳԄϐځОຝࢃ০ϐΓ፦ᆶ 3 Ϸ߄ 4Ǻ
ࠠ࣬ᜢ߯ኧၲᡉНྗǶڂԖΟచڀᡂ໔ٿޕҗ߄ 3 ள.1
ࠠ࣬ᜢ߯ኧϩձࣁ .712ǵ .592ǵ .378ǶฅڂǴΟಔޕҗ߄ 4 ள.2 ࠠ࣬ᜢ߯ኧΟᆶѤǴ X ᡂှញڂಃΟᆶಃѤಔϐਏᡂ(Y)ၸ ޑᡂ౦ԭϩКȐख़᠄ໆȑϩձࣁ 3.1 ᆶ 0.1Ǵ၀ኧᏵୃեǴࡺόϒа ፕǶ
ᡂڋࠠ࣬ᜢ߯ኧࣁ .712ǴᡉҢ X ڂࠠ࣬ᜢٰ࣮Ǵڂவಃಔ.3 ှញ Y ਏᡂϐᡂ౦ໆȐܜрᡂ౦ኧԭϩКȑࣁ 38.8%ǴԶӧӚ X ᡂϐӢનॄໆύǴᝄᙣ܄(- .824)ǵ໒ ܫ ܄ (- .780)ǵѦӛ܄( - .676)Ǵ (ࠠ(- .700ڐࠠ࣬ᜢǴࢂቹៜ Y ᡂϐӝࠠ( - .864)ᆶִڂၸಃಔ ǵ໒܄ᝄᙣڀǴОຝࢃ০ޕࠠ࣬ᜢளڂϐǴҗಃಔقϐЬाӢનǶඤ ࠠኳԄٰೀڐӝࠠᆶִڗӧय़ჹፂँਔǴӛ௦ޣΓ܄ǵѦӛ܄ܫ Ƕ
ᡂڋࠠ࣬ᜢ߯ኧࣁ .592ǴᡉҢ X ڂࠠ࣬ᜢٰ࣮ǴڂவಃΒಔ.4 ှញ Y ਏᡂϐᡂ౦ໆȐܜрᡂ౦ኧԭϩКȑࣁ 20.6%ǴԶӧӚ X
188 !ᏢғϐΓ፦ᆶፂँᆅኳԄسவࢃຝኞࣽ ! ࠠ࣬ڂᆶઓ፦( .733)ၸಃΒಔ(757. )܄ᡂϐӢનॄໆύǴ϶๓ ϐǴقᜢǴࢂቹៜYᡂϐЍଛࠠ ( .557)ᆶᔈࠠ( .537)ϐЬाӢનǶඤ Ǵӧय़ჹፂޣᆶઓ፦Γ܄๓϶ڀǴОຝࢃ০ޕࠠ࣬ᜢளڂவಃΒಔ ЍଛࠠᆶᔈࠠБԄٰᔈჹǶڗਔӛ௦ँ
ࠠ࣬ᜢቹៜڂಔٿᡂȐΓ፦ȑၸڋவᡏٰ࣮ǴᡉҢ.5 ځਏᡂȐፂँᆅኳԄȑϐှញᡂ౦ໆࣁ 59.4%Ȑ38.8%+20.6%ȑǴ ख़᠄ໆࣁ 26.9%Ȑ19.7%+7.2%ȑǶ
ፂँځβຝࢃ০ϐΓ፦ᆶڀᏢғسୢᚒ 3ǺኞࣽزȐΟȑࣴ ᆅኳԄ໔ϐᜢ߯ࣁՖ?
ࠠ࣬ᜢϩ่݀ӵ߄ڂፂँᆅኳԄϐځβຝࢃ০ϐΓ፦ᆶ 3 Ϸ߄ 5Ǻ
ࠠ࣬ᜢ߯ኧၲᡉНྗǶڂԖΟచڀᡂ໔ٿޕҗ߄ 3 ள.1
ύځࠠ࣬ᜢ߯ኧϩձࣁ .681ǵ.552ǵ.282ǶڂǴΟಔޕҗ߄ 5 ள.2 ࠠਥȑϩձࣁ .080Ǵڂ࣬ᜢ߯ኧѳБȐځ ,ࠠ࣬ᜢ߯ኧࣁ .282ڂಃΟಔ ࠠ࣬ᜢ߯ኧΟ( .282)Ǵ X ᡂှញڂ҂ၲ .10, ԶЪਏᡂ(Y)ၸ ޑᡂ౦ԭϩКȐख़᠄ໆȑϩձࣁ .08Ǵ҂ၲ 1.0ǴᡉฅୃեǴཀကόεǴ ࡺόϒፕǶ
ᡂڋࠠ࣬ᜢ߯ኧࣁ .681ǴᡉҢ X ڂࠠ࣬ᜢٰ࣮Ǵڂவಃಔ.3 ှញ Y ਏᡂϐᡂ౦ໆȐܜрᡂ౦ኧԭϩКȑࣁ 48%ǴԶӧӚ X ᡂϐӢનॄໆύǴ϶๓܄(- .614)ǵ໒ ܫ ܄ (- .604)ǵϷઓ፦(- .604)Ǵ ࠠ(- .763)ǵڐࠠ࣬ᜢǴࢂቹៜ Y ᡂϐЍଛࠠ(- .776)ǵִڂၸಃಔ Ǵβຝࢃޕࠠ࣬ᜢளڂϐǴவಃಔقϷᔈࠠ(- .716)ϐЬाӢનǶඤ ӧय़ჹፂँਔǴӛ௦аЍଛࠠǵޣǵઓ፦Γ܄ܫǵ໒܄๓϶ڀ০ ࠠǵᔈࠠኳԄٰೀǶڐִ
ᡂڋࠠ࣬ᜢ߯ኧࣁ .552ǴᡉҢ X ڂࠠ࣬ᜢٰ࣮ǴڂவಃΒಔ.4 ှញ Y ਏᡂϐᡂ౦ໆȐܜрᡂ౦ኧԭϩКȑࣁ 21.9%ǴԶӧӚ X ᡂϐӢનॄໆύǴ໒ܫ܄( .692)ǵᝄᙣ܄( .649)ǵઓ፦(- .641)Ǵ (ࠠ࣬ᜢǴࢂቹៜ Y ᡂϐӝࠠ( .789ڂǴၸಃΒಔ(582. -)܄аϷ϶๓ Ǵβຝࢃޕࠠ࣬ᜢளڂϐǴவಃΒಔقࠠ( .496)ϐЬाӢનǶඤڐᆶִ Ǵӧय़ჹፂँਔǴޣΓ܄ǵઓ፦ǴаϷ϶๓܄ǵᝄᙣ܄ܫ໒ڀ০ ࠠБԄٰᔈჹǶڐӝࠠᆶִڗӛ௦
ࠠ࣬ᜢቹៜڂಔٿᡂȐΓ፦ȑၸڋவᡏٰ࣮ǴᡉҢ.5 ځਏᡂȐፂँᆅኳԄȑϐှញᡂ౦ໆࣁ 69.9%Ȑ48%+21.9%ȑǴ
189 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ख़᠄ໆࣁ 29%Ȑ22.3%+6.7%ȑǶ
ፂँځ॥ຝࢃ০ϐΓ፦ᆶڀᏢғسୢᚒ 4ǺኞࣽزȐѤȑࣴ ᆅኳԄ໔ϐᜢ߯ࣁՖ?
ࠠ࣬ᜢϩ่݀ӵ߄ڂፂँᆅኳԄϐځ॥ຝࢃ০ϐΓ፦ᆶ 3 Ϸ߄ 5Ǻ
ࠠ࣬ᜢ߯ኧၲᡉНྗǶڂԖΟచڀᡂ໔ٿޕҗ߄ 3 ள.1
ύځࠠ࣬ᜢ߯ኧϩձࣁ .764ǵ.503ǵ.404ǶڂǴΟಔޕҗ߄ 5 ள.2 ࠠ࣬ᜢ߯ኧΟᆶѤǴ X ᡂڂࠠϐਏᡂ(Y)ၸڂಃΟǵಃѤಔ ှញޑᡂ౦ԭϩКȐख़᠄ໆȑϩձࣁ 3.0 ᆶ 0.1ǴᡉฅୃեǴཀကόεǴ ࡺόϒፕǶ
ᡂڋࠠ࣬ᜢ߯ኧࣁ .764ǴᡉҢ X ڂࠠ࣬ᜢٰ࣮Ǵڂவಃಔ.3 ှញ Y ਏᡂϐᡂ౦ໆȐܜрᡂ౦ኧԭϩКȑࣁ 37.6%ǴԶӧӚ X ᡂϐӢનॄໆύǴᝄᙣ܄(- .885)ǵ໒ ܫ ܄ (- .861)ǵϷѦӛ܄(- .716)Ǵ (ࠠ(- .762ڐࠠ࣬ᜢǴࢂቹៜ Y ᡂϐӝࠠ(- .976)ᆶִڂၸಃಔ ǵ໒܄ᝄᙣڀǴ॥ຝࢃ০ޕࠠ࣬ᜢளڂϐǴவಃಔقϐЬाӢનǶඤ ࠠኳԄٰೀڐӧय़ჹፂँਔǴӛ௦аӝࠠᆶִޣΓ܄ǵѦӛ܄ܫ Ƕ
ᡂڋࠠ࣬ᜢ߯ኧࣁ .503ǴᡉҢ X ڂࠠ࣬ᜢٰ࣮ǴڂவಃΒಔ.4 ှញ Y ਏᡂϐᡂ౦ໆȐܜрᡂ౦ኧԭϩКȑࣁ 25.5%ǴԶӧӚ X ࠠڂǴၸಃΒಔ(640. )܄ᡂϐӢનॄໆύǴઓ፦( .725)ᆶ϶๓ ق࣬ᜢǴࢂቹៜ Y ᡂϐᔈࠠ( .720)ᆶЍଛࠠ( .704)ϐЬाӢનǶඤ Ǵӧय़ޣΓ܄ઓ፦ᆶ϶๓ڀǴ॥ຝࢃ০ޕࠠ࣬ᜢளڂϐǴҗಃΒಔ ᔈࠠᆶЍଛࠠБԄٰᔈჹǶڗჹፂँਔǴӛ௦
ࠠ࣬ᜢቹៜڂಔٿᡂȐΓ፦ȑၸڋவᡏٰ࣮ǴᡉҢ.5 ځਏᡂȐፂँᆅኳԄȑϐှញᡂ౦ໆࣁ 63.1%Ȑ37.6%+25.5%ȑǴ ख़᠄ໆࣁ 28.4%Ȑ22%+6.4%ȑǶ ϖǵፕᆶ่ፕ
☰ӵഏဃࡀǵෞٯࢃ০ᆶΓ፦໔٠คᡉᜢ߯Ǵډගزӭࣴ ᐪǵഋԮఘ (2008)ǵHartmann, Reuter, Nyborg (2006)ǶฅԶǴEysenck & Nias (1988)ǵഋ፵ᐇ(2005)ǵယ։ኾ (2005)ǵЦউ (2004)ࠅΨࡰр фૈǶޑԖ࣬ᜢǴࢃ০ёаวචႣෳΓ፦ڀࢃ০ᆶΓ፦໔
190 !ᏢғϐΓ፦ᆶፂँᆅኳԄسவࢃຝኞࣽ ! ;McCrae & Costa, 1987; Frederickson, 1997; Antonioni, 1998)٤ วǴΓزBasin, Cetin, & Tabak, 2009; Wood & Bell, 2008) ࣴ ӧѤᅿࢃຝύΨวǴزӢᔈౣǶҁࣴޑፂँܭΓჹঁډ፦ቹៜ ৡ౦߄ޑᏢғǴӧፂँᆅኳԄԖᡉسόӕΓ፦ϐኞࣽڀ Γ܄ǵѦӛ܄ǵᝄᙣ܄ܫ໒ڀύǴНຝࢃ০ځȐፎୖ᎙߄ 3 Կ߄ 5ȑǴ ઓ፦ΓڀࠠኳԄӧय़ჹፂँǶԶ၀ࢃ০ڐǴӛ௦аӝࠠᆶִޣ ЍଛࠠᆶᔈࠠБԄٰᔈჹǶОຝࢃ০ϐڗӧय़ჹፂँਔǴӛ௦ޣ ӧय़ჹፂँਔǴ߾ୃޣΓ܄ǵѦӛ܄ܫǵ໒܄ᝄᙣڀᏢғύسኞࣽ Ǵޣᆶઓ፦Γ܄๓϶ڀࠠኳԄٰೀǶԶ၀ࢃ০ڐӝࠠᆶִڗӛ௦ ЍଛࠠᆶᔈࠠБԄٰᔈჹǶβຝࢃ০ϐኞࣽڗӧय़ჹፂँਔӛ௦ Ǵӧय़ჹፂँਔǴӛ௦Ҕޣǵઓ፦Γ܄ܫǵ໒܄๓϶ڀᏢғύس Γ܄ᝄᙣڀࠠǵᔈࠠᆶӝࠠኳԄٰೀǶԶ၀ࢃ০ڐЍଛࠠǵִ ࠠБԄٰᔈჹǶ॥ຝࢃ০ϐڐӝࠠᆶִڗӧय़ჹፂँਔǴӛ௦ޣ ӧय़ჹፂँਔǴӛ௦ޣΓ܄ǵѦӛ܄ܫǵ໒܄ᝄᙣڀᏢғύسኞࣽ ǴӧޣΓ܄ઓ፦ᆶ϶๓ڀࠠኳԄٰೀǶԶ၀ࢃ০ڐаӝࠠᆶִ ᔈࠠᆶЍଛࠠБԄٰᔈჹǶڗय़ჹፂँਔǴӛ௦
Γ܄ǵѦӛ܄ܫǵ໒܄ᝄᙣڀόၸᡏٰ࣮ǴНǵОǵ॥ຝࢃ০ ǴҁࣴޣࠠኳԄٰೀǶӆڐӧय़ჹፂँਔǴӭӛ௦аӝࠠᆶִޣ Ǵӭӛ௦аᔈࠠᆶޣᆶઓ፦Γ܄๓϶ڀҭว॥ǵОຝࢃ০ز ܭᆶβຝࢃ০ឦޣ܄๓ࠠ϶ܭЍଛࠠኳԄٰय़ჹፂँǶԶНຝࢃ০ឦ ࢂǴҁޑԖ፪׳ՉࣁǶ܄ৡ౦ޑǴӧय़ჹፂँਔǴࣣคᡉޣ܄Ѧӛ Ǵӧᔈჹፂँޣ܄ՖᅿܭᏢғύǴคፕࢂឦسѤᅿࢃຝϐኞࣽزࣴ БԄٰೀǶޑᗉࠠڗਔǴؒԖҺՖᡉӛ௦
ᏢғǴࢂӵՖၸόӕΓ፦سమཱᕕှόӕࢃຝϐኞࣽ׳ࣁ ፂँᆅኳԄǴаΠߡவӚΓ፦ϩձբޑ܄วрৡ౦ٰ ޑፕǺ () Ѧӛ܄Γ
McCrae & Costa (1987)ࡰрǴଯѦӛ܄ޣ഻ӳޗҬǴҬሞЋ๙ၨӳǴ วНǵОǵزБԄೀǶҁࣴޑڐӢԜӧय़ჹፂँਔӛ௦Ҕִ ࠠᆶӝࠠڐִڗǴӧय़ჹፂँਔࣣӛ௦ޣΓ܄Ѧӛڀ॥Οᜪࢃຝ ǴӧፂँᆅኳԄ҂ԖޣΓ܄ѦӛڀБԄٰᔈჹǶԖβຝࢃ০ޑ ᡉޑৡ౦܄ՉࣁǴ೭Ψёૈᆶॊ܌ගϷβຝࢃ০ޣၨࣁϣӛǵख़ǵ ӛԖᜢ(Phillabuster.org, 2012)ǴޑߥӺܭհᓉǴ٣ဌ፯ჴӦǴ٠Ԗၸ ፕǴ߄ၨόᄆᡉǶ൩ԜᢀᗺǴҁЎޑΓ፦܄ӢԜӧѦӛ Բǵأӵ॥ຝȐНǵᚈηǵϺગȑᆶОຝȐٯࢃ০ǴޑၨࣁѦӛ܄ঁ ྰηǵЋȑࢃ০ޣ(Phillabuster.org., 2012)ǴӧᔈჹፂँਔǴёૈၨ
191 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ኳԄೀǶޑࠠᆶӝࠠڐִڗ௦ܭӛ (Β) ໒ܫ܄Γ
Antonioni (1998)ࡰрǴ໒ܫ܄Γ፦ᆶӝ܄ޑፂँೀౣև Јǵ഻ڻр҅ӛᜢ߯ǴΨ൩ࢂঁΓᑫ፪ຫӭኬϯǵԖགྷႽΚǵӳ ೀኳԄǶҁࣴޑӝࠠڗᡂǴӧӢᔈፂँਔୃӛ௦ཥࡘԵϷ ǴӧޣΓ܄ܫ໒ڀǴคፕࢂНǵОǵβǵ॥Ѥᜪࢃຝډวز ӛǶҗԜፕǴคፕޑࠠᆶӝࠠᔈჹБԄڐִڗय़ჹፂँਔࣣԖ௦ Γ፦Ǵӧय़ჹፂँਔǴߡӢ܄ܫԖ໒ڀΓǴѝाࢂޑࢂՖᅿࢃຝ ЬଓܭᡂǴ๓ཥЈǵ഻ࡘԵǵڻ໒ᗡЈૅǵԖགྷႽΚǵӳځ ᔈჹБԄǶޑᆶӝࠠڐִڗ௦ܭᡏᇡᡍ፦Ǵၨܰӛکᡍ (Ο) ϶๓܄Γ
ᆅ Basin, Cetin, & Tabak, (2009)ࡰр϶๓܄Γჹܭ Rahim (1983) ϖፂँᆅБԄև࣬ᜢ܄ǴAntonioni (1998)ࠅѝว϶๓܄Γᆶ ӝፂँೀБԄև҅࣬ᜢǶ؇ྦྷᝊ (2001)ᆶ၏ඁૠ (2007)ҭЍ ǴӧΓሞϕӛᗉխፂँᆶᝡݾǴޣၨଯ܄Ǵᇡࣁ϶๓่݀ز೭ࣴ ࠅᆶزፂँೀኳԄǶҁࣴޑ܄ӝڗ߾Ǵၨёૈ௦ྗޑᒋࣁՉࣁکຎ Ǵӧय़ჹፂँޣΓ܄๓϶ڀॊ่݀౦ǴวОǵβǵ॥Οᜪࢃຝ ϶БԄٰᔈჹǺЍଛࠠᆶᔈࠠǶޑᅿၨࣁཱུᆄٿڗਔǴᡉӦӛ௦ ڗǴܰӛ௦܄ҁޑᒋکѳǵک഻ځӧय़ჹፂँਔǴӢޣΓ܄๓ Γ܄ᐟਗ਼ፂँΠǴ϶๓ޑளӅڗคݤډӢᔈౣǶόၸǴၶޑᔈࠠ ǴԶۓ،ޑ܄๓϶܈೯தӕᏆຎࣁૈඹεৎрၨࣁϦ҅ޣ БԄٰှ،ፂँǶޑᖐрٰаȨЍଛࠠȩ (Ѥ) ᝄᙣ܄Γ
Antonioni (1998)ࡰрᝄᙣ܄ᆶӝፂँೀБԄ໔և҅ӛᜢ߯Ƕ Ǵ܄ǵុ܄ಔᙃޑёᑽໆঁΓ܄ǴᝄᙣډMcCrae & Costa (1987)ҭග ԋ൩Ꮴӛǵόۙόኙǵᙣڀޣଯ܄ᐒமࡋǴᝄᙣޑӛՉࣁڗаϷҞ ፂँᆅБԄޑᆶӝڐୃӳᒧִޣ܄ǵԖೢҺགǴӢԜǴᝄᙣ ҭЍ McCrae & Costa (1987)ᆶ AntonioniزFrederickson, 1997)Ƕҁࣴ) วǴคፕࢂНǵОǵβǵ॥ѤᜪࢃǴ٠่݀زϐࣴޣٿ(1998) БԄޑࠠᆶӝࠠڐִڗǴӧय़ჹፂँਔҭࣣୃӛ௦ޣΓ܄ຝϐᝄᙣ ΓǴѝाࢂޑᏢғύǴคፕࢂՖᅿࢃຝسᔈჹǶҗԜፕǴӧኞٰࣽ ոΚπբǵԋ൩ᏤӛǵόۙځΓǴӧय़ჹፂँਔǴߡӢ܄Ԗᝄᙣڀ όኙǴॄೢǵӺइࡓǵൻೕᗂંǵᙣǵԖೢҺགޑ፦ǴԶӛ௦ ᔈჹБԄǶޑᆶӝࠠڐִڗ
192 !ᏢғϐΓ፦ᆶፂँᆅኳԄسவࢃຝኞࣽ ! (ϖ) ઓ፦Γ
McCrae & Costa (1987)ࡰрǴઓ፦ӛຫଯޣຫܰౢғӭቾǵ ၨեǴӢ܄ᓸלፂᆶڋǴᇡࣁၨคݤ܄ǵᆣϯڒᆙǵԾ ԜǴઓ܄Γ፦ၨଯޣวӛаᗉБԄೀፂँǴᆶᗉϐ ፂँೀБԄև҅࣬ᜢǴՠᆶЍଛ܄ϐፂँೀБԄևॄ࣬ᜢ ӧय़ჹፂँޣઓ፦ӛଯډAntonioni, 1998)ǶԶ؇ྦྷᝊ (2001)ࠅග) ᝡݾϐፂँೀکЍଛڗਔǴ࡚ܰចғǴΨКၨᆣϯǴӢԜ௦ วǴคፕࢂ߾زБԄǴԜፕᗺᆶ Antonioni (1998)ॎ౦Ƕҁࣴ ڗǴӧय़ჹፂँਔǴࣣୃӛ௦ޣઓ፦ΓڀНǵОǵβǵ॥Ѥᜪࢃຝ ǴନΑᗉޣઓ፦ΓڀБԄٰᔈჹǶՠβຝࢃ০ޑЍଛࠠᆶᔈࠠ ࠠǵӝࠠǵᔈࠠȑǴڐдѤፂँᆅኳԄȐЍଛࠠǵִځࠠǴӧ ࣣԖᡉޑৡ౦܄ՉࣁǴԜҽ߾ᆶ McCrae & Costa (1987)Ϸ Basin, Cetin, & Tabak, (2009)ޑፕᗺ౦Ƕ
ᏢғǴسኞࣽޑόӕࢃຝډᆶፕύԖ፪Ӧᕕှ่݀زவҁࣴ ۓՖᅿڗӧय़ჹፂँਔӛ௦ځΓ፦ǴளаႣෳޑ܄ৡ౦ځၸ ޑፂँᆅኳԄǴ೭ჹܭᙍၨࣁख़ຎፂँᆅΓωޑኞಔᙃǴӧ ቻ၂ΓωǴஒࢂԖཀကޑୖԵǶฅԶǴ୷ܭࢃ০ᆶΓ፦Ǵа ԜҽܭЎ࣬Ԗज़Ǵ٬ளҁЎޑϷࢃ০ᆶፂँᆅኳԄ໔ᜢ߯ ϐΓ፦ޣӧӚᅿౢύǴόӕࢃຝǶࣁڋज़ډڙፕޑ ёӃଞჹࢃ০ᆶΓ፦Ǵаزᜢ߯Ǵࡌ҂ٰࣴޑᆶፂँᆅኳԄ໔ ԵᡍǶޑᜢ߯բޑϷࢃ০ᆶፂँᆅኳԄ໔
193 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ୖԵЎ
Цউ (2004)Ƕࢃࢃ০ჹܭޣӧᖼނӛϐቹៜɡаεѠчӦ ᅺγፕЎǶѠчѱǶ܌زǶ୯ҥࡹݯεᏢቶࣴٯεᏢғࣁ
ᄊࡋǵΓ፦ᆶፂँӢᔈБԄϐ࣬ᜢޗ؇ྦྷᝊ (2001)Ƕ୯୯λ௲ৣ ᅺγፕЎǴࡀܿǶ܌ǶࡀܿৣጄᏢଣ௲ػЈᆶᇶᏤزࣴ
Չڮ൨ᆛၡᆉפՉࣁӢનᆶᐒϐǺڮृ (2005)Ƕቹៜᆛၡᆉ Ǵ85Ǵ141-182ǶزࣁϐΚЈኳԄǶཥཥᆪᏢࣴ
ǶΓෳᡍӧ୯ৎᒧωϐ٬Ҕᆶว(2010) ےഋ౭࣭ǵच৹উǵࢫӀ Ƕ୯୯ৎमǴ6(4)Ǵ1-12Ƕ
Ծ AEEAڗഋ፵ᐇ (2005)ǶЬЬᚒϟಏ ၰΜΒǶ2011 ԃ 7 Д 5 В ϺЎ௲ػၗૻᆛ http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/aeea/contents_list/ecliptic_12.html
Јǻ ࢃ০ǵΓ፦ǵቶךޕഏဃࡀǵෞ☰ᐪǵഋԮఘ (2008)Ƕࢃࢃ ǶൺൺᑫᏢൔǴ92Ǵ27-54Ƕزჴࣴ܄ᄊࡋϐ߃
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197 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ߄ 1. Γ፦ໆ߄၂ᚒߞࡋᆶਏࡋϩ
Γ ၂ᚒ r ॶ ቻॶ ᡂ౦ኧ% Ӣનॄໆ ໆ߄ߞࡋ ፦य़ӛ ᚒဦ 13 .660 .617 14 .794 .811 Ѧӛࠠ 15 .728 .732 3.131 52.185 .807 (6 ᚒ) 18 .808 .837 19 .668 .649 24 .648 .659 3 .585 .544 5 .706 .724 ໒ܫࠠ 11 .743 .768 2.747 45.782 .756 (6 ᚒ) 12 .713 .742 21 .675 .678 27 .614 .572 2 .659 ϶๓ࠠ 6 .656 .728 2.093 52.332 .696 (4 ᚒ) 20 .618 .784 26 .607 .661 4 .661 .717 8 .682 .813 ᝄᙣࠠ 9 .715 2.653 53.051 .850 .769 (5 ᚒ) 17 .624 .660 30 .568 .566 10 .585 .682 ઓ፦ 22 .740 .687 1.926 48.138 .635 (4 ᚒ) 25 .721 .759 28 .610 .761 ᕴໆ߄ .788 *N = 706 *চΓ፦ໆ߄Ӆ 30 ᚒǴ၂ᚒϩࡕǴմନಃ 1ǵ7ǵ16ǵ23ǵ29 5 ᚒࡕǴഭी 25 ᚒǶ
198 !ᏢғϐΓ፦ᆶፂँᆅኳԄسவࢃຝኞࣽ ! ߄ 2. ፂँᆅኳԄໆ߄၂ᚒߞࡋᆶਏࡋϩ
ፂँᆅ ၂ᚒ r ॶ ቻॶ ᡂ౦ኧ% Ӣનॄໆ ໆ߄ߞࡋ ኳԄ ᚒဦ 32 .638 .625 42 .768 .774 43 .703 .698 ᔈࠠ 46 .667 3.402 48.602 .674 .820 (7 ᚒ) 47 .764 .783 55 .737 .746 60 .575 .551 31 .724 .717 34 .663 .637 39 .717 .713 45 .787 .790 ӝࠠ 50 .725 4.956 55.064 .726 .896 (9 ᚒ) 51 .748 .754 58 .768 .780 59 .785 .798 65 .750 .750 37 .640 .615 52 .719 .726 ᗉࠠ 53 .657 2.377 47.549 .663 .723 (5 ᚒ) 62 .736 .745 64 .690 .691 35 .653 .681 36 .717 .768 ࠠ 44 .627 .568ڐִ 2.593 43.222 .725 (6 ᚒ) 49 .673 .708 56 .626 .589 63 .627 .608 38 .694 .704 40 .672 .689 41 .615 .627 Ѝଛࠠ 48 .678 2.927 41.814 .693 .761 (7 ᚒ) 54 .654 .533 57 .770 .730 61 .578 .515
ᕴໆ߄ .898
*N=706 *চፂँᆅኳԄໆ߄Ӆ 35 ᚒǴ၂ᚒϩࡕǴմନಃ 33 ᚒǴഭी 34 ᚒǶ
199 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ࠠ࣬ᜢڂ߄ 3. ࢃ০Γ፦ᆶፂँᆅኳԄϐ
ࠠ࣬ڂ ࢃ০ Wilk’s Chi-SQ ॶ DF Sig. ᜢ߯ኧ Нຝ .737 .306 213.983 25 .000 .520 .668 72.823 16 .000 .242 .915 15.998 9 .067 .166 .972 5.145 4 .273 .023 .999 .098 1 .754 Оຝ .712 .272 194.444 25 .000 .592 .552 88.777 16 .000 .378 .850 24.316 9 .004 .093 .991 1.295 4 .862 .001 1.000 .000 1 .991 βຝ .681 .335 195.335 25 .000 .552 .624 84.120 16 .000 .282 .898 19.276 9 .023 .150 .975 4.535 4 .338 .052 .997 .480 1 .488 ॥ຝ .764 .257 221.900 25 .000 .503 .618 78.653 16 .000 .404 .827 31.032 9 .000 .106 .989 1.849 4 .763 .008 1.000 .012 1 .914
*N=706
200 !ᏢғϐΓ፦ᆶፂँᆅኳԄسவࢃຝኞࣽ ! ࠠ࣬ᜢϩᄔा߄ڂ߄ 4. НຝᆶОຝࢃ০Γ፦ᆶፂँᆅኳԄϐ
ࠠᡂڂ ࠠᡂ ਏᡂ Yڂ ᡂ Xڋࢃ ຝ ȐX ᡂኧȑ 1 2 3 4ȐY ᡂኧȑ 1 2 3 4 Н Ѧӛ܄ .53 .20 -.13 -.00 ᔈࠠ -.0 .59 .770 -.032 ຝ 4 2 7 9 11 4 ࢃ ໒ܫ܄ .67 .00 .04 .04 ӝࠠ .9 -.12 .135 -.044 ০ 5 3 2 4 79 2 ઓ፦ -.3 .37 .10 -.02 ᗉࠠ .21 .45 .617 .430 42 6 1 5 1 2 ࠠ .8 .13 .145 .418ڐִ 07.- 01. 00. 62. ܄ᝄᙣ 3 4 8 5 17 7 ϶๓܄ -.0 .23 .10 0.9 Ѝଛࠠ .4 .81 -.414 -.030 95 7 2 5 07 2 ܜрᡂ౦ 46. 17. 14. 12. ܜрᡂ౦ 36 25. 23.7 7.3 ኧԭϩК 2 7 2 6 ኧԭϩК .7 0 ख़᠄ԭϩ 25. 4.8 .8 .3 ख़᠄ԭϩ 19 6.7 1.4 .2 К 1 К .9 ࠠ࣬ᜢ .7 .52 .242 .166ڂ ߯ኧ 37 0
࣬ᜢ߯ኧ .5 .27 .059 .028 ѳБ 43 0 ࠠᡂڂ ࠠᡂ ਏᡂ Yڂ ᡂ Xڋࢃ ຝ ȐX ᡂኧȑ 1 2 3 4ȐY ᡂኧȑ 1 2 3 4 О Ѧӛ܄ -.6 -.05 .55 .47 ᔈࠠ -.4 .53 -.479 .464 ຝ 76 6 2 9 27 7 ࢃ ໒ܫ܄ -.7 -.46 .03 -.01 ӝࠠ -.8 -.46 .108 .083 ০ 80 3 5 7 64 3 ઓ፦ -.1 .73 -.63 .19 ᗉࠠ -.5 .40 -.670 -.046 28 3 5 7 17 8 ࠠ -.7 -.22 .070 .643ڐִ 18.- 13. 26.- 8.- ܄ᝄᙣ 24 9 0 7 00 5 ϶๓܄ -.1 .75 .16 -.55 Ѝଛࠠ -.5 .55 .620 -.088 19 7 3 3 04 7 ܜрᡂ౦ 35. 28 15 12. ܜрᡂ౦ 38 20. 21.6 12.9 ኧԭϩК 5 2 ኧԭϩК .8 6 ख़᠄ԭϩ 18 9.8 2.1 .1 ख़᠄ԭϩ 19 7.2 3.1 .1 К К .7 ࠠ࣬ᜢ .7 .59 .378 .093ڂ ߯ኧ 12 2 ࣬ᜢ߯ኧ .5 .35 .143 .009 ѳБ 07 0
*N=706
201 ޗࣽᏢፕᘀಃය! ! ࠠ࣬ᜢϩᄔा߄ڂ߄ 5. βຝᆶ॥ຝࢃ০Γ፦ᆶፂँᆅኳԄϐ
ࠠᡂڂ ࠠᡂ ਏᡂ Yڂ ᡂ Xڋࢃ ຝ ȐX ᡂኧȑ ȐY ᡂኧȑ 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 β Ѧӛ܄ -.4 .414 -.70 -.33 ᔈࠠ -.71 -.35 .253 -.536 ຝ 61 0 1 6 0 ࢃ ໒ܫ܄ -.6 .692 .251 .012 ӝࠠ -.59 .789 -.110 -.006 ০ 04 6 ઓ፦ -.6 -.64 -.09 -.46 ᗉࠠ -.59 -.27 .506 -.052 04 1- 5 3 0 9 ࠠ -.76 .496 .239 .242ڐִ 01.- 21.- 649. 4.- ܄ᝄᙣ 97 4 8 3 ϶๓܄ -.6 -.58 .360 313 Ѝଛࠠ -.77 -.15 -.490 .357 14 2 6 8 ܜрᡂ౦ 31. 36.4 14.8 8.5 ܜрᡂ౦ 48 21.9 12.6 9.5 ኧԭϩК 3 ኧԭϩК ख़᠄ԭϩ 14. 11.1 1.2 0.2 ख़᠄ԭϩ 22. 6.7 1 0.2 К 5 К 3 ࠠ࣬ᜢ .68 .552 .282 .150ڂ ߯ኧ 1
࣬ᜢ߯ኧ .46 .305 .080 .023 ѳБ 4 ࠠᡂڂ ࠠᡂ ਏᡂ Yڂ ᡂ Xڋࢃ X Y ຝ Ȑ ᡂኧȑ 1 2 3 4Ȑ ᡂኧȑ 1 2 3 4 ॥ Ѧӛ܄ -.7 .374 .031 -.56 ᔈࠠ -.26 .720 -.641 .004 ຝ 16 1 4 ࢃ ໒ܫ܄ -.8 .067 -.32 .055 ӝࠠ -.97 -.13 -.164 -.016 ০ 61 9 6 0 ઓ፦ .39 .725 -.51 .218 ᗉࠠ -.23 .493 -.408 .533 3 0 1 ࠠ -.76 .026 -.225 .496ڐִ 02.- 10.- 00.- 8.- ܄ᝄᙣ 85 1 2 3 2 ϶๓܄ -.0 .640 .408 .651 Ѝଛࠠ -.47 .704 .519 .082 21 4 ܜрᡂ౦ 43. 21.6 10.9 15.8 ܜрᡂ౦ 37. 25.5 18.5 10.7 ኧԭϩК 8 ኧԭϩК 6 ख़᠄ԭϩ 25. 5.5 1.8 .2 ख़᠄ԭϩ 22. 6.4 3.0 0.1 К 6 К 0 ࠠ࣬ᜢ .76 .503 .404 .106ڂ ߯ኧ 4
࣬ᜢ߯ኧ .58 .253 .163 .011 ѳБ 4 *N=706
202 ࠄޗࣽᏢፕᘀዺऊ
ǵޗԃ 6 ДϷ 12 ДртǴаࡹݯǵъԃтǴ܄ǵҁтࣁᏢೌ ԑǶ༜ӦϦ໒Ǵ߆ᒛ៌ዺǶےኞΟεሦୱୢᚒࣁ Ǵዺፎ٩ҁтٿΒǵٰዺፎ٩ྣᏢೌፕЎೕኗቪǴϮዺ ࣽᏢଣቻዺ㭵Ң၌Ǵᆛ֟ࣁǺޗࠄεᏢܭǴёٯኗዺᡏ http://cs2.nhu.edu.tw/page3/super_pages.php?ID=page301 Տǵᙍᆀǵ೯ૻӦൂ୍ܺޕǴаႝတѺӷǴ٠ҢەΟǵٰዺа 2 ӷࣁ ǵᖄ๎ႝ၉ǵϷႝηແҹߞጃᖄᛠБԄǶ֟ ሦزѤǵٰዺ֡ሡҁт҅ԄቩዺำׇǴаᚈӜቩБԄଌፎ࣬ᜢࣴ ጇа 2 Տࣁচ߾ǶҁтჹٰዺԖࡌϷዎዺǴቩǴޣୱᏢ Ծ੮ۭዺǴ৯όଏҹǶޣբ ϖǵҁттฦϐፕЎǴހᘜҁт܌ԖǴբޣሡᛦҬբᡣᆶਜǹ ϝߥԖҁբ҂ٰԾՉ่рޣ҂ҁтӕཀǴፎϮᙯၩǶோբ ٬ҔϐճǶ(ǵ௲ᏢঁΓ(ߚᔼճހ ӑҁ 10 ҽǶܜҁϷፕЎ 2 ނϤǵٰዺтฦǴஒठᜄයт ΎǵҁтቩำׇӵΠǺ ـ !ಃ! Β! Տ! ຑ! ቩ! ཀ ೀБԄ ӕཀтр অׯࡕтр অׯࡕख़ቩ όӕཀтр ـಃՏຑቩཀ ӕཀтр 1 2 3 4
অׯࡕтр 2 2 3 4
অׯࡕख़ቩ 3 3 5 5
όӕཀтр 4 4 5 5 ๏ዺΓǶڄڙݩ 1Ǻௗރ ݩ 1Ƕރ೯ၸࡕӕۓਡہዺΓเᙟǶ(b)ǵጓᒠޕڄݩ 2Ǻ(a)ǵރ ዺΓเᙟǶ (b)ǵଌӣቩΓख़ቩǶޕڄݩ 3Ǻ(a)ǵރ ݩ 4ǺଌಃΟՏቩǶރ ٠ଏӣዺҹǶڙዺΓዺҹόௗޕڄݩ 5Ǻރ ΖǵٰዺፎаႝηແҹԿ [email protected]ǶԖҺՖୢᚒǴፎа ॊႝηແҹࢳ၌Ǵ܈ႝࢳޗࣽଣշ(TELǺ05-2721001Ǵϩᐒ 2301 ǹFaxǺ05-2427133 )
203 ٯࣽᏢፕᘀȡኗዺᡏޗȠࠄ ЎዺׇǺ२।ǵύमЎᄔाǵ҅ЎȐ֖კ߄ȑǵߕᒵǵୖԵڄǵٰ ЎǶ
Βǵ२।ϣǺ 1ǵύमЎፕЎᚒҞǶ ӜǵҺᙍᐒᄬǵ೯ૻБԄǶۉύमЎޣၗǺբޣ2ǵբ 3ǵऩԖठᖴຒǴፎܭȨຏဌȩගрǶ 4ǵᄔाᆶᜢᗖӷǺύЎᄔाȐ500 ӷаϣȑǵमЎᄔा(500 ӷаϣ)ǵ ᜢᗖӷȐϮຬၸϤঁȑǶ
Οǵ҅Ўೕ ु܌1ǵٰዺፎ٩നཥ APAȐAmerican Psychological Associationȑ ϐԄኗቪǶ 2ǵύЎҔಒܴᡏǴѦЎҔ Times New RomanǴ12 ભӷǴ1.5 ७Չ ӷǶঁٿࢤပ໒ᓐᕭ௨ଯǶ 3ǵሡाձமፓޑЎӷፎаིᡏ߄ҢǶ २ԛрਔа༝ࡴܭύЎӜǴ٠ޑ4ǵԖӜຒᅰໆቪ೯Ҕ ۉМ߄ҢǴӵၶԖ࣬ӕۉޑௗаচЎޔ۱уຏচЎǹѦ୯ΓӜ Мޣ߾аӄӜ߄ҢϐǶ 5ǵ߄܈კ߄ऩຬၸ।ޣǴፎܫӧЎࡕаߕᒵБԄևǶ 6ǵ ᚒǺ ᚒ ׇ ဦǴፎаǵΒǵΟǵ……ǴȐȑȐΒȑȐΟȑ……Ǵ ࣁׇǶ…… .3 .2 .1 7ǵύЎᗺ಄ဦࡓаȨӄȩБԄᒡΕǶ 8ǵύВЎਜӜࡕуȠȡ಄ဦǴՋЎਜтӜа௹ᡏ߄ҢǴόќу ಄ဦǶ ” “9ǵύВЎጇӜǵݤೕǵൔтࡕуȤȥ಄ဦǴՋЎጇӜࡕу ಄ဦǶ
ѤǵЇҔೕ МǹբۉӄӜǴՋЎѝޣ1ǵЎύЇҔਜҞਔǴࡴ۱ύύЎբ ޣӜᆶԃжϐ໔ޜъǴόу಄ဦǴ।ኧуӧߵဦϐࡕǴӵ (Eliade 1987: 45)ǶऩᆙᎃܭࡕޑЎύሡाЇҔय़ӕр ೀǴ߾ፎа(ibid.: ।ኧ)߄ҢǶ 2ǵЎύЇҔਜҞਔऩբޣࣁΒΓਔǴբޣ໔аȨᆶȩೱௗǹࡴဦ ࣁΟΓ(֖)аਔǴޣύǴύЎҔႥဦǵՋЎҔ and ೱௗǶऩբ Му et al.߄ҢǶۉޣуӷǴՋЎҔಃբޣύЎҔಃբ
204 3ǵӧ҅ЎύޔௗЇॊЎѡǴЇЎࡕуߵဦϷΠЇဦǶ ᗺ಄ဦӧΠЇဦϐǶޑ׀ЇЎࡕόурೀਔǴѡ(1) ᗺ಄ဦӧрೀϐࡕǶޑ׀ЇЎࡕуຏрೀǴѡ(2) (3)܌ЇҔޑЎѡࢂӄѡ่ᄬޑϩǴΠЇဦϐǴόуᗺ ಄ဦǶ 4ǵЇЎԄǺ ӷǴࡕঁٿӵࣁ 40 ӷаǴᔈᐱҥଆࢤǶЇᇟѰѓӚᕭ௨(1) όуЇဦǶЇᇟፎаིᡏ߄ҢǴЇᇟύऩԖሡமፓޑҽ ፎаۭጕҢǶ (2)ӵࣁ 40 ӷаϣǴόሡᐱҥଆࢤǴሡࡕуЇဦǶ 5ǵኧӷቪݤ (1)ନਸሡाѦǴԃжаՋϡࣁচ߾Ƕ ନΑԃжаѦǴѤՏኧауѤՏኧᄓݤǶ(2) 6ǵຏှǺຏှ௦ᒿ।ຏǴ҅Ўύޑຏှጓဦаߓդኧӷуӧ ᗺ಄ဦࡕޑѓБǶ 7ǵკ߄Ǻ ޜკ߄Ӝϐ໔کკ߄֡а୯ӷߓդኧӷጓׇဦǴׇဦ(1) ӷǴόу಄ဦǶ კຏࣣӧკΠБǶک߄ΠБǹკӜܭ߄БǴ߄ຏӈܭ߄Ӝӈ(2) 8ǵୖԵЎ ()ύВЎӧǴՋЎӧࡕǶ МჄǴՋЎ٩ӷׇ҆௨ӈǶۉޣΒ)ύВЎ٩բ) (Ο)ୖԵЎޑచӈೕ߾ӵΠ ᆛ֟ǶځЎҹǴፎ၁ಒӈрޑᆛၡܭܫЎࢂӸޑӵЇҔ(1) ӵǺ Rex, J. (1996) “National Identity in the Democratic Multi-Cultural State.” Sociological Research Online, 1(2). Retrived June 10, 2000, from http://www.socresonline.org.uk/ socresonline /1/2/1.html. ϣࡹीೀȐ2008ȑǶख़ाୖԵࡰǶ2008 ԃ 10 Д 10 ВǴ Ծ http:// www.moi.gov.tw/ stat/index.aspx/Ƕڗ ЎࣁයтፕЎǴ߾ቪݤӵΠǺޑӵЇҔ(2) Кၨޑ܄ۓᆶӅល୯ৎࡹ่ᄬᛙ܍ஊ଼Ў(2000)Ƕࡹݯᝩ Ǵ 59ǶزǴୢୢᚒᆶࣴزࣴ Tsai, Shu-Ling and Hei-Yuan Chiu (1993) “Educational attainment in Taiwan: Comparisons of ethnic groups.” Proceedings of the National Science Council, 3(2), 188-202.
205 ЎࣁਜᝤǴ߾ቪݤӵΠǺޑӵЇҔ(3) ᏢፕǶѠчǺࢫယЎϯ٣Ԗज़ޗၽοȐ1998ȑǶύύ୯ ϦљǶ ଣزǶѠчǺύѧࣴޗ໔ǵΚᆶޜޜᔈȐጓȑȐ1995ȑǶ Ƕ܌زύ҇Ꮲࣴ Wertsch, J. (1985) Vygotsky and the social formation of mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ࢌጇЎകǴ߾ቪݤޑӝᒠύ܈ӝᒠޑЎࣁЎകޑӵЇҔ(4) ӵΠǺ ቅ҅ǵArthur SakamotoǵླྀЎξȐ1996ȑǶ௲ػԃኧᆶҾೕ ኳԄϩޑٯᜐሞਏ݀:аѠӦࣁޑᖒၗౢғܭኳჹ ǵቅլඵǵளǵԢᙦȐӝጓȑǴΓΓتഋᆬܭǴၩ ଣᔮࣴزα൩ᆶ⭬ճȐ। 155-176ȑǶᆵчǺύѧࣴ Ƕ܌ز Althusser, L. (1972) “Ideology and ideological state apparatuses.” In: B. Cosin (Ed.) Education: Structure and society (pp. 243-80). London: Penguin. (5)ӵЇҔЎࢂᙌޣǴፎܴȨӝȩ܈ȨȩǺ ᎄల௵ȐȑȐ1994ȑǶP. A. McBroom Ƕԋԋфޑζ܄ ȐThe third sex: The new professional womanȑǶѠчǺᇻ ࢬǶ ЎࢂፕЎǴ߾ቪݤӵΠǺޑӵ݀ЇҔ(6) ޑѳȐ2009Ǵ5 ДȑǶவவၠ୯ஆ࠷ηζ௲ػፋӭϡЎϯᆶޭᇡڬ ࠄεᏢᖐᒤϐȨಃΎۛཀǵΚᆶܭကǶፕЎว߄҅ ௲ػ—ၠ୯ஆ࠷ηζ௲ػȩࣴǴကᑜǶ ൔǺೌמЎࢂޑӵ݀ЇҔ(7) ৎځࡌԋǵᗶЎȐ1993ȑǶӀӀൺаٰѠξझ௲ػԋ൩Ϸ ൔزࣴہǶՉࡹଣ୯ৎࣽᏢޑ࣬ᜢӢન ہȐNSC81-0301-H-134-501-J1ȑǶѠчǺՉࡹଣ୯ৎࣽᏢ Ƕ ߾ޣӜȐऩคբۉޣЎࢂൔરЎകǴሡӈрբޑӵ݀ЇҔ(8) խȑǵрހਔǵጇӜǵൔરӜᆀǵހԛǺљଭᄨȐ1996Ǵ9 ȨৣᇥȩǶύύ୯ਔൔǴޑրΓکȨৣᇥȩޑД 30 ВȑǶซϼ 9 ހǶ ԃжࡕу aǵbǵܭጇаਔǴٿӕԃբޣӵ݀ЇҔӕբ(9) c…ձǶ
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