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European Airparks………………………………………...12 EUROPEAN RESIDENTIAL AIRPARKS IN THE CONTEXT OF LOCAL SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT Judith Simone Wordsworth Presented as part of the requirement for the award of MSc Degree in European Rural Development within the Post Graduate Modular Scheme at the University of Gloucestershire September 2011 II ABSTRACT Many European rural areas are experiencing decline caused by out-migration and ageing, problems associated with lower skills-bases, isolation and exclusion and a lack of, or reducing, infrastructure and public service provision. Whilst Could a Residential Airpark (RA) help to reduce or reverse this decline even though there is concern about aviation effects on the environment? Sustainable Development (SD) and Sustainable Rural Development (SRD) are about balancing economic growth, social stability and environmental protection. This research, conducted using mixed methodology and case study investigation techniques, explored in relation to notions of SRD, some of the positive and negative economic, social and environmental impacts that result from a European RA development. European RAs, be they permanent or second homes, were identified to generally have beneficial impacts in their immediate local area. Negative environmental impacts, contributing to environmental degradation are considerably reduced by Airpark’s taking positive actions e.g. noise abatement procedures, landscaping etc. It also concludes that economic and social impacts should be taken into account, in addition to environmental impact assessment studies, for residential Airpark development applications. The literature review considered other comparable residential developments, e.g. holiday villages, marinas etc. as there is very little published literature about RAs or their economic, social or environmental impacts and none that the researcher could find on European RAs. Keywords: Residential Airpark, General Aviation; Sustainable Development; Sustainable Rural Development; economic impact, social impact and environmental impact. III TABLE of CONTENTS Chapter Page Declaration…………………………………………………………..ii Abstract……………………………………………………………...iii Acknowledgements………………………………………………..vii Definitions………………………………………………………….viii List of Tables……………………………………………………….xii List of Figures……………………………………………………..xiii List of Appendices……………………………………………….. 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………1 1.1 Introduction………………………………………………….1 1.2 Focus Rationale, Research Objectives and Topic Clarification………………………………………………….2 2 RESIDENTIAL AIRPARK DEVELOPMENT……………………………..6 2.1 Origin of the Residential Airpark Phenomenon.…………6 2.2 European Residential Airpark Development…………...10 2.3 European Airparks………………………………………...12 3. LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………..27 3.1 General Aviation and Residential Airparks.…………....27 3.2 Comparable Alternative Residential Models..………….30 3.2.1 The Hafan Pwllheli Marina……………………….30 3.2.2 The Kings Lynn Marina……………….…..………31 3.2.3 The Centre Parcs……………………….…………31 3.3 Sustainable Development and Sustainable Rural Development relevant to RA Development in Rural Europe…32 3.3.1 Sustainable Development……………………......32 3.3.2 Sustainable Rural Development…………………34 3.4 Methodologies Literature…………………………………40 3.4.1 Qualitative Methods……………………………….40 3.4.2 Quantitative Methods……………………………..41 3.4.4 Mixed Design Research…………………….……41 IV 3.4.5 Case Study Research..................................…...42 4. METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………43 4.1 Introduction………………………………………………...43 4.2.1 The Research Design…………………………….43 4.2.2 Primary and Secondary Data…………………….45 4.3 Case Study Research…………………………………….45 4.4 Identification and Choice of Case Studies…………...…48 4.5 The Research Methodologies….…………………..……48 4.5.1 Sampling…………………………………………...49 4.5.2 Questionnaires…………………………………….49 4.5.3 Discussion Groups and Interviews………………50 4.6 Data Collection Strengths and Weaknesses…………...53 4.7 Data Processing…………………………..54 5. CASE STUDIES AND DATA ANALYSIS……………………………….57 5.1 The Case Studies…………………………………………57 5.1.2 Biscarrosse………………………………………...57 5.1.3 Le Village Aeronautique des Lacs………………63 5.1.4 Siljansnäs…………………………………………..68 5.1.5 Siljan Airpark………………………………………72 5.2 Data Analysis………………………………………………77 5.3 RA Residents Questionnaire Analysis………………….77 5.4 Non-Airpark Resident Discussion Groups……………...94 5.5 Local Business Discussion Groups Analysis…………100 5.6 Biscarrosse Interviews Analysis………………………..104 5.7 Siljansnas Interviews Analysis………………………..107 5.8 Le Village Aeronautique des Lacs Management Interview Analysis……………………….109 5.9 Siljan Airpark Management Interview Analysis……….111 V 6. DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS…………………………………….114 6.1 Comparing results with the objectives and anticipated RA impacts identified in the literature review……………………………………………………..114 6.2 Residential Airparks Case Study Evidence…………...115 6.3 Case Study Residential Airparks General Characteristics and Variations………………………….116 6.4 Establishing and considering some RA significant economic, social and environmental impacts………...116 6.4.1 Economic Impacts………………………..……...116 6.4.2 Social Impacts……………………………………118 6.4.3 Environmental Impacts………………………….120 6.4.4 Contribution to local bio-diversity………………122 6.5 Identified Advantaged and Disadvantaged……………123 7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS………………………124 8. REFERENCES…………………………………………………………..129 9. APPENDICES……………………………………………………………141 VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author acknowledges the assistance of Owain Jones and Malcolm Moseley of the CCRI for tutorial advocacy and Nicky Williams of the University of Gloucestershire library for the provision of documents, help and support in the compilation of this dissertation. The author will be forever grateful for the help and support of my daughter Lucy, my parents, family and friends, notably Lesley Pitchford, Stephen Pritchard and Ian Hollingsworth, without whom this research may not have been completed and to the friends she has made, notably Janet and Peter Fitzpatrick, Jean-Michel Notaire and Ingmar Lind. The author also acknowledges the information, assistance and advice provided by the following people and organisations:- Lasse Nygard of the Leksand Parliament and LEADER representative; Per Skalk and Matts Moller of Leksand Kommune and all at Siljansnas Sockenkontor; Christian Mahaud and Gautier Courribaut of the Biscarrosse administration; Carl Ronn and Johan Hammerstrom of Siljan Airpark and Jean-Luc Langeard of Le Village Aeronautique des Lacs; Residential Airparks worldwide who responded to emails and telephone calls and finally Tony Corr, killed in a GA accident in January 2010, who had been instrumental in developing my initial interest in the European Residential Airpark phenomenon. VII DEFINITIONS AERIAL WORK: is an aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for specialised services such as agriculture, construction, photography, surveying, observation and patrol, search and rescue, aerial advertisement, etc. (ICAO, 2006a) AIR POLLUTION: is the contamination of the atmosphere by gaseous, liquid or solid wastes or by-products that can endanger human health and the health and welfare of plants and animals, or can attack materials, reduce visibility, or produce undesirable odours (Thinkquest.org, no date) AMPHIBIAN AIRCRAFT: aircraft that can take off and land on either land or water as having retractable/interchangeable floats and wheels (Farlex, 2011) BIODIVERSITY: “…the existence of a wide variety of plant and animal species in their natural environments” (Collins, 2009). CARBON FOOTPRINT: “a certain amount of gaseous emissions that is relevant to climate change and associated with human production or consumption activities” (Wiedmann and Minx, 2008) CHANNELS OF IMPACT: the economic, social and environmental impacts on an area or community. COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT: an aircraft operation involving the transport of passengers, cargo or mail for remuneration or hire (ICAO, 2006b) DIRECT EFFECTS: the changes in economic activity in the local area during the first round of spending (BusinessDirectory.com, 2011a) ECONOMIC IMPACT: the macroeconomic [positive and negative] effects on commerce, employment or incomes produced by a decision, event, [activity] or policy (BusinessDirectory.com, 2011b) ENVIRONMENT: anything outside an organism in which the organism lives and can be a geographical region, the pollutants or the noise which surrounds an organism’ (Collin, 1995:3). ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: any change, positive or negative, to land, ecosystems, and human health as a result of any action caused by a development, industrial, or infrastructural project or by the release of a substance in the environment (BusinessDirectory.com, 2011:Blueegg.com, no date) VIII GENERAL AVIATION (GA): an aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport operation or an aerial work operation" (ICAO, 1944) GLIDER: a one or two seat fixed wing engineless aircraft designed to glide after being towed aloft or launched from a catapult and weighing less than 650 kg (aerofiles.com, no date) GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP): is the total market value all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year, equal to total consumer, investment and government spending, plus the value of exports, minus the value of imports.(InvestorWords.com, 2011) INDIRECT EFFECTS: the changes in sales, income (income includes: wage and salary income, proprietor’s income, rents and profits; and jobs) or employment within the area (BusinessDirectory.com, 2011c). INDUCED EFFECTS: are the increased sales within the area from household spending
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