5398 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 16 .. ; ;. citizens and other persons within th~ several ·. By Mr. BUSBEY: MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT States from mob violence and ,lynching, and H. R. 3495. A bill for the relief of Andrew A message In writing from the Presi­ for other purposes; to the Committee on the C. Extrom and Harry C. Pearson; to the Com- Judiciary. mittee on the Judiciary. · dent . of the submitting By Mr. HOEVEN: ' By Mr. KELLEY: nominations was communicated, to the H. R. 3489. A bill to amend and supplement H. R. 3496. A b111 for the relief of Corp. Senate by Mr. Miller, one of his secre­ various · Federal statutes, as amended, hav­ Joseph B. Konkolewskt; to the Committee on . taries. the Judiciary. ing for their purpose to provide a perma­ MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE nent formula for arriving at parity prices By Mr. KLEIN: for farm commodities; to provide adminis­ H. R. 3497. A bill for the relief of :Mrs. Shir­ A message from the House of Repre- . trative agencies to be responsible for the car­ ley Leinwand; to the Committee on the sentatives, by Mr. Swanson, one of its rying out of this act and existing laws per­ Judiciary. reading clerks, announced that the tinent thereto: to promote the greatest nor­ By Mr. LATHAM: House had passed the bill . to mal economic exchange of goods and services H. R. 3498. A bill for the relief of the estate among the people of the United States and of William Kraus: to. the Committee on the amend section 502 of the act en­ with the people of other nations; to protect Judici»,ry. titled "An act to expedite the provi- . the people of this country and thei-r prop­ By Mr. McCONNELL: sion of housing in connection with na­ erty from the recurring evils of world-wide H. R. 3499. A b111 for the relief of Petrol tional defense, and for other purposes," inflation and deflation; to stabilize the pur­ Corp.; to the Committee on the Judiciary. with an amendment in which it requested chasing power of money; and for other pur­ By Mr. SHORT: . the concurrence of the Senate. poses: to the Committee on Ways and Means. H. R. 3500. A bill for the relief of Lester L. Elder; to the Committee on the Judiciary. The message also announced that the By Mr. MUHLENBERG: House had passed a bill H. R. 3490. A bill to enable States and their agencies and political subdivisions to plan making appropriations for the Depart­ for the construction of public works; to the PETITIONS, ETC. ments of State, Justice, and Commerce, Committee on Public works. Under clause 1 of rule xxn, petitions and the judiciary, for the fiscal year By Mr. PETERSON (by request) : and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk ending June 30, 1948, and for other pur­ H. R. 3491. A bill to amend the Rivers and and referred as follows: poses, in which it requested the concur­ Harbors Act of March 2, 1945, with particu­ rence of the .Senate. lar reference to Intercoastal Waterway from 517. By Mr. LYNCH: Petition of Rehoboth the Caloosahatchee to the Anclote River, Lodge, No. 38, B'nai B'rith, New York City, ENROLLED BILL SIGNED Fla.; to the Committee on Public Works. urging immediate large-scale Jewish immi­ The message further announced that By Mr. WOLCOTT:- gration into Palestine and the removal forthwith of the discriminatory land restric­ the Speaker had affixed his signature to H. R. 3492. A bill to provide for the expe­ the enrolled bill [Mr. KILGORE I and the Senator Mono County; to the Committee on Public and the cause for which we speak. from New Jersey JMr. SMITH] . Lands. Where we differ in approaches to a prob­ Also, memorial of the Legislature of the lem, may we ever be open to consider The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Under Territory of Hawaii, memoriallzing the Presi­ another and a better way, guided, not a further unanimous-consent agreement, dent and the Congress of the United States by whether it be popular, or expedient, the Senator from New Jersey [Mr. relating to the rate of interest on land sales, or practical, but always whether it be SMITH] has the floor. and requesting the Congress' of the United right. Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, accord­ C~ates to approve amendments herein set ing to the unanimous-consent agreement forth of chapter 78 of the Revised Laws of Hear our prayer, 0 Lord, and help us, Hawaii, 1945; to the Committee on Public through Jesus Christ. Amen. arrived at yesterday, the Senate will vote Lands. at 1 o'clock on the pending amendment. THEJOUR~AL the amendment offered by the Senator · On request of Mr. WHITE, and by from West Virginia lMr. KlLGOREl. In PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS unanimous consent, the reading. of tJie continuation of the debate of yesterday, Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private Journal of the proceedings of Thurs­ I desire to say a few words on the amend­ bills and resolutions were introduced anc;l day, May 15, 1947, was dispensed with, m.ent, ·but I shall be happy to yield to severally referred _as follows: and the_Journal . was approved. other Senators .who_may desir-e to speak 1947. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5399 on the subject.- I regret that there are-so . The Sen·ator frcim Nevada [Mr.- ·Me- , may be appropriated each year. for scien­ few Senators present on the floor at this CARRAN], the Senator from Louisiana tific research, so that each State may time, and I should like to raise the ques­ [Mr. OVERTON], and the Senator from have an opportunity to participate in tion with the distinguished majority Tennessee ['Mr. STEWART] are absent by such funds. · That is a very worthy ob­ leader ·whether there should not be a leave of the Senate. jective, of course, but I have tried to quorum call in order that the debate The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Sev­ point out that the purpose of the Scien­ from now on may be heard by our col­ enty-nine Senators having answered to tific Foundation is not to advance the leagues. I am not making th'e sugges­ their n.ames, a quprum is present. . cause of education generally. That ob­ tion myself, but I am asking the· major­ Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, will the jective is being taken care of by other ity leader whether that would not be a Senator from New Jersey yield? legislation which is now being consid­ desirable procedure. Mr. SMITH. I yield: ered by subcommittees of the Senate Mr. WHITE. Mr. President, of course, Mr. MORSE. Mr. President,! desire Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. the time consumed in calling the roll and to propound a parliamentary inquiry. The purpose of the Foundation is to dis­ ascertaining the presence of a quorum The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The cover projects of research in basic sci­ would come out of the time allotted for Senator from Oregon will state his in­ ence which are importC:tnt for the future the debate. quir:v. of the country and on which concentra­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. It Mr. MORSE. I should like-to have the tion should be had in order to promote would be divided between both sides. Chair rule at a later time on the ques­ the progress and advancement of sci­ Mr. WHITE. Very well. I shall be tion I desire to submit. The situation in ence. The other purpose, of course, is glad to do whatever the Senator from which Senators find themselves, under to train promising young scientists New Jersey wishes, and I shall suggest the unanimous-consent agreement, wherever we may find them in order the absence of a quorum, if that is his makes it important for the junior Sen­ that they may be developed for doing desire. ator. from Oregon to ascertain whether research work in the future. Mr. SMITH. I should like to have the or not, after the hour of 1 o'clock, fol­ The issue which faced the committee absence of a quorum suggested. lowing the vote on the Kilgore amend­ which studied this matter and, indeed, Mr. WHITE. I suggest the absence ment, it will then be in order for the fa.ced all who are interested in the pro­ of a quorum. junior Senator from Oregon to . ask to posal-and we are all very sincere in our The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The have considered and voted upon his approach to it-was whether the best re­ clerk will call the roll. amendment, which has many points in sults could- be obtained by distributing The Chief Clerk called the roll, and common with the Kilgore amendment, funds through all the States of · the the following Senators answered to their but which also, in the opinion of the Union, in which event, of course, the names: junior Senator from Oregon, differs sub­ Foundation would have to be more lim­ stantially from. the Kilg.ore amendment Aiken Hayden O'Damel ited than if it could concentrate on im­ Ball Hickenlooper O'Mahoney in certain respects. I therefore send the portant projects, or whether provision Brewster Hoey Reed two amendments to the desk, and ask should be made to enable the President Bridges Holland Revercomb that the Chair rule, at a later time, on Brooks Jenner Robertson, Va. to select a group which would be wise Buck Johnson, Colo. Robertson, Wyo. the point I raise. enough and have sufficient knowledge of Bushfield Kern Russell The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The the whole field of scientific research to Butler Kilgore Salt onstall Chair's decision, of course, will depend Byrd Knowland Smit h discover projects which the country Cain Lodge Sparkman entirely on whether there are substan­ needed to have developed particularly, Capper Lucas Taft tial points of difference between· the two and to concentrate the ava,ilable funds, · Chavez McCarthy Taylor amendments. The ruling will be made, Conn ally McClellan Thomas, Okla. certainly in the opening years of the Cooper McFarland Thomas, Utah pursuant to the request of the junior work, on such projects. It is the con­ Cordon McGrath '!·bye Senator from Oregon, when the issue clusion of those who have introduced Donnell McKellar Tydings arises. this bill that the wise approach to this Downey McM!!hon Umstead Mr. SMITH. Mr. ?resident, since the Dworshak Magnuson Vandenberg matter is to create a Foundation suffi­ Ecton Malone Watkins Senate is to vote on the pending amend­ ciently broad in scope and possessing Ellender Martin Wl:erry ment at 1 o'clock, approximately 20 min­ such judgment and knowledge and hav­ Ferguson Maybank W'hite utes is left to each side for debate. I Fulbright Millikin Wiley ing such contacts as will enable it wisely George Moore W1111ams shall open debate on our side by recall­ and efficiently to locate the desirable Green Morse Wilson ing a Httle history with regard to the projects. Gurney Murray Young amendment now pending, as well as with Hat ch Myers We have therefore provided in our bill Hawkes O'Conor respect to the bill itself. I say this espe­ not for the distribution geographically cially for the benefit of those who have of funds, but for placing in the h~nds Mr. WHERRY. I announce that the not been present at the debate during of the Foundation, consisting of 24 mem­ Senator from Connecticut [Mr. BALD­ the last 2 days, and who will be called bers appointed by the President, . the WIN] and the Senator from Ohio [Mr. upon presently to vote upon the pending definite responsibility of determining the BRICKER I are necessarily absent. amendment. policy to be pursued and selecting the The Senator from Indiana [Mr. CAPE­ As the RECORD shows, Mr. President, projects which in a given year should be HART l, the Senator from Vermont [Mr. the question of a National Science Foun­ studied for the purpose of using most FLANDERS], and the Senator from North dation has been under discussion before effectively the funds which may be ap­ Dakota LMr . LANGER] are absent by leave both Houses of Congress during the past propriated. It must not be forgotten of the Senate. 2 year::, . A great many witnesses have that the 24 members· are to be appointed The Senator from New York [Mr. been called before the committees of by the President after receiving nomi­ IvEs] is absent by leave of the Senate on both Houses. Differences of opinion nations from the sicentific societies · of official business. have arisen as to certain of the issues the country, from the land-grant col­ The Senator from New Hampshire involved, and one of those issues is pre­ leges, from the associations of State­ [Mr. ToBEY] is necessarily absent be­ sented b~ the amendment which the supported institutions, such as our State cause of illness in his family. Senator from West Virginia [Mr. K~L­ universities, and from private institu­ Mr. LUCAS. I announce that the Sen­ GORE] offered yesterday. It is a question tions, such as our private universities. ator from Kentucky [Mr. BARKLEY] is of how to deal with the funds which the Mr. President, we must bear in mind unavoidably detained. Foundation may have to distribute. that each year the Foundation must pre­ I announce that the Senator from Ala­ I have personally, Mr. President, taken sent, through its executive committee bama [Mr. HILL] , the Senator froni Flor­ pains, through my acquaintance with and its Director, to the Director of the ida (Mr. PEPPER], and the Senator from institutional leaders and persons en­ Budget Bureau and to the Committee New York [Mr. WAGNER] are necessarily gaged in scientific pursuits, to consider on Ways and Means of the House, and absent. this approach, and I want tc. state briefly the Appropriations Committees of both The Senator from Mississippi [Mr. what the issue is. The question simply the House and Senate, the specific proj­ EASTLAND] and the Senator from South i~ whether there shall be distributed to ects they have in mind and ask specifi­ Carolina l Mr. JoHNSTON] are detained on all the States of the Union on the basis cally for the appropriations needed to public business. of population certain of the funds which carry on the projects for the particular 5400 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 16 year. That is, in our judgment, the wise a few minutes before the Senate votes at and, indeed, to all the world. I became way to administer the· funds which we 1 o•clock. interested in the pending bill during the hope to nave appropriated, both for the Mr. SMITH. I understand the Sena­ past year through two different chan­ research work itself and for finding and tor from West Virginia [Mr. KnGORE] nels- first, I was approached by friends developing the type of young students, has charge of the time on behalf of those who had been engaged in the scientific either on the scholarship level or on the who favor his amendment. field during the war. I refer to men like fellowship level, who can best carry on Mr. KILGORE. I assure the Senator Dr. Compton, Dr. Conant, Dr. Bush, and the research work. from Wyoming that he will be given the others, who came to me and asked me to So the issue, Mr. President, is one of time he desires. take an interest in this question. judgment as to what is the most effec­ Mr. O'MAHONEY. I thank the Sena­ The other way in which I became in- · tive way to bring &.bout the accomplish­ tor. terested was from listening to scientists ment of the purpose a foundation such Mr. SMITH. Mr. PreSident, I have who bad visited Russia and had seen as the one proposed must have in mind. said about all that it is necessary to say with their own eyes what Russia, as one I desire further to call the attention in addition to what already appears in government, was doing with all its gov­ of the Senate to the fact that in setting the RECORD, both of Wednesday · and ernment resources by way of promoting up this National Science Foundation we Thursday, on this particular subject. It scientific development. If we are to are perpetuating in peacetime and on a is a question of determining which is the compete, if we are to make the most of our broader scale, on a scale which is aimed right way to handle this matter. In the free industry and give it the greatest to develop scientific research wherever judgment of us who are favoring the benefits from the basic research carried it can be developed in this land of ours, provision in the bill and who are oppos­ on in our institutions and laboratories, the specific kind of research that was ing the pending amendment, the method we must concentrate the funds which are done during the war by the Office of proposed in the amendment would appropriated for this purpose on that Scientific Research and Development, simp-ly open the door to pressures from one endeavor. and which, of course, because of the war, every State of the Union for the develop­ I for one am profoundly interested in had to concentrate its scientific research ment of an sorts of projects which might the problem of education. A few days upon certain very specific projects or might not be worthy. We would be ago I read of the bill which had been re­ which were deemed essential at that in danger of having constant political ported from the subcommittee headed time. I refer, of course, to the atomic pressure, if you will, applied to us; where­ by the Senator from Vermont £Mr. energy project and other projects, such as we are trying our very best to avoid AIKEN]. We want to assist education as radar, and so forth, which, as we that result, by placing the determination in this country. We must do so if we are know, were developed very effectively of policies and projects, and so forth, to keep our free government as we have under the organization we had in exist­ into the hands of men who are not at all it today. But if we are going to assist ence at that time. interested in politics. We want to try education, let us do it directly. Let us It is our !>elief that in dealing With to find out where the legitimate projects not do it indirectly through trying to this matter through a foundation, rep­ are, and seelt by every means to search establish a science foundation and dis­ resenting as far as possible all corners· out promising young men in every State sipating its funds in small amounts of the country, all types of scientific of the Union. Every State will have a among the various States and among and educational institutions, and made chance to put in its case. No one will institutions which may be located within up of the very best talent obtainable, be shut out. We are providing very their borders. and entrusting to the foundation so broadly for the kind of representation The manner in which the pending created the formulation of policy and the there should be on a Science Foundation, amendment would distribute the funds determination of the program to be fol­ and I submit that on this particular of the Foundation would to a large ex­ lowed, we are providing for a much wiser phase of the issue the program we have tent injure the purposes for which the way of expending the funds which may suggested is sound. Foundation is to be established. I give be appropriated for· this purpose than we Mr. President, I am glad to yield a few two examples which I have worked out, would by providing a flat formula for minutes to the Senator from Massachu­ and which may not be strictly accurate. scattering the funds to the various States setts [Mr. SALTONSTALL], if he cares to Under this amendment the State of Mas­ of the Union. As worthy as that cause speak on this subject, because he collabo­ sachusetts would receive approximatelY is, I submit that that is not the way to rated with me on the bill. I think he $90,000. The State of Nevada would re­ deal with a foundation of this kind. has some ideas on the subject, and com­ ceive $26,500. If the money is to be Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, wil1 ing from a great institution like Harvard spread out in that way, how effective will the Senator yield? University, I am sure he has a contribu­ it be in promoting scientific investigation Mr. SMITH. I yield. tion to make. and research? I believe that the amend­ Mr. MAGNUSON.. If the Senator has The PRESIDENT pro tempore. How ment of the Senator from West Virginia concluded, I wonder if we might not much time does the Senator from New should be rejected, and that the bill utilize 5 minutes of the time between Jersey yield to the Senator from Massa­ should be enacted in such form as will now and 1 o'clock to a~cept the so-called chusetts? leave a broad scope of discretion in the Hickenlooper amendment. I should be Mr. SMITH. I yield 5 minutes or directors and in the executive committee glad to agree to it. more. of the Foundation. Mr. SMITH. I understand the Sena­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Then let us take up the subject of edu­ tor from Iowa desires to offer his Senator from New Jersey has 9 minutes cation through the medium of some of amendment as soon as the vote is taken remaining to his credit. The Senator the pending bills ori that subject, and see at 1 o'clock. from West Virginia [Mr. KILGORE] has what we can do toward helping our edu· Mr. MAGNUSON. If Senators have 21 minutes to his credit. The Senator cational system. Let us see what we can completed discussion on the pending from Massachusetts is recognized within do toward helping veterans obtain an amendment, I thought we could proceed the 9 minutes. education in college. But let us not try to act upon the so-called Hickenlooper Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, to do it indirectly when we are trying to amendment by unanimous consent. I hope this amendment will be rejected. get the greatest benefit from the scien· Mr. SMITH. I do not think we are The important point to bear in mind is tific leaders at a time when science through with the discussion. I wish to the purpose of establishing the National means so much to the future develop­ say a few words more on the pending Science Foundation. We have just been ment and security of this country. question, and I wish to make a brief through a war during the course of We all have memories of the past war statement in connection with the Hick­ which there have been brought about and of what happened to us in that war. enlooper amendment, in order to make ii immense scientific improvements, some and we have some idea of what science clear that the committee understands the of which have been used for our de­ can do to us if another war ever comes. purpose of that amendment. struction. We want to turn those scien­ Let us be in the forefront in scientific ac­ Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, will tific improvements to our benefit in the tivity. Let us not permit any other na­ the Senator yield? days of peace. If we are to do that, we tion. by concentrating its governmental · Mr. SMITH. I yield to the Senator must make provision for the develop­ funds, to surpass us. We have the from Wyoming for a question. ment of scientific study and research know-how in industry. We have the Mr. O'MAHONEY. I rise to ask and the perfection of scientific inven­ scientific leaders. Let us give them a whether I shall have time to be heard for tions which may be of advantage to us chance. In order to do that, we should 1947 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5401 ·defeat the amendment upon which we The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The There is created in the very first sec­ are to vote at 1 o'clock. time of the Senator from New Jersey tion of this bill a National Science The PRESIDENT pro tempore. To has e~pired. . Foundation. The Foundation is to :have whom does the Senator from New Jersey To whom does the Senator from West 24 members; an executive committee of yield? Virginia (Mr. KILGORE] yield? 9 members, and the executive committee Mr. SMITH. I ask the Senator from Mr. KILGORE. I yield 6 minutes will operate through a quorum of 4. The Ohio [Mr. TAFT] if he would like to say to the Senator lrom Wyoming [Mr. executive committee will meet how a word on this amendment. O'MAHONEY]. often? ·My recollection is that the bill Mr. TAFT. I do not know that I care Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, a parlia­ provides that the executive committee to speak. Let us hear from the other mentary inquiry. shall meet not less than six times a year. side. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The · There is some limitation upon that. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator will state it. Paragraph (C) of section 5 proVides: Senator from New Jersey has 3 minutes Mr. MORSE. Is 'it in order now to The executive committee shall meet at can remaining. The Sen!.tor from w ·est Vir­ ask for a ruling on my inquiry as to of the chairman or at such times as may be ginia has 21 minutes. whether or not the Kilgore and Morse fixed by itself, but not less ·~han six times Mr. KILGORE. I yield to the Senator amendments are sufficiently different in each year. from Washington. substance as to warrant my offering my What does the committee report say Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, yes­ amendment later? terday and today the Senator from Mas­ with reference to the powers of the di­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The rector? I read from the committee re­ sachusetts and the Senator from New Chair is not prepared to rule. The port, desc:tibing the provisions of sec­ Jersey have been quoting figures. I · amendments are being analyzed. As tion 6: should like to know whether those figures soon as .the analysis is complete a ruling are based upon an assumed appropriation will be made. Subject to the general supervision of the executive committee, the administrative af­ 'of $20,000,000, or whether they are based The Senator from Wyoming [Mr. fairs of the Foundation will be controlled- upon estimates of future appropriations O'MAHONEY] is .recognized for 6 minutes. for the Foundation. The Senator from Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, I Observe the word. How perfect that New Jersey and the Senator from Massa­ think that what has been sa!d today by word is to describe the progress toward chusetts speak of certain figures for cer­ the Senator from New Jersey aud the central power. It is a director who shall tain institutions. No one will deny that Senator from Massachusetts constitutes control the activities of this Foundation. in wartime scientific research, many about as strong an argument as could . I read further: parts of the research, were farmed out be made in support of the amendment. The administrative affairs of the F'ounda­ to various institutions. As the Senator The Senator from New Jersey, in clos­ ti_on will be controlled by a full-time, paid knows, the research work upon the ing his statement a few moments ago, director appointed by the committee, with atomic bomb' was farmed out to many stated that this program is to be placed the approval of a majority of the Founda­ tion. The director will perform such func­ institutions all over the country. in the hands of men who are not at all tions as may be assigned to him by the ex­ I think it is misleading to say that a interested politically, and that to those ecutive committee and follow the pollcies certain university may receive $28,000, men would be delegated the full power established from time to time by the com­ and that it can spend the $28,000 only to regulate and control the program. mittee and the Foundation. on a particular project. The work which It is precisely upon that ground, Mr. it does may be only a part of a great President, that I stand for the amend­ I turn to the bill itself to read what foundation project, and other parts of ment; and I believe that if Senators will the powers of those persons in the Foun­ the work may be done at many places give attention to the implications of the dation .will be. The authority of the throughout the country. bill before us they ·wm see that the Foundation is described in section 10, as Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, amendment is designed to balance a pro­ follows: · will the Senator yield? gram of central power with a program of (a) to prescribe such rules and regula­ Mr. MAGNUSON. I yield. distributed power. If there is any one tions- Mr. SALTONSTALL. The figures thing that has made America great, it is Here we have another example of the which I used were based upon an ap­ that America has preserved, until re­ constant practice of setting up new divi­ propriation of $20,000,000. Twenty-five cently, the broadest possible opportunity sions of Government and clothing them percent of that figure ·would be $5,000,- for individuals everywhere. We are, with the power to make rules and regula­ 000; and the figures which I used were however, Mr. President, upon a great tions. What are the standards? Sena­ based upon estima-tes which were ar­ stream which is hurrying this Govern­ tors who are opposing the amendment rived at on the basis of the provisions of ment and every other government to­ say, "You can depend upon these wise the amendment. ward central power. We take the floor men to whom we will give this power to That does not mean that more money in the Senate and in the House; we take recognize the various States. They will could not be used by the Foundation. the stump in political campaigns and not shut you otl'." But the history of ·I have just been talking with the Sen­ decry the growth of big government; we concentrated power is that those who ator from Washington. The question of ·decry the concentration of power in the exercise it speedily acquire the notion ·obtaining oil from shale in Alaska is hands of monopoly upon one side and that they are all-wise as well as all­ ·now being considered. Perhaps we in the hands of Government upon the powerful, and when they get that notion might wish to spend $1,000,000 in Alaska other side~ and yet day by day in the the opportunity for the rank and file to in 1 year to solve the problem of obtain­ Congress we are creating more and more secure the benefits under such laws is ing oil from shale; but if the funds were central power in Government. immediately narrowed. dissipated we might not be able to do so. Mr. SALTSONSTALL. Mr. President, I read further: Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, we will the Senator yield? (b) to make such expenditures as may have mentioned the figure of $4,800 for Mr. O'MAHONEY. Certainly. be necessary for carrying out the provi­ the University of Alaska, on the basis of Mr. SALTONSTALL. If I said any­ sions of this act. a $20,000,000 appropriation. If the thing that would indicate in any way Foundation wished to conduct a project that I was not interested in fostering the Here, again, we set up a new Govern­ in Alaska costing $500,000 to obtain oil smaller institutions of learning, I say ment agency and give it the authority from shale, there is no reason why it now that there is no one who would help to spend as much money as it deems could not add the half million dollars to more than I in fostering them. necessary. Of course, it has to go before the $4,800. I think the Senator should Mr. O'MAHONEY. I know that is true . the Appropriation Committees of the understand that we are not talking about of the Senator. I know that the Senator Senate and the House from Year to year. anything mandatory. The only thing the_ from Massachusetts does not want power That is taken care of in another provi­ amendment does is to place the onus on ·concentration, and I know that the sion of the bill. the universities themselves to see if they Senator from New Jersey does not want The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The cannot find research projects. That is it. What I am pointing out is that we time of the Senator ha.s- expired. exactly what we wish to do. are drifting steadily toward concentrat­ Mr. KILGORE. Mr. President, I yield Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, I should ing political power at the very time that one#more minute to the Senator from like to comment on that point. we pretend to be against it. Wyoming. XCIII--341 •5402 CONGRESSIONAL R-ECORD-SENATE. MAY 16

Mr~ O'MAHONEY. I thank -the . eluded that ·they went along· whele- this-proposal largely from the ·point ef Senator. . heart'edly. · · ~ view of the money involved, rather ·than • So, Mr. President, I. conclude by say­ Mr. MORSE. I am aware of that point on the basis of the great moral support ing that the importance of this amend­ of view. Let me say that I have a let­ that can come to the National Science ment is that it imposes an obligatio·n ter from Mr. Edmund Day, president ot Foundation by having every land-grant upon the Foundation to accept or receive Cornell University, strongly supporting college m the United States feel that it is ' and entertain suggestions from univer­ the principle of the amendment which I a part of the program and that it has a sities and colleges in the various States. offered on April 2, and which has been responsibility to come forward with con.:. This is the way by which we can stimu­ lying on the desks of Senators ever since. structive suggestions anq projects on late activity in scientific research in the I simply say that because of the unani­ which it can work. various S\ates. I have no reason to be­ mous-consent agreement under which I listened to the distinguished Senator lieve, for ex·ample, that ~he University of we are laboring, we now are faced with from Massachusetts recite the figures in Wyoming would be recognized by the the handicap that we shall not be able to regard to the amounts of money that director, the executive committee, or present in detail the information which would be involved in respect to several the broad Foundation of 24 members. I think should be presented to the Senate of the States. I myself have not looked A body of 24 men is too small a number before the vote is taken at 1 o'clock. So into the figures; but judging from what to be able to erect a fence around scien­ I urge the Members of the Senate to take the S3nator from Massachusetts has tific development in the United States. a position at 1 o'clock in favor of the stated, I believe that my State probably I hope the amendment will be agreed principle of · the Kilgore amendment, would not be entitled to more than $8;000 to. hoping that during the afternoon we or $10,000 under this program. We could Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, will the shall be able to work out certain pro­ well do without the $8,000 or $10,000; but Senator yield? cedural rights and safeguards which I we do not feel that we could do without Mr. KILGORE. I yield a few minutes think will be over and above the provi­ being a part of this undertaking. to the Senator from Oregon. sions of the Kilgore amendment. I think it is most important that at the Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I shall Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, will beginning of this Foundation, every one not take much time, because it is im­ the Senator yield to me? of the land-grant colleges should feel its possible at this stage of the proceedings Mr. KILGORE. I yield. responsibility in the matter, regardless of for me to present the matters which I Mr. MAGNUSON. I simply wish to the amount of money that may be in­ wish to present in connection with the assure the Senator from Oregon that volved. I believe the impression has been principle involved in the Kilgore amend­ there was no intention yesterday, in con­ created here that our colleges are not ment. The principle which is involved nection with the adoption of the unani­ sufficiently interested. In view of that is very similar to that involved in my mous-consent agreement, in any way to situation, I communicated this morning amendment, but the procedure and cer­ jeopardize the position of the amendment with the President of the Rhode Island tain rights which are involved in my of the Senator from Oregon. As a mat­ State College, and asked him to tell me amendment are sufficiently different so ter of fact, I was under the impression frankly if there is really a sincere inter .. that at a later time I shall argue what that the two amendments were suffi­ est on the part of the· land-grant colleges I consider to be the right of the Senator ciently different so that a vote on the of the United States in being made a from Oregon to present his amendment Kilgore amendment would not jeopard­ part of the program. His answer was at a later hour. However, because I am ize the position of the amendment of that there certainly is, and that he be·­ interested in the principle which is in­ the Senator from Oregon. There was lieves that the president of every one of volved in the amendment proposed by no intention to jeopardize its position, those institutions is in favor of the the Senator from West Virginia and and the unanimous-consent agreement amendment , which has been offered by other Senators, I want to say, in the clos­ was directed solely and specifically to the the Senator from West Virginia. ing minutes of this debate, that I think Kilgore - Aiken -Magnuson - McGrath ·So, Mr. President, when the vote is Senators ought to check with the science amendment. taken, I hope the Senate will consider faculties of the respective universities in Mr. MORSE. I understand the Sena­ this question,- not from the point of view their States and with the presidents of tor's position. of the dollars involved, but from the point universities before they vote down the Mr. MAGNUSON. I hoped the Sena­ of view of the great moral contribution principle of the Kilgore amendment. At tor did. I regret that at the time when in support of this program which can a later hour today I shall discuss this the unanimous-consent agreement was be made by the colleges of the United matter at some length, depending upon under consideration, we did not consider States. the ruling of the Chair. But I want to how closely the two amendments were Mr. KILGORE. Mr. President, I ask say now that I have on my desk not only related. If we had, we would not ·have unanimous consent to have printed at letters from the presidents of the col­ asked for the agreement. this point in the RECORD, as a part of my leges and universities of my State, but Mr. MORSE. I thank the Senator. I remarks, the amendment which we pro­ a letter from Mr. Compton, president of think the two amendments should have pose to the bill. a college in Washington. The name been considered together, because it There being no objection, the amend­ "Compton" of course coincides with sound places me at a considerable disadvan­ ment proposed by Mr. KILGORE , including the land-grant colleges. 1947 .. ·CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5403 within such Stat&-pursuant- to-cont!'acts or States. I wonder if they realize the Ecton McClellan Russell other financial arrangements made by the grave weakness of the bill as it now Ellender McParland SaltonstaU Foundation under this sectron. 'the balance Ferguson McGrath Smith stands, namely, that it contains no pro­ Fulbright McKellar Sparkman o:r the amount fOI' : each -State shall be ex­ George McMahon Taft pended only in nonprofit colleges or univer­ vision in regard to where the work shall be done. So it might happen, as was the Green Magnuson Taylor sities in the States~- In making such con­ Gurney ~one Thomas, Okla. tracts or other financial arrangements the case with the Office of Scientific Re­ Hatch Martin Thomas, Utah Foundation shall give each individual tnstl-. search and Development. that the scien­ Hawkes Maybank Thye tution the widest latitude in its selection of tists doing the work under the program Ha~'Cten Millikin Tydings individual research and development projects, Hickenlooper Moore Umstead would feel that only a few private labo­ Haey Marse Vandenberg but the Foundation shall not be required to ratories were capable of doing the work. Honand Murray - Watkins exjlend funds in any institution unless it sub­ The bill will provide no protection Jenner Myers Wherry mits proposals- for the expenditure of such Johnson. Colo. O'Conor 'W'hite funds which the Foundation finds to be con­ against such a. development, unless it is Kem O'Daniel Wiley sistent With such general program and stand­ amended as we propose. If the bill Is Kilgore O'Mahoney Williams ards as it may, after receiving the advice of amended by the adoption of our amend­ Knowland Reed Wilson Lodge Bevercomb Young the Board, establish in order to carry out the ment, it will guarantee a distribution Lucas Robertson. Va. objectives and provisions of this act. For throughout the States, not only of McCarthy Robertson, Wyo. purposes of this section the term "State" in­ scholarships but of projects which will cludes Alaska. Hawaii. and Puerto Rico... be available to boys who wish to work The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Sev­ their way through school. enty-nine Senators having answered to Mr. KILGORE. Mrr President, I wish their names.. a quorum is present. tn. sum up our position briefly.- In the Mr. President, one of the valuable in­ ventions developed during the war was The question is on agreeing to the first place. at the outset of the discus­ amendment o:ffered by the Senator from sion, two difficulties arose in connection a method of detenntning the value of West Virginia £Mr. Kn.GOBEJ for him­ with the idea of founding a scientific native mica as insulation. That devel­ opment was made at an expenditure of self and other Senators,. which wiD be research institution. The first difficulty stated. was the notion that we were merely after $17,0£0, so we see that a great deal of inventions and new discoveries,. only. money is not :required for the develoP­ The CHDP CLERK. On page 14, before The other difiiculty was the suggestion ment of some of the new methods or to line 9. it is proposed to insert tbe fol­ that the purpose was to develop in the make some of the discoveries. · lowing new section 12, and to renum­ United States a. research organiZation Our position fs that each state shoutd ber all ensuing sections. on a Nation-wide basis. capable of rapid have an opportunity. in connection with MANDATORY AMOUNTS TO BP! DIS'l'1UB'tJ'ri'D TO-n1E expansion. its own projeets. to make explorations in VARIOUS STATES I We ha.d the example of what was done the field oi science. and in connection S!:c. !:1. Of the funds appropriated to the in therewith to receive some help from the Found.ation ~or research and develop.ment ac­ Britain after the la$ war, when the tivities {excluding tunds e-xpressly. appro­ British Government built laboratories Federal Government through the Foun­ dation. Let us provide for that and Iet priated for- national defense). not less than in various small places throughout the 25 percent shall be apportioned among the British Islesy in an endeavor to increase us also make sure that such assistance States as follows: One-fourth sball be ap­ their research facilities. Incidentally, wm not be taken away from-the colleges portioned among the States- ln equal shares, that was done with money loaned by and universities of the country if they and the remainder shall be apportioned the United States. In dealing with the have meritorious projects which fit in among the States in the proportion that their Office of Scientific Research and Devel­ with the program. respective populations bear to the popula­ opment, we found that they knew about Mr. President. in any event. the last tion of all the States. determined according only a few laboratories, and that there word will be with the Board. Under the to ~he last preceding decennial census, of amendment. only 25 percent of the funds the amount apportioned to each State at were only a few such places to-which least one-half shall be ezpendecl only far they would assign work to be done and would be apportioned among the States. carrying on research and development ac­ projects to be carried out. Those Jab­ and the Board would have complete dis­ tivities in the facilities of tax-supported col­ oratories were vastly expanded, but the cretion and control in regard to the re­ leges. and universities. including the land­ educational inStitutions of the United maining 'Za percent. Even so. the 25 grant colleges. within such State pW'suant States were unable to contribute the fair percent apportioned among the states to contracts or other finandal arrangements share which they thought they should would be used for the development of made by the Foundation under this section. scientists. which is the most important The balance of the amount for each State contribute. shall be expended only. In nonprofit colleges Mr. President, my primary motive in of all the matters we are considering. or universities in the States. In ma.Idng connection with this matter is to pro­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. All such contracts or other financial arrange­ mote the development of scientists as time on the amendment has expired. ments, the Foundation shaH give each in­ well as the development of research. Mr. WHERRY. I suggest the absence dividual Institution the widest latitude in its selection of individual research and de­ ~he two go hand in hand. At tbe out­ of a quorum. set of the discussion of this program, an The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The­ velopment projects but the Foundation ~hall question is on agreeing to the amend­ not be required to expend fUnds fn any in:.. the colleges were afraid of ft. fearing stitution tmless it submits proposals for the that, under it, what happened during ment submitted by the Senator. from expenditure of such funds which the Foun­ the war would again happen to them. West Virginia [Mr. KILGORE], for him­ dation finds to be consistent with sucb gen­ namely, that private laboratories, even self and other Senators. The Senator eral program and standards as. it may. after nonprofit private laboratories. would from Nebraska suggests the absence or receiving the advice of the Board. establish benefit from the program to the exclu­ a quorum, and the clerk will call the In order to carry out the objectives: and pro­ sion of the universities and colleges. roll. visions of this act. For purposes. of this sec­ The legislative clerk proce.eded to call tion,. the term "State" Includes Alaska, Ha.­ Mr. President, if the pending measure wall. and Puerto Rico. merely proposed the granting of money the roll. . to the States, I would not go along at Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President• . inas­ Mr. KILGORE. I ask for the yeas and all with the State educational institu­ much as a quorum call bas just been nays. tions in the position they have taken; had. I ask. unanimous consent to with­ The yeas and nays were ordered, and but we agreed a.t the meeting over which draw the request that a quorum call be the legislative clerk proceeded to call the the Senator from Massachusetts £Mr. made. roll. · SALTONSTALL] presided that we would Mr. AIKEN. I suggest the absence of Mr. REED .thers. The Senator from Nevada [Mr. Mc­ and ordered to be printed. This resolution shows what the peo­ CARRANl, the Senator from Louisiana SALE OF TIMBER WITHIN THE TONGASS ple back home are thinking about in [Mr. OVERTON], and the. Senator from connection with the centralization of Tennessee [Mr. STEWART] are absent by , NATIONAL FOREST A letter from the Secretary of the Interior, power and bureaucratic government in leave of the Senate. Washington. The Senator from Alabama [Mr. transmitting a draft of proposed legislation to authorize the Secretary of Agriculture to There being no objection, the concur­ HILL], who would vote "yea," if present, sell timber within the Tongass National For­ rent resolution was received, referred to is paired with the Senator from Ohio est (with an accompanying paper); to the the Committee on the Judiciary, and [Mr. BRICKER], who would vote "nay." Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. under the rule, ordered to be printed in The Senator from South Carolina the RECORD, as follows: [Mr. JoHNSTON], who would vote "yea" NEWLY ISSUED PUBLICATIONS BY FEDERAL if present, is paired with the Senator POWER COMMISSION Assembly Concurrent Resolution 9 from Vermont [Mr. FLANDERS], who A letter from the Chairman of the Federal Concurrent resolution calling upon New Power Commission, transmitting three newly Jersey's Representatives in the National would vote "nay." issued publications by that Commission en­ Congress and the legislatures of the sister I also announce that if present and titled "Statistics of Natural Ga.s Companies Sta~es and all good citizens to restore tne voting, the Senator from Mississippi in the United States": "Preliminary Report American Republic and the 48 States to [Mr. EAsTLAND], the Senator from on Electric Energy Production, Generating the foundations built by our fathers. Nevada [Mr. McCARRAN], the Senator Capacity, and Fuel Consumption of Electric Preamble: New Jersey needs no guardian from Florida [Mr. PEPPER], and the Utilities in the United States"; and "Natural and intends to have none. We Garden Stat­ ·senator from Tennessee [Mr. STEWART] Gas Company Plant Investment Units" (with ers, like the people of our sister States, were would vote "yea." accompanying papers): to the Committee on fooled for quite a spell with the magician's The Senator from New York [Mr. Interstate and Foreign Commerce. trick that a dollar taxed out of our pockets WAGNER l has a general pair with the BUILDINGS FOR BUREAU OF OLD-AGE AND and sent to Washington wlll be bigger when SURVIVORS INSURANCE 1t comes back to us. We have taken a good Senator from Kansas .[Mr: REED]. The look at said dollar. We find that it lost transfer of that pair to the Senator from A letter from the Acting Administrator of weight in its journey to Washington and New York [Mr. IVESl has been previously the Federal Security Agency, transmitting a back. The political brokerage of the bu­ announced by the Senator from Kansas. draft of proposed legislation to authorize con­ reaucrats has been 'deducted. We have de­ If present, the Senator from New York struction of buildings for the Bureau of Old­ cided that there is no such thing as "Fed­ (Mr. WAGNER] would vote "yea." Age and Survivors Insurance (with accom­ eral" aid. We know that there is no wealth panying papers) ; to the Committee on to tax that is not already ~Tithin the bound­ The result was announced-yeas 30, Finance. aries o{ the 48 States. nays 49, as follows: AUTHORIZATION FOR CERTAIN EXPENDITURES So we propose henceforward to tax our­ YEA8-30 FROM EMPLOYEES' COMPENSATION FuND selves and take care of ourselves. · We are fed Aiken Johnson, Colo. Morse / up with subsidies, doles, and paternalism. Chavez Kilgore Murray A letter from the Acting Administrator of We are no one's stepchild. We have grown Connally Lucas Myers the Federal Security Agency, transmitting a up. We serve notice that we will resist Downey McClellan O'Conor draft of proposed legislation to amend the Washington, D. C., adopting us. Fulbright McFarland O'Mahoney act of September 7, 1916, to authotize certain Be it resolved by the General Assembly oj George McGrath Russell expenditures from the employees' compensa­ Green McKellar Sparkman the State of New Jersey (the Senate concur­ Hayden McMahon ·· Taylor tion fund, and for other purposes (with an ring): Hoey Magnuson Thomas, Okla. accompanying paper); to the Committee on 1. We respectfully petition and urge New Bolland May bank Umstead Labor and Public Welfare. Jersey's Congressmen and Senators to vote 1947 CONGRESSIONA.L RECORD-SENATE 5405 to fetch our county courthouse and city halls By Mr. DOWNEY: some of its' administrative aspects have been back from Pennsylvania Avenue. We want S. 1300. A bill to permit the naturaliza­ raised. I have studied these objections with government to come home. tion of persons, irrespective of race, whose great interest and care and have also had 2. Resolved, further, That we can upon sons or daughters were k1lled while serving informal discussions with officers of the the legislatures of our sister States and on in the armed forces of the United States; and Public Health Service. These people have good citizens everywhere who believe in the S. 1301. A bill for the relief of Alfonso been very helpful, and the net result )las basic principles of Lincoln and Jefferson to Felice; to the Committee on the Judiciary. been constructive. I have accepted these join with us and we with them to restore the By Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado: criticisms in the same cooperative spirit in American Republic and our 48 States to the S .. 1302. A bill to aid. the associations, which they offered, and as a result, I have foundations built by our fathP.rs. groups, organizations, and institutions en­ incorporated certain changes in the substi­ couraging participation of the youth of the tute amendment. REPORTS OF COMMITTEES country in athletic and sports programs by In the interest of clarity, it seems simpler The following reports of committees making surplus athletic equipment available to·submit an entirely new substitute for the were submitted: to such associations, groups, organizations, bill, although the changes are mostly of a and institutions, and for other purposes; to By Mr. MILLIKIN, from the Committee on relatively minor nature. I believe that it the Committee on Armed Services. might be helpful if at this point I sum­ Finance: By Mr. KILGORE: S. 1135. A bill to extend for 1 year certain marized the changes I have made and the S. 1303. A bill for the relief of Lydia A. underlying reasons therefor. provisions of section 100 of the Servicemen's Thompson; to the Committee on the Readjustment Act of 1944, as amended, re- - 1. As originally written, the bill woUld have Judiciary. limit.ed Federal assistance to the furnishing lating to the author~ty of the Administra­ By Mr. THYE (for himself and Mr. tor of Veterans' Affairs to enter into leases of drugs and services "to needy persons and BALL): for periods not exceeding 5 years; without S. 1304. A bill to authorize the coinage of at a minimum cost to other persons." I amendment (Rept. No. 176); 50-cent pieces in commemoration of the one· have come to the conclusion that this method H. R. 1844. A bill to authorize the Admin­ hundredth anniversary of the organization for dispensing these medicines and services istrator of Veterans' Affairs to grant ease­ of Minnesota as a Territory of the United would be cumbersome and of dubious valid­ ments in lands belonging to the United States; to the Committee on Banking and ity. The substitute would make these serv­ States under his supervision and control, and Currency. ices and drugs available to "such persons as for other purposes; without amendment By Mr. KNOWLAND: may require them." This would leave the (Rept. No. 178); and S. 1305. A bill to amend section 24 of the matter of detail to determination by the s. J. Res.ll5. Joint resolution authorizing Federal Power Act so as to provide that the States. Hence, we would rely on a State's the Administrator of Veterans' Affairs to States may apply for reservation of portions own financial self-interest as a safeguard continue and establish offices in the terri­ of power sites released for entry, location, or against extravagance. tory of the Republic of the Philippines; selection to the States for highway purposes; 2. The bill prohibited a State from im­ without amendment (Rept. No. 177). to the Committee on Public Works. posing any residence requirement in excess By Mr. WILEY, from the Committee on By Mr. KNOWLAND (for himself and of 1 year upon applicants for assistance the Judiciary: Mr. DOWNEY) : under the act. Objections have been raised S. 309. A bill designating American Indian S. 1306. A bill relating to the construction that this requirement could well be reduced, Day; with an amendment (Rept. No. 179); and disposition of the San Jacinto-San since a great many persons requiring assist­ S. J. Res. 64. Joint resolution authorizing Vicente Aqueduct; to the Committee on Ex­ ance might have difficulty in meeting such a the President of the United States of Amer­ penditures in tl:re Executive Departments. ica· to proclaim the 9th of October of each requirement. Therefore, I have reduced the year as Leif Erikson Day; without amend­ AMENDMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE period from 1 year to 3 months. This I be­ ment (Rept. No. 180); 'ACT-AMENDMENT lieve to be sufficient to prevent any "running across the border" type of activity. S. J. Res. 78. Joint resolution designating I September 17 of each year as Constitution Mr. LODGE. Mr. President, ask 3. Another change which was recommended Day; with an amendment (Rept. No. 181); unanimous consent to submit for refer­ and adopted invol.ved the agency w,hich would and enc to the Committee on Labor and administer the various State plans. It has s. J. Res. 92. Joint resolution designating Public Welfare an amendment in the been pointed out to me that the Public April 5, 1947, as Booker T. Washington Day; nature of a substitute intended to be pro­ Health Service prefers to deal with the State with amendments (Rept. No. 182). posed by me to the bill

• 1947 COijGRESSIONALJ RECORD-SENATE 5411 the railroads would retire. The com­ Mr. REED. It is a fact that freight matter of fact, it is cheaper to pay $1.15 mittee was not satisfied with what it cars are being retired presently more a day rental for a car than to own it. had-heatd, so it invited representatives rapidly than new cars are being built. Therefore, an important number of rail­ of the railroads and of car-building com­ I did not intend to leave with the Sena­ roads have not built a sufficient number panies and of steel companies to a con­ tor the impression that there would be of new cars to keep up their proportion­ ference. On February 26 the subcom­ no moderation of the shortage for 2 ate share of the general freight-car pool. mittee held a most satisfactory confer­ years. . One of the things which our committee ence in which 19 of the largest railroads Mr. RUSSELL. I did not understand has developed is that the per diem charge in the United States were represented the Senator to say that there would not should be raised. That proposal was either by their presidents or vice presi­ be any moderation, but I understood him considered by the Association of Ameri­ dents. All the car-building companies to say that the shortage would not be can Railroads, and recently the associa­ were represented by their executive relieved for some time. tion announced that it had raised the officers. All the largest steel companies, Mr. REED. It would not be com­ per diem charge from $1.15 to $1.25 a including United States Steel Corp., sent pletely relieved, of course. When we day. top-ranking officials. come to the time when 10,000 freight Mr. President, that is as piming an ac­ Steel is the bottleneck in freight-car cars will be turned out each month, tion as I have ever seen-so pi:ff:ling that building. At the end of the day all which I hope will be by August and the Association of American Railroads the steel companies present joined in an certainly not later than September of ought to be ashamed to pay such slight agreement to provide sufficient steel for this year, then the situation will be attention to the freight-car situation. the manufacture of 10,000 new freight ameliorated every month thereafter in We had before the committee the su­ cars monthly. Something over 4,000 proportion to the addition of 10,000 new perintendents of transportation of all the new cars were turned out in April. That freight cars to the available supply. But western railroads, whom I happen to number should be expanded in May. In I do not think the over-all freight-car know quite well personally. They are June, I hope that the number carried in supply of the country will come to the the most skilled men in the country on the first program, 7,000 cars a month, point where I would consider it to be this phase of operations: Of the 13 su­ will be reached. By July or August, we completely satisfactory, for 2 years. perintendents of transportation who hope that the new cars will come out Mr. RUSSELL. I am pleased to know were before the committee, 12 thought of the car-building and railroad shops at that the Senator from Kansas has ap­ the per diem rate should be raised. the rate of 10,000 monthly. plied his energies to this subject. I won­ Those 12 tl;lought it should be at least About half of these new cars will be der if the Senator happened to see in the $1.50, and some of them favored as much boxcars .. It will require, in my judgment, newspapers a statement made by Mr. as $2 a day. If a railroad not owning a construction program at this rate to Robert Young, the president of the C. & enough cars should have to pay $2 a day be carried ·on for 24 months before the 0. Railroad, that if Congress enacted instead of $1.15 a day, that railroad country is relieved of a definite freight­ into law the Bulwinkle-Reed bill, which would be forced to build more new cars. car, and especially a boxcar, shortage. It the Senator from Kansas is espousing so Many railroads are building new cars. is my opinion that the railroads should earnestly, it would perpetuate the There are about 100,000 new freight cars have not less than 200,000 new freight freight-car shortage, and that shortage now on order; but the action of the As­ cars. Not less than 100,000 new box­ would never be remedied. sociation of American Railroads in rais­ cars should be built. . Only when that Mr. REED. I did not see that state­ ing the per diem rate from $1.15 to $1.25 sort of a program reaches a successful ment by Mr. Young, and it would not is so trifting, so insignificant, so incom­ conclusion will the country have a rea­ have made any difference if I had seen plete, so far from being an incentive to sonably satisfactory railroad-car supply. it, because that is not the fact. There correct the situation, that the association Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President, I is absolutely no foundation in truth for ought to be ashamed of itself. listened with a great deal of interest to such a statement. . Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President, before the statement just ·made by the distin­ Mr. RUSSELL. I am quite sure I saw I surrender the floor I take this oppor­ guished Senator from Kansas with re­ such a statement from Mr. Young in one tunity to join the Senator from Kansas spect to the very acute shortage of box­ of the Washington newspapers, which he in any criticism he might care to make of cars and other freight cars. All the made when he attended a Press Club the ~ssociation of American Railroads. agricultural areas_)are tremendously con­ luncheon in Washipgton. He was asked I think it is a monstrosity within a de­ cerned about this problem. I know the what effect he thought the Bulwinkle­ mocracy to have any such organization shortage of boxcars is very acute in the Reed bill would have on the freight-car as the Association of American Railroads. wheat-growing areas for the reasons shortage as well as on removing discrim­ They have more power over the trans­ stated by the Senator from Kansas. An inatory freight rates. He stated that in portation system of this Nation than has acute shortage exists with respect to cars his opinion the enactment' of the bill the Interstate Commerce Commission or for movement of crops which mature at would perpetuate discriminatory freight the Congress of the United States, or any one time and which require a great num­ rates as well as a shortage of cars. other branch of the Government. ber of cars for transportation. The - Mr. REED. Mr. President, I question I confess I am impressed by Mr. freight-car shortage is also very acute in whether or not Mr. Young made such a Young's statements. It appeared not to my section of the country. We grow a statement,· because I cannot understand make any impression on the Senator from great many peaches and watermelons in why any responsible railroad official, Kansas. But Mr. Young has somewhat my State, and those crops simply cannot particularly the president of a railroad captured my admiration by the forth­ wait for cars to be assigned. They will or the chairman of the board, as Mr. right declarations which he makes, evi­ spoil almost immediately they are Young is, should make such a statement. dencing a very real desire to see the picked. There is no possible relation of that kind transportation facilities of this country I regret that I can secure so little between the so-called Bulwinkle bill and brought up to the requirements of our · encouragement from the statement of the freight-car supply. modern age. In my judgment, Mr. the Senator from Kansas, though the Let me say to .the Senator from Young is as refreshing as a spring breeze Senator shows great diligence in pur­ Georgia that there is one thing which I in the general railroad picture. His at­ suing the facts. If I correctly under­ thin~ the railroads could do to help titude is so different from the "public­ stand his conclusion, it will be at least 2 themselves in the present situation and be-damned" attitude generally encoun­ years before we will have any substantial which they have done to such a minor tered in that area. relief, and I apprehend that there will be degree as to be negligible. Mr. REED. Why does not the Sena­ a great deal of loss to the farmers of the The railroad rule is that the railroad tor say a Georgia peach? Nation as ·a result of this freight-car having another railroad's car on its rails Mr. RUSSELL. I do not know that shortage. If I correctly understood his must pay the owning railroad a charge he is quite that good·, but he is an ex­ statement, cars are being worn out and for the use of the car. This charge is traordinary man. I heartily commend retired now more rapidly than they are known as the per diem charge. Initially Mr. Young's attitude toward the travel­ being constructed, so the shortage is in­ it was $1 a day. Then it was raised to ing public and the shipping public. I creasing instead of being· remedied. $1.15 a day. think he is making a tremendous con­ Mr. REED. Mr. President, wUl the · · There has been much pressure from tribution toward the improvement of the Senator yield? · those familiar with the subject to raise transportation-- facilities of this Nation, M:. RUSSELL. I yield. the so-called per diem charge. As a in seeing that the railroads discharge 5412 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 16 their proper function in our society, and unless the commodities produced can be The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there that they are regulated by the Govern­ transported. Next to production itself, objection? ment rather than controlling the Gov­ transportation and the facilities for Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, ernment. He may be in the hair of his transportation are the most important reserving the right to object, I should fellow railroad magnates, but his interest factors in our whole economy. like to ask the Senator from Colorado , in improving traveling conditions is ­ NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION whether he intends to have that done, making a place for him in the hearts of even though the National Science Foun­ the people. The Senate resumed the consideration dation bill now before the Senate is not Mr. REED. Mr. President, before the of the bill

/ 1947 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD-SENATE 5413 speeches and explanations in regard to not think there will be any major objec- but any unanimous consent may be revoked the tax bill have been made? tion to the bill. by another unanimous consent granted in Mr. MILLIKIN. It has been my un- Mr. TYDINGS. Is it not a fact that the manner prescribed above upon 1 day's derstanding that I have not agreed that the bill is very short? notice. the tax bill should be interrupted for Mr. BRIDGES. That is true. In other words, the existing rule does anything. I deferred bringing up the Mr. TYDINGS. I doubt if considera- not a1Iord as a matter of right, protec­ tax bill previously, so that some interim tion of the bill would take more than tion by way of a quorum call when a measures could be disposed of. But my half an hour at the outside. unanimous-consent agreement is asked clear understanding was that there Mr. SMITH. I should be glad to ac­ for a vote on any pending amendment would be no interference with bringing commodate the Senator. Did I under­ to a piece of legislation. Under the rule, the tax bill up on Monday. That is my stand the Senator from New llampshire our rights can be protected only in case purpose in asking unanimous consent, to say that he would bring the bill up the unanimous consent, as the rule says, under my understanding of the situa- later? calls for the taking of a :final vote, on a tion. Mr. BRIDGES. Yes; when a conven- specific date, upon the passage of a bill I ask · unanimous consent to submit ient lull occurs. or joint resolution. the report of the Senate Committee on Mr. SMITH. There are only a 'few I wish to have it clearly understood Finance on House bill 1, up to midnight amendments to the pending bill left to that such objections as I am raising_in tonight, so that it may be printed and be be acted on. I do not think the con­ these comments to a practice of the Sen­ placed on the desks of Senators. sideration of any of them will take a ate are not raised on the basis of any The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without long time after the Senator from Ore­ contention on my part that the rights of objection, it is so ordered. gon [Mr. MoRSE] has completed his re­ Members of the Senate are being vio­ SECOND DEFICIENCY APPROPRIATIONS marks. It had been our hope to com­ lated by the practice that is growing in Mr. BRIDGES. Mr. President, will plete the matter today and have the slate the Senate so far as the rules are con­ the Senator from Oregon yield? all clean for Monday. I shall be very cerned. But I desire to say that I think Mr. MORSE. I yield. glad to accommodate the Senator from the practice which is being followed in Mr. BRIDGES. The bill to supply de- New Hampshire so that he may bring up regard to unanimous-consent agree·­ ficiencies in veterans' appropriations has his bill, if it will take only a reasonable ments has on many occasions, arid will been reported and is on the calendar. time to dispose of it. on more, -if it be continued, do injustice There are deficits in the appropriations Mr. BRIDGES. I thank the Senator. to the interests of various Members of for some departments, at least they are NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION the Senate when the legislation pending is of concern to them, and the unani­ "up against the gun," so to speak, and The Senate resumed the consideration mous-consent agreement provides for a to insure orderly operation of the depart- of the bill that request. The request of · this section the terms "State" includes to try to do away with any basis of sus­ .the Senator from Colorado, however, it Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. picion or question as to whether or not seems to me, was on a matter of such scientific research in our land-grant col­ substance that it should have required Mr. President, I do not know how an leges would, in fact, suffer as a result of a quorum call, and had the request not amendment could be surrounded with the bill unless such an amendment as the been objected to by the Senator from greater protection and safeguards, so one I am proposing were enacted. New Jersey I would have asked for a far as the Foundation is concerned, than I repeat, Mr. President, that the lan­ quorum call. I myself had no personal are provided by the language I just read. guage of my amendment would protect objection to his request, but because the What it means, in effect, is that not a the Foundation. It would give to the matter was one of substance, it seem to single dollar automatically goes to any Foundation control over contracts and me that I owed it to any other member tax-supported institution or land-grant financial arrangements. It would give in the Senate who might, if he were in college as a matter of right, but any tax­ the Foundation the right to pass upon the precincts of the Senate, have been supported institution, university, or col­ the particular scientific experiment or brought to the floor by a quorum call, lege, or land-grant college, if it can project proposed by a given college. If to protect his interestin the matter bY enter into satisfactory contracts and the project were found to be sound, the­ giving him an opportunity to object if financial arrangements with the Founda­ provisions of my amendment would ap­ he cared to. tion, and if it "submits proposals for the ply. I think it is very desirable-and Mr. President, I hope this statement expenditure of such funds which the that is why I have so provided in the will make perfectly clear the view of Foundation finds to be consistent with amendment-that there should be an the junior Senator from Oregon. I re­ such general program and standards as obligation on the Foundation when it peat, I take this position out of firm it may establish in order to carry out the comes to formulate its scientific budget conviction and belief, not out of any objectives and provisions of this act," and its plans for the expenditure of that desire not to cooperate with the leaders shall then be entitled to funds. budget, to make arrangements to spend of my party in the Senate. Cooperation I think we ought to take note of one two-fifths of it in the States on such works both ways too, Mr. President. It is realistic fact in this picture. Senators ·an apportionable basis as the language a two-way street. Holding the views may indulge in all the discussion they of my amendment provides, if the in­ I do in regard to this matter, I do not want to, as has already been carried on stitution in the States can come forward think it is unreasonable, when such a by my distinguished colleagues, to the and meet the remainder of the require­ situation arises as arose yesterday after­ effect that the Foundation is not to be ments of the amendment. . noon, that I may be exte:J?.ded the cour­ set up in any spirit of discrimination If my amendment were enacted into tesy of a roll call, so that I may prevent against land-grant colleges or State­ law I believe it would provide a great such an unfortunate result as that supported universities. Senators can stimulus to scientific research in the which, in my judgment, followed the make all the statements they want to to small laboratories in many of the small unanimous-consent agreement which that effect, but they cannot get away colleges of America. If we look into the was entered into yesterday afternoon. from the fact that there are many edu­ history of American scientific research, Now, Mr. President, I turn my atten­ cators and many scientists in State uni­ it will frequently be found that in the tion to the pending amendment. I want versities and land-grant colleg~s who laboratory of some little college a keen to read the first part of it and comment fear that that will be the result. That is scientist will bring forth a great discovery on it, and then later in my speech I shall their fear. I am going to put evidence in for the benefit of mankind. As an exam­ discuss the second part of it. The support of that assertion into the RECORD ple, I cite the great experiment ·which amendment provides: later on. I believe that, if the National was conducted in the chemistry lab­ Of the funds appropriated to the Founda­ Scientific Foundation itself is going to oratories of the University of Oregon tion for research activities (excluding funds accomplish the great objectives it has in a few years ago by one of the great expressly appropriated for national de­ mind, it must take into consideration chemists of America, now with the Uni­ fense), not less than 25 percent shall be that fear on the part of many educators versity of Texas. His name is Roger apportioned among the States as follows: and many scientists. Senators will find Williams. I shall read a quotation from Two-fifths shall be apportioned among the States in equal shares, and the remainder ··from my later remarks that I enthus~as­ him shortly. He made a great discovery shall be apportioned among the States in tically support the objectives of the Na­ in the field of chemistry. His discovery the proportion that their respective popula­ tional Science Foundation; I enthusi­ was the forerunner of many: subsequent tions bear to the population of all the States, astically support such a Foundation; but findings in regard. to vitamins. determined according to the last preceding I think my amendment would strengthen I think also of the work which was decennial census; and the amounts so ap­ the National Science Foundation because done on heavy water in the chemistry portioned to each State shall be expended it would remove the suspicion now in the laboratory of the· University of Oregon only for carrying on research activities in the facilities of tax-supported colleges and uni­ minds of a great many college adminis­ by Professor Stafford, a great chemist versities, including the land-grant colleges, trators and scientists on the faculties of who is now deceased. within such State pursuant to contracts or our universities and land-grant colleges On practically every campus in this other financial arrangements. that the bill as proposed, as the distin- land there are great S'cientific minds 5416 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENAT.E MAY· l6 which ought to be encouraged. · They big research problem into the laboratory. ators have some doubt. I am making n::> should not have to be faced, as so many That is not" the way good scientific re­ offer now by way of an amendment to of them have been faced in years past, search is done. Minds working on small my amendment, nor am I making any by a lack of funds in going forward with segments of a problem in all parts of the offer to strike the language which I am their scientific research, which benefits country and all parts of the world reach about to read. But it has been told me, all of us. I think the scientists in the their findings as to that particular phase since noon, by several Members of the land-grant colleges and tax-supported of the problem. Then we find scientists Senate-three, to be exact-that if I schools all over the country need en­ gradually putting together, as one would would agree to strike the language in couragement. put together the pieces of a jigsaw line 16, on page 2, beginning with the It seems to me that the argument that puzzle, the findings as they come in from word "Of", to the end of the. amendment, if this type of amendment is adopted the many laboratories of the world. The they would vote for the other part of the result will be so to dissipate the final result is some great research con­ the amendment. · available funds that no substantial result tribution, such as the atomic bomb. I think the Chair knows that I try to will flow .scientifically from their ex­ After all, the atomic bomb was not de­ be very reasonable in compromises on penditure is weak from two standpoints. veloped in World War II. The atomic proposed legislation. If I cannot have Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, will the bomb has been developing for decades · all in a bill that I think should be in it, Senator yield? as a result of the work of physicists ·and but can get some of it, and the language Mr. MORSE. I yield to the Senator chemists all over the world. It was that remains in the bill is good, I am from Vermont. speeded up during World War II. Great willing to enter into such compromises. Mr. AIKEN. .Has the Senator thought strides were made in World War II. So I want to say that from now on, dur­ of the effect on our national security of During that time there were brought to ing the remainder of the afterncon, until concentrating our scientific work in a bear the results of- research on many a vote is taken on my amendment, if few centers? It seemed to me-and that segments of the problem which had been any Merr.bers want to whisper in my ear is one reason why I was one of the spon­ carried on for many years in hundreds · to the effect that they will go eJ~g with sors of the amendment just voted down- · of laboratories all over the world. So I the first part of my amendmentl>ut will that we should not concentrate our do not think that the contention of the not go along with the second part of it, scientific brains ·in half a dozen colleges, proponents of the bill is that it is neces­ if I can reach the statistical conclusion but should spread them out all over the sary to be able to concentrate a huge sum that by counting noses the adoption of country, in the interest of national of money in some one laboratory in order the first part of my amer.dinent will security if for no other reason. to do a stupendous piece of research work result, I think I would be open to reason The Senator may recall that during is sound. I do not believe that is the on striking the second part. But it seems the hearings on the education bills many best way to carry on research. to II?-e that the ~econd part· is desirable, witnesses placed strong emphasis op the I think the second weakness in that and I want to reaq. it. It is as follows: contention that we should first of all argument, Mr. President, is that it seems · Of the funds appropriated to the Founda­ help public schools and publicly operated to assume that the research fund will be tion !,or researcp. activities (excluding funds and supported colleges. It developeq in static. Let me say that I have no idea· expressly appropriated for national defense), the course of those hearings that 61 per­ today how much money will or should an additional amount of :10t less than 25 cent of the veterans who are attending be spent for research within as short ·percent shalJ! be expended in the. facilities - college under the GI bill of rights are a time as 3 years from the present time. of nonprofit organizations without regard to the above limitations relating to ~ · tate attending State universities or land­ Certainly not 5 or 10 .years from today. quotas or the tax-supported character of the grant colleges and only 39 percent are I think we should enact a law which organization. In meeting the requirements attending privately operated colleges. would . put to work the scientists of of this subsection, the Foundation may take It seems to me that decentralization America in every laboratory in America, .into account what-ever fur.ds may be ex­ is vitally important in the interest of na­ I care not where they may be located, pended by it for facilities to be operated by tional security, if for no other reason. who can come forward with a sound re­ the land-grant, tax-supported, or other non­ Mr. MORSE. I appreciate very much profit organizations, even though the title search program that will meet the terms or ownership rights of such facilities remain the contribution of the Senator from and conditions of this amendment. It with the United States. Vermont to this discussion. He raises a seems to me that the only limitation that point ·which I intended to raise, but he should be placed on scientific research in Of course, Mr. President, the purpose has covered it so much better than I America is the limitation of souad pro­ of that language is to provide the neces­ could that I am very glad to have ·his posals for research. These are days, Mr. sary laboratory facilities and equipment observations in the RECORD at this point. President, when, if we are to think of the for some of our keen scientific minds I shall pass bver the point with the com­ future generations of America to· any that are working frequently under great ment that I am in complete agreement extent, we should recognize that we must handicaps in some of our small colleges with the Senator from Vermont. appropriate whatever amount of money in which the facilities are not adequate I believe that under the terms of the is required in the years immediately for them to do the job as fast as they bill in its present form the result would ahead in order to carry on scientific could do it if they had the facilities, or, be to have such concentration of scientific projects that may be presented to the sometimes, as accurately as they could research as to constitute a great mistake. National Science Foundation for work do it if. they had better facilities and From the standpoint of national security in the _laboratories -of the University of equipment. I think it is important that research be New Mexico, in the State college in Min­ Again; I want to be perfectly honest spread out over the land, and that all nesota, in the State college in Oregon, about that provision of the amendment. our scientific research laboratories be or any other place in this land. In my It does provide a form of scientific aid kept humming at top speed. judgment, it certainly would not be in by way of physical facilities and equip­ That brings me back to the point the interest either of national security ment to colleges and universities and which I was making in regard to the or the prosperity of the people them­ nonprofit research organizations which arguments. which the proponents of the selves to adopt a very economical point do not now have facilities of as high a bill have been making on the floor of of view in regard to expenditures for quality as they may need for a job which the Senate, namely, that if we adopt such research. they have the scientific brains to do. an amendment as the one I propose, So I say, in leaving this point, that my· After all, we can have the best scien­ there is danger that the money will be amendment provides. t.he safeguards nec­ tists-and we do have very good scien­ so dissipated and spread out so thin that essary to protect the National Founda­ tists in many of the small colleges-but no really great contribution will fiow tion from the dissipation of its funds, if a scientist does not have the tools from the expenditure of the funds. because it will not have to make -avail­ with which to work he cannot produce Mr. President, I do not believe that able any of the funds under the so-called the desired .result. experience will support that view. After two-fifths allocation of its budget unless Let me be frank about it from another all, it overlooks one of the most impor­ the scientists in the colleges can come angle, Mr. President. The tendency­ tant features of scientific research. forward with' a research project which and it is a desirable one-to give gov­ Scientific research is really done for the meets u~e standards of the Foundation. ernll1ental support to scientific research most part in small segments. One does The second part of the. amendment I is having and will have an increasingly not walk into a laboratory and dump a understand is one about which some Sen- devastating effect on the science faculties 1947 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5417 of many of our universities and small col­ colleges n·eed help in securing scientific However, it would be desirable for you to leges and, in turri, will have a very un·­ equipment and laboratory equipment, I get In touch with your congressional dele­ fortunate effect upon our college stu­ think the amount of assistance provided gation promptly-your Senators immediate­ ly-and give them the benefit o! your views. dents, because there will naturally be an by my amendment is uot unreasonable It is thought possible that S. 526 can be ever-greater tendency for gO'Od scientific Mr. President, let us consider the amended from the floor if there is sufficient minds to leave the small colleges and uni­ statements of the educators and the sci­ evidence of public interest in an amend­ versities and go to larger institutions entists themselves. Let me ·say ilOW ment. which may be more favored and, I think, that, for the most part, the remaining Sincerely yours, will be more favored under the bill as it is part of my speech will consist of a dis­ VmQIL M. HANCHER, presently written. So I want to make a cussion of letters which I have rec·eived Secretary-Treasurer. • plea to protect the personnel of the from college administrators who feel Mr. Presid~nt, it was perfectly clear science faculties of our land-grant col­ that the amendment I am offering is from his letter that Dr. Newburn, presi­ leges and universities throughout the vital insofar as the passage of a sound dent of the University of Oregon, after country, because it is only ·human that National Science Foundation bill is rQceiving Mr. Hancher's letter, went into if they see that Congress has passed a concerned. the matter, found himself in agreement, National Scienc_e Foundation Act and, On April 9; -1947, I received a letter and wrote to me under date of April 9 through the administration of that act, from the president of the University of as I have already stated. it becomes more easy for a man at Mas­ Oregon, Dr. H. K. Newburn, one of the Not because I think my views are en­ sachusetts Tech or Harvard or Princeton distinguished educators of the United titled to anywhere near the weight of or Columbia or Yale or the University of States. He wrote as follows: the views of the college administrators Michigan, the University of Pennsyl­ UNIVERSITY OF OREGON, . whom I shall now .quote, but because my vania, or Cornell, or some of the other Eugene, April 9, 1947. views do have a little bearing, being larger universities to get financial re­ Hon. Senator WAYNE L. MoRSE, based upon 21 years of experience as & search assistance, -then there will be , teacher on the faculties of some Ameri­ rather "easy pickings," shall I say, for the washington, D. C. can universities, I want to testify here larger institutions when it comes to "pi­ MY DEAR SENATOR MORSE: I am enclosing and now that I think there is a great rating" them away from the faculties of a. copy of a. letter which ame today from ne-ed throughout this land for Federal our small colleges and universities be­ President Virgil M. Hancher, o! the Univet:­ sity of Iowa, who Is secretary-treasurer of the aid to scientific research in the college cause of the research advantages offered National Association o! State Universities. laboratories of the United States~ As them under the bill as proposed. I say, · I should like to add my testimony to that dean of the law school at my State uni­ Mr. President, it is not fair to the col­ which is undoubtedly coming to your desk versity, I sat for many years on the lege students of America. We need to !rom others, to the effect that I should like research council of the university, the keep on all of our faculties exceedingly to see s. 526 amended to take care of the al­ council that hat.l the administrative task able scientists, because, after all, they -location o! research funds to States,·in order of allocating to men of science on our are not only research men themselves, that a. university such as this may be as- sured of some part ·in these funds. faculty the limited research funds we but they are teachers and inspirers of had in our university budget. I wish to young scientific minds who catch a vision Sincerely yours, H. K. NEWBURN I say that many times I was saddened from those great teachers, and then dig President. in and go on to do graduate work in when I thought of the great contribu­ ·science, and later themselves become Mr. President, tha ~ is the view of the tions which could be made, but would great scientists. president of the State University of Ore­ not be made because we were not able to I say it is only a part of the argument­ gon, and he sets forth the view of the allocate to some chemistry professor or but in my judgment it is a part which president of the University of Iowa, who some professor in physics or some pro·­ cannot be overlooked-that unless we is secretary-treasurer of the National fessor in one of the other sciences, $1,000 make provision in this bill at least to Association of State Universities. or $1 ,500 or $2,000, to enable him to go give the scientists in our smaller educa­ Now, let us examine the memorandum ahead with a particular research project. tional institutions a better chance, by to which he refers. It is ·signed by Vir­ I am sure that the president of the Uni­ way of some such amendment as mine, gil M. Hancher, and it reads as follows: versity of Iowa and· the president of the to receive a share of the funds that are NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF University of Oregon know what they to be appropriated for scientific research, STATE UNIVERSITIES, are talking about when they make this the tendency will be for those men to Iowa City, Iowa, April 4, 1947 • . appeal to the Senate, through me, this leave those faculties, and go to the larger To the Members of the National Association afternoon, to have this National Science scientific research centers and universi­ of St ate Universities: Foundation bill amended so that at least I understand a communication has gone some.provision will be made in it for the ties; and then they will be lost to the out to the members o! the Association who field of scientific education. Mr. Presi­ are also members o! the Association of Land­ allocation of funds to these institutions, ·dent, let me say that if we in the Sen­ Grant Colleges and Universities pointing when they can show, by way of a con­ ate this afternoon ·are compelled to make out that the Senate Committee on Labor tract offering and a financial arrange­ a judgment in regard to relative values, it and Public Welfare has recommended !or ment, that they can meet the standards seems to me it will . be rather difficult to passage an amended version of S. 526 to create of the National Foundation. determine which is more important,· so a National Science Foundation. I shall not I think the president of the University far as the future of this country is con­ duplicate that letter, but am writing_to"those institutions which are not members of the of Iowa is quite correct when he says it cerned, imm~iate research ot the train­ Land-Grant Association. is not enough to say that representative_s ing of young scientific minds in larger s. 526 as amended does not provide for of these associations shall sit with the number, so that 10 or 15 years from distribution o! research funds by States. group that prepares the nominations. now such young people can be .scientists Instead it names the National Association Certainly that is not enough. They of repute. I think that point -has been of State Universities, the Association of Land­ need more assistance than that. Let me too much overlooked in this whole dis- Grant Colleges and Universities, and the Na­ repeat the statement made in his memo­ cussion. tional Academy of Sciences as organizations whose nominations for the Foundation will randum, because I think it is rather de­ . I think the provisions of my amend­ be considered by the President. Inasmuch as terminative. He said: ment will give the protection which the these are to be considered with those of ot her S. 526 as amended does not provide for dis­ smaller colleges and the administrators educational and scientific organizations, the tribution of research funds by States. In­ of smaller colleges need in encouraging provision is not likely to be .particularly stead it names the National Association o! men of ability to accept teaching posi­ effective. State Universities, the Association of Land­ tions on their faculties, in order to make Apparently allocation of research funds Grant Colleges and Universities, and the Na­ it possible for young Aillericans to be by States is regarded by some members of the tional Academy of Sciences as organizations Senate and House as "pork barrel" legisla­ whose nominations for the Foundation will trained soundly in science, and to give tion. The arguments against concentration be considered by the President. Inasmuch them, through the .;.Jrovi.sions of such an of research In a few institutions· and in favor as these are to be considered with those o! amendment as mine an opportunity to o! stimulating research in many diversified other educational and scientific organiza- do research work in the laboratories of institutions are too well known to you tore­ . tions, the provision is not likely to be par­ those colleges. To the -extent that those quire repetition here. ticularly effective. XCIII-34~ 5418 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE Mr. President, I think the president of time was that we ought to work out some versities in the recommendation of nomi­ the University of Iowa is 100 percent cor­ allocation arrangement. nations to the President for members of the rect in that conclusion. I wish the Mem­ I have studied the problem since, and Foundation. Section 15 (h) pages 18-19, bers of the Senate, before they finally I am all the more convinced, in spite further emphasizes the intent of the bill. vote on the bill now pending before the of all that has been said on the :floor of That is all very true, Mr. President, Senate, would take the time to communi­ the Senate, that the amendment I am but I think the president of the Uni­ cate with the presidents of the universi­ offering is vital to the successful admin­ versity of Iowa answers that completely ties and colleges in the_ir respective istration of a National Science Founda­ when he points out that that is not States and with the scientists on the tion. enough, when he points out that that faculties of the institutions in their re­ I want the REcORD to show-because will not be a sufficiently effective safe­ spective States, because i~ they do, it is I always try to present all the facts, pro guard to the scientific interests· of the my honest judgment that they will find and con, of a matter in which I am in­ other colleges and universities. • an overwhelming majority of them will volved, such as the one now being dis­ The last paragraph of the letter of the express approval of my amendment. cussed-that on April 7 I received a let­ Senator from New Jersey reads: Oh, yes; it can be said, "Well, they ter from the Senator from New Jersey It was the opinion of the committee that would do that because they would be [Mr. SMITH], as follows: · these groups enjoying the memberships on voting out of self-interest." That charge I am writing you, in compliance with your the Foundation, which they undoubtedly will can be made if anyone wants to make it, request, with regard to the amendment you have, can call to the.attention of the Founda­ but I know scientists too well to believe offered a few days ago to the National Science tion specific research projects in need of Foundation bill. Federal aid for which they are particularly that they are going to vote for my well qualified. amendment out of self-interest in the A copy of S. 526 as amended, together with the committee report is enclosed. You Do not hesitate to call on me for any fur­ sense that such a charge would be made. will notice from page 2, item II of the report ther assistance. Self-interest in this sense, yes, that they that the committee gave careful considera­ Always cordially yours, know that if effective scientific work is tion to the allocation of grants. It seemed H. ALEXANDER SMITH. to be carried on in the laboratories of wise for us not to attempt to provide for a Yes; they would sit on the nomination our universities and colleges, the funds geographical allocation in a bill whose board, Mr. President, and on the nomi­ will have to be made available for the fundamental purpose was to encourage basic research in the fundamental sciences. Any nation board they could bring up any scientists on the campuses to do the number of very sound scientific research work, or they will have to leave the cam­ attempt to distribute funds on a state alloca­ tion basis might result in so diluting the programs, but they would not have, as a puses for other laboratories more ade­ funds available that its main purpose might matter of right, any allocation of funds quately financed by the larger institu­ be defeated. for research in their institutions, such tions, which, in my judgment, when it I have no doubt that the Ways and Means as is provided for in my amendment if comes to the administration of the law, Committee in their budgetary consideration projects meet the standards of the Foun­ will get the lion's share of the funds ap­ would not view with favor any appropria­ tions based on this premise. dation. It is such allocation that the propriated by the Congress. president of the University of Iowa is Mr. President, after receiving the let­ I digress, Mr. President, to say that seeking; it is what the president of the ter from Dr. Newburn, I replied on April what the Ways and Means Committee University of Oregon is seeking; and it 30, as follows: might think. does not concern me a is what the other college presidents are Thank you very much for your letter of particle, at least until it made a full seeking, becaus·e they know that is essen­ Apri114. I shall bring it to the attention of analysis of the proposition. I am seek­ tial if we are to protect the interests of our committee when the bill comes up for ing this afternoon to try to give them the committee consideration. the colleges in maintaining scientists of other side of the picture that relates to high caliber on their faculties. But on March 31 I wrote to Mr. Boots, my amendment, because I think that if Mr. President, I think one of the re­ assistant counsel in the Office of Legisla.­ they had it, the Senator from New sults of the bill, and, in my opinion, a tive Counsel, as follows: Jersey might find himself in error as to very unfortunate result, would be that 'it DEAR MR. BooTS: Dr. Newburn, of the Uni­ the final judgment of the Ways and would serve as a very effective weapon versity of Oregon, has suggested that S. 256 Means Committee. for scientific piracy on the part of ·the be amended so as to include the same lan­ I proceed with the letter of the Sena­ large institutions, seeking to get away guage as was found in section 5 (c) of S. 525, tor from New Jersey: from the small institutions their top which I understand provides for distribution The land-grant and State universities have scientists, because they will not be able of funds on a geographical basis. been alerted and there is apparently a con­ I shall be grateful if you will prepare such to give them ·any assurance that funds certed "write your Congressman" drive from will be available to enable them to carry an amendment for me for introduction on these sources to establish a preferential per­ the :floor, as I am informed the bill is now on scientific research on their campuses. on the calendar. centage allotment to these institutions. I sent out the letter of' tbe Senator Mr. President, one may call it alerting from New Jersey and received some The committee had already taken ac­ the universities, or a concentrated write­ replies. President Newburn, of the Uni­ tion on the bill, and after I found that to-Congressman drive, but what hap­ versity of Oregon, replied on April 11 as out I submitted on the :floor of the Sen­ follows: ate on April 2 the amendment carrying pened? Officials of the association, out the suggestion of the president of represented by the State of Iowa, studied I have your letter of April 9 and the copy the University of Oregon and the presi­ the bill as originally proposed, and see­ of Senator SMITH's letter to you under date ing the effect of it upon scientific re­ of April 7, both referring ~ the National dent of the University of Iowa, and that search in the universities and colleges Science Research Foundation legislation. I is the amendment now pending before am pleased to know that you did submit the the Senate. of the country, did alert their adminis­ trators and the scientists on their cam­ amendment to this act, S. 526, which would I had a discussion with the Senator permit a portion of the funds to be distrib­ puses. And well that it was so, because uted on a geographical basis to the several from New Jersey [Mr. SMITH] who, after I think that as a result of that we have my amendment was presented, came to States. had· presented to us some very sound I am sorry to learn that Senator SMITH's me and said he would like to send me arguments by these scientists and by · committee feels as it does that such a dis­ a letter in regard to it which he would these administrators for a modification tribution woUld not be wise. appreciate my, in turn, making available along the lines of the amendment I am You asked for the reaction of our science to those who were asking me to press proposing this afternoon. staff toward the possible modification of the for the amendment which I had offered. Continuing ·the letter of the Senator proposed bill. I believe I can say that prac­ .The letter of the Senator from New Jer­ tically every member of our science staff sey was written to me under date of April from New ,Jersey: would agree with me that it would be better 7, 1947. I told him that such a letter May I suggest that in your reply you if certain portions of the funds available for forward a copy of the bill and the report, such research were allocated on a geographic would be very helpful to me, because all directing attention to the comment in the basis. This might at· first seem to be a I was seeking to accomplish was to de­ report on page 2, item n relative to the com­ selfish reaction and I suppose, in part, it is. velop the best National Science Founda­ mittee's decision on allocation of funds, and On the other hand, we believe very definitely tion program that could be developed, to the participation in the bill, under sec­ that the future development of basic research and that my present thinking as of that tion 3 (a) of the land-grant and State uni- 1n science would be better served, 1f there 1947 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5419 were a more widespread possibility· ot good your proposed amendment, I have had our graphic distribution ot a portion of the re- men scattered around over the country par­ School of Science study both of these meas­ search funds · ticipating in this program. The tendency ures. In brief, the school is in favor of the will be, if such an amendment is not placed new National Science Foundation bill, but He then makes certain personal com­ in the b111, to concentrate such grants around also requests the adoption of the proposed ments, based upon a past meeting I had those institutions which already are well amendment which you have written, if this with him. The president of the Univer­ equipped in both the tools of research and can be done without jeopardizing the bill sity of Maine favors the amendment I the other. facilities, including human per­ itself. am offering, and he writes as a member sonnel, to do the job. There are many good We are all gratified you are taking an men with outstanding ability scattered interest in the National Science Foundation of the National Association of State Uni­ around over the country, in places where it proposals and hope that an agreement can versities. In fact, Mr. President, I have is less easy to free them for these research be made which will give much better support no question that a preponderant ma­ activities. The distribution which you pro­ to the scientific research that the country jority of the presidents of State univer­ pose in your amendment would assure that should be carrying on. sities, who are members of the associa­ such individuals would have a better oppor­ tion, are strongly in favor of the amend- · tunity to participate in this program, and I replied to him under date of May 6, ment I have offered, for reasons which thus contribute more adequately to the gen­ and, without readin& the letter, Mr. I earlier set forth in my remarks. eral welfare, through the development of President, I ask unanimous consent to On Apri1 15 I received a letter from basic techniques and discoveries. I believe have it published in the RECORD at this that, in the long run, such a proposal would Dr. Edmund E. Day, president of Cor­ point in my remarks. nell University, a man who has taken a benefit our Nation more definitely than the The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there present proposed legislation. very active part in working for the de­ We appreciate deeply your interest in this objection to the request of the junior velopment of the National Science legislation. Senator from Oregon? · Foundation and whose standing in the There being no objection, the letter educational world cannot be questioned. That is followed by a personal· com­ was· ordered to be printed in the RECORD, He is "tops," so to speak, among Ameri­ ment of well-wishing, Mr. President. as follows: can educators, one of the most outstand­ I think that is very good argument, MAY 6, 1947. presented by the president o! the Uni­ ing and best recognized in the entire Dr. A. L. STRAND, 15, versity of Oregon. It bears out similar President, Oregon State College, country. In his letter to me of April observations made by the president of Corvallis, Oreg. he states: the University of Iowa. I repeat, Mr. DEAR DR. STRAND: Thank you very much I have been much pleased to learn of the tor your letter of April 26 in regard to the ar-1endment to S. 526 recently offered by you President, if my colleagues in the Sen­ National Science Foundation bill. I am in from the floor of the Senate. I am myself ate would only take the time to check complete agreement with the over-all objec­ convinced that incorporation in S. 526 ot the administrators of the colleges in tives of the National Science Foundation bill section 5 from S. 525 is highly desirable from their respective States, and with the sci­ because I think our Government, as a gov­ many different points of view. I recently f:mtists working in the laboratories of ernment, must not delay in giving whatever undertook to prepare a statement of the case those universities and colleges, they support is needed for a sound program of for partial geographic distribution of funds would find that an overwhelming rna~ !Scientific research in this country. I don't made available to the proposed National Sci­ jority of them would take positions iden­ think that this is any time for us to adopt ence Foundation, and venture to enclose a tical with the position taken by the pres­ any penny-pinching policy in connection copy of this statement, since I think you will with this particular matter. find it of interest. ident o! the University of Oregon and the If we do not keep ahead of, or at least If there is any way in which the Associa­ president o! the Uniyersity of Iowa. abreast of, the rest of the world in scientific tion of Land-Grant Colleges and Universi­ Mr. President, I heard also from Dr. A. research, I think we will be guilty of selling ties or the National Association of State L. Strand, president of Oregon State Col­ short the future of ~·· his country. Hence, it Universities can help materially in gathering lege. I may say that Oregon State Col­ it develops that the National Science Foun­ support for your proposal, I hope you will lege is one of the great educational d~tion bill in its present form is the best let me know. Chancelor Gustavson, of Ne­ institutions of the West and has a re­ bill that we can pass in this session of Con­ braska, and I have been formally designated markably :fine faculty. It has a mag­ gress, I most c>ertainly shall support it. by these two associations to represent them However, I find that a good many scien­ in matters concerning National Science nificent record of research in applied tists, as well as college presidents, think that Foundation legislation. r can assure you science, and in recent years, with the the bill would be greatly strengthened by that Chancelor Gustavson and I are eager establishment of the School of Science the addition of my amendment. They point to help in any way we can. on the campus, it has made important out-and I th:ink rightly-that research in It will be noted that in his letter, Dr. contributions in the field of pure science; science should be encouraged in all little as Day points out that my amendment has in fact, men of science in Oregon State well as the big laboratories of Amt!rica, in­ cluding those in the little colleges as well the support of such men as the chancel-. College and at the University of Oregon or of the educational system in the State are making some of the outstanding re­ as the big ones. On the other hand, Senator ~ SMITH argues of Nebraska, and also the support of the search findings among the universities that my amendment will dissipate the funds educational associations he mentions. I ot the country. However, these two in­ and produce inadequate scientific results have a communication from the chah­ stitutions are an excellent example of from their expenditure if they are appor­ celor of the educational system in Ne­ the type of those that need the protec­ tioned according to the provisions ot my bra~ka, which I shall come to later. tion of the amendment which I am bill. With his letter Dr. Day sent to me a offering. On the other hand, Senator THOMAS of memorandum which he thinks, and I Oregon State College is a member of Utah, who is a member of SMITH's commit­ tee, believes that my amendment would be agree with him, supports the case for the National Association of Land Grant partial geographic distribution of re­ Colleges and the University of Oregon is a great inducement to a much broader pro­ gram of scientific research. search funds appropriated to · the Na­ a member of the Association of State What I intend to do is listen to the pros tional Science Foundation. The memo­ Universities. The presidents of both and cons of the issue and then cast my vote randum is as follows: these institutions support my amend­ in support of whatever program I think will STATEMENT OF THE CASE FOR PARTIAL GEO• ment, and, because of my familiarity give us the best scientific research program GRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF RESEARCH FUNDS with the problems of these institutions, for which we can get the support and ap­ APPROPRIATED TO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE I am more than convinced that my proval of the Senate. FOUNDATION With best regards, amendment, which is backed by the asso­ The National Science Foundation bi11 (S. ciations to which these · institutions Cerdially, WAYNE MORSE, 525), introduced by Senator THOMAS of Utah, belong, is a very deserving amendment. United States · Senator. provides in se.ction 5 (c) that not less than In his letter to me under date of April 25 percent ot the funds appropriated to the 26 Dr. Strand, president of Oregon State Mr. MORSE. On April 26, 1947, Ire­ Science Foundation for research and devel­ College, stated: ceived a letter from the president of the opment activities (excluding funds expressly appropriated f()r national defense) shall be Since receiving your letter of April 9- University of Maine, Dr. Arthur A. Hauck, apportioned among the States on an objec­ I had sent to him a copy of a letter as follows: tive formula (set forth in the bill) and sub­ This is to express in behalf of the National sequently expended through the facilities of from the Senator from New Jersey, Association of State Universities our appre­ tax-supported colleges and universities, in­ ·addressed to me under date of April 7- ciation for your sponsorship of an amend­ cluding the land-grant colleges. This pro­ Since receiving your letter of April 9, in ment to the National Science Foundation bill vision of the Thomas b111 has been dubbed by which you enclosed a copy of S. 526 and (S. 526) incorporating the principle of geo- certain scientists, notably those connected 5420 CONGRESSIONAL RECO-RD-SENATE MAY 16 with the large private institutions of the posed objective formula go solely to the t_ax­ I am inclined to think that· the educa­ East, as a "pork barrel proposal." This supported colleges and universities. In tors and the scientists in their respective smearing description of the provision fails terms of practical administrative procedures, completely to recognize two very important however, there is no alternative to this States will in many instances call to purposes which were in the thinking of those limitation. The States are already familial' their attention that the .facts were avail­ who originally suggested this plan. It is with the problems involved in determining able to them prior to the vote. So ~ highly important that these p:urposes be at relative support of the tax-supported and repeat my conviction that if the Mem­ least considered in the effort now being made land-grant colleges and universities. No bers of this body would study the views to create as sound a national research agency new machinery should be required to· de­ I am presenting this afternoon in sup­ W? can be devised. termine equitable apportionment among port of my amendment, and then would The first of the purposes leading to the these institutions at the State level. Any check upon those views with the presi­ proposal of a partial geographical distribu­ effort to include other institutions would · tion has to do with the threat of later Fed- present State authorities with totally un­ <;lents of the universities and colleges in . eral domination. The National Science familiar and unmanageable problems of their respective States and with the Foundation, if established, is bound to ex­ State administration. Moreover, it is to be scientists on the faculties of those col­ ercise great influence. If, as is altogether recognized that only a portion of the fUnds leges, they would find the overwhelming liltely, it becomes some day possessed of made available to the National Science Foun­ opinion to be that my amendment should large funds, this infiuenc.e may become a dation would be subject to distribution to be adopted, not because of any selfish dominating one in the promotion of funda­ the States. The remainder of the funds pork-barrel interest on the part of the could be employed by the National Science mental research throughout the country. institutions themselves, but in order to The desirability of any such domination can Foundation to correct any inequities that be seriously questioned on several different might arise, under the formula of distribu­ assure the soundest prograni for N a­ counts. Fundamental research needs to be tion to the States, as between the tax-sup­ tiona! Science ·Foundation. free, and it is not likely to be so if it is ported and private institutions. Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Mr. President, substantially directed out of any single Fed­ These are all matters to be carefully will tl1e Senator yield? eral agency. One of the surest ways to set weighed in determining the best possible set­ . Mr. MORSE. I yield. up adequate safeguards against any such up for the National Science Foundation. It Mr. HICKE;NLOOPER. Apropos of the drift of excessive power into Federal hands will be a. serious mistake to give no considera­ Senator's statement that the attendance is to make certain that a substantial part tion to the provisions of section 5 (c) . of of the funds are· so distributed as to free Senator THOMAS' b1Jl on the score that they in the Senate Chamber is not very their subsequent use of any specific control embody nothing more than a self -seeking great-and I agree that he has every by the Federal authority. If at least 25 per­ move on the part of t~e Association of Land­ reason to make that statement-! should cent of the funds appropriated to the Na­ Grant Colleges and Universities and the Na­ like to observe, in order to keep the. rec­ ti6nal Science-Foundation were distributed tional Association of State Universities. ord straight, because the other day it to the States, as proposed in the Thomas These two organizations· would not have was called to our attention from the bill, it would be quite impossible for the backed the proposal for partial distribution other side of the aisle that the attend­ National Science Foundation ever to strait­ to the States had they not thought the pro­ jacket the total program of basic research posal essentially in the national interest. ance on this side Jf the aisle was not financed by Federal funds. In view of the Most of the institutions in these two asso­ very great, that the attendance on this persistent gravitation of power to the Federal ciations have had long experience with the side of the aisle at present is exactly Government during recent decades it can practice of Feder~l support of research in 11 times as great numerically as on the fairly be argued that this safeguarding pro­ peacetime and are convinced that the prin­ oth'er side of the aisle. · vision of the Thomas bill will prove in the ciple of distribution of Federal funds to the Mr. MORSE. I am very glad to have long run to be essential to the national States on objective formulas set forth pre­ the observation of the Senator from interest. cisely in the basic legislation is a principle The second purpose which was 1n the that is eminently sound and one forwarding Iowa. I hope an opportunity will be thinking of those who originally sponsored the interest of research in those areas in given to absent Senators to read these the principle of partial geographic distribu­ which it has been applied. arguments, not because they are my ar­ tion has to do with the political pressures As officially appoint~d representatives ()f guments, but because they are argu­ to which the operations of the National the .Association of Land-Grant Colleges and ments which are being made by the edu­ Science Foundation are certain to be subject. Universities and the National Association of cators of the country, and which I am Without any question whatever, efforts will State Universities, we respectfully request presenting to the Senate this afternoon. be made by various partisan interests to get that those who are sponsoring the National research funds allocated to institutional pro­ Science Foundation bllls before the Houses of Hence I hope that the Senate will not grams in all sections of the country. This Congress give further thoughtful considera- · vote on the amendment this afternoon, will be especially true if the Foundation un­ tlon to the proposal these two national or­ but will vote on it on Monday, so that dertakes to support scientific developments ganizations have sponsored, namely, that a at least I can place absent Senators in not only in terms of specific projects of un- part of the funds made available to the Na­ such a position that they can say to their . mistakable scientific promise, but also insti­ tional Science Foundation be distributed to constituents, "I read the RECORD before tutional developments which are designed to the States on an objective formula embodied I voted." They will not be able to do so create in time a national network of scien­ in th~ basic legislation. tific activities. Such a network is of great ~f we vote this afternoon. importance for the long haul. It can be cre­ The memorandum is signed by Ed­ Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Mr. President, ated, however, only in terms of criteria mund E. Day, president of Cornell Uni'!' will the Senator further yield? which do not relate exclusively to present versity, and by R. G. Gustavson, chan­ Mr. MORSE. I yiel_d. scientific excellence. A program of this de­ celor of higher education for the State Mr. HICKENLOOPER. In the interest sign will be especially exposed to political of Nebraska. of accuracy, I wish to observe that since pressures. The wisest way to protect the Foundation from such political pressures is Mr. President, I think that is a very I made my last remark the percentage to provide in the act itself for a partial allo­ potent argument. I think the views of of differentiation and comparison has cation of funds to the States. those men and the views of the associa. been exactly halved. tions they represent and the arguments Mr. MORSE. Let me say to my good That, Mr. President, is what I am seek­ they present in that memorandum brief friend the Senator from Iowa that be­ ing to do by my amendment. are arguments which every Member of fore he entered the Chamber I had pre:- ' I continue to read the memorandum the Senate should study before he votes sented for the RECORD the views of the submitted to me by Dr. Day, president of on the bill. As I look at the attendance president of the University of Iowa. Cornell University: in the Senate Chamber I am somewhat Those views are in support of the amend­ It: this is done the Foundation can rea­ discouraged about the arguments being ment which I have offered. sonably take the position that the require­ studied unless consideration of the meas­ ments of Nation-wide distribution of the I . turn now to a letter which I have Foundation's support of basic. research have ure can be put over until Monday so received from Dr. Wilson Compton, been provided for in the provisions of the Senators ·may have an opportunity to president of the State College of Wash­ act itself. The officers of the Foundation make the study. I am satisfied that if ington, at Pullman, Wash. He sent to can then concentrate their activities largely Senators walk into the Chamber at a me a copy· of a communication dated on the promotion of specific projects and later hour this afternoon and proceed March 18, which he addressed to the programs which are thought to ·meet the to vote on my amendment without hav:­ Senator from Utah [Mr. THOMAS] and to most exacting requirements of immediate ing studied the views of outstanding scientific promise and significance. the committee, and in addition he sent a It has been reasoned in some quarters educators and educational associations, note to me. that these arguments are ·cogent but should they are likely to come to me some days I am sure that I do not need to iden­ not lead to arrangements under which the hence and say, "Well, we certainly wish tify my witness. I think we can. almost funds distributed to the States on-the pro• we had known that before we voted," for take' judicial knowledge of the fact that . 1947 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5421 the name Compton, when related to any on one side as on the other. There is a I now yield to the Senator from New of the Compton brothers, is almost difference of opinion. Jersey. syn.Jnymous with high authority to Earlier in the day the Senate came to Mr. SMITH. I regret exceedingly if judge in the field of education and the conclusion that the approach of the I have misunderstood the Senator. I science. I do not know of any better. wit- committee is the approach which the had the impression that the Senator ness I could offer the Senate this after- Senate wishes to take. made the statement as I have related it. noon than one of the Compton brothers. Mr. President, at 2 o'clock the Senator If the Senator ~hinks he did not make Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, will the told me that he was going to speak for the statement, I obtained the wrong im­ Senator yield? three-quarters flf an hour and no more. pression, and I am extremely sorry that Mr. MORSE. I yield. · It is now half past 3 and he is still speal{- I irritated him. Mr. SMITH. Is the Compton to whom ing, and we are prevented f.rom reach­ Mr. MORSE. I did not make any such the Senator is referring a brother of ing a vote on the amendments tonight. statement. Karl Compton of MIT? It is desired to consider the tax bill on Mr. SMITH. I understood the Sena­ Mr. MORSE. He is. Monday. I was compelled to object to a tor to say that he expected to speak for Mr. SMITH. Karl Compton differs unanimous-consent request to have it three-quarters of an hour, and I assumed 100 percent with the position the Senator made the unfinished business Monday that that was the time he wouid take. is taking. morning because I did not feel that we Mr. MORSE. The · second statement Mr. MORSE. I understand. should discont]nue consideration of the made by the Senator from New Jersey, Mr. SMITH. The Compton brothers Foundation bill until it was settled. I which I wish to correct in the interest are not in agreement any more than we will say to the Senator from Oregon of accuracy, is the implication that I am are. that if we do not settle the question of charging bad faith against Dr. Karl Mr. President, a majority of the Senate the Science Fo ~ mdation bill before other Compton, of the Massachusetts Institute is in favor of the committee bill. I bills are proceeded with, it will be a of Technology. I am not charging bad merely call that to the attention of the "dead duck" this year. It is a disgrace faith against anyone. I am simply say­ Senator while we are continuing this de·- to the Senate that we cannot get through ing that I cannot ignore the fact that bate. I would appreciate it very much with it without this long debate. there is a feeling within the American 1f I could ask the Senator a question. Mr. President, I regret that I must educational world that the bill as it is Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I am de- speak in ~his manner, but I think we are presently drafted would result in an lighted that the Senator from New Jer- doing a great wrong in rearguing a ques­ undue advantage accruing to institutions sey has brought out the fact that the tion which was settled earlier in the day which already are large and wealthy and Oompton brothers are not in complete by a vote of 49 to 30, a leeway of 19 votes. have great research facilities. I tried to agreement. The one who is connected There is no distinction in the Senator's bring that out in the first part of my with the. Massachusetts Institute of amendment, exc·ept that he would divide remarks this afternoon. I am not Technology seems to favor the develop- the funds on a basis of two-fifths and charging anyone. with bad faith. I am ment of a National Science Foundation three-fifths instead of 50-50. not interested in motive~A. I am simply whereby no funds will be made available I have such a high regard for the Sen­ saying that I think the views of these to the laboratories throughout the ator from Oregon that I regret very men ought to be carefully considered by country as a matter of right-- much having to state that I feel that he Members of the Senate before a vote is Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, will the is doing a great disservice to the cause taken on my amendment. Senator yie!d at that point? represented by this bill by prolonging the There is one other comment which Mr. MORSE. No; I wish to finish my discussion when he knows that the only the Senator from New Jersey made, as sentence, and then I shall be glad to answer to his amendment is that we I understood him, and that is that there yield. shall have a vote and defeat it by the is very little difference between my Dr. Karl Compton seems to favor the same margin that we defeated the other amendment and the amendment pro­ development of a National Science amendment. In reality it is the same posed by the Senator from West Virginia. Foundation whereby no funds will be amendment. I think there are important differences made available to laboratories through- Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I should between my amendment and the one out the country as a matter of right like to comment on the remarks of the proposed by the Senator from West Vir­ so far as the allocation of funds to State Senator from New Jersey. He states ginia. I think the provision which is in institutions is concerned. I believe that that he regrets that he finds it necessary my amendment in regard to making the so-called eastern attitude on the to make them. I wish to say that I re­ available funds for scientific research part of some educators in the leading sent his mal{ing them, because he is at­ facilities in colleges on the basis of a institutions of the East is one of the tempting to put iri my mouth words 25-percent allotment is quite different reasons which is building up suspicion never spoken by me. I shall take up one from the provision in the amendment and doubt among scientists and educa- ... by one the statements made by the Sen­ offered by the Senator from West Vir­ tors in other sections of the country. In ator from New Jersey. ginia; and I ask the Senator from West order to resolve that difference-because Flrst, at no time today did I ever tell Virginia, who is on the :floor, whether he I think it is an unhealthy condition to the Senator from New Jersey that I agrees v·ith me that that is a vital differ­ have develop-! am trying to hav~ would speak only 45 minutes and no ence between his amendment and mine. adopted an ·amendment which I think is more. I think the Senator from New Mr. KILGORE. Mr. President, so a fair and reasonable compromise, and Jersey knows that I did not tell him any firm is my conviction that I assured the will accrue to the benefit of the Massa- such thing. The Senator from New Senator, even before the Chair had ruled, chusetts Institute of Technology as well Jersey came to me and asked me how that I felt there was so much difference as to the benefit of laborh.tories in long I thought I would talk. I said I between the two amendments that there smaller institutions such as that headed thought I would talk for about 45 min­ was no question but that the amendment by Wllson Compton in Washington. utes, and that I did not think I would offered by the Senator from Oregon I now yield to the Senator from New talk longer; bu~ I did not tell him that should be considered after the considera­ Jersey. I would not talk longer. tion of the amendment which I offered. Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, to my Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, will the Mr. MORSE. In other words, Mr. mind the Senator is implying bad faith Senator yield? President, before I return to the letters. on the part of those who have been ad- _ Mr. MORSE. The Senator from New I think the incident on the :floor of the vising with us on this subject. There Jersey well knows that when a Senator Senate in the past few minutes again is no idea of trying to corral research arises on the :floor of the Senate to begin demonstrates how important it is to have activities. The attempt is to try to do the discussion of a matter involving as a full, complete, and thorough debate on a job in the field of basic scientific re- detailed consideration as does the issue these matters before we become involved search. We have reviewed the question before us he would be foolish to pledge in any agreement to vote as of a certain for 2 years. We have gone over and over to any other Senator that he would not time. Speaking Qnly for myself, I want the many arguments. I have seen let- speak for longer than a certain period of to say that it is my feeling and my im­ ters of the same type as those which the time. I made no such statement to the pression that at the present time there Senator has read; and I have seen letters Senator from New Jersey, and I resent is in the Senate a drive to have measures on the other side. I have seen as many the implication. voted upon quickly, as fast as possible. 5422. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENA.TE MAY 16 without allowing adequate tirt1e for de~ want to vote.. Whatever period of time, expenditure of some funds for scientific, bate. That is what I had in mind, among it requires, Mr. President, I propose tGJ research facilities. other things, when I spol,ce earlier tpis use. What we are asking-and the Senator afternoon about unanimous-consent I referred to a letter dated ~arch 18. from New Jersey and I have the same rules. 1947, written by Wilson Compton, presi­ objective-is legislation which will make Let me say, Mr. President, that I shall dent of the State College of Washington, it possible to attain the best development . not be steam-rollered or pressured into a to the Senator from Utah [Mr. THOMAS], of scientific research. He and I difier quick vote on the ground that if I do not in which he said: as to whether it can be better done by agree to such a vote I shall earn some­ THE STATE COLLEGE OF WASffiNGTON, his bill without my amendment or with one's displeasure. I intend to discuss. Pullman, Wash., March 18, 1947. my amendment. - When anyone can on the :floor of the Senate as long as I Senator ELBERT D. THOMAS, marshal the authorities and the quali­ want to any issue in which I have a vital United States Senate, fied witnesses in the respective States Washington, D. C. I interest. ' Let the leadership understand Subject: National Science Foundation, that am marshaling this afternoon in_ I I that. am performing no disservice to s. 525. support of my amendment, think we science by this discussion this afternoon. MY DEAR SENATOR THOMAS: In the con• had better not pass over them very I shall let American scientists evaluate sideration of pending bills proposing the es­ hastily. A little expenditure of time on my discussion of the issue in comparison tablishment of a national science founda­ our part over the week-end, in regard to with the discussion by the Senator from tion, I hope that you will urge strongly the this matter, may prevent us, I think, New Jersey or anyone else. importance of inclusion in t hP. final legisla­ from making a grievous mistake. Mr. KILGORE;. Mr. President, will the tion of a provision comf)arable in principle· Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ Senator yield? and in substance to section 5 (c) of your bill S. 525, providing for certain geographic sent to have incorporated in the RECORD Mr. MORSE. I yield. distribution by States and by population of at this poi~t another letter from Dr. Wil­ Mr. KILGORE. I want to say to the portions of the proposed research funds. son Compton, president of the State Col­ Senator from Oregon and to the Senate If this is not done, the trend will be to­ lege of Washington, which was addressed that one thing which impelled me to go ward a monopoly of research in a lew insti­ to the committee. into this fight-and I think the Senator tutions which at present are most favorably There being no objection, the letter from Oregon knows about it--was a cer­ situated, and other institutions will be un­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, tain promise made to the colleges and der a permanent and. not only a temporary handicap. The trend of research has al­ as follows: universities about which the Senator ready gone far enough in that direction, and THE STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON, from Oregon has spoken and about lt is not a wholesome trend. Pullman, Wash., March 18, 1947. which I have spoken, a promise which Yours sincerely, TO MElllBERS OF THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON was taken up in conference at the last WILSON COMPTON, LABOR AND PUBLIC WELFAU, session in which various men now oppos­ President. United States Sena~te• . ing this bill participated, and in which Copies to Senate Committee on Labor and Washington, D. C. the very proposal being discussed by the Public Welfare. GENTLEMEN: The attached copy of a letter Senator from Oregon was threshed out That is· a very good exhibit, I think, addressed to Sena tors SMITH, REvEacOMB, · and agreed upon. I felt under obliga­ MAGNUSON, SALTONSTALL, and FULBRIGHT With Mr. President, in support of the state­ respect to pending National Science Founda• tion to those various institutions, because ment which I made earlier in my argu­ tion proposal, S. 526, will, I hope, have your at the time I first proposed a bill I found ment that there is a growing feeling attention and your consideration. opposition on their part on the ground: among educators of the country that Yours sincerely, which I urged yesterday and which the there is too great a tendency to concen­ WU.SON COMPTON, Senator from Oregon has urged todaY, trate scientific research in a few insti­ President. that they felt they would be unfairly tutions, and a feeling that it has "gone treated. For that reason this protective far enough," as Mr. Compton says. THE STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON, clause was placed in the bill which was I think we should enact· legislation Pullman, Wash., March 18, 1947. ofiered in the Senate. Senator H. ALExANDER SMITH, I think the Senator from Oregon with the idea in mind of having it so fair Senator , should be advised of the agreement. I and acceptable that these institutions Senator WARREN G. MAGNUSON, will say that I consulted with most of the can work together without friction and Senator LEVERETT SALTONSTALL, western universities and their scientific without feeling that perhaps some insti­ Senator J. WILLIAM FuLBRIGHT, tuitions wil get more than their share of United States Senate, faculties, representatives of which were D. C. among the 115 who testified. They were funds which may be appropriated by the Washington~ Willing to testify in favor of the bill only Congress. I think we should check those Subject: National Science Foundation, S. 526. feelings. If we do so, it will be to the GENTLEMEN: I hope you will consent to the­ after an agreement which would give inclusion in your blll, S. 526, at some appro­ them a certain minimum which they benefit of American education and sci­ entific research. I think my amendment priate place of a provision substantially sim­ could devote to research, because they ilar tp section 5 (c) of S. 525 introduced by felt they had been discriminated against would accomplish that. As I said ear-· lier this afternoon, the safeguards are Senator THOM.As. from Washington in previous activities. Such an amendment if made would require I think I owe it to the Senate to make there, so that no money will be spent a portion of the Federal · funds granted for that statement. on a worthless project. the purposes of research to be arportloned Mr. MORSE. I want to thank the That does not mean that an institu­ equally among the States and a further Senator from West Virginia for his con­ tion will be entitled to have a certain· amount to be apportioned on the basis of tribution to the discussion, and I am glad amount of money and spend it for any­ population. it will appear in the RECORD. thing it wants to and call it scientific re­ This is important 1! institutions in all I do not know how much longer I search. All the safeguards and stand­ sections of the country are -to be given rea.. ards are maintained by my amendment; sonably comparable opportunity to partici­ shall take. As I proceeded, as I thought pate. If something of this sort 1s not done, of the implications involved in the pend­ and if an institution cannot meet the research will tend to become a "monopoly" ing legislation and what it means to the standards it simply does not get any of a few institutions favorably situated. The institutions of higher learning and to the money; but, on £he other hand, it is pro­ trend already has gone far enough ln that future development of a scientific­ vided that at least 25 percent of the total dil:ection. · research program, I felt it important allotment shall be set aside for land-· Yours sincerely, that I expand some of the arguments as grant colleges and State -tax-supported WILSON COliiPTON, I went along. In view of the fact that institutions which can meet the scien­ President. tific standards. Caples to Senate Committee on Labor and some Members of the Senate are not Public Welfare. present, and I think the amendment· I think that is f~tir. I thin!: it is a very which I have ofiered is vital to their reasonable compromise, just ·as I think Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, earlier respective States, I intend to make as the second part of my amendment, in my remarks this afternoon, I said full a record as I think · n~cessary, so that which was not even 1n the proposal of that the chancelor of the State system it will be available to them in making the Senator from West Virginia, is fair; of · higher education of the State of _ up their minds as to how they finally It provides for an arrangement for the Nebraska, R. G. Gustavson, favors the 1947 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5423 amendment I am offering this afternoon. gram, and that we should not pass the not .amended as I think it should be, Under date of April 17, he wrote me, as bill as proposed by the Senator from New would serve as a weapon of piracy, the follows: Jersey, without including in it an amend­ larger institutions taking prominent men THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, ment similar to the one I have offered. of science from the smaller colleges and Lincoln, Nebr., April 17, 1947. Mr. President, as between those two institutions which do not now have and Senator WAYNE MoRSE, categories of witnesses, we can take our would not in future have large facilities Senate Office Building, choice; but it seems to me that the pro­ for scientific work. washington, D ... c. cedure which we should follow should be Mr. President, I speak, as I have stated, DEAR SENATOR MORSE: I was delighted to to resolve the differences of opinion as out of an experience of 21 years of service learn that you have presented the amend­ between those two schools of thought, on the faculties of several universities in ment to S. 526 which I learned of through President Day of Cornell University. There and in that connection, let me say that the United States; and I say again that is no question in my mind as to the advis­ I think my amendment is a conscionable if the bill as it now stands is enacted ability of this amendment. May I say to compromise in resolving the differences. into law, there will be a great danger of you that if the National Association of State Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President, will the lowering the standards of education in Universities can be helpful in any way we Senator yield? many of our educational institutions if shall be only too glad to serve you. Mr. MORSE. I yield. they are unable to retain on their facul­ Sincerely, Mr. RUSSELL. I am sure the Senator ties men who are qualified in the .field of R . G. GUSTAVSON. {rom Oregon can well understand the education and science and are able to Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ concern of those who happen to 'be con­ inspire students to embark upon sci­ sent to have inserted in the RECORD, at nected with some of the institutions entific careers; because, after all, such the points where I discussed them, all which at the present time do not have faculty members not only carry on re­ the letters to which I have heretofore the publicity or the facilities that other, search projects, but also inspire young referred. more favored institutions have. Not only minds to take a greater interest in sci­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. With­ would the bill as it now stands handicap ence, thus leading up to careers in sci­ out objection, it is so ordered. them in the already unequal struggle entific research. Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, as the which they are forced to wage with the Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, Senator from New Jersey [Mr. SMITH] more fortunate institutions which have will the Senator yield? very correctly has pointed out, there ar.e large endowments, and which undoubt­ Mr. MORSE. I yield. educators and scientists in other institu­ edly will get all the money proposed to Mr. SALTONSTALL. I thank the tions who do not believe that any of the be appropriated unless some protection Sena.tor from Oregon for yielding. May funds should be allocated or set aside for similar to that provided by the amend­ I say to the Senator from Oregon and tax-supported institutions and land­ ment of the Senator from 'oregon, is to the Senator from Georgia, for both grant colleges. I make no charge about made; but without some such amend­ of whom I have great respect, that I be­ theL: motives; but Mr. President, I am a ment, the bill would result in the crea­ lieve the conception which they enter­ lawyer, and as a lawyer I shall look at tion of a further inducement to students tain of this fund is wrong. I say that the various interests the witnesses have; to attend the institutions where the re­ very respectfully, because their concep­ because they, too, like every Member of search work is now being carried on. tion is so different from that I have of the Senate, have their biases, their points Without some protection against insti­ the use of the money. We should focus of view, and very often they turn in · a tutions such as those in the Ivy League­ on one point, and one point alone, name­ direction that is determined to some ex­ protection similar to that which would ly, that the purpose of the fund, the pur­ tent by their interests. So I wish to say be afforded by the amendment proposed pose of the Foundation, is to promote that there are two categories of wit­ by the Senator from Oregon-the bill scientific knowledge·and to develop scien­ nesses in connection with this matter. would further handicap the other col­ tific research. Of course, we shall find exceptions on leges and educational' institutions of the The Senator from Oregon has men­ both sides of the line, in the case of the Nation, because students would seek to .tioned the Massachusetts Institute of categories to which I shall now refer; attend the institutions which would be Technology several times. I am not a but, by and large, the witnesses can be the recipients of this great endowment. member of the board of that institution, put into two categories. In one cate­ Without some protection similar to I have never been to the institution as a gory I may refer to educators and scien­ that afforded by the amendment offered student, but I do know something about tists who are administrators of or profes­ by the Senator from Oregon for the it, and Dr. Compton is a good friend of sors or teachers in such great institutions smaller institutions, I would not be able mine. For example, they have a wind in the United States-and they are to support the bill on final passage; be­ chute there now. During the war they great-as Harvard, Massachusetts Insti­ cause I think that passage of the bill developed to about the ·limit of their tute of Technology, Yale, Princeton, for without some such amendment would capacity. Assume the proposed Founda­ the most part the large institutions of the constitute a great calamity and would tion is set up and the money becomes East, as well as in some similar institu­ create a still further unbalance between available an institution such as the Mas­ tions which are located elsewhere in the the various educational institutions of sachusetts Institute of Technology can­ country. I say that by and large, we the United States, by tending to create not get advantage of the funds, because ~ hall find that mos~ of the witnesses who still greater differences between the op­ it cannot enlarge itself sufficiently to have that background are in favor of the portunities for education and research enable it to carry on the work required. bill proposed by the Senator from New which are afforded by them. Let us ·consider Harvard University, Jersey; whereas other witnesses, of Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I am about which I know something. Harvard equally high standing in the field of edu­ indebted to the Senator from Georgia University today is handicapped because cation and science, witnesses· who are for what he has stated. The institutions it has not the funds with which to pay connected with the land-grant colleges to which I have referred are, as I have salaries which many of the State uni­ or the tax-supported universities in the said, fearful of the result of passage of versities pay. Capable men go to Har­ respective States, and who have had the bill if it is not amended in a way vard, not because of the money which many years of experience in the very dif­ similar to that propo ed by the amend­ can be paid them, but because sometimes ficult work of developing research in the ment I have offered. They fear that the there is more equipment in their lines State-supported institutions, which are result of the passage of the bill as it is with which they -can operate. finding it uifficult to retain qualified now written would be to make it even Assume the Foundation bill becomes scientific men on their faculties, who can more difficult for them to attract and law, assume its money becomes avail­ both engage in research and teach the maintain the proper faculties, because able; not a great deal of it can go to scientists of the next generation-! say there would always be a tendency for the Harvard because Harvard cannot extend that men with such backgrounds tell us, members of their faculties to gravitate to its facilities to use it. It cannot do more with deep sincerity and honest convic­ the larger, more prosperous institutions research than it is doing now. tion, that the adoption of the amend­ which might . receive the funds, and As I see the picture, ultimately much ment I am offering this afternoon is which, I say, would receive funds out of of the funds will have to go to some of necessary if we are really to develop a all proper proportion. That is why I say ,the institutions which the Senator .fFom nationally strong science research pro- I think in one aspect the bill, if it is Oregon is talking about. Some of their 5424 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 16 facilities have to be built up. Some of The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Mr. MORSE. If it is to be an ever­ the leaders in some branches of scien­ Senator from Oregon yield; and if so, to expanding program, we will have to pro~ tific knowledge are in those institutions whom? . vide the facilities for enlarging our lab~ now, and this money is going to those Mr. 'MORSE. I shall reply to the oratories, for making available to the institutions. I do not want to see the Senator from Massachusetts for a mo­ scientists on the small campuses, and in money dissipated year by year in places ment, then I shall be glad to yield to the the small universities, the equipment by where it cannot be put-to the best advan~ Senator from Georgia, the Senator from which their scientific brains can be put tage for developing scientific knowledge. West Virginia, and the Senator from to the maximum productive use. So I If we put 25 percent of the fund 'into Washington. think the second part of my amendment the respective States and then on top of I am very glad the Senator from Mas~ is very important. But I do not think the that give them more money here and sachusetts has put these arguments into Senator from Massachusetts was present some more money there, based on the the RECORD at this point, because I think when I said earlier this afternoon that formulas provided, .and if then there is a they focus attention very clearly on the it had been suggested to me that perhaps requirement that 25 percent more of the ditrerence of opinion between us. I think I ought to consider splitting the amend~ funds available in any one year may go the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, when it comes ment, possibly dropping the latter sec­ into bricks and mortar, as the amend~ out in the morning, will show that the tion and getting a vote first on the first ment of the Senator from Oregon pro~ remarks I made earlier this afternoon part of my amendment. Before I close, vides, we will not be making the best express my contrary point of view on I shall pose a parliamentary inquiry, as use of the Government's funds for the every point the Senator from Massa~ to whether I can divide my amendment research we are attempting to make chusetts has made. into two parts, leaving the provision as possible by the bill. ' When he states, as I understood him, to equipment as a separate amendment I have listened. to several scientific that the Senator from Georgia and I do for a separate vote. gentlemen, learned gentlemen, if you not understand the situation, I reply I do not think that my amendment will will, who have visited Russia, and seen that I think we understand it very well. result in the dissipation of the funds, what Russia is doing. Russia, accord­ But our understanding of it is quite dif­ because I have this difference. among ing to their evidence-and that is all I ferent, from the standpoint of the re­ others. with the Senator from Massachu­ know about it-is concentrating its Gov­ sults that might flow from the passage setts, namely, I do not accept his notion ernment funds for purposes of research. of the bill, from the understanding of that modern scientific research has to One of the considerations that induced the Senator from Massachusetts. be done in big chunks, so to speak. The me to support the bill was that research Mr. SALTONSTALL. Will the Senator atomic-bomb research was not done in has become too large a subject for pri­ yield for' a moment? big chunks, except in its latter stages. vate institutions to handle. Private in­ Mr. MORSE. I am very happy to It was really a combination of thousands stitutions cannot handle the develop­ yield. upon thousands of research studtes ·in ment of atomic energy; they are not Mr. SALTONSTALL. Will the Senator very little projects. large enough. Many of the private in­ from Oregon agree with me that the pur­ Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, stitutions cannot handle the develop­ pose of the bill is- to promote and de~ will the Senator yield? ment of the jet plane, for instance; they velop scientific knowledge, increase our Mr. MORSE. I yield. are not sufficiently large. They have to security, strengthen our defense, and im­ Mr. SALTONSTALL. Was not the have Government help. They have had prove our industrial know-how by scien­ original appropriation requested by Dr. the help of the Army and the Navy ~ In tific research, and by encouraging the de­ Bush for the atomic-bomb research many things. The Navy is going into velopment of young scientists? That is $500,000,000? cancer research as a part of the health the purpose of the bill, is it not? Mr. MORSE. I think it was at least program. Mr. MORSE. Absolutely, and the Sen­ that. That is as I recall. All the pending bill does is to make ator from Oregon says that purpose will Mr. SALTONSTALL. That money was an etrort to concentrate the best minds be accomplished much -better with his put out in various places where it could of the country and to disseminate into amendment in the bill than without his be best utilized-in the State of Wash~ places into where they can be most help­ amendment in the bill. ington, in the Commonwealth of Massa­ fully used, Government funds which are Mr. SALTONSTALL. Will that pur­ chusetts, in the State of Tennessee, and to be used for the purposes specified. pose be better accomplished by putting so on-but it was not required to be di~ One more thought and I shall be the money into bricks and mortar in 48 vided among 48 States. through. There is a dearth of scientists different States every year, or will it be Mr. MORSE. I want to say in all fair.. in this country at this time. It is neces­ better accomplished by concentrating ness to the Senator from Massachusetts, sary for us to get the best of the young the bricks and mortar, and by concen­ I do not think he has given sufficient at~ brains into scientific research. One of trating the intellectual effort, in one year, tention to one feature of my amendment. the purposes of the bill is to encourage we will say, in one place, where a specific My amendment does not require· that young men of intellectual quality, no program can be carried on? Will · the the money be put out on a 48-State basis. matter whence they may come-Oregon, purpose be better accomplished by dis­ Not a dollar, under my amendment, will Massachusetts, "" Washington, or Geor­ sipating the fund every year over 48 go to any institution, unless it can meet gia--and train them in science, and start States? the research standards required by the them out on research work. There is a Mr. MORSE. I am very glad to analyze Foundation; but I say. if Mr. Compton's dearth of scientists in this country, as I the question of the Senator from Massa­ college in Washington has on its faculty have said, and a dearth of doctors. chusetts. Of course, the question is in an outstanding chemist, for example, What we want to do is to improve oui· the form of an argument, and when he who can lay out a blueprini; for a sound scientific knowledge in the best possible uses the word "dissipate," he proceeds to piece of research in chemistry which way, and we should keep our eyes focused assume a premise, and I am not going to meets the standard of the Foundation, on this one idea. assume that premise. a portion of the fund should be avail~ Mr. President, that is why I am for Mr. SALTONSTALL. The Senator • able to him. ·There ought to be set aside, the bill. That is why I am against the from Oregon is a distinguished law pro~ in order to protect the scientists in the amendments of the Senator from West fessor. He knows the law. Perhaps the small institutions, a reserve fund, so to Virginia and the Senator from Oregon. question was argumentative, but it was speak, whereby they can be assured that When they say the effort is going to be seeking facts. they will get some share of the total concentrated, when they say that the · Mr. MORSE. With the qualifications I allotment awarded by the Congress for large institutions are going to be pirates shall put in my answer, I shall cover the the Foundation. That is where we sepa~ on the small institutions. I think they are question. rate company. I may say to the Senator, absolutely wrong, according to my con­ As I said earlier this afternoon, I think it may be that Russia is concentrating cept of the bill, and according to the a scientific research program must be an 'its research, but I do not think that prin~ words of leading educators with whom I ever-expanding· program for a good ciple is a sound one for this country. have talked. many years to come. Russia is a police state; Russia is a mo~ Mr. KILGORE, Mr. RUSSELL, and Mr. SALTONSTALL. In that I agree nopoly state; Russia is a dictator state. Mr. MAGNUSON addressed the Chair. with the Senator. Certain of the educators to whom I have 1947 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5425 referred this afternoon, such as Day of Mr. SALTONSTALL. I agree with in their States, to go back and tell the Cornell, Newburn of Oregon, the presi­ that. presidents of the institutions in their dent of the University of Iowa, the chan­ Mr. MORSE. Therefore, it seems to home States, "I could not do anything celor of the educational system in Ne­ me that the Senator from Massachusetts about getting money for our university; braska, all point out in their communi­ is overlooking the point I made this because it has all been absorbed by MIT cations the danger of the type of con­ afternoon as to the question of the and by Harvard and by four or five simi­ centration of scientific research to which amount of the appropriation that is to lar institutions." I put that prediction the Senator from Massachusetts alludes. be made for research. I think, as I said in the RECORD and if I am here 6 years I think it a mistaken principle to follow. earlier this afternoon, that in the inter­ from now, I shall be perfectly willing to I thinl{ it is very important to make such est of national health and public wel­ have it confront me, for I think it will provision in the pending bill that scien­ fare we must recognize the importance be verified. tists in small colleges will feel some as­ of spending much more money for re­ Mr. MORSE. I want to thank the surance that if they can meet the stand­ search than has been discussed hereto­ Senator from Georgia. I yield now to ards of the Foundation they will receive fore on the floor of th·e Senate. Within the Senator from Arkansas. a portion of the funds with which to the next 10 years, in my opinion, we Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I carry on scientific research. So we do shall have to spend many times the want to pursue the thought suggested not follow the scientific concentration amount which many Senators now think by the Senator from Massachusetts a of the research program in Russia. I we will have to spend for research, if moment ago, when he was referring to think that is good for a police state and we are to keep pace with the scientific the atomic bomb. It is not my idea that a totalitarian state but highly undesir­ development. the purpose of the pending b111 is to fur­ able in a democracy based upon a sys­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, will ther research in connection with the tem of free public education such as the Senator yield? atomic bomb, or similar projects. In the ours is. Mr. MORSE. I am sorry; :.:: told the hearings on the pending bill, over a year Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, Senator from Georgia I would yield to ago, Mr. Oppenheimer was one of the will the Senator yield? him. Then I will yield to the Senator witn'esses who, I think, stated that what Mr. MORSE. I am glad to yield. from Arkansas. had happened during the war in the de­ Mr. SALTONSTALL. I want to make · Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President, as I velopment of such things as the atomic myself clear to the Senator from Oregon. · view the situation, the amendment of­ bomb and proximity fuze was not funda­ What I meant when I spoke about Russia fered by the Senator from Oregon, or mental research at all. It was what he was not the concentration of scientific any similar amendment, instead of called applied research. He said, "What research by localities. I do not know meaning a dissipation of . the funds, we did was this: We shook the tree; we whether it is concentrated or whether it means a wider dissemination of scientific utilized knowledge that had been ac­ is spread over the whole of Russia. What activity. Knowing the Sen,ator fr()lll cumulated in the course of many years." I meant, and what I mean, is that it is Massachusetts as I do, I would be the The important thing-and the develop­ a concentrated effort in the use of gov­ last to challenge the high idealism which ment of the atomic bomb is a fairly good ernment funds for scientific research, not prompts him to vote against the amend­ illustration-is that the basic principles permitting them, we will say, to be dis­ ment. I know that the reasons voiced by which were used to develop it were dis­ sipated and to be used indirectly for him are those which will move him when covered by people working in small other purposes. I shall not interrupt the the vote is taken. However, I could take places a:ll over the world. There were Senator further, except to say-- that position with a great deal of equa­ such well-known scientists as Dr. Niels Mr. MORSE. I shall be very happy to nimity, if I had within the confines of Bohr, in Denmarl{; and, of course, Dr. have the Senator inte!."rupt. my State two great instituti.ons such as Lise Meitner, in Germany; Sir James Mr. SALTONSTALL. If we are to help MIT and Harvard University. I was in:­ Chadwick, in England, and so on. It education-and we must help educa­ terested to hear the Senator's statement was not done as one great undertaking, tion-if we are going to keep a free coun­ that those two great institutions could with a working fund of $500,000,000. Of try and a free system of government, it not cooperate with the Government in course, any list of scientists engaged in should be done by sending government this· project at the· present time. They the work on atomic fission must include ass:.stance, whether it be local, State, have shown amazing resiliency in the Einstein, who was generally called the or National, through the front doors of past in assuming obligations. They are father of the idea back 40 years ago. educational institutions, and not through two of the greatest institutions in all the Senators have all read the story of Ein­ the back doors. If we are goin~ to help earth. stein's connection with the work. science, let us help science through re­ Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, \ My idea of the purpose of the bill is search efforts in the best possible way, will the Senator yield, in order that I that it should foster what we would call wherever that can be done, whether it may correct a statement? pure science research. The fact is that is to be in Alaska on shale oils or in Mr. RUSSELL. I yield. in the development of the principles Puerto Rico on sugar, or in the State of Mr. SALTONSTALL. I do not want to which were applied to such projects as Washington on the atom bomb, or in create a false impression. I do not say the atomic bomb and the proximity fuze, Massachusetts on the cyclotron, and so that the Massachusetts Institute of Tech­ many of the greatest contributors were on. Let us put it where it can be used nology or Harvard would not take some in small places, in small laboratories, best. That is my only concern. of the funds and would not. take some of where scientists were working on their Mr. MORSE. I understand the view the projects, but they cannot take them own, and it was not a great concentrated of the Senator from Massachusetts. I so extensively that they would be pirat­ effort, such as took place in the actual do not agree with his view when it is ing from other institutions. building of the bomb. I believe no one premised on the idea that the amend­ Mr. RUSSELL. I am neither a prophet should think of the bill as designed to ment is going to result in a dissipa~ion nor the son of a prophet, but I unhesi­ undertake the type of work which the of funds. I think it is going to result in tatingly put in the RECORD the prediction, Army did in building the atomic bomb. a most economic and efficient use of the here and now, that within 6 years after Such an idea I personally believe to be fund. I think it is necessary to face the the pending bill shall have been enacted erroneous. What we propose to do un­ fact that research cannot be carried on into law, in the absence of an amendment der the bill is to discover and train young without proper equipment, and I think of this nature, the two institutions re­ men who will do the basic research, and it is important that we make available ferred to will be receiving more funds then pick the fruits thereof when we to the public-supported institutions than all the educational institutions in need it. That is what we have done pre­ money for research equipment necessary at least 12 States west of the Mississippi viously, and that is the real reason why in order to carry on the research itself. River and south of the Potomac; I will the country was so successful in develop­ Research cannot be conducted without stand on that prediction, and we shall ing the atomic bomb and the proximity a laboratory. see. Senators who vote in the fond de­ fuze and other instruments. The Gov­ Mr. SALTONSTALL. I agree with lusion that institutions in their States ernment shook the trees which had been that. are going to get any money under this growing, for Io, these many years, in Mr. MORSE. It cannot be carried on bill will be compelled, after vainly trying little out-of-way places in which the without the necessary equipment. to get a few dollars for eminent scientists Senator from Oregon is interested. I • 5426 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 16 ·think it is well to keep in mind the dis­ Mr. SALTONSTALL. I respectfully dragged toward the most adequately tinction between applied research and say to the Senator from Arkansas and to financed institutions. That is the na­ the actual basic research. . the Senator frbm Oregon that the ture of the bill itself. Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, amendment as drawn provides that: ·Mr. MORSE. That would have an will the Senator yield? Two-fifths shall be apportioned among the effect on the educational standi:trds of Mr. MORSE. I yield. States in equal shares. the institutions, and it would have the Mr. SALTONSTALL. I agree 100 per­ effect of drawing students to the most : And then the amendment proceeds adequately financed institutions, would cent with what the Senator from Ar­ with other language. That language, in kansas has said. If i created a different it not? my humble judgment, means that includ­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. I think it would. impression by using the $500,000,000 ing Puerto Rico and Alaska there shall atom-bomb experiment as an illustra­ Mr. MORSE. I wish to say, before be 50 equal apportionments made before yielding to my friend the Senator from tion, I will say that I did not mean to distribution of the first quarter of the create such an impression. New Hampshire [Mr. BRIDGES], who de- fund is made. . sires to have an appropriation bill con­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. The Senator from Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I think Massachusetts did leave the impression sidered, that I have only three other the Senator from Massachusetts is quite items I wish to present, and then I shall that that was what we were undertaking. wrong on that point. I believe the re­ Mr. SALTONSTALL. These funds are have concluded, unless I am interrupted mainder of the amendment makes very by Senators with a running debate. I to be used for basic research spread out clear that applicants for funds must meet in different places, and primarily for think I shall close in a very few minutes the standards laid down by the Founda­ if I am allowed to proceed with the basic research rather than applied re­ tion before they receive a dollar. search. Mr. MAGNUSON. I should like­ three items I have on my desk. Mr. FULBRIGHT. Then I do not quite Mr. KILGORE. Mr. President--­ Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, will see why the Senator from Massachusetts The PRESIDING OFFICER. The the Senator yield? has so much objection to the amend­ Chair respectfully calls the attention of Mr. MORSE. I yield to the Senator ment. The amendment, from my point Senators who are on u ·_ eir feet to the fact from Washington. of view, is significant when coupled with that rule XIX provides that no Senator Mr. MAGNUSON. I merely wished to the administrative set-up proposed by shall interrupt another Senator without point out again, as I did yesterday, that · the bill, as opposed to the administrative first addressing the Chair. Does the not only would that magnet attract the set-up contained in the bill we had under Senator from Oregon yield, and if so, to students, but we had the same experi­ consideration last year. If the admin­ whom? ence during the war in the allocation istration of the Foundation were to be Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I shall be of scientific research contracts. We like that proposed in the bill considered glad to yield in a moment, but before I drained practically all the scientific last year, I would not be nearly so much do so I wish to address myself to the talent from smaller institutions. That interested in the amendment. But the Senator from Arkansas who comes to us was all right, because we were approach­ bill would place the administration of from having been the president of a great ing a different goal and we wanted to the Foundation into the hands of an State university. I think his valued get the job done. Now, in peacetime, autonomous body completely dissociated judgment on such matters as that now we are trying to develop the peacetime from any control by the Government, pending before us is entitled to very great scientific potential. As the Senator from into the hands of a small group of scien­ weight, because he has had first hand Arkansas says, it is an entiretY. different tists, and yet th~ Senator objects to such experience with the administrative prob­ thing. a provision as that contained in the lem in trying to develop a science faculty Constantly in the debates there is the amendment offered by the Senator from and a scientific research program on the implication that it will be mandatory Oregon. I think the amendment is much campus of the State university. I should to send funds to the States. It should more important under the kind of ad­ like to say that in my opinion the Senator be again called to the attention of the ministration proposed in the pending bill from Arkansas has just now made one Senate that under the Kilgore amend­ than it would have been in the bill con­ of the finest contributions that have been ment, or my amendment, or the amend­ sidered last year. made to the debate on the pending bill. ment of the Senator from Oregon, none I do not know whether the Senate will I should like to ask him a question. Does of the funds would be expended in any vote to change the form of administra­ he agree with me that, without my State unless the program fitted within tion. I intend to vote to change the ad­ amendment, there will be very great the policy of the Foundation. That is ministrative set-up. I told the Senator danger that science teachers on small why I cannot see any objection -to the from New 1 Jersey in the beginning that college and university campuses will be amendment. while I was in favor of the bill and will­ encouraged to leave them and go to in­ Let me add that this question was be­ ing to sponsor it, I reserved the right to stitutions which are more adequately fore the Senate last year. The Senator disagree respecting the administrative financed as the result of appropriations from Oregon is surely consistent, be­ set-up contained in it. The Senator from made to them by the National Science cause he made a similar argument last Massachusetts acted as chairman in the Foundation which is provided for in the year, as did former Senator La Follette conference last year when we worked out bill? of Wisconsin, the Senator from West the compromise on that very point. I Mr. FULBRIGIIT. I certainly do Virginia [Mr. KILGORE], the Senator remember very ,well that the Senator agree with that view. As I stated, that from Arkansas [Mr. FuLBRIGHT], myself, from Massachusetts was there at the would be especially true in view of the and others. The question was threshed time and I thought we had reached an administration of the fund. If the bill out in the Senate and settled. This pro­ agreement respecting the administration conf --.ined the . check which I believe vision was placed in the bm· last year of the Foundation. As I previously said, existed in the administration of the after a long series of conferences with the proposed set-up makes the amend­ Foundation which was provided for in scientists and other witnesses, after ment particularly significant. the bill before us last year, then the representations from· the land-grant col­ Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, institutions interested at least could leges and from the State universities will the Senator yield? present their case and know that they as well as other universities. It was de­ Mr. MORSE. I yield. would have a hearing. But in view of cided that this was the best way to ad­ Mr. SALTONSTALL. In reply to the the provisions of the pending measure, minister ·the funds, so that educational Senator from Arkansas I will say that · what the Senator says respecting his institutions could go along with the bill the reason I object to the amendment is amendment is especially appropriate. and urge its passage. because it requires for every year at least His amendment is particularly signifi­ This year the Senate committee held 50 different set-ups at 50 dillerent places cant in connection with the bill as it is no hearings. It was not necessary. But where the fund must be used. now written. That is not a reflection the new· bill does not make this provi­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. I do not agree with on anyone's motives. In the nature of sion. That is the history of this part of that statement. The amendment does the case the more adequately financed the legislation. Last year after all the not contain any such requirement. The ·institutions would act as magnets. hearings everyone was agreed. The distribution is subject to the approval of Necessarily the ambitious young men land-grant schools agreed to support the the Foundation. and those best qualified would be bill because of its basic principles, with 1947 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE '5427 this type of amendment in it. The heads furnished by a Federal agency to stimu­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. Was that item re­ of universities and other institutions in late the work and to hire a couple of good duced? every State of the Union said it was a men to help the staff which had already Mr. BRIDGES. No. It was included fine bill with that provision in it. They been at work. It also furnished a little as requested for the purpose of complet­ said, "We want to participate in making extra equipment which was necessary, ing the liquidation and establishing new America scientifically great." Why the and which previously available funds State agencies for the storage of the rec­ provision is not in the present bill I do could not provide. ords in 54 centers throughout the coun­ not know. I heartily agree with the The research fieJd could well be helped try, so as to make them available for Senator from Oregon that either his from local sources with proper en­ servi<;e work. The committee went into amendment or the Kilgore amendment couragement; but without encourage­ the subject at some length and granted should be in the bill. It would make it a ment there will not . be such help. We the request of the Selective Service Sys­ much better bill, which would command shall find research work for Arkansas, tem for the amount asked. more nearly universal support in all for example, being shipped to Massachu­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there the educational institutions of the setts, and the Arkansas students will objection to the request of the Senator country. have a tough time getting in to carry on from New Hampshire? Mr. KILGORE. Mr. President, will the research, whereas they could easily Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, reserv­ the Senator yield? get into the University of Arkansas. ing the right to object, I simply raise the Mr. MORSE. I yield. In addition, we could build up seed­ question whether the unfinished busi­ Mr. KILGORE. I heartily agree with beds of scientists in each of the universi­ ness, which is being temporarily set what the Senator from Washington has ties, which would produce young scien­ aside, will, immediately upon conclusion said. I should like to propound a ques­ tists from all over the country, rather of the bill which the Senator from New tion to the Senator from Arkansas [Mr. than in a few hothouses. Hampshire wishes to have considered, be FuLBRIGHT J, based upon his experience As the Senator well knows, the ability resumed, so that it will keep its place on as the head of a great university. to take students in scientific courses is the calendar? It has been my experience in the past, based upon· the size of the laboratory, The PRESIDING OFFICER. It will in connection with questions of research because every student requires so much be. in my own State university and others, space. If we can scatter them and let Mr. SMITH. If that is understood, I that all too frequently work has been them take care of local problems, I think have no objection. started which needed a little additional we can go farther. That is why I am so The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there encouragement and help so that it could much in favor of making this amend­ objection to the request made by the proceed. There have been contributjons ment a part of the bill. Senator from New Hampshire? from State university funds, and some The Senator from Arkansas has re­ There being no objection, the Senate outside help in carrying on programs of ferred to the change of controls. I do proceeded to consider the b111 peration ot air naviga­ Mail Service. , in yielding for the consfderat1on -· of the tion facilities: For an additional amount. The amendment was agreed to. deficiency· bill. In my· opinion, it. is a fiscal year 1947, for "Maintenance and op­ The riext amendment was, on page 15~ public service to get the bill through this eration of air-navigation faclllties.'' $160,- line 8, after the :figures ~·$4,554,800", to afternoon. 000, ot which not to exceed $8,000 may be insert "and, in addition, $3,090,000 to be Mr. MORSE. It was a great pleasure transferred to "General administratlon, Of­ derived by transfer f.rom 'Domestic Air to yield to the Senator. I understand, fice of Ad~lnistrator of Civil Aeronautic&." Mail Service.' " , however, that some have suspected me of The amendment was agreed to. The amendment was agreed to. filibustering. I assure the Senator from The next amendment was, under the The next ·amendment was, on page 15, New Hampshire that I shall soon be heading "Post Office Department-(out line 11, after the figures "'$11,691,000", to through with my remarks on the merits of the postal revenues)," on page 13, insert "and. in addition, $3,273.000 to be of the amendment now pending before after line 10, to insert: derived by transfer from 'Domestic· Air the Senate. FIELD SERVICE, POST OFFICE 0EPAJt'l'MENT Mail Service.' ,,. Mr. BRIDGES. I am grateful to the OFFICE OF THE FIRST ASSISTANT POS'l'MASTI!a. The amendment was agreed to. Senator for having yielded. 15, · GENERAL The next amendment was, on page NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Rural Delivery Service: For an additional . after line 14, to insert: amount for Rural Delivery Service, fiscal Railway mail service, travel expenses; Por The Senate resumed the consideration year 1946, $75,000. an additional amount, :fl.scal year 1947, for of the bill iguous. On the one hand, the commit­ is a great deal of merit in the argument part, that part ending on page 2, line tee "is cognizant of the impact of funda­ made by the Senator from Arkansas­ 16, after the words "Puerto Rico," and mental science on modern society and of that when we create the Foundation, we he would then like to have the language the need for social science studies." On the do not retain very much control over it starting on line 16 with the word "Of," other hand, it "rejected the proposal that except for the amount of money we may . and continuing through the rest of the the social sciences be included as a division appropriate. In other words, the con­ amendment, considered as a different of the Foundation at 'this time" because trol of Congress over it becomes very "the disciplines of the social sciences are much a control of appropriations. I am amendment. Is it necessary for the not at this time sufficiently well-defined." junior Senator from Oregon to move to not sure that that is a very sound proce­ divide his amendment? Since the importance of the social sciences dure to follow; it certainly is not sound is acknowledged, the lag in their develop­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. In ment constitutes the strongest argument for if there is not included anywhere in the the judgment of the Chair, the Senator their support. The Washington Association law creating the Foundation some pro­ has control of his own amendment, arid of Scientists commends and supports the tection to 'the coll~ges in the respective latitude given to the Foundation in · estab­ States from arbitrary action on the part may ask for a division. lishing its divisional structure, but believes of the Foundation. For example, the Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask to that if divisions for any of the sciences are Foundation, like all other institutions, have my amendment divided. to be specifically established in the bill, one is going to be composed of human beings. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The for the social sciences should also be spe­ I think we owe it to the colleges and uni­ amendment will be divided. cifically establ'ished. Otherwise, support for versities in our several States to give Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, a the social sciences, so essential to the intelli­ parliamentary inquiry, gent utilization of the advances of the nat­ them the protection the two great na­ ural sciences, may be regarded as a second­ tional educational associations are. ask­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The ary matter and fail to receive proper atten­ ing for, in the evidence tha.t I have sub­ Senator will state the inquiry. tion. · mitted this afternoon, against the danger _ Mr. MAGNUSON. Would that· mean We agree with your committee that science of being frozen . out by the National that the first part of the amendment legislation should not contain patent pro- Foundation, so far a.s allocating to spe.:. would be considered first? .. 5432 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 16 Mr. MORSE. 'l;'hat would be my de­ The inquiry to which I ask the Senator cording to the last preceding decennial sire. to address his attention is this: Let us census-- The PRESIDENT pro tempore. - That suppose there is a State which has no in­ Then follows this language- would be the usual procedure. stitutions that are properly fitted for and the amounts so apportioned to each Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, carrying out this type of work, do not State shall be expended only for carrying on I rise to a point of order. want t_o do the work, have no inclination research activities in the facilities of tax­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The to do it, and yet this amount comes to supported colleges and universities, includ­ Senator will state it. the State ipso facto and automatically. ing the land-grant colleges, within such State Mr. SALTONSTALL. If the amend­ Does i10t the Senator feel that his pursuant to contracts or other financial ar­ ment is divided into two sections, Will not amendment thereby would make it pos­ rangements. the first section, or the first half of it, sible for a waste of money to occur as to Mr. President, it appears to me, and I be the same, in some instances, as the that specific State to which in such a respectfully submit to the distinguished amendment offered by the Senator from case, since funds would go to the State, Senator from Oregon. that the conclud­ West Virginia, on which the Senate has even though they were unwanted, and ing clause of the sentence to which I have already_voted? even though the State might not be able referred does not remove the fact that The PRESIDENT pro tempore. No, to handle the situation properly when the money will go to the States regard­ the amount of the fund is different, in the funds arrived? less of their respective desires, regard­ the opinion of the Chair, and the Sena­ Mr. MORSE. I will say to the Senator less of their respective·abilities to handle tor is entitled to submit a divided pro­ from Missouri that I do not share that it after it has been received. I should posal. interpretation of the amendment, but if like to ~sk the Senator whether he does Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I wish the amendment is subject to that inter­ not agree with my view of the proper now to summarize the position which I pretation I am perfectly willing to accept construction to be placed upon that have taken on the amendment, under modifying language so that such a result sentence? the following points: will not be brought about. That is not Mr. MORSE. I may say to the Sena­ First, I have this afternoon submitted the hltent of the amendment. The in­ tor from Missouri that I think his point the views of the officials of two great tent of the amendment, as I said earlier is well taken in that the language which educational associations of this country, this afternoon, is to make funds available he has read, in my judgment, is ambigu­ the Association of St.ate Universities and if and only if the State institution can ous · and needs to be clarified. I shall the National Ass-ociation of Land Grant come before the National Science Foun­ clarify it by adding a proviso clause just Colleges, which associations make very dation and offer the necessary financial as soon as I finish this speech and get a clear in the statements I have submitted and contractual arrangements and meet chance to write out a proper clause, but in their behalf that they desire to have the scientific tests of research, the cri­ it will be to the effect, I can assure the my amendment accepted and to become teria that the Foundation sets up for Senator from Missouri. that the result a part of the bill. which he thinks might flow from the ·lan­ carrying on a research program. Unless guage presently used will not flow. Mr. President, during the short period they can do that they will not receive any while the deficiency bill was being con­ Mr. DONNELL. Mr. President, will sidered by the Senate I was informed by funds. I shall be glad myself to write the Senator yield to me for one further certain Members of the Senate that they language in the amendment which will observation? really had not known what the issue was carry out ·that purpose more clearly, if Mr. MORSE. Yes. until I made the presentation which I the Senator from Missouri thinks it is not Mr. DONNELL. I do not want the did this afternoon and called t-o their now quite clear, or I shall accept lan­ Senator to labor under the impression attention the views of various educators. guage proposed by the Sen~ tor from Mis­ from what I have said that I am by this Therefore, I think it is very important souri to make the amendment clear that series of queries committing myself to that the Members of the Senate-be given if in a year the institution does not make vote for his amendment. I have not the opportunity to look over the state­ such arrangements and showing to the determined which way I shall vote upon ments of these educators and scientists National Foundation, then the money it. But I greatly appreciate the courtesy which I placed in the RECORD this after­ will revert to the Foundation and will be of the Senator and his frankness in his noon, check with them in their respec­ available for other distribution. and not comment with respect to my inquiry. tive States, and see whether I am right accrue to the benefit of such institution. Mr. MORSE. I understand the Sen­ or wrong when I say, as I have said That is what the Senator from Oregon ator's position very accurately and defi­ several times this afternoon, that if the has in mind. If the amendment is not nitely, and I want to thank him for rais­ Members of the Senate will check with clear, I want it clarifie.d. ing this point, becaus.e I have only one the college presidents and the men of Mr. DONNELL. Mr. President, will the objective, and that is to have passed the science on the faculties of the uni­ Senator yield for a further inquiry? best possiqle National Science Founda­ versities of their respective States, they Mr. MORSE. I am glad to yield. tion bill, one which will give the great­ will find that an overwhelming majority Mr. DONNELL. I appreciate the de­ est impetus over the years to scientific of them believe that in the interest of sire of the Senator, and his frankness ·research in this country. As I stated sound scientific research my amend- and courtesy in responding. I may say earlier this afternoon, I think it is fun­ ment should be adopted. . in passing that I ha-ye not prepared any damental to our national secuiity, and Mr. DONNELL. Mr. President, will I submit that. in view of the evidence the Senator yield? other language. I simply have read I have offered, I do not think the bill Mr. MORSE. I yield. the language of the amendment, but it in its present form will best promote that Mr. DONNELL. I observe in the seems to me that it is subject to the ob­ objective. I think it would promote that amendment, Mr. President, the following jection which I make. objective much better if we took the pre­ language: Mr. MORSE. I shall clarify it. cautions I am proposing by way of my Not less than 25 percent shall be appor­ Mr. DONNELL. I may read the Een­ amendment, adopted the amendment,· tioned among the States as follows: Two­ tence which I think makes it absolutely and put at rest the fears. the suspicions, fifths shall be apportioned among the States mandatory that- money shall go to the and doubts which exist in the minds of in equal shares. States regardless of their ability, regard­ many well-qualified educators and scien­ I assume and understand from that less of their inclination. The language _tists as to what the effects of the bill language that the smallest State in the to which I refer is as follows: will be without the amendment. I think Nation could receive the same amount, Of the funds appropriated to the Founda­ we owe it to them. I think we should so far_ as that part _of the Senator's tion for research activities (excluding funds pause long enough in the Senate over amendment is concerned, as will the expressly appropriated for national defense), the week end to do a little checking in not less than 25 percent shall be apportionea largest State. Then the amendment among the States as follows: Two-fifths shall our home States, make a few telephone proceeds: be apportioned among the States in equal calls to our· college presidents and our . And the remainder shall be apportioned shares, and the remainder shall be appor:. men of science. Senators can check up among the States in the proportion that tioned among the States in the proportion on whether or not I have presented a their respective populations bear to the popu- ·that their respective populations bear to the point of view which is that of most of lation of all the States. . population of all the States, determined ac• ·the college presidents and· the men of 1947 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5433 science in our State institutions. It is excited my curiosity to a considerable . Mr. MORSE. Only if the National easy to do that over the week end. I degr'ee. I :was wondering whether he Science Foundation decided to make an believe if Senators will do it they will find had some State university or college in allotment of funds. That raises a very that an overwhelming majority of these mind which he thinks might be unwilling important point which goes to one of the m~n will say. "MORSE is right about it. to accept the $41,000 minimum which important objections to the present bill He is representing the point of view of this bill would provide. Unless he has on behalf of educators. the men of science in our institutions." some particular land-grant college in I recognize that it is a very difficult It is only because of my desire to have mind, I think he is unduly alarmed; al­ point to discuss on the floor of the Sen­ the best possible national science bill though I think it would probably be well ate, because a human equation is in­ passed by the Senate that I have taken to iron out any ambiguity in the ter­ volved. But as the evidence I have sub­ the time this afternoon to spread on the minology of the bill. mitted this afternoon shows, many edu­ RECORD arguments and evidence which I Mr. DONNELL. Mr. President, will cators and scientists are fearful that if think it is very difficult to answer. the Senator from Oregon yield? we concentrate in the National Science Mr. DONNELL. Mr. President, will Mr. MORSE. I yield. Foundation Board all the power the bill the Senator yield for one very brief ob­ Mr. DONNELL. I have no such in­ would concentrate in it, the practice will servation and inquiry? formation, Mr. President; but it occurs be to discriminate against land-grant Mr. MORSE. Yes. to me that the mere fact that a particu­ colleges and small colleges out in the · • Mr. DONNELL. I think the Senator lar institution in the State might be "sticks," as they say to me in private has rendered an exceedingly valuable willing to accept money does not at all conversation. service this afternoon in his presenta­ establish ~hat that institution is quali­ Let me say to the Senator from Min­ tion, regardless of what the outcome of fied to spend the money adequately. As nesota that their fears are based on some the vote may be, and regardless ot how I see it, the amendment is defective in experience. We have some great pri­ any other Senator or how I may vote on that, regardless of the ability of the vate philanthropic research foundations his amendment. He has given to us the State, regardless of the ability of the in this country. That is as far as I will views of eminent educators, and, notwith­ institutions within the State, there is a go by way of identification, because I am standing the difference of opinion be­ mandatory requirement that funds shall only expressing the charges, fears, or tween the Compton brothers, to which be paid to the State-in the first in­ feelings of educators and men of sci­ reference was made, I take it that the stance, in equal amounts, regardless of ence with respect to the policies of such Senator has contributed greatly to the the population of the State, so that foundations. Having served over a information of the Senate as to the views Nevada, Wyoming, and the more thinly period of years on the Pacific coast re­ of responsible and leading educators. populated States would receive identi­ gional board of one of such foundations, The inquiry to which I ask the Sen­ cally the same proportion, as to that part I must confess that at least with regard ator's further attention relates to a ques­ of the fund, as would the more thickly to that particular organization, I think tion of fact. There was recently held in populated St.ates; in the second place, there is a basis for the fear that, given Washington, within the past 10 days or there is a further distribution based two scientific projects of equal standing, 2 weeks, a conference of university pres­ upon population, but without any ref­ one proposed by a chemist, we will say. idents. I am not certain whether they erence whatsoever to whether or not the in X UniversitY, and one proposed by a were all presidents of State universities. institutions are either willing or quali­ chemist in a very large university, or, I haooen to know that Dr. Frederick A. fied to perform the work. I assume that as some of these letters say, on the list Middlebush, president of the University many of them would be willing to accept of the favored few institutions, the of Missouri, was present. I should like allotments, and possibly all of them chemist in the university on the list of to know whether the Senator is informed would be. the so-called favored few will, judging as to whether that gathering, which I I am not unmindful of the fact that from the experience of many educators, think occurred in the Raleigh Hotel no services can be procured by the stands a much better chance of receiving passed upon this question and resolved as various institutions except pursuant to the grant. Many educators tell us that to its views concerning this particular contracts or other financial arrange­ that has been the record of the so-called measure? ments as specified in the amendment: scientific foundations which have had Mr. MORSE. I am not informed but that still does not remove the fact, huge sums of money to dispense for as I see it, that the money would go into scientific research purposes. There has whether they took any action on this every State, regardless of its ability, been a natural tendency on the part of particular measure. On the basis of the leaving aside for the moment the ques­ the boards having charge of the funds resolutions previously passed by the tion of its desire to receive the money. of those foundations to give money to officers of the Association of Land-Grant The money will go into every State, re­ the scientists in the so-called favored Colleges and the Association of State gardless of its ability to expend the Universities, which I have placed in the institutions to an extent out of all pro­ RECORD, and in which they ask for the funds proper!~ after so receiving them. portion to what they give to scienti~ts I think the point is well taken, and I in the smaller institutions. adoption of my amendment, I take it for. understand from the previous expression granted that if there had been any With that as an experimental back­ of the Senator from O~ · egon that he ground, we find college presidents and change in the policy of either one of thinks there is at least something to the those associations they would have so scientists in our land-grant colleges and point. State universities giving us this warning, notified me. The letters which I have Mr. MORSE. That is correct. placed in the RECORD are of very recent through me this afternoon on the floor Mr. THYE. Mr. President, will the of the Senate, not to pass a bill which date. The latest communications which Senator yield? I have received from college presidents would make it possible for the National Mr. MORSE. I yield. Science Foundation to continue the pol­ have been to the effect, "Adopt the Mr. THYE. I should like to make in­ amendment you have proposed." Those quiry of the Senator from Oregon as to icy of discrimination which they say has are the requests which I have received the provision of the bill as it now reads. been their experience, to which I will at­ from them. Would it be possible for the university test on the basis of such limited experi­ Mr. DONNELL. I thank the Senator. of a State, or a college within a State, ence as I have had as a member of the Mr. AIKEN, Mr. THYE, and Mr. MAG­ to make application for any part of the Committee on Scientific Research of my NUSON addressed the Chair. fund for any worthy research project it own State university, and as a member The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does might have under way? of a regional board which has the work of the Senator from Oregon yield, and if so, . Mr. MORSE. Oh, yes. making recommendations with respect to whom? Mr. THYE. If the University of Min­ to a great many scientific projects. Mr. MORSE. I yield first to-the Sen­ nesota had a project under way or in I think there is a basis for their fear, ator from Vermont, and then I shall be contemplation, if it could convince the but whether there is or is not, I think glad to yield to the Senator from Min­ authoritie::; having supervision of the we ought to remove the fear, because, in nesota and the Senator from Wash­ fund that the project was worthy, "'ould my judgment, the very fear itself is a ington. it not be possible for the University of serious inhibition to the successful oper­ Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, the argu­ Minnesota to receive a part of the fund ation of this bill if we pass it without ment of the Senator from Missouri has for such a research project? the amendment. XCIII-343 5434 CONGRESSIONP... L RECORD-SENA 'rE MAY 16 Further, I urge my amendment be­ with the recommendation that the bills be matter-I am .POSitive that the president cause I am satisfied that it would be a amended 1n the. following two respects: of Cornell University will say, ''I still great stimulus to research in many col­ These are the amendments he would think we ought to have your amendment leges and State universities, and that in like to see made to the bill: attached to the bill." the absence of my amendment there 1. That the number of members of the Mr. SMITH. I should like to call at­ would not be such stimulus. Foundation be reduced to nine. tention to the fact that he signs himself The argument has been made on the 2. That the Director of the Foundation be "Edmund E. Day, chairman, Inter­ fioor of the Senate that the problem is appoi.nted by the President, after consu~ta­ Society Committee." He says: not solved by either of the two argu­ tion with the members of the FoundatiOn, I am glad to be able to send you the fol­ ments which have been made on this by and with the advice of the Senate. lowing report. question. The first argument, made by He does not include the point which the proponents of the bill in its present He signed it as chairman of the com­ the Senator is now making. I do not mittee. I read: form, is, "We have given representation know whether he has abandoned that · on the board itself to ihe Association of The ·Inter-Society Committee on a Na­ position or not. He says the intersociety tional Science Foundation endorses Senat e State Universities and to the Association committee wants those two amendments. bill s. 526 and the companion House bills, of Land-Grant Colleges." Tl:ie presi­ Mr. MORSE. What association is it? with the recommendation that the bills be dents of those colleges, the scientists, Mr. SMITH. The American Associa­ amended in the following two respects: and the faculties of those colleges, on tion for the Advancement of Science, the evidence that I have submitted will 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW., Wash­ If he was so keen about the Senator's • · say, "That is not enough. That will amendment, why did he say that? ington 5, D. C. The intersociety com- . Mr. MORSE. If I may interrupt, and turn out to be only a matter of form and mittee on a National Science Foundation not of substance. That will not pro­ was a committee which was appointed then I shall be glad to yield further, let tect us. There is a 24-man board. We me say that he wrote that letter, as I by the same group· to study the bill. interpret it, as a member of the com­ need more protection than that, so far as Mr. MORSE. The Senator from Ore­ the problem we are presenting to you is mittee of the American Academy of Sci­ gon does not deny that the American ences, or whatever the title is- concerned." Association for the Advancement of Sci­ I think they are right about it, and Mr. SMITH. No, it is a committee ence favors the bill which the Senator which met in Washington. It is the with the type of correction which the has submitted, but in view of the fact Senator from Missouri has suggested only committee about which he has been that the Senator has raised the subject writing me. It is called American As­ we can give them protection and will of Dr. Day's attitude in the matter I make a worth-while contribution through sociation for· the Advancement of Sci­ shall confer with Dr. Day over the week ence. It is the Inter-Society Committee our action in carrying on a better sci­ end and will have available; when the entific research program than can pos­ of that whole group. It is the same Senate convenes on Monday, his position group with which I have been in touch. sibly be carried on under the legislation on my amendment. The recent corre­ , as proposed. We have been over this matter again spondence which I had with him-I and again, both last year arid this year. Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, will grant it is not as recent as the letter the Senator yield? It disturbs me to have this argument re­ from which the Senator from New iterated, after we have covered the mat­ Mr. MORSE. I yield to the Senator Jersey quoted-the recent correspond­ from Washington. ter so thoroughly. ence which I put into the RECORD states Let me call attention to a letter from Mr. MAGNUSON. · I merely wanted to categorically that he favors my amend­ the chairman of the Engineering College clear up in· the mind of the Senator from ment. I am sure that if I confer with Research Council of the American · So­ Missouri the question of whether the him over the week end he will say. "I am ciety for Engineering Education. The Association of College Presidents endorse still in favor of the allJendment." letter is signed by Thorndike Saville, the bill. Last year all of the associations, The committee of the American Asso­ chairman, and it reads as follows: including the Association of American ciation for the Advancement of Science Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, ENGINEERING COLLEGE RESEARCH may be for the bill in its present form, COUNCIL OF THE AMERICAN endorsed it: That bill included a simi­ but I am satisfied that Dr. Day, as a SOCIETY FOR ENGINEERING EDuCATION, lar provision to that presented by the witness, will testify on Monday, just as May 12, 1947. Senator from Oregon. he testified in the letters which I have Dr. JoHN H. TEETER, · Mr. DONNELL. I thank the Senator. introduced this afternoon, that he be­ Staff Assistant, Majority Policy Committee, Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, will the lieves it would be a better bill if it con­ Senate Office Building, Senator yield? tained my amendment. Washington, D. C. Mr. MORSE. I yield. MY DEAR DR. TEETER: There has come to Let me make clear to the Senator from me as chairman of the committee on legisla­ Mr. SMITH. I will say to the Senator New Jersey that Dr. Day and all the tion of the Engin(lering College Research that I have a statement which I have other scientists and educators whom I Council a copy of your letter of April 7 to received from Dr. Day, chairman of the have cited this afternoon would take the Dean Dawson of the University of Iowa. I group to which the Senator has been position, as the junior Senator from Ore­ am distressed to learn that representatives of referring, saying he approves the bill but gon certainly would, that the bill pro­ the State and land-grant colleges have ap­ would like to see the number of mem­ posed by the Senator from New Jersey parently · undertaken a campaign to have bers of the Foundation reduced to nine, should be passed rather than no bill at Senate 526, as amended, further changed to include percentage allocation of funds to and that the Director of the Founda­ all. I want the Senator from New Jer­ State and land-grant .institutions. I feel tion-- sey clearly to understand that, because fairly confident that no such letters as you Mr. MORSE. I want to apologize to earlier in the afternoon he seemed to mentioned, or at least very few, came from the Senator from New Jersey for not think that I was seeking to perform some engineering college officials. Various engi­ having heard what he said, but I was disservice to science. I want to say to neering college administrators of the land­ paying attention to another matter, and the Senator that there is not a Member grant and State institutions have assured me I cannot very well pay attention to two of this body, including the Senator from personally that tney were opposed to such New Jersey,. who is more desirous of hav­ provisions. things at once. Will the Senator re­ You will remember that in my testimony peat his statement? ing passed a National Science Founda­ before the House Committee on Interstate Mr. SMITH. I shall be very glad to. tion bill than am I. I am seeking only and Foreign Commerce, ~ undertook on my I said that Dr. Day who, as the Senator to amend it in a way which I think will own initiative, and not as a representative of knows, was appointed chairman of the make 1t a better bill. I wouJd agree with the Engineering College Research Councll, to group of scientists to which the Senator Dr. Day or any of the others whose testi- indicate strongly my view that there should referred-I had a long talk with him re­ mony I have put into the RECORD this not be anv such allocation with specific ref­ garding these controversies-is in favor afternoon that of course we want the erence to State and land-grant institutions. bill intrcduced by the Senator from New I was naturally happy to see that the b111 as of the bill. He says: amended omitted this element. I am glad to be able to send you the fol­ Jersey rather than no bill at all. But Dean Dawson has asked me to report on lowing report: when. the question· is put to Dr. Day up-to-the-minute developments in National The Inter-Society Committee on a Na­ clearly over the week end-and I assure Science· Foundation bill matters at .the meet­ tional Science Foundation endorses Senate the Senator from New Jersey that I shall ing of the Engineering College Research bill s. 526 and the companion House bills, quote him verbatim in regard to this Council in Minneapolis the middle of June. 1947 CONGR~jSSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5435 May I request, therefore, that you send me the difference between the position he other side. I admit that it is a conten­ information as it may develop between now takes and the position I take, but it seems tious subject. and then. The engineering colleges, as you to me the difference is very important. know, are vitally interested in this bill and Mr. MORSE. I submit that the Mem­ are desirous of helping its prompt passage Of course, I freely admit that there are bers of the Senate, many of whom have through the Congress. two different schools of thought in regard not yet come to grapple. with the prob­ I have been in the West on business for to this feature of the measure we are con­ lem insofar as determining the views of the last 2 weeks, and therefore am some­ sidering. It is obvious that the Senator the officials of their respective States is what behind time in my information. Can from New Jersey would have us believe concerned, should check with those of.. you inform me as to whether or not this full­ that the great preponderance of the qual­ ficials to determine whether I have cor­ dress debate that you mention in your letter ified men are in accord with his view of rectly presented the facts as to the views to Dean Dawson is still to take place, and let me know the present situation generally. the matter and the provisions which he of the educators and faculty members of · As you will doubtless learn from Dean ~dvocates. I freely admit that the ques­ the colleges and universities of their Dawson, he has sent out a circular letter to tion is whether an amendment similar to States; because before Senators vote on members of the Engineering College Research the one I have proposed should be incor­ the amendment and on the bill, I think Council asking that they endorse B. 526, as porated in the b111 or should not be in­ they should ascertain definitely and with amended. i: am sure that many have done corporateci in the bill. I merely state, certainty the effect which the amend­ this, and I have myself. as I have previously tried to point out, ment- and the bill will have on their Yours very truly, that unless we take care of the problems States. , THORNDIKE SAVILLE, Chairman. which the amendment which I have of­ Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, the Sen­ fered would cover, it seems to me we ator means that he would have Senators The Dean Dawson referred to in the would do a. great injury to the National ascertain what the effect will be in the letter is the same person to whom the Science Foundation before it ever bas a opinion of certain people. I think that Senator from Oregon has referred to­ chance to begin to function. under the bill as it is written, the proJ .. day. I say to the Senator from New Jersey ects which should receive help and which Mr. President, we are in considerable that when the Senate convenes on Mon .. should be developed as far as possible difficulty here, inasmuch as the Senator day, I shall have available, and shall will receive far more aid than they would from Oregon is in receipt of letters in make available to him, the last-minute if the distribution of funds were made on which certain groups take one position, statement of the president of Cornell a ~eographical basis. In short, I think and I am in receipt of letters in which University. I am satisfied that when the interest of scientific advancement other groups take the opposite position. Senators examine the letter which I put will best be furthered by the method I have used my utmost sincerity in try­ into the RECORD today they will find that proposed by the bill, rather than by a ing to obtain the best and most correct be said in -substance, "I personally be­ geographical method of distribution of answer to this problem and in trying to lieve that this amendment should be the funds. obtain the conclusions of the most qual­ put into the bill." I presented that letter Mr. MORSE. That is the opinion of ified men throughout the United States. as the view of Dr. Day, as president of the Senator from New Jersey. My conclusion is that the safest pro­ Cornell University, and in no other Mr. SMITH. Of course. cedure is to have on the Board of the capacity. Mr. J.\10RSE. Of CO'!lfSe, I respect the Foundation men whom the President ap­ Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, let us opinion of the Senator from New Jersey. points, and to let them determine how emphasize that point. Dr. Day person­ I am simply trying to point out to my the funds shall be used. The difference ally has said that to me; but he has also colleagues that I do not think they should between the conclusion I reach and the met with his committee, and his commit .. accept the opinion of the Senator from conclusion which the Senator from Ore­ tee has considered the evidence; and he New Jersey until they first do some gon reaches is a comparatively small has reported honestly, as he should, as checking in their respective States to one; it is that I think it is wiser to let chairman of the committee, that the ascertain the opinions of the educators the men who are placed on the Founda­ committee has come to the other con­ and scientists in their States in regard tion determine how the research shall clusion. That is · the point I wish to to the effect of the bill as proposed by be carried out and where it shall be con­ bring out. He may have his own per­ the Senator from New Jersey on the sci­ ducted, rather than to have the work sonal views. but he had to present the entific research work and on scientific scattered among the universities in the views of the committee. education in their States. various States. That is the difference Mr. MORSE. Of course. I take the Mr. KILGORE. Mr. President, will between the position of the Senator from position that I think his own views are Oregon and my position. entitled to a great deal of weight. the Senator yield? Let me say that I trust the scientific Mr. SMITH. Of course. Mr. MORSE. I yield. men of America with all my heart and Mr. MORSE. The committee to which Mr. KILGORE In respect to the I believe that they wish to see the best the Senator from New Jersey has re­ question of vpinion and experience in possible scientific research work per­ ferred does not represent either the this matter, let me say to the Senator formed, and I believe they wish to see it Land Grant College Association or the­ from New Jersey that I still have callous done in the places where it can best be Association of State Universities. Those spots as the result of bting criticized in done, rather than to have it scattered two great organizations stand opposed regard to various bills of this kind. around on a geographic basis, more or to the...bill in its present form; and I am Finally, last year, we had a meeting with less indiscriminately insofar as the great­ urging that the Members of the Senate all interested parties, an1 at that time est efficiency is concerned. I am sure get in touch with their State college we agreed upon certain component parts they wish to see the utmost progress officials between now and Monday, so of the bill which the Senate passed last made in connection with scientific fields as to ascertain whether I am presenting year.. At thJ.t meeting and in respect to of endeavor, in which this country needs the views of the great majority of the those views, the land-grant colleges, the so sorely to have progress made. presidents of those colleges. State College Association, the engineer­ I fear to have the amendment of the Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, if the ing societies, the sciences in general, the Senator from Oregon adopted because I Senator from Oregon will further yield National Academy of Sciences, and the am afraid it will result in scattering and to me, let me inquire whether he is sug­ Senate were represented. I have been distributing in an inefficient way the gesting that between now and Monday puzzled throughout this entire debate be­ work which will be done. There is no the Members of the Senate take a tele­ cause, to be perfectly frank, I still can­ question that I give the Senator from graphic poll to determine this question. not understand why the provision we Oregon credit for being entirely sincere Mr. MORSE. Of course not. have been discussing was left out of the in the position he takes. I simply think Mr. SMITH. After all, we spent 2 bill after all that agreement was had, he !s wrong, and I feel sure tll.at I am years· studying the best way .to deal with because the amendment we have been correct; and I shall do all I can to per­ this problem. Consequently, a snap discussing is in conformity with the ma­ suade my colleagues to :..upport the posi­ ·judgment based on a last-minute tele­ jority of the views which were expressed tion which I and those who view the graph poll would not be the best way to at that meeting, as shown by the minUtes matter as I do have taken in regard to it. deal with the question. I can produce of the meeting. That meeting was held Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I think from my files various letters, some taking in Washington. The subject before the the Senator from New Jersey bas stated ·one side of the issue and some taking the -meeting was not this question but the 5436 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SE.NATE MAY 16 -question of administration. The assem­ from Washington [Mr. MAGNUSON], and a question of the Senator from West Vir­ bly voted 41 in favor of a single admin­ I shall discuss it at that time. ginia, as I ponder the request of the Sen­ istrator to be ~ppointed by the President; Mr. FULBRIGHT. My point is that ator from Nebraska. Is there any essen­ 22 in favor of a part-time board, such as the Administrator set up under the pend­ tial difference between what has been would be set up under the provisions of ing bill makes more necessary than ever known as the Kilgore amendment, which the bill as it now stands; and 32 in favor the amendment of the Senator from was voted upon this morning, and the of a full-time board; 18 of those who Oregon. I think the fact that they had amendment known now as the Morse attended the meeting expressed no pref­ in mind at least the Administrator ap­ amendment, which we are considering erence. So I do not understand how it pointed by the President might have voting on at 2 o'clock Monday? can be said that a certain view is in had some influence. Mr. KILGORE. Yes. The President accordance with the sentiUJ.ent of that Mr. MORSE. l think the point made pro tempore decided there were impor- entire Inter-Society Committee. After by th'e Senator from Arkansas is abso­ , tant differences between the amend­ all, a majority-41-were in favor of lutely correct, and I have covered that ments. The amendment of the Senator having a single administrator, to be matter heretofore in my remarks. from Oregon [Mr. MoRSE] contains part appointed by the President. Mr. FULBRIGHT. One other point. of the amendment I offered this morn­ Mr. President, we have had to work on I am impressed with the fact that these ing, but with some stricter limitations this subject and whittle down the pro­ educators had the other bill under con­ and additional matter. It is a decidedly visio'ls in the course of the consideration sideration for over a year, they are all different amendment from the one on of seven successive bills. The situation thoroughly familiar with the bill, and I which the Senate voted this morning. I have just stated is the one we found still think their favorable attitude toward Mr. FULBRIGH'I\ Mr. President, a _ in connection with the bill which the the proposed legislation is primarily parliamentary inquiry. Senate passed last year. But under the based on their familiarity with the bill The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The provisions of the bill as it is now before of last year. Senator will state it. us, the decisions which were made last Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will the Mr. FULBRIGHT. Is it proper to year would be ignored, and other pro­ Senator from Oregon yield? enter into this agreement without a visionf: would be made. Mr. MORSE. I yield. quorun1 call? I take the same position that the Sen­ Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I sub­ Mr. WHERRY. Yes; because it does ator from Oregon takes.' I d::> so with the mit a unanimous-consent request, at the not relate to the vote on the final pas- utmost respect for the Senator from suggestion of Members of the Senate,, as sage of the bill. · · - Ne·N Jersey, whose integrity and hon­ follows: The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The esty in this matter I would not · even Orderect, That on the calendar day of Mon­ Senator from Nebraska is correct. think of questioning. But I take the day, May 19, 1947, at the hour of 2 o'clock Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, that is position, as does the Senator from Ore­ p. m., the Senate proceed, without further the point I wanted to raise, and it is the gon, that when it is discovered that cer­ debate, to vote upon any amendment that only objection I have to the proposal. I tain provisions have been left out of the may be pending, or that may subsequently am pe:,:fectly willing to go along with bill as it is now before ·us, there will be be proposed, to the amendment proposed the agreement as to my amendment to the bill S. 526, the National- Science Foun­ being voted qn at 2_o'clock on Monday strong criticism from many 0f the engi­ dation Act of 1947, by Mr. MoRsE, on page neering colleges. Some Senators say 15, after line 10, relating to apportionment afternoon,' but I do not think it should be that our concern should be, not with the of funds to the various States, and upon the entered into without a quorum call, be­ engineering colleges, but with other col­ said amendment, whether amended or not .. cause I do not know that all Senators leges and institutions; but I respectfully share my view about it, and, as I said in submit that the Senator from Oregon This has to do only with the so-called my speech earlier this afternoon, I in­ should get in touch, not only with the Morse amendment, or an-y amendments tend to protect the interests of Senators president of Cornell University, but with which might be offered thereto, and the by a call for a quorum, because L know the dean of the College of Engineering hour is 2 o'clock Monday afternoon. how it feels to be out of the Chamber at Cornell University, who himself sug­ - The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is when such a request is acted upon. If gested, last year, the method we propose there objection to the request of the the reque~t is submitted, I shall ask for for handling the matter. I wished to Senator from Nebraska? a quorum. explain that situation and have a com­ Mr. McMAHON. Reserving the right Mr. DONNELL. Mr. President, I wish plete statement made in regard to it, to object, Mr. President, I inquire what to express a word of appreciation to the becac!se my experience with the deans of amendment is to be voted on at 2 o'clock Senator from Oregon for his frankness various engineering colleges last year on Monday. and for his c.onsistency with respect to was that all of them favored the legis­ Mr. WHERRY. Any amendment that the quorum-call matter. He announced lation which we have suggested, but with might be offered to the Morse amend­ earlier today his position, and he is the modification that nothing :.. hould be ment could be offered and could be de­ standing by it, and I think he is to be spent for building, of course. They bated until 2 o'clock. After that time commended for his courage in so doing. wanted such a provision omitted. we would start voting. This has to do The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, will only with the Morse amendment. Chair w~uld like to state that he empha­ the Senator yield? Mr. KILGORE. This is simply a limit sized the fact that, so far as the rule of Mr. MORSE. I yield. of debate on one amendment, the one the Senate is concerned, a quorum -call Mr. FULBRIGHT. With regard to that offered by the Senator from Oregon is required only on a request for a final matter, let me say I think it is signifi­ [Mr. MoRsEl, or any amendment there­ vote on a bill or joint resolution. The cant that the amendment which the to, and does not apply to any other rule does not require a quorum under Inter-Society Committee desired to have amendment to the bill? the existing circumstances; but of course incorporated in the bill would have quite Mr. WHERRY. The Senator is cor­ the Senator is free to suggest the absence a bearing on the question of administra­ rect; up to 2 o'clock. of a quorum. tion. They desire to have such an Mr. McMAHON. What is the hour for Mr. MORSE. I know that what the amendment included in the bill. I should a final vote on the bill? Presiding Officer says is true, and I like to know whether the Senator from Mr. WHERRY. I am not suggesting pointed that out in my speech earlier New Jersey is disposed to accept the that yet. This refers only to the Morse this afternoon, but, as I said, I think amendment which Dr. Day has sug­ amendment. we are going too far in the trend toward gested. The PRESIDENT pro- tempore. Is having unanimous-consent agreements Mr. SMITH. ·No. I told Dr. Day that there objection? without quorum calls, and therefore I his first point was covered very clearly. Mr. McMAHON. The order would be sugg~st the absence of a quorum. He wanted to have a committee of nine that we would vote on any amendment The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The appointed, and in the bill an executive at 2 o'clock? Senator fro·m Oregon suggests the ab­ committee of nine is provided for, and Mr. WHERRY. On the Morse amend­ sence of a quorum. also a director is provided for. He ment only. Mr. HICKENLuOPER. Mr. President, wanted to have a director appointed by Mr. McMAHON. Oh; very well. I wonder if the Senator from Oregon the President. That matter will be· Mr'. CAIN. Reserving the right to ob.­ would withhold his suggestion for a mo.­ brought out on ·Monday by the Senator -j_ect, Mr. President; I should like to ask ment. I have been pacing the Chamber

/ 1947 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD-SENATE 5437 for 2 ·days trying to present an uncon­ search the protest wou1d not be listened That is, the amendment which the tested and unobjected-to amendment to to, because I think it should be listened Senator from Iowa has just offered­ the bin. which I should like to have dis- to. What is the Senator's interpretation? will leave the Foundation, with respect to posed of. · Mr. SMITH. I am willing to read. for research in the whole field of nuclear physics The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does the benefit of Senators present, the or atomic physics, in the same position as the Senator from Oregon withhold his statement which I have prepared very are all other Government agencies and pri­ point? carefully, under advice, in order that we vate :research organizations, Mr. MORSE. l withhold it. might have iii the RECORD an under­ Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, !f The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The standing of what we are doing by the the Senator will yield, in order that I Senator from Iowa asks that the pending amendment. may address a question to the Senator amendment be temporarily laid aside MF. McMAHON. I do not wish unduly from Iowa, I should like to have the for the consideration of an amendment to prolong the debate. but I think in REcoRD made clear at this point. As I which the clerk will state. view of the importance oi the subject, understand the amendment which has The CHIEF CLERK. At the end of sec­ the matter referred to should not be been presented by the Senator from tion 15 of the bill it is proposed to add placed in the RECORD. without our hear­ Iowa, there is no change made in the a properly designated paragraph, as foi- · ing it. We should hear anything that authority of the Atomic Energy Com­ lows: is to become a part of the legislative his­ mission in dealing with this subject The Foundation shall not support any re­ tory of the act. under the provisions of the so-called search or development activity in the field of _Mr. SMITH. I shall ·be very glad to McMahon Atomic Energy Act, which we atomic energy without first having obtained passed last year. Is that correct? the concurrence of the Atomic Energy Com­ read the statement so the Senator from mission that such actiVity wm not adversely Connecticut may comment on it and Mr. IDCKENLOOPER. That is cor­ affect the common defense. and· security. add any thought he may have; likewise, rect, Mr. President. Nothing in this act shall supersede or modify the Senator from Iowa. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is any provision of the Atomic Energy Act of It will be recalled that the Atomic Energy there objection to the amendment? 1946. Act was careiully drawn in order to protect Mr. DONNELL. Mr. President, will Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Mr. President, the publie and the world at lal'ge from the the Senator from New Jersey yield for I wm say. briefly, that the amendment misuse of this new powe:r source by control­ tbe purpose of my making an inquiry of was submitted to every sponsor of the ling the production or acquisition of fission­ the Senator from Iowa? able materials 1n. dangerous quantities. That bill, and everyone else who was interested act was not Intended to extend Government Mr. SMITH. I think the Senator in the bin I could find, who could take control to either basic or appUed research in bom Iowa has the floor. He yielded to time to read it, and it has met with the nuclear physics. me for the purpose of permitting an approval of all of them. It meets with explanation. · the approval of people outside who are I pause to ask if that is a. correct state- Mr. DONNELL. Mr. President, will interested in the Foundation and the ment. - the Senatcr from Iowa yield for an Atomic Energy Commission, and the Mr. McMAHON. That is a correct inquiry? members of the committee to whom I statement. Mr. HICKENLOOPER. If l may have taken it think it wiU amply take Mr. SMITH. I continue: yield, I do so. care of the situation. In ail our discussions of Government-sup.. Mr. ·DoNNELL. The inquiry I would Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, I presume ported research, particularly in connection like to address to the Senator is twofold. this amendment refers, in the main, to with this National Science Foundation, it In the first place, the amendment offered military security, and is not intended to bas been impressed upon lis that. to be fruit­ ful, research must be free from dictation by the Senator from Iowa says that the extend controls over the Foundation that from any source, and particularly from Foundation shall not support any re­ are not aloo equaHy applicable to any a central gpvernment agency. 'Tfia:t fs one search or development activity in the other Government agency sucb as the reason why in this Foundation we have pro­ field of atomic energy, without first hav• Army, the Navy, or the Bureau of vided that the real responsibility. and. au­ ing obtained concurrence of the Atomic Standards. thority sha.li be vested in a group or part-time Energy Commission that such activity Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I think that is civilians who will neither desire to exercise win not adversely affect the common de­ correct, as I understand it. such direction and control no:r have the time fense and security. The question I de­ Mr. SMITH. The only matter I wish to do so. This principle in very clearly set sire to present to the Senator is this: In forth in the Atomic Energy Act of 1946. I to protect is the freedom of research in can your attention particularly to section 3 his opinion, is the field of atomic energy areas where the national security is not (a), which provides that "'The Commission susceptible of being set off into one wa­ protected. Of cou:rse, I have never raised is directed to exel'eise its powers in such tertight compartment, or are there nu­ any question that any legislation we pass manner as to insure the continued conduct merous other chemical and scientific in this connection should be subject en­ at reseal'ch and development activities in phases which might be considered by the tirely to the act to which the Senator tllle fields s.pecmed below hy priViat.e or pub­ Atomic Energy Commission to be witl1in has referred. I am not opposing his lic institutions or persons. and to assist in the atomic energy field, and yet might amendment, but I should like to get into the acquisition of an evel'-elo'}>anding fund not be considered to be so, by the Foun­ of them·etic&l and practical knowledge m RECORD dation? I :not familiar with the a few remarks on the pro­ sueb fields. To this end the Commission is am tqe posed amendment relative to the rela­ authorized and directed to make arrange­ scientific faets, but I shall try to make tionship of the Foundation to the Atomic ments (including contracts, agreements, and my question a little clearer. In the Energy Commission, and I ask unant ... loans) for the conduct of research and de­ opinion of the Senator, is the provision mous consent tbat there may be printed velnpment activities. relating to U) nuclear against support of any research or de­ in the RECORD as a part of my remarks a processes; (2) the theory and production of velopment activity in the field of atomic statement I have prepared. atomic energy; (3) utilization or fissionable energy apt to result in such a. situation The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is and radioactive materials"; and other mat­ that the Foundation will start upon a ters conce1·ning nuclear physics. The impor­ there objection? · tant part of this section is that it clearly certain line of research and development Mr. McMAHON. Mr. President, the contemp!ates freedom by any institution to activity, thinking that it does not involve Senator from New Jersey has brought conduct research in this field. The Commis­ at all the atomic energy field, yet the up something that is always difficult, that sion is· directed to ..insure" t:hat tbat Is done Atomic Energy Commission may rise up is, the maintenance of security without and to ••assist" in the doing or it, not. to and say that it is in the atomic energy infringing upon the freedom cf Fe-. eontrol it. Moreover, in numerous other field? In that event, the judgment of search. That was one of the problems portions of the bill exemptions ftom the re­ which one of those organizations would we had t.o resolve in drawing the Atomic quirement to se.cure licenses from the Com.• eontro1? Energy Act- last year. I want to make mission are given with respect. to research Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Mr. President, and development. r do not wish to take your certain that there is attached to this time in order to read these provisions. Let I think the Senator from Connecticut amendment no congressional history me ,tust refer to tl'lem by number. Tl'ley wm agree with me that the act of last Which would indicate that if the At.omf,c are sectfons ~(c), 4 (e), 5 Ea} (:1), '1 {a), and year, of which be was the author, has Energy Commission were to register their· others. It is clear tberefol'e that this amend­ gone to great lengths in attempting to protest to a grant-in-aid for atomic re- ment-- define the :field of atomic energy and of 5438 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 16 nuclear chain reaction; that it is an -ex­ My question is twofold. In the first the statute books we were very careful tremely well-defined field, and should be place is it necessary that the Founda­ not to put any restrictions on research, a well-understood field, under the Atomic tion shall first submit the project in and likewise in the bill now pending I do Energy Act of 1946. I have no fear that which it intends to engage to the Atomic not like to see any unnecessary restric­ it is sufficiently well defined and suffi­ Energy Commission for the determina­ tions on the right of research. For in­ ciently well set apart so that inadvertent tion by the Commission as to whether stance, suppose the Foundation were to invasions of that field would be very f ~ourse, the Foundation should Energy Commission. The point of the the Atomic Energy Commission have the· not be permitted to do · so. I presume Atomic Energy Act and its safeguards is absolute right to determine whether or the answer is that the Atomic Energy that they are largely pointed-=one might not what the Foundation deems not to Commission, under the act, is entrusted almost say exclusively :oointed-toward be an invasion of the atomic energy field with such great powers that we must the security against the wrongful use of is nevertheless such an invasion? more or less trust to their common sense. atomic energy as an explosive or as a Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Mr. President, Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I will say to weapon. the Senator from Missouri is picturing the Senator from .Connecticut that the The preliminary fields are very great, what could be called a most hypersensi­ Atomic Energy Commission is admon­ where freedom of science is large indeed. tive twilight zone in one assumption, ished and directed in the act to give the This amendment, which is a very mild and in another he is projecting a very greatest possible assistance and afford amendment, was written with the· idea practical problem. I can imagine this the greatest possible leeway to research of not unduly curtailing· the Founda­ thing reaching such a strained point of and development. There is a mandate tion in its activities. It merely says that fine distinction as to whether the mak­ in the act to that effect, as the Senator if the Foundation wants to support or ing of a particular type of pipe or valve knows. get into the field of atomic energy, they which may be used for water transmis­ Mr. McMAHON. I agree with the shall first get a concurrence of the sion or which could be used for atomic Senator from Iowa. I think probablY Atomic Energy Commission, that what energy purposes, was actually an instru­ the answer is that in working under this the Foundation proposes to do or to sup­ ment of research or a development in the bill, if a disagreement should arise, we port will not adversely affect the com­ atomic energy field in which they might will hear from either the Commission or mon defense and security. That means draw hypertechnical distinctions. I say the Foundation in years to come. a concurrence between the two, if the to the Senator, however, that I am con­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Foundation wants to invade this field. vinced we must rely on the fact that the Q.ue.r:tion is on agreeing to the amendment I anticipate no conflict, no difficulty; Atomic Energy Commission could not offered by the Senator from Iowa. but I think the very interests of safety and would not attempt to define some­ Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Mr. Presi­ in the explosive field demand that the thing as specifically in the atomic energy dent, I merely want to say, before the Atomic Energy Commission, which is so field which was not clearly demonstrable adoption of the amendment, that while specifically charged with safeguarding as being in that field. If there is evi­ I read the statement presented by the the atomic energy field, shall know what dence that any joundation or any group Senator from New Jersey a moment ago, somebody else is doing, and shall con­ is too far invading the atomic energy and I think it expresses in general my cur in their extensive researches or de­ field, then I think the Atomic Energy understanding of the act, my examina­ velopment, so that the defense of the Commission has the last word. tion was somewhat curtailed, but I be­ country and our national safety shall Mr. DONNELL. I thank the Senator lieve that with that summation the Sena­ not be adversely affected. I feel that from Iowa. tor has expressed the idea quite well. the proposed amendment assures that. Mr. McMAHON. Mr. President, will Mr. SMITH. I thank the Senator I feel sincerely, and I know that various the Senator yield? from Iowa. others do, who have carefully thought Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I yield. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The this out, that it does not unduly curtail Mr. McMAHON. Would it not be bet­ question is on agreeing to the amend­ the Foundation, but it protects the com­ ter and safer if in line 2 of the amend­ ment offered by the Senator from Iowa mon defense and security. ment, after the words, "the field ot [Mr. HICKENLOOPER]. Mr. DONNELL. Mr. President, will atomic energy", a clause were inserted so The amendment was agreed to. the Senator yield for one further brief the language read as follows: The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The inquiry? The Foundation shall not support any re­ :Parliamentary situation is now as fol­ Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I yield. search or development activity in the field lows. The Senator from Nebraska [Mr. Mr. DONNELL. I apttreciate the of atomic energy for military purposes with­ WHERRY] submitted a unanimous-con­ great importance of the subject, and I out first having obtained the concurrence of sent request, whereupon the Senator share fully the sentiment and the view the Atomic Energy Commission that such from Oregon [Mr. MoRsEl suggested the of the Senator from Iowa as to the im­ activity will not adversely affect the com­ absence of a quorum. portance of safeguarding the atomic­ mon defense and security. Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will energy field from invasion by some other Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Mr. President, the Senator yield? branch of our Government, or by an I am afraid that by the addition of those Mr. MORSE. I yield. _ activity chartered or authorized by our words we might be getting into a very Mr. WHERRY. Will the Senator Government. I should like to ask a undefinable ground. I will. say to the from Oregon withhold his suggestion of further question. I think in part it has Senator from Connecticut that this mat­ the absence of a quorum and permit us to been answered, but I should like to get ter has been battled out during the last proceed and act upon the unanimous­ a some\-;hat more specific answer, if the couple of days with the Atomic Energy consent request, or is it still the purpose Senator will give it to me. Suppose that Commission and some of the people in­ of the Senator from Oregon to suggest the Foundation should consider that a terested directly in the proposed Founda­ the absence of a quorum? certain particular activity was not em­ tion, and the Atomic Energy Commission Mr. MORSE. I shall suggest the ab­ braced in the atomic-energy field. The feels that my amendment provide a sence of a quorum. Foundation thereupon engages, by con­ proper and an adequate safeguard. It is Mr. WHERRY. In view of the fact tract, the services of certain educational what is generally considered, I think, as that the unanimous-consent request has institutions to carry on the research a mild amendment, not snubbing up the not been acted upon, I withdraw it. along that particular field. Then, up Foundation too close, and yet giving con­ The PRESIDENT r>ro tempore. The rises the Atomic Energy Commission currence on the question of common de­ unanimous-consent request made by the and says, "We have secret information fense to the Atomic Energy Commission. Senator from Nebraska is withdrawn, which we cannot reveal to you. We say Mr. McMAHON. I am not· disposed to whereupon the Senator from Oregon that this is within the field of atoniic press the matter, except to say that in will advise the Chair whether he wishes energy.'' the Atomic Energy Act which is now on to suggest the absence of a quorum. 1947 ·· coN-GRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5439 Mr. MORSE. No; the Senator from · consuls, and secretaries 1n the diplomatic nicated to the Senate by Mr. Miller, one Oregon withdraws his suggestion of the service of the United States of America: of his secretaries, and he announced that Leonard Lee Bacon, of New York. absence of a quorum. Walter Galenson, of New York. the President had approved and signed The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Paul L. Guest, of California. the following acts: suggestion of the absence of a quorum John B. Lynch, of New Jersey. On May 16, 1947: is withdrawn; . Charles B. Marshall, of Massachusetts. S. 64. An act granting the consent of Con­ Mr. WIDTE. I move that the ·senate Charles H. Owsley, of the District of gress for the construction of a dam across stand in recess until-- Columbia. l>an River in North Carolina; Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, a parlia­ Eugene Desvernine, of New York, for ap­ s. 132. An act to relieve collectors of cus­ mentary inquiry. pointment as a Foreign Service officer of. class, toms of liability for failure to. collect certain 5, a vice consul of career, and a secretary in · special tonnage duties and light money, and . The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The the diplomatic service of the United States for other purposes; Senator will state it. of America. · S. 214. An act to change the name of the Mr. MORSE. I raise the question The following-named persons for appoint­ Lugert-Altus irrigation project in the State whether or not I have the floor. ment as Foreign Service officers of· crass 6, of Oklahoma to theW. C. Austin project; The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The vice consuls of career, and secretaries in. the S. 460. An act to amend section 327 (h) of ·Chair thinks the Senator from Oregon diplomatic service of the United States of the Nationality Act of 1940; and America: S. 534. An act to a~thorize additional .al­ does not have the floor. Thomas W. Ainsworth, of New Hampshire. lowances of good time and the payment of Mr. MORSE. My understanding was Alfred L. Atherton, Jr., of Massachusetts. compensation to prison inmates performing that when the Senator from Iowa in­ John W. Burnett, of Texas. exceptionally meritorious or outstanding terrupted I yielded to him so that he Richard H. Courtenaye, of California. services. might bring up his amendment, with Oliver S. Crosby, of Pennsylvania. On May 19, 1947: the understanding that I would not lose Harold J. Edelson, of New York. S. 273. An act to limit the time wit hin ~vid H. Ernst, of Massachusetts. which- the General Accounting Office shall the floor thereby. Richard B. Finn, of New York. make fin~l settlement of the monthly or The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Scott George, of Kentucky. quarterly accounts of fiscal officers, and for Chair thinks it makes little difference. Herbert Gordon, of New ·York. other purposes. · The Chair will recognize the Senator Grant G. Hilliker, of Wisconsin. EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. from Oregon. Rogers B. Horgan, of Massachpsetts. Mr. MORSE. I have only one request John D. lams, of Oklahoma. The· PRESIDENT pro tempore laid and one statement to make and I am William M. Kerrigan, of Ohio. before the Senate the following letters, Richard H. Lamb, of Washington. which were referred as indicated: through. I now ask permission to have John F. Leich, of Indiana. my amendment reprinted so that it will William H. Suliivan, of Rhode Island. S'OSPENSION OF DEPORTATION OF ALIENS appear in two parts, so as to avoid con­ Charles R. Tanguy, of Maryland. A letter from the Attorney General, trans­ fusion on Monday. Arthur D. Weininger, of New York. mitting, pursuant to law, a report reciting the The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ Joseph 0. Zurhellen, Jr., of New York. facts and pertinent provisions of law in the out objection, the order is made. cases of 191 individuals whose deportation has been suspended for more than 6 months Mr. MORSE. My last sentence on the by the Commissioner of Immigration and topic I was discussing Mr. President, is Netu r aliz~ t i on Service under the authority that I sincerely hope the Members of the -SENATE vested in the Attorney General, together with Senate over the week-end will read the a statement of the reason for such suspen­ evidence I bave placed in the REcORD MoNDAY, MAY 19, 1947 sion (with accompanying papers); to the this afternoon setting forth the views of Comm;_ttee on the Judiciary. (Legislative day ot Monday, April 21, outstanding educators and scientists re­ REPORT ON PERsoNNEL CEILINGS specting my amendment, because I think 1947) A letter from the Director of the Bureau of if they do they will vote in favor of my The Senate met at 11 o'clock a. m., on the Budget, transmitting, pursuant to law, amendment.on MondaY~ his report of personnel ceilings for the quar­ the expiration of the recess. ter ended March 31, 1947 (With an accom­ EXECUTIVE MESSAGES RE·FERRED Rev. C. Leslie Glenn, D. D., rector of panying report); to the Committee on Civil As in executive session, St. John's Episcopal Church, Washing­ Service. The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid be­ ton, D. C., offered the following prayer: AUDIT REPORT OF TENNESSEE VALLEY ASSOCI• fore the Senate a message from the Pres­ Most gracious God, we humbly be­ ATED COOPERATlVES, INC. ident of the United States submitting . seech Thee, as for the people of these A letter from the Comptroller General of sundry nominations, which was referred United States in general, so especially the United States, transmitting, pursuant to to the appropriate committ~es. for their Senate in Congress assembled, law, an audit report of the Tennessee ·Valley · k a recess until Monday, May 19, may be established among us for all gen­ of business and have no permanent value or 1947, at 11 o'clock a. m. erations. These · and all other neces­ historical interest, and requesting action saries for them, for us, and Thy whole looking to their disposition (with accom­ NOMINATIONS church, we humbly beg in· the name panying papers); to a Joint Select Committee on the Disposition of Papers in the Es:ecutive Executive nominations received by the and mediation of Jesus Christ our most Departments. · Senate May 16 Oegislativ~ day of April blessed Lord and Saviour. Amen. 21)' 1947: THE JOURNAL The PRESIDENT pro tempore ap­ pointed Mr. LANGER and Mr. CHAVEZ mem­ DIPLOMATIC AND FOREIGN SERVICE · On request of Mr. WHITE, and by unan­ bers of the committee on the part of the · The following-named persons for appoint-· imous consent, the reading of the Jour- . Senate. m.ent as Foreign Service officers of class 8, nal of the proceedings of Friday, May 16, consuls, and secretarie.s in the diplomatic PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS service of the United States of America: ·1947, was dispensed with, and the Ch arles J. Little, of New York. Journal was approved. Petitions, etc., were laid before the Senate, or presented, and referred aa Paul H. Norgren, of Massachusetts. MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT­ Hector C. Prud'homme, of Connecticut. · APPROVAL OF BILLS indicated: R. Smith Simpson, of Virginia. By the PRESIDENT pro tempore: The following-named persons for appoint­ Messages in writing from the Presi­ A resolution adopted by the Montana tnen t as Foreign ;Service officers oi cla&l •· dent of the United States were commu- Oil and Gas Producers' As&ociation, Shelby.