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Application of a Topographic Pedosequence in the Villány Hills for Terroir Characterization

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Application of a Topographic Pedosequence in the Villány Hills for Terroir Characterization DOI: 10.15201/hungeobull.69.3.2Czigány, Sz. et al. HungarianHungarian Geographical Geographical Bulletin Bulletin 69 (2020) 69 2020 (3) (3)245–261. 245–261.245 Application of a topographic pedosequence in the Villány Hills for terroir characterization Szabolcs CZIGÁNY1, Tibor József NOVÁK2, Ervin PIRKHOFFER1, Gábor NAGY1, Dénes LÓCZY1, József DEZSŐ1, Szabolcs Ákos FÁBIÁN1, Marcin ŚWITONIAK3 and Przemyslaw CHARZYŃSKI3 Abstract Terroir refers to the geographical origin of wines. The landscape factors (topography, parent rock, soil, microbial life, climate, natural vegetation) are coupled with cultural factors (cultivation history and technology, cultivars and rootstock) and all together define a terroir. The physical factors can be well visualized by a slope profile developed into a pedosequence showing the regular configuration of the relevant physical factors for a wine district. In the present study the generalized topographic pedosequence (or catena) and GIS spatial model of the Villány Hills, a historical wine producing region, serves for the spatial representation and characterization of terroir types. A survey of properties of Cabernet Franc grape juice allowed the comparison of 10 vineyards in the Villány Wine District, Southwest Hungary. Five grape juice properties (FAN, NH3, YAN, density and glucose + fructose content) have been found to have a moderate linear relationship (0.5 < r2 < 0.7) with the Huglin Index (HI) and aspect. Aspect, when determined on the basis of angular distance from South (180°), showed a strong 2 correlation (r > 0.7) with FAN, NH3, YAN, sugar and density and moderate correlation with primary amino nitrogen (PAN). HI showed a correlation with three nitrogen related parameters FAN, NH3, YAN, density and glucose + fructose content. Elevation and slope, however, did not correlate with any of the chemical properties. Keywords: pedosequence, GIS, terroir, soils, grape juice properties, Huglin Index Received: February 2020; Accepted May 2020. Introduction a wine of individual character (Seguin, G. 1986; Unwin T. 2012). The usefulness of the The concept of terroir is widely used to ex- terroir concept has been recently supported plain the unique quality of agricultural prod- by GIS tools (Balla, D.Z. et al. 2019) whereas ucts, first of all, of wines. Terroir refers to the its applicability is also confirmed by its rapid geographical origin of wine, the particular spreading from Europe (e.g. Falcetti, M. interaction of ecosystem factors, including 1994; Wilson, J. 1998) to all other continents local rocks, topography, climate, soil and where grapes are grown (Jackson, D. and others (Biancotti, A. 2003; Vaudour, E. Lombard, P. 1993; e.g. in Canada: Haynes, et al. 2005; Gladstones, J. 2011; Fraga, H. S.J. 2000; in South Africa: Wooldridge, J. et al. 2014). The biophysical factors are com- 2000; in Australia: Halliday, J. 2007). The bined with cultural elements (cultivation terroir may be an elusive term sometimes history, cultivars and rootstocks, viticultural but it provides a very stable background to and oenological techniques etc.) to produce grapes and wine production. Jackson, D. 1 Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6. Hungary. E-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Department of Landscape Protection and Environmental Geography, University of Debrecen, H-4000 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1. Hungary. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Gagarina 11, 87-100 Toruń, Poland. E-mails: [email protected], [email protected] 246 Czigány, Sz. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 69 (2020) (3) 245–261. and Lombard, P. (1993) underline that it is grapes (Tagliavini, M. and Rombolà, A.D. mainly the concept of terroir that explains 2001). Calcareous soils support excellent how the appellations of the French wine blends like Aube in Champagne, Chablis in districts could maintain their quality over Burgundy, Pouilly and Sancerre in the Loire centuries. In those districts a huge collective Valley and Côtes du Rhône in the Lower knowledge has accumulated on the interac- Rhône Valley (Wilson, J. 1998). tions between the biophysical environment Physical and chemical soil properties influ- and the practices applied in vitiviniculture ence grapevine growth and eventually wine (VVC) which is recognizable in the quality of quality (Mackenzie, D.E. and Christy, A.G. wine (OIV 2008). The terroir concept also ex- 2005; Qi, Y.B. et al. 2019). Good wines are pro- tends to the landscape transformation caused duced on a wide range of soils (Wang, R. et al. by grapevine cultivation, its literary and fine 2015; Warmling, M.T. et al. 2018) and soil tex- arts reflections and is used in wine market- ture may vary from skeletal soils to those with ing strategies (Vaudour, E. 2001; Jordán, Gy. 60 per cent clay (Seguin, G. 1986). Grape juice et al. 2005; Szilassi, P. et al. 2006). properties are clearly correlated with plant- Although it is impossible to define the ideal available trace elements (Ca, Sr, Ba, Pb and climate (temperature, rainfall amount and re- Si) in the soil (Mackenzie, D.E. and Christy, gime or solar radiation) and the best possible A.G. 2005). If water supply and nitrogen avail- soil for vine growing and wine production, all ability are limited, vine vigour, berry weight these complex factors have to be considered and yield decline, while sugar content, an- in their interactions when terroir is described thocyanin and tannin concentrations increase and assessed (van Leeuwen, C. and Seguin, G. in berries (Matthews, M. and Anderson, M. 2006; van Leeuwen 2010; Ferretti, C.G. 2019). 1988, 1989; Choné, X. et al. 2001; Hilbert, G. The complex interactions explain why the ter- et al. 2003). These ‘deficiencies’ in soil proper- roir is a typically holistic concept (Malheiro, ties are beneficial to grape quality potential for A.C. et al. 2010; Fraga, H. et al. 2018). red wine making. On the other hand, insuf- Topography (slope conditions) is a funda- ficient soil depth and soil compaction hinder mental component of the terroir as it influenc- moisture storage, root growth and aeration es the distribution of parent rock outcrops, (Jackson, D.I. and Lombard, P.B. 1993). In the some physical and chemical properties of Villány Hills the loess mantle compensates for soils and slope deposits, microclimate and shallow soil depth, but low soil water stor- natural vegetation (Fraga, H. et al. 2014). age capacity is a risk factor in a region under Elevation, slope angle and aspect are equally Mediterranean influence, manifested in in- influential (Jones, G.V. 2004). Even a 100 m creasing heat and water stress (Tardaguila, J. difference in elevation between the top and et al. 2011). The microbiome in vineyards in- bottom of the slope may reflect variation teracts with the host vine stock, there is a sym- within the terroir of the same vineyard plot. biotic relationship between soil and the mi- Slope inclination and aspect impact on radia- crobes, which release nutrients from the soil, tion balance, soil erosion, drainage and man- fix nitrogen, mitigate environmental stresses agement (Zsófi, Zs. et al. 2011). Where steep (drought or toxic contaminants) (Gilbert, J.A. slopes require terracing (Šmid Hribar, M. et al. 2014). Each wine district (or even terroir) et al. 2017), the artificial slope form leads to has its own microbial communities which a fundamental transformation of the terroir. indirectly influence grapes and wine quality Among soil parent materials, limestone (Barata, A. et al. 2012). (the rock building the Villány Hills) has a Topographic and soil variations among ter- good nutrient supply to grapes, good drain- roir units can be best demonstrated on topo- age but retains moisture under dry weather graphic pedosequences. Supplemented with conditions. There is a single negative effect the visualization of GIS data the catena is suit- of carbonates: they cause iron deficiency in able to indicate microclimate, therefore pre- Czigány, Sz. et al. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 69 (2020) (3) 245–261. 247 senting soils as one of the major components others. In a modern interpretation the catena of the terroir (Fraga, H. et al. 2014). When soils indicates spatial patterns of soil and veg- are considered as integral parts of terroir, then etation consistently located in specific topo- specific terroir units can be more closely related graphic positions and is used synonymous to viticultural data, as well as must properties with ‘toposequence’ (Baskan, O. et al. 2016). (Vaudour, E. 2002, 2003; Deloire, A. et al. 2005; The simplicity, appeal and longevity of the Bramley, R. and Hamilton, R. 2007). catena concept (Radwanski, S.A. and Ollier, Climatic factors limit the geographical C.D. 1959; Ollier, C.D. et al. 1969) makes it distribution of grapevine growing and wine suitable for the integration of interdisciplinary vigour and the distribution of white and red research in geomorphology, soil science, hy- wines are also related to topographic, soil and drology, environmental history and other dis- climatic conditions (Fraga, H. et al. 2013). The ciplines related to landscape studies. Winkler Index defines the climatic conditions Recently, several terroirs have been identi- suitable for grapevine cultivation classifying fied in the Villány Wine District: Jammertal, the climate of wine-producing regions based Csillag-völgy (Sterntal), Remete (Einsiedler), on heat summation or growing degree-days Ördög-árok (Teufelsgraben), Kopár. The dif- (Winkler, A.J. 1974). Its modified version, the ferences between their natural potentials for Huglin Index (Huglin, P. 1986), is based on grapes cultivation largely depend on their the temperature sum over the temperature position on the toposequence. threshold of 10 °C for all days from begin- The objectives of the present study were to ning of April to end of September.
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