APPENDIX A I Math symbol tables
A.I Hebrew letters Type: Print: Type: Print:
\aleph ~ \beth :J \daleth l \gimel J All symbols but \aleph need the amssymb package. 346 Appendix A
A.2 Greek characters Type: Print: Type: Print: Type: Print: \alpha a \beta f3 \gamma 'Y
\digamma F \delta b \epsilon E \varepsilon E \zeta ( \eta 'f/
\theta () \vartheta {) \iota ~ \kappa ,.. \varkappa x \lambda ,\
\mu /-l \nu v \xi ~
\pi 7r \varpi tv \rho p
\varrho (} \sigma (J \varsigma <;
\tau T \upsilon v \phi ¢ \varphi 'P \chi X \psi 'ljJ \omega w
\digamma and \ varkappa require the amssymb package.
Type: Print: Type: Print: \Gamma r \varGamma r \Delta L\ \varDelta L.\ \Theta e \varTheta e \Lambda A \varLambda A
\Xi ~ \varXi ~ \Pi II \varPi II \Sigma 2: \varSigma E \Upsilon T \varUpsilon Y \Phi \varPhi t[> \Psi III \varPsi 1ft \Omega n \varOmega D
All symbols whose name begins with var need the amsmath package. Math symbol tables 347 A.3 Y1EX binary relations
Type: Print: Type: Print: \in E \ni \leq < \geq >'" \11 « \gg \prec \succ \preceq \succeq \sim \cong \simeq \approx \equiv \doteq \subset c \supset \subseteq c \supseteq \sqsubseteq c \sqsupseteq \smile \frown \perp 1- \models F \mid I \parallel II \vdash f- \dashv -1
\propto \bowtie [Xl \sqsubset \sqsupset \Join The latter three symbols need the latexsym package. 348 Appendix A A.4 AMS binary relations Type: Print: Type: Print: \leqs1ant :::::; \geqs1ant ): \eqs1ant1ess :< \eqs1antgtr :::> \lesssim < \gtrsim > '" '" < > \lessapprox ~ \gtrapprox \approxeq ~ \lessdot <:: \gtrdot Y \111 «< \ggg »> \lessgtr S \gtr1ess Z < >- \lesseqgtr > \gtreq1ess < > < \gtreqq1ess \lesseqqgtr > < ~ \doteqdot --;- \eqcirc = .2... '- \circeq - \fa11ingdotseq ---0 ~ A \risingdotseq ;- \triang1eq - \backsim '-" \thicksim '" \backsimeq '-"- \thickapprox ~ \preccur1yeq ~ \succcur1yeq ~ \cur1yeqprec =1:: \cur1yeqsucc ~ \precsim -< \succsim >- '" '" --< >- \precapprox ~ \succapprox ~ C :l \subseteqq - \supseteqq - \Subset IS \Supset 3! \vartriang1e1eft \sma11smile '--' \sma11frown r-. \shortmid I \shortpara11e1 II ~ \bumpeq ~ \Bumpeq ~ \between Q \pitchfork rh \varpropto ex \backepsilon ~ \b1acktriang1e1eft ... \b1acktriang1eright ~ \therefore . . \because .. All symbols require the amssymb package. Math symbol tables 349 A.S AMS negated binary relations Type: Print: Type: Print: \ne =I- \notin rf- \nless 1- \ngtr f \nleq i \ngeq i \nleqslant 1, \ngeqslant 'I \nleqq ~ \ngeqq t \lneq :;; \gneq 2: \lneqq <7= \gneqq 7=> \lvertneqq ~ \gvertneqq >=1= \lnsim < ?- \gnsim ~ \lnapprox < r:j::, \gnapprox ~ \nprec -I< \nsucc ';f \npreceq ~ \nsucceq 'i \precneqq ~ \succneqq (:;; \precnsim -< ?- \succnsim ?->- \precnapprox -< >- ~ \succnapprox ~ \nsim "'" \ncong ~ \nshortmid { \nshortparallel 11 \nmid f \nparallel {t \nvdash J.L \nvDash ¥ \nVdash .w: \nVDash .l¥ \ntriangleleft 11 \ntriangleright ~ \ntrianglelefteq jl \ntrianglerighteq rt \nsubseteq ~ \nsupseteq 1J- \nsubseteqq ~ \nsupseteqq ;g \subsetneq ~ \supsetneq "2 \varsubsetneq ~ \varsupsetneq ;2 \subsetneqq C J 7= \supsetneqq 7= \varsubsetneqq ~ \varsupsetneqq ~ All symbols but \ne require the amssymb package. 350 Appendix A A.6 Binary operations Type: Print: Type: Print: \pm ± \mp =f \times x \cdot \circ 0 \bigcirc 0 \div \diamond <) \ast * \star * \cap n \cup U \sqcap n \sqcup U \wedge 1\ \vee V \triangleleft \longleftarrow ~ \longrightarrow ---+ \Leftarrow ~ \Rightarrow :::} \Longleftarrow {== \Longrightarrow ==} \leftrightarrow f-+ \longleftrightarrow ~ \Leftrightarrow ¢:} \Longleftrightarrow ~ \uparrow i \downarrow 1 \Uparrow 11' \Downarrow JJ- \updownarrow 1 \Updownarrow ~ \nearrow / \searrow \swarrow ,/ \nwarrow "" \mapsto f-+ \longmapsto f-----+"" \hookleftarrow +--" \hookrightarrow ~ \leftharpoonup ~ \rightharpoonup ~ \leftharpoondown ~ \rightharpoondown ~ \rightleftharpoons ~ \leadsto "'* \leftleftarrows l= \rightrightarrows :4 \leftrightarrows =+ \rightleftarrows <= \Lleftarrow ~ \Rrightarrow ~ \twoheadleftarrow «--- \twoheadrightarrow -* \leftarrowtail r-< \rightarrowtail >---> \looparrowleft <--P \looparrowright '1-+ \upuparrows n \downdownarrows 11 \upharpoonleft 1 \upharpoonright r \downharpoonleft J \downharpoonright l \leftrightsquigarrow """" \rightsquigarrow """' \multimap -0 \nleftarrow +f- \nrightarrow -+> \nLeftarrow -#= \nRightarrow ~ \nleftrightarrow <++ \nLeftrightarrow {f;> This table is divided into three parts. The top part contains the symbols provided by Ib-TEX; the last command, \leadsto, requires the latexsym package. The middle table contains the AMS arrows; they all require the amssymb package. The bottom table lists the negated arrow symbols; they also require amssymb. 352 Appendix A A.8 Miscellaneous symbols Type: Print: Type: Print: \hbar Ii \ell C \imath z \jmath J \wp 8J \Re ~ \lm 'S \partial {) \infty 00 \prime I \emptyset 0 \backslash \ \forall 't/ \exists :3 \smallint J \triangle 6 \surd J \Vert II \top T \bot ..l \P ~ \8 § \dag t \ddag :j: \flat D \natural q \sharp ~ \angle L \clubsuit "- \diamondsuit <> \heartsuit 0 \spadesuit \neg -, • \Box 0 \Diamond <> \mho U \hslash Ii \complement C \backprime \ \vartriangle 6. \Bbbk Ik \varnothing 0 \diagup / \diagdown \blacktriangle A \blacktriangledown ""~ \triangledown \l \Game ~ \ square D \blacksquare \lozenge (; \blacklozenge • \measuredangle L \sphericalangle • Short form: Full form: Size: Short form: Full form: \, \thinspace u \! \negthinspace \: \medspace u \negmedspace \; \thickspace u \negthickspace \quad LJ \qquad L--J The \medspace, \thickspace, \negmedspace, and \negthickspace commands require the amsmath package. A.iO Delimiters Name: Type: Print: Name: Type: Print: Left paren ( ( Right paren ) ) Left bracket [ [ Right bracket ] 1 Left brace \{ { Right brace \} } Reverse slash \backslash \ Forward slash / / Left angle \langle ( Right angle \rangle ) Vertical line 1 I Double vert. line \1 II Left floor \lfloor l Right floor \rfloor J Left ceiling \lceil I Right ceiling \rceil 1 Upper left corner \ulcorner r Upper right corner \urcorner I Lower left corner \llcorner L Lower right corner \lrcorner ...J The corners require the amsmath package. Name: Type: Print: Upward arrow \uparrow i Double upward arrow \Uparrow 1t' Downward arrow \downarrow ! Double downward arrow \Downarrow .lJ. Up-and-down arrow \updownarrow 1 Double up-and-down arrow \Updownarrow ~ 354 Appendix A A.ll Operators \arccos \arcsin \arctan \arg \cos \cosh \cot \coth \csc \dim \exp \hom \ker \lg \In \log \sec \sin \sinh \tan \tanh \varliminf \varlimsup \varinjlim \varprojlim The \var commands require the amsmath package. \det \gcd \inf \injlim \lim \liminf \limsup \max \min \projlim \Pr \sup The \injlim and \projlim commands require the amsmath package. Type: Inline Displayed Type: Inline Displayed n n \prod_{i=1Y{n} \coprod_{i=1}-{n} Un I1~=1 II i=1 II i=1 i=1 n n \bigcap_{i=1}-{n} \bigcup_{i=1}-{n} Un n~=1 n i=1 U i=1 i=1 n n \bigwedge_{i=1}-{n} \bigvee_{i=1}-{n} n 1\7=1 1\ V i=1 V i=1 i=l n n \bigsqcup_{i=1}-{n} U~=1 U \biguplus_{i=1}-{n} ltJ~=1 l±J i=1 i=1 n n \bigotimes_{i=1}-{n} Q9~1 ® \bigoplus_{i=1}-{n} EB~=1 EB i=1 i=1 n n \bigodot_{i=1}-{n} O~=1 0 \SUID_ {i=1Y{n} 2:~=1 L i=1 ;=1 Math symbol tables 355 A.12 Math accents \hat{a} a \Hat{a} a \widehat{a} a a\sphat a ~ \tilde{a} a \Tilde{a} a \widetilde{a} a a\sptilde a~ \acute{a} a \Acute{a} a \bar{a} a \Bar{a} a \breve{a} a \Breve{a} a a\spbreve aU \check{a} a \Check{a} a a\spcheck a V \dot{a} a \Dot{a} a a\spdot a' .. \ddot{a} ii \Ddot{a} a a\spddot a \dddot{a} a a\spdddot a ... \ddddot{a} a \grave{a} a \Grave{a} a \imath z \vec{a} a \Vec{a} a \jmath J The \dddot and \ddddot commands and all the capitalized commands require the amsmath package; the commands in the fourth column require the amsxtra package. A.13 Math font commands Type: Print: \mathbf{A} A \mathit{A} A \mathsf{A} A \mathrm{A} A \mathtt{A} A \mathnormal{A} A \mathbb{A} Pi,. \mathfrak{A} 2t \mathcal{A} A \boldsymbol{\alpha} Q The \mathbb, \mathfrak, and \mathcal commands require the amsfonts package. The \boldsymbol command requires the amsbsy package. APPENDIX B I Text symbol tables B.l Special text characters Type: Print: Type: Print: Type: Print: \# # \$ $ \% % - \& & \-n \- - , \-n \{ { \} } $1$ 1 @ @ $*$ * $\backslash$ \ Text symbol tables 357 B.2 Text accents Type: Print: Type: Print: Type: Print: \'{o} 0 \'{o} 6 \"{o} 0 \H{o} 0 \~{o} 6 \-{o} 6 \v{o} 6 \u{o} 0 \={o} 6 \b{o} Q \.{o} 6 \d{o} 9 \c{o} Q \r{o} (; \t{oo} 60 \i 1 \j J B.3 Some European characters Type: Print: Type: Print: Type: Print: \aa a \AA A \ae re \AE JE \0 0 \0 0 \oe re \oE CE \1 1 \L L \ss B \SS 88 ?' i ! ' i B.4 Extra text symbols Type: Print: \dag t \ddag :j: \S § \P , \copyright © \pounds £ \textbullet • \textvisib1espace \textcirc1ed{a} ® \textperiodcentered 358 Appendix B B.S Text spacing commands Short form: Full form: Size: Short form: Full form: \, \thinspace u \! \negthinspace \: \medspace u \negmedspace \; \thickspace u \negthickspace \quad L..J \qquad L---.J The \medspace, \thickspace, \negmedspace, and \negthickspace commands require the amsmath package. B.6 Text font commands command command switch to with arggment declaration \textnormal{ ... } {\normalfont ... } document font family \textrm{ ... } {\rmfamily ... } roman font family \texts£{ ... } {\sffamily ... } sans serif font family \texttt{ ... } {\ttfamily ... } typewriter style font family \textup{ ... } {\upshape ... } upright shape \textit{ ... } {\itshape ... } italic shape \textsl{ ... } {\slshape ... } slanted shape \textnormal{ ... } {\normalfont ... } default font \textsc{ ... } {\scshape ... } SMALL CAPITALS \emph{ ... } {\em ... } emphasis \textb£{ ... } {\bfseries ... } bold (extended) \textmd{ ... } {\mdseries ... } normal weight and width Text symbol tables 359 B.7 Text font size changes \tiny sample text \scriptsize sample text \footnotesize sample text \ small sample text \normalsize sample text \large sample text \Large sample text \LARGE sample text \huge sample text \Huge sample text B.8 AMS text font size changes \Tiny \large \tiny \Large \SMALL \normalsize \LARGE \Small \huge \small \Huge APPENDIX c I TheAMS-YTEX sample article s~part. tex is the source file for our sample article using the AMS-l5\TEX arti• cle document class, amsart. A simpler article, intrart. tex, using the article document class was presented in Part I (see section 1. 5 ). The typeset sampart. tex is printed on the following three pages; it is fol• lowed by the source file and the typeset version shown together, so you can see how the marked up source file is turned into the typeset article. A CONSTRUCTION OF COMPLETE-SIMPLE DISTRIBUTIVE LATTICES G. A. MENUHIN ABSTRACT. In this note we prove that there exist complete-simple distributive lattices, that is, complete distributive lattices in which there are only two complete congruences. 1. INTRODUCTION In this note we prove the following result: Main Theorem. There exists an infinite complete distributive lattice K with only the two trivial complete congruence relations. 2. THE D(2) CONSTRUCTION For the basic notation in lattice theory and universal algebra, see F. R. Richard• son [5] and G. A. Menuhin [2]. We start with some definitions: Definition 1. Let V be a complete lattice, and let p = [u, v] be an interval of V. Then p is called complete-prime if the following three conditions are satisfied: (1) u is meet-irreducible but u is not completely meet-irreducible; (2) v is join-irreducible but v is not completely join-irreducible; (3) [u, v] is a complete-simple lattice. Now we prove the following result: Lemma 1. Let D be a complete distributive lattice satisfying conditions (1) and (2). Then D(2) is a sub lattice of D2; hence D(2) is a lattice, and D(2) is a complete distributive lattice satisfying conditions (1) and (2). Proof. By conditions (1) and (2), D(2) is a sublattice of D2. Hence, D(2) is a lattice. Since D(2) is a sublattice of a distributive lattice, D(2) is a distributive lattice. Using the characterization of standard ideals in Ernest T. Moynahan [3], D(2) has a zero and a unit element, namely, (0,0) and (1,1). To show that D(2) is complete, let 0 i=- A ~ D(2), and let a = V A in D2. If a E D(2), then a = V A in D(2); otherwise, a is of the form (b,l) for some bED with b < 1. Now V A = (1,1) in D2 and the dual argument shows that 1\ A also exists in D2. Hence D is complete. Conditions (1) and (2) are obvious for D(2). D Corollary 1. If D is complete-prime, then so is D(2) . Date: March 15, 1995. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary: 06BI0j Secondary: 06005. Key words and phrases. Complete lattice, distributive lattice, complete congruence, congru• ence lattice. Research supported by the NSF under grant number 23466. 1 2 G. A. MENUHIN The motivation for the following result comes from S.-K. Foo [1]. Lemma 2. Let e be a complete congruence relation of D(2) such that (2.1) (1, d) == (1,1) (mod e), for some d E D with d < 1. Then e = to Proof. Let e be a complete congruence relation of D(2) satisfying (2.1). Then e=L. D 3. THE II* CONSTRUCTION The following construction is crucial to our proof of the Main Theorem: Definition 2. Let D; for i E I be complete distributive lattices satisfying condi• tion (2). Their II* product is defined as follows: II*(Di liE I) = II(D; liE I) + 1; that is, II*(Di liE 1) is II(D; liE I) with a new unit element. Notation. If i E I and d E D;, then i ( ... ,0, ... ,d, ... ,0, ... ) is the element of II*(D; liE I) whose ith component is d and all the other components are 0. See also E. T. Moynahan [4]. Next we verify: Theorem 1. Let D; for i E I be complete distributive lattices satisfying condi• tion (2). Let e be a complete congruence relation on II*(Di liE I). If there exist i E I and dEDi with d < 1; such that for all d ::::; c < 1;, i i (3.1) ( ... ,O, ... ,d, ... ,O, ... ) == (... ,O, ... ,c, ... ,O, ... ) (mod e), then e = to Proof. Since i i (3.2) ( ... ,0, ... , d, ... , 0, ... ) == (... ,0, ... , c, ... , 0, ... ) (mod e), and e is a complete congruence relation, it follows from condition (3) that ; (3.3) ( ... ,d, ... ,0, ... ) == V(( ... ,o, ... ,b, ... ,o, ... ) Id::::;c ; . (3.4) °=( ... ,0, ... ,d, ... ,0, ... ) 1\ ( ... ,0, ... ,~, ... ,0, ... ) == ( ... ,0, ... ,~, ... ,0, ... ) (mod e). Using the completeness of e and (3.4), we get: o==V(( ... ,o, ... ,~, ... ,o, ... )laEDj)=1 (mode), hence e = L. D COMPLETE-SIMPLE DISTRIBUTIVE LATTICES 3 hence 8 = L. D Theorem 2. Let Di for i E I be complete distributive lattices satisfying conditions (2) and (3). Then II*(Di liE I) also satisfies conditions (2) and (3). Proof. Let 8 be a complete congruence on II* (Di liE I). Let i E I. Define ~ i D;={( ... ,O, ... ,d, ... ,O, ... ) IdEDi}U{l}. Then Di is a complete sublattice ~of II* (Di liE I), and Di is isomorphic to Di. Let 8 i be the restriction of 8 to D i . Since Di is complete-simple, so is Di, and hence 8 i is w or L. If 8 i = p for all i E I, then 8 = w. If there is an i E I, such that 8 i = L, then °== 1 (mod 8), hence 8 = L. D The Main Theorem follows easily from Theorems 1 and 2. REFERENCES [lJ Soo-Key Foo, Lattice Constructions, Ph.D. thesis, University of Winnebago, Winnebago, MN, December 1990. [2J George A. Menuhin, Universal Algebra, D. van Nostrand, Princeton-Toronto-London-Mel• bourne, 1968. [3J Ernest T. Moynahan, On a problem of M. H. Stone, Acta Math. Acad.Sci. Hungar. 8 (1957), 455-460. [4J ___ , Ideals and congruence relations in lattices. II, Magyar Thd. Akad. Mat. Fiz. Oszt. Kiizl. 9 (1957), 417-434 (Hungarian). [5J Ferenc R. Richardson, General Lattice Theory, Mir, Moscow, expanded and revised ed., 1982 (Russian). COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF WINNEBAGO, WINNEBAGO, MINNESOTA 23714 E-mail address: menuhin(Occw. uwinnebago. edu 364 Appendix C The AMS-YTE,X sample article % Sample file: sampart.tex % The sample article for the amsart document class % Typeset with LaTeX format \documentclass{amsart} \usepackage{amssymb} \theoremstyle{plain} \newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem} \newtheorem{corollary} {Corollary} \newtheorem*{main}{Main-Theorem} \newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma} \newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition} \theoremstyle{definftion} \newtheorem{definition}{Definition} \theoremstyle{remark} \newtheorem*{notation} {Notation} \numberwithin{equation}{section} \begin{document} \title[Complete-simple distributive lattices] {A construction of complete-simple\\ distributive lattices} \author{G. A. Menuhin} \address{Computer Science Department\\ University of Winnebago\\ Winnebago, Minnesota 23714} \email{[email protected]} \thanks{Research supported by the NSF under grant number-23466.} \keywords{Complete lattice, distributive lattice, complete congruence, congruence lattice} \subjclass{Primary: 06B10; Secondary: 06D05} \date{March 15, 1995} \begin{abstract} In this note we prove that there exist \emph{complete-simple distributive lattices}, that is, complete distributive lattices in which there are only two complete congruences. \end{abstract} \maketitle \section{Introduction} \label{S:intro} In this note we prove the following result: \begin{main} There exists an infinite complete distributive lattice $K$ with only the two trivial complete congruence relations. \end{main} \section{The $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ construction} \label{S:Ds} For the basic notation in lattice theory and universal algebra, see F.- R. Richardson-\cite{fR82} and G. - A. Menuhin-\cite{gM68}. We start with some definitions: Appendix C The AMS-YTEX sample article 365 A CONSTRUCTION OF COMPLETE-SIMPLE DISTRIBUTIVE LATTICES G. A. MENUHIN ABSTRACT. In this note we prove that there exist complete-simple distributive lattices, that is, complete distributive lattices in which there are only two complete congruences. 1. INTRODUCTION In this note we prove the following result: Main Theorem. There exists an infinite complete distributive lattice K with only the two trivial complete congruence relations. 2. THE D(2) CONSTRUCTION For the basic notation in lattice theory and universal algebra, see F. R. Richard• son [5] and G. A. Menuhin [2]. We start with some definitions: Date: March 15, 1995. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary: 06810; Secondary: 06D05. Key words and phrases. Complete lattice, distributive lattice, complete congruence, congru• ence lattice. Research supported by the NSF under grant number 23466. 366 Appendix C The AMS -IJtTEX sample article Definition 1. Let V be a complete lattice, and let p = [u, v] be an interval of V. Then p is called complete-prime if the following three conditions are satisfied: (1) u is meet-irreducible but u is not completely meet-irreducible; (2) v is join-irreducible but v is not completely join-irreducible; (3) [u, v] is a complete-simple lattice. Now we prove the following result: Lemma 1. Let D be a complete distributive lattice satisfying conditions (1) and (2). Then D(2) is a sublattice of D2; hence D(2) is a lattice, and D(2) is a complete distributive lattice satisfying conditions (1) and (2). Proof. By conditions (1) and (2), D(2) is a sublattice of D2. Hence, D(2) is a lattice. \begin{definition} \label{D:prime} Let $V$ be a complete lattice, and let $\mathfrak{p} = [u, v]$ be an interval of $V$. Then $\mathfrak{p}$ is called \emph{complete-prime} if the following three conditions are satisfied: \begin{itemize} \item[(l)] $u$ is meet-irreducible but $u$ is \emph{not} completely meet-irreducible; \item[(2)] $v$ is join-irreducible but $v$ is \emph{not} completely join-irreducible; \item[(3)] $[u, v]$ is a complete-simple lattice. \end{itemize} \end{definition} Now we prove the following result: \begin{lemma} \label{L:ds} Let $D$ be a complete distributive lattice satisfying conditions-\textup{(l)} and \textup{(2)}. Then $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ is a sublattice of $D-{2}$; hence $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ is a lattice, and $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ is a complete distributive lattice satisfying conditions-\textup{(l)} and \textup{(2)}. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} By conditions-(l) and (2), $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ is a sublattice of $D-{2}$. Hence, $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ is a lattice. Appendix C The AMS-YTEX sample article 367 Since D(2) is a sublattice of a distributive lattice, D(2) is a distributive lattice. Using the characterization of standard ideals in Ernest T. Moynahan [3], D(2) has a zero and a unit element, namely, (0,0) and (1,1). To show that D(2) is complete, let 0 =1= A ~ D(2), and let a = VA in D2. If a E D(2), then a = VA in D(2); otherwise, a is of the form (b,l) for some bED with b < 1. Now V A = (1,1) in D2 and the dual argument shows that 1\ A also exists in D2. Hence D is complete. Conditions (1) and (2) are obvious for D(2). D Corollary 1. If D is complete-prime, then so is D(2) . The motivation for the following result comes from S.-K. Foo [1]. Lemma 2. Let e be a complete congruence relation of D(2) such that (2.1) (1, d) == (1,1) (mod e), for some d E D with d < 1. Then e = [. Since $O-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ is a sublattice of a distributive lattice, $O-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ is a distributive lattice. Using the characterization of standard ideals in Ernest-T. Moynahan-\cite{eM57}, $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ has a zero and a unit element, namely, $\langle 0, °\rangle$ and $\langle 1, 1 \rangle$. To show that $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ is complete, let $\varnothing \ne A \subseteq D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$, and let $a = \bigvee A$ in $D-{2}$. If $a \in D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$, then $a = \bigvee A$ in $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$; otherwise, $a$ is of the form $\langle b, 1 \rangle$ for some $b \in D$ with $b < 1$. Now $\bigvee A = \langle 1, l\rangle$ in $D-{2}$ and the dual argument shows that $\bigwedge A$ also exists in $D-{2}$. Hence $D$ is complete. Conditions-(l) and (2) are obvious for $O-{\langle 2 \rangle}$. \end{proof} \begin{corollary} \label{C:prime} If $D$ is complete-prime, then so is $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$. \end{ corollary} The motivation for the following result comes from S.-K. Foo-\cite{sF90}. \begin{lemma} \label{L:ccr} Let $\Theta$ be a complete congruence relation of $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ such that \begin{equation} \label{E:rigid} \langle 1, d \rangle \equiv \langle 1, 1 \rangle \pmod{\Theta}, \end{equation} for some $d \in D$ with $d < 1$. Then $\Theta = \iota$. \end{lemma} 368 Appendix C The AMS -HtTEX sample article Proof. Let 8 be a complete congruence relation of D(2) satisfying (2.1). Then 8=L 0 3. THE II* CONSTRUCTION The following construction is crucial to our proof of the Main Theorem: Definition 2. Let Di for i E I be complete distributive lattices satisfying condi• tion (2). Their II* product is defined as follows: II*(Di liE I) = II(Di liE I) + 1; that is, II* (Di liE I) is II( Di liE I) with a new unit element. Notation. If i E I and dEDi, then i ( ... ,0, ... ,d, ... ,0, ... ) is the element of II* (Di i E I) whose ith component IS d and all the other components are 0. \begin{proof} Let $\Theta$ be a complete congruence relation of $D-{\langle 2 \rangle}$ satisfying \eqref{E:rigid}. Then $\Theta = \iota$. \end{proof} \section{The $\Pi-{*}$ construction} \label{S:P*} The following construction is crucial to our proof of the Main Theorem: \begin{definition} \label{D:P*} Let $D_{i}$ for $i \in I$ be complete distributive lattices satisfying condition-\textup{(2)}. Their $\Pi-{*}$ product is defined as follows: \[ \Pi-{*} ( D_{i} \mid i \in I ) = \Pi ( D_{i}-{-} \mid i \in I ) + 1; \] that is, $\Pi-{*} ( D_{i} \mid i \in I )$ is $\Pi ( D_{i}-{-} \mid i \in I )$ with a new unit element. \end{definition} \begin{notation} If $i \in I$ and $d \in D_{i}-{-}$, then \[ \langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{i}{d}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \] is the element of $\Pi-{*} ( D_{i} \mid i \in I )$ whose $i$th component is $d$ and all the other components are $0$. \end{notation} Appendix C The AMS-YTEX sample article 369 See also E. T. Moynahan [4]. Next we verify: Theorem 1. Let Di for i E I be complete distributive lattices satisfying condi• tion (2). Let 8 be a complete congruence relation on TI*(Di liE 1). If there exist i E I and dEDi with d < Ii such that for all d S c < Ii, i i (3.1) ( ... ,O, ... ,d, ... ,O, ... ) == (... ,O, ... ,c, ... ,O, ... ) (mod 8), then 8 = [. Proof. Since i i (3.2) ( ... ,O, ... ,d, ... ,O, ... ) == (... ,O, ... ,c, ... ,O, ... ) (mod 8), and 8 is a complete congruence relation, it follows from condition (3) that i (3.3) ( ... , d, ... ,0, ... ) == V(( ... ,0, ... ), ... ,0, ... ) IdS c < 1) == 1 (mod 8). Let j E I for j =I=- i, and let a E Dj. Meeting both sides of the congruence (3.2) with ( ... ,O, ... ,~, ... ,O, ... ), we obtain See also E.-T. Moynahan \cite{eM57a}. Next we verify: \begin{theorem} \label{T:P*} Let $D.{i}$ for $i \in I$ be complete distributive lattices satisfying condition-\textup{(2)}. Let $\Theta$ be a complete congruence relation on $\Pi-{*} ( D.{i} \mid i \in I )$. If there exist $i \in 1$ and $d \in D.{i}$ with $d < 1.{i}$ such that for all $d \leq c < 1.{i}$, \begin{equation} \label{E:congl} \langle \dots, 0, \dots,\overset{i}{d}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \equiv \langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{i}{c}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \pmod{\Theta}, \end{equation} then $\Theta = \iota$. \end{theorem} \begin{proof} Since \begin{equation} \label{E:cong2} \langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{i}{d}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \equiv \langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{i}{c}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \pmod{\Theta}, \end{equation} and $\Theta$ is a complete congruence relation, it follows from condition-(3) that \begin{align} \label{E:cong} & \langle \dots, \overset{i}{d}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \equiv\\ &\qquad \quad \bigvee ( \langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{i}{c}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \mid d \leq c < 1 ) \equiv 1 \pmod{\Theta}. \notag \end{align} Let $j \in 1$ for $j \neq i$, and let $a \in D.{j}-{·}$. Meeting both sides of the congruence \eqref{E:cong2} with $\langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{j}{a}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle$, we obtain 370 Appendix C The AMS-YTEX sample article i . (3.4) 0=( ... , 0, ... , d, ... ,0, ... ) 1\ ( ... ,0, ... ,~, ... ,0, ... ) == j ( ... ,O, ... ,a, ... ,O, ... ) (mod (:-)). Using the completeness of 8 and (3.4), we get: 0== V(( ... ,O, ... ,~, ... , 0, ... ) I a E Dj) = 1 (mod 8), hence 8 = L. D Theorem 2. Let Di for i E I be complete distributive lattices satisfying conditions (2) and (3). Then II*(Di liE 1) also satisfies conditions (2) and (3). Proof. Let 8 be a complete congruence on II*(Di liE 1). Let i E I. Define ~ i Di = {( ... ,O, ... ,d, ... ,O, ... ) I dE Dj}U{l}. Then Di is a complete sublattice of II*(Di liE 1), and Di is isomorphic to Di. Let 8 i be the restriction of 8 to Di . \begin{align} \label{E:comp} °= & \langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{i}{d}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \wedge \langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{j}{a}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \equiv\\ &\langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{j}{a}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \pmod{\Theta}. \notag \end{align} Using the completeness of $\Theta$ and \eqref{E:comp}, we get: \[ °\equiv \bigvee ( \langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{j}{a}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \mid a \in D_{j}-{-} ) = 1 \pmod{\Theta}, \] hence $\Theta = \iota$. \end{proof} \begin{theorem} \label{T:P*a} Let $D_{i}$ for $i \in 1$ be complete distributive lattices satisfying conditions \textup{(2)} and \textup{(3)}. Then $\Pi-{*} ( D_{i} \mid i \in I )$ also satisfies conditions \textup{(2)} and \textup{(3)}. \end{theorem} \begin{proof} Let $\Theta$ be a complete congruence on $\Pi-{*} ( D_{i} \mid i \in I )$. Let $i \in 1$. Define \[ \widehat{D}_{i} = \{ \langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{i}{d}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \mid d \in D_{i}-{-} \} \cup \{ 1 \}. \] Then $\widehat{D}_{i}$ is a complete sublattice of $\Pi-{*} ( D_{i} \ mid i \in I )$, and $\widehat{D}_{i}$ is isomorphic to $D_{i}$. Let $\Theta_{i}$ be the restriction of $\Theta$ to $\widehat{D}_{i}$. Appendix C The AMS-YTEX sample article 371 Since Di is complete-simple, so is Di , and hence 8 i is w or [. If 8 i = P for all i E I, then 8 = w. If there is an i E I, such that 8 i = ~, then 0 == 1 (mod 8), hence 8 =~. o The Main Theorem follows easily from Theorems 1 and 2. REFERENCES [1] Soo-Key Foo, Lattice Constructions, Ph.D. thesis, University of Winnebago, Winnebago, MN, December 1990. [2] George A. Menuhin, Universal Algebra, D. van Nostrand, Princeton-Toronto-London-Mel• bourne, 1968. [3] Ernest T. Moynahan, On a p'rOblem of M. H. Stone, Acta Math. Acad.Sci. Hungar. 8 (1957), 455-460. [4] ___ , Ideals and congruence relations in lattices. II, Magyar Tud. Akad. Mat. Fiz. Oszt. Kiizl. 9 (1957), 417-434 (Hungarian). [5] Ferenc R. Richardson, General Lattice Theory, Mir, Moscow, expanded and revised ed., 1982 (Russian). COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF WINNEBAGO, WINNEBAGO, MINNESOTA 23714 E-mail address: [email protected] Since $D_{i}\) is complete-simple, so is $\widehat{D}_{i}$, and hence $\Theta_{i}$ is $\omega$ or $\iota$. If $\Theta_{i} = \rho$ for all $i \in 1$, then $\Theta = \omega$. If there is an $i \in 1$, such that $\Theta_{i} = \iota$, then $0 \equiv 1 \pmod{\Theta}$, hence $\Theta = \iota$. \end{proof} The Main Theorem follows easily from Theorems-\ref{T:P*} and \ref{T:P*a}. \begin{thebibliography}{9} \bibitem{sF90} Soo-Key Foo, \emph{Lattice Constructions}, Ph.D. thesis, University of Winnebago, Winnebago, MN, December 1990. \bibitem{gM68} George-A. Menuhin, \emph{Universal Algebra}, D.-van Nostrand, Princeton-Toronto-London-Mel\-bourne, 1968. \bibitem{eM57} Ernest-T. Moynahan, \emph{Dn a problem of M.-H. Stone}, Acta Math. Acad.Sci. Hungar. \textbf{8} (1957), 455--460. \bibitem{eM57a} \bysame, \emph{Ideals and congruence relations in lattices.-II}, Magyar Tud. Akad. Mat. Fiz. Oszt. K\"{o}zl. \textbf{9} (1957), 417--434 (Hungarian). \bibitem{fR82} Ferenc-R. Richardson, \emph{General Lattice Theory}, Mir, Moscow, expanded and revised ed., 1982 (Russian). \end{thebibliography} \end{document} APPENDIX D I The sample article with user-defined commands In this appendix, we present the sampart2. tex sample article (also in the ftp di• rectory), which is a rewrite of the sampart. tex sample article (see Appendix C and the ftp directory) utilizing the user-defined commands collected in lattice. sty (see section 9.S and the ftp directory): % Sample file: sampart2.tex % The sample article for the amsart document class % with user-defined commands % Typeset with LaTeX format \documentclass{amsart} \usepackage{lattice} \usepackage[notcite]{showkeys}% comment out for final version \usepackage{xspace} \theoremstyle{plain} \newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem} \newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary} \newtheorem*{main}{Main-Theorem} AppendixD 373 \newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma} \newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition} \theoremstyle{definition} \newtheorem{definition}{Definition} \theoremstyle{remark} \newtheorem*{notation}{Notation} \numberwithin{equation}{section} \newcommand{\JJm}[2]{\JJ(\,#1\mid#2\,)} % big join with middle used as: \JJm{a}{a < 2} \newcommand{\Prodm} [2]{\gP(\,#1\mid#2\,)} % product with a middle \newcommand{\Prodsm}[2]{\gP-{*}(\,#1\mid#2\,)} % product * with a middle \newcommand{\vct} [2] {\vv<\dots,O,\dots,\overset{#1}{#2}, % \dots,O,\dots>}% special vector \newcommand{\fp}{\ensuremath{\F{p}}\xspace} % Fraktur p in text or math \newcommand{\Ds}{\ensuremath{D-{\langle2\rangle}}\xspace} % \Ds in text or math \begin{document} \title[Complete-simple distributive lattices] {A construction of complete-simple\\ distributive lattices} \author{George-A. Menuhin} \address{Computer Science Department\\ University of Winnebago\\ Winnebago, Minnesota 23714} \email{[email protected]} \thanks{Research supported by the NSF under grant number-23466.} \keywords{Complete lattice, distributive lattice, complete congruence, congruence lattice} \subjclass{Primary: 06B10; Secondary: 06D05} \date{March 15, 1995} \begin{abstract} In this note we prove that there exist \emph{complete-simple distributive lattices}, that is, complete distributive 374 Sample article with user-defined commands lattices in which there are only two complete congruences. \end{abstract} \maketitle \section{Introduction}\label{S:intro} In this note we prove the following result: \begin{main} There exists an infinite complete distributive lattice $K$ with only the two trivial complete congruence relations. \end{main} \section{The \Os construction}\label{S:Os} For the basic notation in lattice theory and universal algebra, see Ferenc-R. Richardson-\cite{fR82} and George-A. Menuhin-\cite{gM68}. We start with some definitions: \begin{definition}\label{O:prime} Let $V$ be a complete lattice, and let $\fp = [u, v]$ be an interval of $V$. Then \fp is called \emph{complete-prime} if the following three conditions are satisfied: \begin{definition} \label{O:prime} Let $V$ be a complete lattice, and let $\mathfrak{p} = [u, v]$ be an interval of $V$. Then $\mathfrak{p}$ is called \emph{complete-prime} if the following three conditions are satisfied: \begin{itemize} \item[(l)] $u$ is meet-irreducible but $u$ is \emph{not} completely meet-irreducible; \item[(2)] $v$ is join-irreducible but $v$ is \emph{not} completely join-irreducible; \item[(3)] $[u, v]$ is a complete-simple lattice. \end{itemize} \end{definition} Now we prove the following result: \begin{lemma}\label{L:ds} Let $0$ be a complete distributive lattice satisfying conditions-\tup{(l)} and \tup{(2)}. Then \Os is a sublattice of $0-{2}$; hence \Os is a lattice, and Appendix D 375 \Os is a complete distributive lattice satisfying conditions-\tup{(1)} and \tup{(2)}. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} By conditions-(1) and (2), \Os is a sublattice of $0~{2}$. Hence, \Os is a lattice. Since \Os is a sublattice of a distributive lattice, \Os is a distributive lattice. Using the characterization of standard ideals in E.-T. Moynahan-\cite{eM57}, \Os has a zero and a unit element, namely, $\vv \begin{corollary}\label{C:prime} If $0$ is complete-prime, then so is \Os. \end{corollary} The motivation for the following result comes from S.-K. Foo-\cite{sF90}. \begin{lemma}\label{L:ccr} Let $\gQ$ be a complete congruence relation of \Os such that \begin{equation}\label{E:rigid} \con{\vv<1, d>}={\vv<1, 1>}(\gQ), \end{equation} for some $d \in 0$ with $d < 1$. Then $\gQ \gi$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $\gQ$ be a complete congruence relation of \Os satisfying \eqref{E:rigid}. Then $\gQ = \gi$. 376 Sample article with user-defined commands \end{proof} \section{The $\gP~{*}$ construction}\label{S:P*} The following construction is crucial to our proof of the Main-Theorem: \begin{definition}\label{D:P*} Let $D_{i}$ for $i \in 1$ be complete distributive lattices satisfying condition-\tup{(2)}. Their $\gP~{*}$ product is defined as follows: \[ \Prodsm{ D_{i} }{i \in I} \Prodm{ D_{i}~{-} }{i \in I} +1; \J that is, $\Prodsm{ D_{i} }{i \in I}$ is $\Prodm{ D_{i}~{-} }{i \in I}$ with a new unit element. \end{definition} \begin{notation} If $i \in 1$ and $d \in D_{i}~{-}$, then \[ \vct{iHd} \J is the element of $\Prodsm{ D_{i} }{i \in I}$ whose $i$th component is $d$ and all the other components are $0$. \end{notation} See also E.-T. Moynahan \cite{eM57a}. Next we verify: \begin{theorem}\label{T:P*} Let $D_{i}$ for $i \in 1$ be complete distributive lattices satisfying condition-\tup{(2)}. Let $\gQ$ be a complete congruence relation on $\Prodsm{ D_{i} }{i \in I}$. If there exist $i \in 1$ and $d \in D_{i}$ with $d < 1_{i}$ such that for all $d \leq c < 1_{i}$, \begin{equation}\label{E:cong1} \con\vct{i}{d}=\vct{i}{c}(\gQ), \end{equation} then $\gQ = \gi$. \end{theorem} AppendixD 377 \begin{proof} Since \begin{equation}\label{E:cong2} \con\vct{i}{d}=\vct{i}{c}(\gQ), \end{equation} and $\gQ$ is a complete congruence relation, it follows from condition-(3) that \begin{align}\label{E:cong} &\con{\vct{i}{d}}=\notag\\ &\qq\q{\JJm{\vct{i}{c}}{d \leq c < l}=l}(\gQ). \end{align} Let $j \in 1$ for $j \neq i$, and let $a \in D_{j}-{-}\). Meeting both sides of the congruence \eqref{E:cong} with $\vct{j}{a}$, we obtain \begin{align}\label{E:comp} o = &\vct{i}{d} \mm \vct{j}{a} \equiv\\ &\vct{j}{a}\pod{\gQ}. \notag \end{align} Using the completeness of $\gQ$ and \eqref{E:comp}, we get: \begin{equation}\label{E:cong3} \con O=\JJm{ \vct{j}{a} }{ a \in D_{j}-{-} }=l(\gQ), \end{equation} hence $\gQ = \gi$. \end{proof} \begin{theorem}\label{T:P*a} Let $D_{i}$ for $i \in 1$ be complete distributive lattices satisfying conditions-\tup{(2)} and \tup{(3)}. Then $\Prodsm{ D_{i} }{i \in I}$ also satisfies conditions-\tup{(2)} and \tup{(3)}. \end{theorem} \begin{proof} Let $\gQ$ be a complete congruence on $\Prodsm{ D_{i} Hi \in I}$. Let $i \in 1$. Define \begin{equation}\label{E:dihat} \widehat{D}_{i} = \setm{ \vct{i}{d} }{ d \in D_{i}-{-} } \uu \set{1}. \end{equation} Then $\widehat{D}_{i}$ is a complete sublattice of $\Prodsm{ D_{i} }{i \in I}$, and $\widehat{D}_{i}$ 378 Sample article with user-defined commands is isomorphic to $D_{i}$. Let $\gQ_{i}$ be the restriction of $\gQ$ to $\widehat{D}_{i}$. Since $D_{i}$ is complete-simple, so is $\widehat{D}_{i}$, hence $\gQ_{i}$ is $\go$ or $\gi$. If $\gQ_{i} = \go$ for all $i \in I$, then $\gQ = \go$. If there is an $i \in I$, such that $\gQ_{i} = \gi$, then $\con O=l(\gQ)$, and hence $\gQ = \gi$. \end{proof} The Main Theorem follows easily from Theorems-\ref{T:P*} and \ref{T:P*a}. \bibliographystyle{amsplain} \bibliography{sampartl} \end{document} The showkeys package was discussed in section 6.4.2, while xspace in section 9.1.1. Note that the bib file of sampartl (see section 10.2.1) is used here again. APPENDIX E I Background You need not know the genealogy and structure ofIbTEX in order to work with it. However, I'll briefly outline these topics for the curious reader. This knowledge may help you to better understand the behavior of IbTEX. E.l A short history Donald E. Knuth's multivolume work The Art of Computer Programming [23] caused a great deal of frustration to its author, since it was very difficult to keep the various volumes typographically uniform. To solve this problem, Knuth decided to create his own typesetting language (see [24 ]-[ 28]).1 A mathematical typesetting language takes care of the multitude of details that are so important in mathematical typesetting; it • properly spaces the formulas; • breaks up the text into pleasingly typeset lines and paragraphs; • hyphenates words as necessary; lIn Software Practice and Experience 19 (1989), 607-685, Knuth writes that "[1] realized that a central aspect of printing has been reduced to bit manipulation. As a computer scientist, I could not resist the challenge of improving print quality by manipulating bits better." 380 Appendix E Background • provides hundreds of symbols for typesetting mathematics. TEX does all this and more on most any computer: IBM and IBM compatibles, Macintosh, Atari, Amiga, workstations, minicomputers, and mainframes. You can typeset your work on an IBM compatible and e-mail it to a coworker who'll do the corrections on a Macintosh, while the final result is e-mailed to your publisher who uses a minicomputer to print the document on a Linotype typesetter. Knuth realized that typesetting is only half the solution to manuscript produc• tion. You also need a style designer-a specialist who decides what fonts to use, how large a vertical space to put after a theorem, and numerous other design issues that constitute a style. TEX was designed to work with a "document class", so you do not have to worry about style design problems. Knuth also realized that typesetting a complex document in TEX requires a knowledgeable user. So TEX was designed as a "platform" on which convenient work environments-so called "macro packages"-could be built.!t is somewhat unfortunate that two such macro packages were made available to the mathematical community in the early eighties: AMS-TEX and g\TEX. AMS-TEX was written by Michael D. Spivak for the AMS, while g\TEX was developed by Leslie Lamport. The strengths of the two systems are somewhat complementary. AMS-TEX provided many features necessary for mathematical ar• ticles, including: • Extensive options for formatting of aligned and other multiline formulas. • Flexible bibliographic references. g\TEX also provided many features including: • The use oflogical units to separate the logical and the visual design of an article. • Automatic numbering and cross-referencing. • Bibliographic databases. Both AMS-TEX and g\TEX became very popular, causing a split in the mathemat• ical community. Since Lamport decided not to develop g\TEX any further, a talented group of mathematicians and programmers, Frank Mittelbach, Chris Rowley, and Rainer Schopf, formed the "IbTEX3 team" with the aim of updating, actively supporting, and maintaining g\TEX. The group has since expanded with the addition of Jo• hannes Braams, David Carlisle, Michael Downes, Denis Duchier, and Alan Jeffrey; many volunteers have also contributed time to the project. The goals of IbTEX3 are very ambitious: • The IbTEX3 system will provide high quality typesetting for a wide variety of doc• ument types and typographic requirements. E.1 A short history 381 • For editors and designers, it'll support direct formatting commands, which are essential to the fine-tuning of document layout and page design. • It'll process complex structured documents and support a document syntax that allows automatic translation of documents conforming to the international docu• ment type definition standard SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language, ISO standard 8879). • Jb.TEX3 will provide a common foundation for a number of incompatible Jb.TEX variants that have developed, including Jb.TEX with NFSS (New Font Selection Scheme), SuTEX (for slides), and AMS-Jb.TEX. See Mittelbach and Rowley [33,35] for a complete statement of goals and a prog• ress report, respectively. A number of projects have already been completed that will be part ofJb.TEX3 (in functionality, if not in code), including the following: The New Font Selection Scheme. Jb.TEX uses Knuth's Computer Modern fonts. In 1989, Mittelbach and Schopf coded NFSS that allows the independent changing of font attributes and the easy integration of new font families into Jb.TEX. With the proliferation of PostScript fonts and PostScript printers, more and more users want to use PostScript fonts. AMS-TEX as a H'-TEX option. Mittelbach and SchOpf (with Downes) recoded AMS-TEX so that it would work as a Jb.TEX option (see section E.l.l). Proclamations with style. All proclamations in Jb.TEX were typeset in the same style, whether they were a Main Theorem or a lowly Comment. Mittelbach and Schopf coded a sophisticated scheme that allowed proclamation styles to be specified. New and improved environments. There are improved verbatim and comment environments by Schopf, and there is a new multicolumn environment by Mittelbach. There are also several improvements to the tabular and array environments. E.1.l The first interim solution In 1990, the AMS released Aw-Jb.TEX. This release contained AMS-TEX re• coded as a Jb.TEX option, the NFSS, styles for proclamations, and the new verbatim environment. While the Jb.TEX3 team wanted to unity the mathematical community, this first attempt split it even further. Many AMS-TEX users simply did not switch. Even the Jb.TEX community was split into users of the old Jb.TEX, those whose Jb.TEX incorporated the NFSS, and the new AMS-Jb.TEX users. 382 Appendix E Background B.1.2 The second interim solution When it became obvious that the goals of LATEX3 could not be fulfilled any time soon, the It\TEX3 team decided to issue in June of 1994 a new standard version of IbTEX, version 2e (also called IbTEX2€), to replace IbTEX version 2.09; see Mit• telbach and Rowley [34, 36]. Some of the goals of IbTEX3 were accomplished with this interim release, including the projects listed above. As I am writing this, not quite a year has passed since the release ofIbTEX2€, but IbTEX2€ has already established itself as standard IbTEX. In February of 1995, the AMS released a new version of AMS-IbTEX (ver• sion 1.2) built on the new IbTEX. Michael Downes was the project leader. The changes in AMS-IbTEX were substantial. The align environment, for example, was completely rewritten by David M. Jones. The recoded AMS-TEX is now a IbTEX package, amsmath. It is really important to note that while AMS-IbTEX version 1.1 was a mono• lithic structure, version 1.2 is just a collection of packages, that fit nicely into the IbTEX mindset. You can use one AMS-IbTEX package or all, by themselves or in• termixed with other IbTEX packages. This book uses a IbTEX document class and intermixes the AMS-IbTEX packages with a number of It\TEX (non -AMS) pack• ages. B.2 How does it work? In this section, I present a very simplified overview of the inner-workings ofIbTEX. B.2.1 The layers TEX and IbTEX have many layers. These include: virtex The core ofTEX, called virtex, contains only the most primitive commands. It knows about 300 basic commands such as \input, \accent, and \hsize and has the ability to read informatfiles, which are "precompiled" sets of macros. Basically, IbTEX is virtex reading in a large set of macros, built layer upon layer. plain.tex plain. tex, the most basic layer on top of virtex, was created by Knuth. It adds about 600 commands to virtex. When you issue a tex command, it really exe• cutes virtex with the plain format, the default format. plain. tex is described in detail in Appendix B of Knuth [24]. You can read plain. tex if you like: it's a text file in the TEX distribution. As a matter of fact, plain. tex is powerful enough so that you could do all your work in it. This view E.2 How does it work? 383 is advocated by many, for instance, by Michael Doob [10]. virtex can't build format files. For that you need another version of TEX, called initex. This calls in the most basic information, such as the hyphenation tables and plain. tex, and creates a format. IbTEX is a set of macros written by Lamport et al.; see the latex.ltx file. It pro• vides for logical document design, automatic numbering and cross-referencing, ta• bles of contents, and many other features. IbTEX contains, with some modifica• tions, the macros of plain. tex. Document classes The document class and its options form the next layer. You may choose to use a standard IbTEX document class: report, article, book, proc, letter, or slides; one provided by the AMS-IbTEX, including amsart, amsbook, or amsproc; or any one of a very large number of other document classes provided by publishers of books and journals, and other interested parties. The packages At the top of this hierarchy oflayers are the packages. You can use standard IbTEX packages, AMS-IbTEX packages, or anyone of hundreds of other packages in the IbTEX universe, intermixed as necessary. A package may require another package, or in fact may load a number of other packages. Whenever you use an AMS-IbTEX document class, a number of packages are automatically loaded; see Figure 8.3. E.2.2 Typesetting When typesetting, TEX uses two basic types of files: the source file(s) and the font metric file(s). There are font metric files for each font used (including each design size). Each TEX font metric file, called a tfm file, contains the size of each character, the measurements for "kerning" (the space placed between two adjacent characters), the length of the "italic correction", the size of the "interword space", and so on. A typical tfm file is cmrl0. tfm, which is the TEX font metric file for the font cmr at size 10 points. TEX reads the source file a line at a time. It converts the characters of each line into a token sequence: a "token" is either a character (together with an indi• cation of what role the character plays) or a macro. The (undelimited) argument ofa macro is the token following the macro, unless a group enclosed in braces fol• lows the macro (in which case the contents of the group becomes the argument). 384 Appendix E Background Similarly, when you exponentiate, TEX looks for the next token as the exponent unless a group enclosed in braces follows the - symbol. This may help explain why $2-3$ and $2-\alpha$ work out well, but $2-\mathfrak{m}$ does not: 3 and \alpha turn into a single token each, \mathfrak{m} turns into more than one (in fact, four) tokens. Of course, if you always use braces then you do not have to remember what tokens are. After tokenizing the text, TEX hyphenates it and attempts to split the para• graph into lines of the required width. The measurements of the characters are ab• solute, and so are the distances between characters (kerning); however, the spaces (interword space, intersentence space, and so on) consists of "glue" (called rub• ber length in section 9.3.2). Glue has three dimensions: the length of the space, stretchability (the amount by which it can be made longer), and shrinkability (the amount by which it can be made shorter). TEX will stretch and shrink glue and do its best to form lines of equal length. TEX employs a formula to measure how much stretching and shrinking is nec• essary in a line. The result is called "badness". Badness 0 is perfect; badness 10,000 is very bad. Lines that are too wide are reported with Overfull \hbox (5.61168pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 49 --57 The badness of a line that is stretched too much is reported as follows: Underfull \hbox (badness 1189) in paragraph at lines 93--93 Once enough paragraphs are put together, TEX composes a page from the typeset paragraphs using "vertical glue". A short page is marked with a message, for instance: Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has occurred while \output is active The typeset file is stored as a dvi (device independent) file. B.2.3 Viewing and printing Viewing and printing are not really part of TEX, but they are obviously an impor• tant part of your work environment. A separate program (called a printer driver) prints the dvi files, and another (the video driver) lets you view them on the mon• itor. B.2 How does it work? 385 B.2A The files ofYTEX Ib-TEX is a "one-pass compiler", that is, it reads the source file only once for type• setting. Therefore, it's necessary for Ib-TEX to use auxiliary files in which to store information. For the current typesetting run, Ib-TEX uses the auxiliary files com• piled during the last typesetting run. This explains why you have to typeset twice (maybe even three times-see section 6.3.2) to make sure that changes you have made are reflected in the typeset document. These auxiliary files have the same (base) name as the source file; the extension indicates the type of the auxiliary file. The most important auxiliary file is the aux file. It contains a lot of informa• tion, most importantly, the data relevant to symbolic referencing. Here are two typical entries: \newlabel{struct}{{5}{2}} \bibcite{eM57a}{4} The first entry indicates that a new symbolic reference was introduced in the source file: \label{struct} The command \ref{struct} produces 5, while \pageref{struct} yields 2. There is an aux file for the source file being processed, and another one for each file included in the main file with an \include command. No aux is written if the \nof iles command is given. The message No auxiliary output files. in the log file reminds you that \nofiles is in effect. The log file contains all the information shown on the monitor during the typesetting. The dvi file contains the typeset version of the source file. There are five auxiliary files that store information for special tasks. They are written only if that special task is invoked by a command. They are all suppressed if there is a \nofiles command. They are glo Contains the glossary entries produced by the \glossary commands. A new file is written only if there is a \makeglossary command in the source file (see section 11.5). idx Contains the index entries produced by the \index commands. A new file is written only if there is a \makeindex 386 Appendix E Background command in the source file (see section 11.3). lof Contains the entries used to compile a list offigures. A new file is written only if there is a \listoffigures command in the source file (see section 6.4.3). lot Contains the entries used to compile a list of tables. A new file is written only if there is a \listoftables command in the source file (see section 6.4.3). toe Contains the entries used to compile a table of contents. A new file is written only if there is a \tableofeontents command in the source file (see section 6.3.2). For the auxiliary files ofBIBTEX and Makelndex, see sections 10.2.4 and 11.3. Some classes and packages define other auxiliary files. APPENDIX F I PostScript fonts In section E.l, it was stated that one of the major goals of the new IbTEX was to unifY the various dialects of LATEX. Another major goal was to make it easy to use PostScript fonts. The Computer Modern fonts were "hard wired" into IbTEX. Many users liked IbTEX but disliked the Computer Modern fonts. With the spread of personal com• puters and PostScript laser printers, it was imperative that PostScript fonts become integrated into IbTEX. I illustrate with two examples how easy it is to use PostScript fonts with IbTEX2€. The PSNFSS (PostScript New Font Selection Scheme) distribution, by Sebas• tian Rahtz, is part of the IbTEX 2€ distribution. If you do not have it, get it from your TEX supplier or CTAN (see section G.2). It contains all the files-but not the fonts themselves-you need for this appendix. F.l The Times font and MathTtme As a first example, step through the process ofincorporating the Adobe Times font into a IbTEX document to replace the Computer Modern text fonts, and, option• ally, of using the MathTtme math fonts to replace the Computer Modern math 388 Appendix F PostScript fonts fonts. Recall from section 2.6.2 that a document class specifies three standard font families: • the roman (or upright and serifed) document font family; • the sans serif document font family; • the typewriter style document font family. The times package (in the PSNFSS distribution) makes Times the roman font fam• ily, Helvetica the sans seriffont family, and Courier the typewriter style font family. Setting up Times First install the Adobe Times, Helvetica, and Courier Post• Script fonts and their TEX font metric files. Now typeset the psfonts. ins file (in the PSNFSS distribution) with the LaTeX format. This will produce a sty (style) file for the standard PostScript fonts. The Times style file is called times. sty. Copy it into your TEX input directory. To use the times package, you must have the font definition (fd) files for the fonts involved. By checking the times. sty file, you'll see that you need three fonts: Times, Helvetica, and Courier. In the times package these are named ptm, phv, and per, respectively; these are the font names in the naming scheme intro• duced by Karl Berry. In ptm, p stand for the foundry's name (Adobe), tm stands for Times, hv for Helvetica, and er for Courier. The corresponding font definition files are named OT1ptm. fd, OT1phv. fd, and OT1per. fd, respectively. (OT1 desig• nates the old TEX font encoding scheme, which is not discussed here.) You can get these from the CTAN distribution sites (see section G.2). Place all these font files in your TEX input directory. U sing Times In the preamble of your document, type \usepaekage{times} after the \doeumentelass line, so that Times will become the roman, Helvetica the sans serif, and Courier the typewriter style document font family. That's all there is to it. The times package changes the document font family throughout the docu• ment' but you may want to switch to Times only occasionally. For example, {\fontfamily{ptm}\seleetfont this is typeset in the Times font} will typeset the phrase in the Times font: I this is typeset in the Times font L The text preceding and following will not be affected. Similarly, F.l The Times font and MathTtme 389 II 0 I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 I 9 I 0 10 1 v - 20 - B re re 13 lE , 30 (E 0 ! " # $ % & 40 ( ) * + , - / 0 1 50 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 , 60 < = > ? @ A B C D E 70 F G H I J K L M N 0 80 P Q R S T U V W X Y , , 90 Z [ \ ] a b c 100 d e f g h i j k I m 110 n 0 p q r s t u v w .. 120 x y z { } " - Table F.l: Lower font table for the Times font II 0 I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 I 9 120 A A 130 <; E N- O 0 a a a a a 140 a It e e e e i i i 1 150 fi 6 <'> 6 6 0 11 U 11 ii 0 160 t ¢ £ § . ~ ® © 170 TM ± 180 ¥ 11 ~ Q ..., 190 i, j f « 200 » ... A A D - - 210 " Y Y / IJ 220 ( > fi ft , %0 A t " 230 E A E E i i I i 6 6 240 6 0 0 () 250 . Table F.2: Upper font table for the Times font 390 Appendix F PostScript fonts \fontfamily{ptm}\selectfont this is typeset in the Times font \normalfont will also typeset the same phrase in Times. (The \normalfont command restores the document font family-see section 2.6.2, so this version is different from the previous one.) The layout of the Times font is shown in Tables F.l and F.2. As you can see there are plenty of opportunities to use the \symbol command (see section 2.4.4); for instance, you can define \newcommand{\TM}{{\fontfamily{ptm}\selectfont\symbol{170}}} and then \TM prints TM. To obtain these tables, open the fonttbl. tex file in your ftp directory, add the \usepackage{times} line in the preamble, and typeset it with LaTeX format. Setting up MathTtme Looking at a mathematical article typeset with the Times text font, you may find that the Computer Modern math symbols look too thin. Michael Spivak modified the CM math symbols to match the Times font (and other PostScript fonts); he named these modified fonts MathTzme. You can purchase the MathTzme fonts from Y&Y, (508) 371-3286, e-mail: [email protected]. Install the MathTzme PostScript fonts and the TEX font metric files for the MathTzme fonts. Get the mathtime. ins and mathtime. dtx files (written by Aloy• sius G. Helminck) from the CTAN. Copy them into your TEX input directory. Typeset mathtime. ins with LaTeX format. This will produce the mathtime. sty file and the necessary fd files. Using MathTtme If you want to use Times as the document font family and MathTzme as the default math font, specifY \usepackage{times,mathtime} in the preamble of your document. P.2 LucidaBright fonts In this section, I show you how to replace the Computer Modern fonts with the LucidaBright fonts (both text and math fonts) in a IbTEX document. You can pur• chase the LucidaBright fonts from Y&Y. Get the lucida.ins and lucida.dtx files (by Sebastian Rahtz), which are part of the PSNFSS distribution. Copy them into your TEX input directory. Type• set lucida. ins with LaTeX format. This will produce the lucbr. sty file and a large number of fd files. P.2 LucidaBright fonts 391 Now in the preamble of your document, add the line \usepackage [yy] {lucbr} The yy option is necessary for the LucidaBright package from Y&Y. APPENDIX G I Getting it If your computer is connected to the Internet (directly or through a telephone line), then you can obtain the most up-to-date versions ofIbTEX and AMS-IbTEX (and any other distributions you wish to use; for instance, PSNFSS). This appendix explains how to do this. Writing this section so as to satisfY everybody's needs is about as likely to be successful as writing a section on how to install IbTEX . .. So I make some assump• tions: you know how to "sign on" to an Internet provider (whose computer I shall call the "local computer"), and "download" from the local computer to your computer. I hope, however, that even if your situation is different from what is assumed, there is enough information here to help you. You should also keep in touch with TUG, the TEX Users Group. The last section tells you how. G.l GettingTEX There are commercial, shareware, and freeware implementations of TEX. G.2 Where to get it? 393 Commercial implementations Most commercial TEX implementations are integrated (that is, the application con• tains an editor, viewer-or video driver-and printer driver, as well as TEX). Com• mercial TEX implementations provide technical support, whereas public domain, freeware, and shareware programs most likely do not; for a novice, this may be an important consideration. On an IBM compatible, the most popular integrated package is PCTEX for Windows,l and on a Macintosh it is TEXTURES. 2 Some users prefer a nonintegrated setup, since then they can use the editor of their choice and the best video and printer driver. Y&Y tex is one such package.3 Public domain, freeware, and shareware implementations There are also a number of public domain, freeware, and shareware TEX implemen• tations. These can be obtained from a variety of sources (inquire from TUG-see section G.7). Probably, the most popular DOS TEX implementation is emTEX. It is avail• able from CTAN (see section G.2) and also on a CD-ROM (4allTeX) from the Dutch user group NTG (e-mail: [email protected]). The most popular share• ware implementation on the Macintosh is OzTEX, available from CTAN. UNIX users get the TEX source code (in C) from CTAN, and compile it. A version of UNIX for IBM compatibles, Linux, will automatically install TEX for you. Most TEX implementations come with Jb.TEX (version 2e) and the AMS en• hancements (AMS-Jb.TEX) as part of the package. If your TEX came from such a source, it may be simplest to keep everything up-to-date from the same source. If you need support, try the comp. text. tex newsgroup on the Internet. You could also try the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) documents maintained on CTAN (in the /tex-archive/help directory). G.2 Where toget it? You can find Jb.TEX and the AMS enhancements at one of the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (CTAN) sites: ftp.shsu.edu (U.S.), ftp.tex.ac.uk (U.K.), and ftp.dante.de (Germany). (There are also a number of mirror sites, ten at the time of this writing; check for the one closest to you.) The primary location for AMS-Jb.TEX is the ANtS file server e-math. ams . ~rg. At the CTAN sites, the following subdirectories may be of immediate interest to you: 1 Personal TEX Inc., (800) 808-7906, e-mail: pti~crl.com 2Blue Sky Research, (800) 622-8398, e-mail: sales~bluesky.com 3y&y, (508) 371-3286, e-mail: sales-help~YandY.com 394 Appendix G Getting it The lJlTEX distribution /tex-archive/macros/latex is the main l5\TEX directory. It has a number of subdirectories, including • base, the current LATEX distribution; • packages, which includes the l5\TEX tools, PSNFSS, Babel, and graphics; • contrib, the user-contributed styles and packages; • unpacked, which contains the l5\TEX distribution unpacked. The AMS-l5\TEX distribution is in the directory /tex-archive/fonts/ams It contains several subdirectories. To install AMS-l5\TEX, copy the contents of the following two directories /tex-archive/fonts/ams/amslatex/inputs /tex-archive/fonts/ams/amsfonts/latex into your TEX input directory. This is all you really have to do. The amslatex directory contains the document classes and packages. This directory has three subdirectories: math, inputs, and classes. The files that must go into your TEX input directory (the document class and package files) are all in the inputs directory. The documentation is in the other two directories. Finally, the amsfonts/latex directory contains the font related packages, and the font definition files. PostScript fonts First, you need the PSNFSS distribution. You'll find it in the psnfss subdirectory of the directory packages; the full path of this subdirectory is /tex-archive/macros/latex/packages/psnfss There is also a subdirectory called lw35nfss you may want to explore. Second, you need the font definition files for all the PostScript fonts you in• tend to use. To find these files, look in the /tex-archive/fonts/metrics direc• tory. All the Adobe PostScript fonts are in the adobe subdirectory. For instance, to find the Times font definition file, change into the times subdirectory; it has a subdirectory fd, in which you'll find OTlptm.fd. The full name of this directory is /tex-archive/fonts/metrics/adobe/times/fd G.3 Getting ready 395 cd path change directory to path cd .. move up one level in the directory structure Is list files and subdirectories mkdir path make directory path rm name remove file name pwd display current path rmdir path remove directory to path Table G.l: Some UNIX commands CTANhelp Robin Fairbairns' companion.ctan document (in /tex-archive/info) lists the names of packages, fonts, etc., and where they can be found. If you can connect to the Internet with a World Wide Web browser (say, Net• scape Navigator), try the CTAN-Web Home Page http://jasper.ora.com/ctan.html It's to an ftp connection what a luxury sedan is to a bicycle. There are now a number of other WWW sites dedicated to Ib-TEX and related topics; the Ib-TEX Navigator (http://www.loria.fr/tex/english/index.html) has a listing under the title "www servers dedicated to (La)TeX". G.3 Getting ready Follow a very simple strategy: 1. sign on to the local computer and create a subdirectory to copy the files into; 2. ftp to a CTAN site; 3. locate the directory containing the files you want; 4. download those files to the local computer; 5. transfer the files to your personal computer; 6. unpack them; 7. copy them to the appropriate directories. Since this involves going through this sequence of steps as many times as there are directories to get, you can improve on this strategy by creating a directory for all the CTAN directories you want to copy. However, let me illustrate the simpler strategy. You'll need the UNIX commands in Table G .1. Once connected to the CTAN site, use the ftp commands in Table G.2. 396 Appendix G Getting it cd path change directory to path dir list files and subdirectories get name get the file name lcd path change directory in the local computer to path mget * get all the files in the current subdirectory prompt do not prompt which files to get ascii set file type to ascii binary set file type to binary quit disconnect and quit ftp program Table G.2: Some ftp commands G.4 Transferring files I'll illustrate the procedure outlined in section G.3, by retrieving the J!.TEX distri• bution. In this session, what the computer displays on the monitor is shown in this style whereas user input is shown in this styLe In what follows, "%" is the UNIX prompt and "ftp>" is the ftp prompt. Note: these prompts may be different on your system. Step 1 Create a subdirectory called transfer on the local computer. %pwd /home/u1/gratzer %mkdir transfer % cd transfer %pwd /home/u1/gratzer/transfer Step 2 Use the method called anonymousftp to login to the (nearest) CTAN site: % ftp ftp. shsu. edu Connected to PIP.SHSU.EDU. 220 pip.shsu.edu FTP server (Version 2.1aWU(1) Fri Aug 20 14:31:05 CDT 1993) ready. Name (ftp.shsu.edu:gratzer): anonymous 331 Guest login ok, send your complete e-mail address as password. Password: [email protected] 230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply. Step 3 Now move to the directory containing the J!.TEX distribution: G.4 Transferring files 397 ftp> cd /tex-archive/macros/Latex/base 250 CWD command successful. ftp> pwd 257 "/tex-archive/macros/latex/base" is current directory. Step 4 Transfer all the files contained in this directory: ftp> prompt Interactive mode off. ftp> mget * 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for OOreadme.txt (1846 bytes). ftp> quit 221 Goodbye. Now all the files have been transferred from the CTAN site to the local computer. Note the command prompt; without it you would be prompted for every file being transferred. Step 5 The following session is typical. On the local computer, the current di• rectory should be the one containing the files you wish to transfer. %pwd /home/u1/gratzer/transfer %kermit C-Kermit, 4E(072) 24 Jan 89, SUNOS 4.x Type? for help C-Kermit> send * Escape back to your local system and give a RECEIVE command ... Now follow the instructions of the communication software on your personal com• puter to receive files sent by Kermit. Step 6 At this point, all the files you have just transferred are in a directory on your personal computer. The next step, unpacking the files, is dependent on the individual files themselves. The following general comments may help. • Look for a file called README or some other variant. This document will point out which file contains the instructions for installation, the user guide, and so on. 398 Appendix G Getting it • As a rule, the txt files are the ones you should read right away. The tex files are probably user guides, and ins files are the installation files. The J:b.TEX installation is an exception; you must use ini tex for typesetting the unpack. ins document. All the others are to be typeset with LaTeX format. Step 7 The installation unpacks a large number of files. Some of these should be copied over to the TEX input directory. These files typically have extensions cls (document class files), sty (packages), clo (class options), fd (font definition files), and bst (BIBTEX style files). There are a few others you have to copy with extensions such as 1 tx, def, and even some with tex. The installation instructions give more detail. G.S More advanced file transfer commands The procedure described in section G.4 will provide you all the files you need, but not necessarily in the most convenient or efficient manner. Consult a UNIX book or an Internet book for short cuts (see section 1.2). However, the following sug• gestions may help. 1. When you find yourself in an unfamiliar subdirectory, use the get name - command to read short documentation files. For instance, when in a subdirec• tory with a README file, issue the command: ftp> get README - This will display the contents of README on your monitor. If the file is long, you may want to view it a screenful at a time, so issue the command ftp> get README - Imore instead. 2. If you know (part of) the name of a file, but you do not know where to find it on CTAN, issue the command ftp> quote site index Latex. Ltx to locate the latex .ltx file. This will produce a listing of the directories in which the file can be found. Of course, if the file is packed, this method will not work. 3. Read the files README. archive-features README. site-commands for special commands available at CTAN sites. G.S More advanced file transfer commands 399 4. Many of the directories you may be interested in are available as single tar files, marked by the extension tar. Some directories are also compressed, as signified by the extension Z. In addition, at CTAN sites, you can "compress on-the-fly". Here is a sample session: ftp> pwd 257 "/tex-archive/macros/latex" is current directory. ftp> binary 200 Type set to I. ftp> get base. tar.Z 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for /bin/tar. 226 Transfer complete. local: base.tar.Z remote: base.tar.Z 826681 bytes received in 2.5e+02 seconds (3.2 Kbytes/s) ftp> quit % Ls -L base* -rw------1 gratzer 826681 Dec 6 16:20 base.tar.Z %uncompress base. tar.Z % Ls -L base* -rw------1 gratzer 2242560 Dec 6 16:20 base.tar % tar -xI base. tar % Ls -L base* -rw------1 gratzer 2242560 Dec 6 16:20 base. tar ... base: total 2226 -rwx------1 gratzer 1846 Jun 12 15:04 OOreadme.txt This is followed by a listing of the new base directory. The first Ls -L base* command yields the information that the compressed tar file has 826,681 characters; the second, that the uncompressed tar file has 2,242,560 characters; the third gives a complete listing (not shown) of the files in the new directory. You need only two new commands to uncompress and to create the new direc• tory. Observe that as a result of the compression only 826,681 bytes had to travel from the CTAN site to the local computer (rather than 2,242,560); as a result of combining all the files into one, the transmission happened in one step. 400 Appendix G Getting it G.6 The sample files There are number of sample files discussed in this book as discussed on page 4. You may choose to type these files yourself or get them from the ftp server at the Uni• versity of Manitoba in the latex/mil directory. (As a password, type your e-mail address.) Here is a transcript of how to get them from the University of Manitoba: %ftp ftp.cc.umanitoba.ca Connected to canopus. cc.umanitoba. ca. 220 canopus FTP server. Name: anonymous 331 Guest login ok, send your complete e-mail address as password. Password: 230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply. ftp> cd Latex/miL 250 CWD command successful. ftp> pwd 257 "/latex/mil" is current directory. ftp> prompt Interactive mode off. ftp> mget * 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for amsart.tpl (4598 bytes). 226 Transfer complete. local: amsart.tpl remote: amsart.tpl 4797 bytes received in 0.048 seconds (97 Kbytes/s) ftp> quit 221 Goodbye. Now transfer all the files from the local computer to your computer to the ftp directory, and read the readme document in the latex directory. It'll advise you when I'll have a WWW site to supplement the ftp site, the addresses of other sites that carry the sample files, and so on. G.7 AMS and the user groups The AMS provides excellent technical advice. You can reach the AMS technical staff bye-mail: tech-support@math. ams. org or by telephone: (800) 321-4267 G.7 AMS and the user groups 401 or (401) 455-4080. The TEX User's Group (TUG) does a tremendous job of maintaining TEX, developing :£b.TEX, and publishing a quarterly journal (TUGboat) and newsletter (TEX and TUG NEWS). Join TUG if you have an interest in TEX or :£b.TEX. The address of TUG is P.O. Box 869, Santa Barbara, CA 93101; telephone: (805) 899-4673, e-mail: TUG@tug. ~rg. There are a large number ofTEX user associations that are geographic or lin• guistic in nature. The three largest national user groups are GUTenberg (French), Dante (German), and UK TUG (U.K.); each is represented on the TUG Board of Directors. All the (national) TEX user associations are listed in the Resource Direc• tory, a supplement to TUGboat. For inquiries about TEX user associations, consult the Resource Directory, or write (e-mail) TUG. APPENDIX H I Conversions There are four groups of experienced users who may want to convert to AMS• E\TEX (version 1.2): users of Plain TEX, E\TEX, and AMS-TEX, and users of AMS• E\TEX version 1.1. Conversion has at least two meanings: 1. Reworking an existing article to utilize E\TEX2c: along with the amsmath and amssymb packages (and maybe others). 2. Reworking an existing article to use the amsart document class and the amssymb package (and maybe others). The two types of conversions are almost identical except that the first type starts with a template file discussed in section 1.6, while the second starts utilizes a tem• plate file obtained in section 8.3 by customizing amsart. tpl. H.i From Plain TEX To convert an article from Plain TEX: • Make sure that you do not use any of the commands listed in section H .1.1. 403 • Take your personalized article template, save it under a new name, and type in the article information. Then cut the TEX article and paste it into the document environment. • Replace the TEX displayed math delimiters $$ by \ [ and \] . • Redo all the section (and subsection) titles as discussed in section 1.7.2, and in• sert the cross-references. • Redo the bibliography as shown in section 1.7.4. Insert the cross-references to the bibliographic items. • Define and invoke all proclamations as described in section 3.4. • Redesign, if necessary, the multiline formulas using the multiline math environ• ments of the amsmath package. • Convert tables to tabular form. H.1.1 Tp)( code in MTp)( Nearly all document and page design problems are addressed by ~TEX or by a package. Therefore, mixing TEX and ~TEX is seldom necessary, and requires a deep understanding of the underlying code. Do not mix TEX code in ~TEX un• less you have mastered the internals of both. There are a number of reasons why a (Plain) TEX command may not work as expected in ~TEX. • ~TEX rewrote the "output" routines ofTEX, that is, the way paragraphs are for• matted. Avoid all TEX commands that directly affect output (see Chapter 15 of [24]). • LATEX provides a number of environments that make some TEX commands ob• solete: tabbing and center are two examples. • A number ofTEX commands that change the font size are not defined in ~TEX. • Some TEX commands change parameters that are also used by ~TEX. For in• stance, \hangindent in a LATEX list environment will change the shape of the list. Table H.l provides a short list of (Plain) TEX commands to avoid. In addition, the amsmath package prohibits the use of the TEX generalized frac• tion commands, namely, \over \overwithdelims \atop \atopwithdelims \above \abovewithdelims H.2 From YT£X The conversion depends on whether you start from ~TEX version 2.09 or ~TEX version 2e. 404 Appendix H Conversions \+ \fivei \midinsert \sevensy \advancepageno \fiverm \nopagenumbers \tabalign \beginsection \fivesy \normalbottom \tabsdone \bye \folio \oldstyle \tabset \centering \footline \pagebody \tabs \cleartabs \footstrut \pagecontents \teni \dosupereject \headline \pageinsert \topins \endinsert \leqalignno \pageno \topinsert \end \line \plainoutput \vfootnote \eqalignno \magnification \settabs \eqalign \makefootline \sevenbf \fivebf \makeheadline \seveni Table H.l: TEX commands to avoid in IbTEX H.2.1 Version 2e There are just a few adjustments to make when switching from IbTEX2c:. To do the first type of conversion (see the introduction to this appendix), just add the lines \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{amssymb} after the \documentclass line. To do the second type of conversion: • Take your amsart. tpl personalized article template, save it under a new name, and type in the article information. Cut from the IbTEX article the document environment and paste it in the new article. • Define and invoke all declarations in the form described in section 3.4. • Do not use a IbTEX bibliographic style if you use an AMS document class; use the AMS version instead. With both types of conversion, • Redesign, as necessary, the multiline formulas using the multiline math environ• ments of the amsmath package. In particular, you should change the IbTEX math environment eqnarray to an amsmath multiline math environment. H.2.2 Version 2.09 First, you have to convert from IbTEX 2.09 to IbTEX2c:. This is usually very easy. In the preamble, you have to change the \documentstyle 405 command to \documentclass Most of the document style options have become packages, which are invoked with the \usepackage command. You may optionally change the two-letter font changing commands (see section 2.6.6) to the corresponding Ib-TE,X2c:commands (see section 2.6), but this is not really necessary. Some math symbols that were in Ib-TEX version 2.09 are now in the package latexsym (see section H.2.3). Now proceed as in section H.2.1. H.2.3 The I§JEX symbols The latexsym package defines 11 math symbols. These were originally part of the standard Ib-TEX setup, but in version 2e they are invoked with the latexsym package. The only frequently used symbol in this set is \Box, which many writers use as the end-oE-proof symbol. If you follow my suggestion and always invoke the amssymb package in your Ib-TEX document, then you'll have access to all eleven of these symbols, but under different names. Table H.2 presents a rough translation table. latexsym amssymb \mho \mho \Join \bowtie \Box \square \Diamond \lozenge \leadsto \rightsquigarrow \sqsubset \sqsubset \sqsupset \sqsupset \lhd \trianglelefteq \unlhd \vartriangleleft \rhd \trianglerighteq \unrhd \vartriangleright Table H.2: A translation table The last four symbols in latexsym are binary operations, while their amssymb equiv• alents are binary relations. So a more precise translation of, say, \lhd is \mathop{\trianglelefteq} Although the amsmath package is AMS-TEX recoded for Ib-TEX, there are a number of differences the AMS-TEX user has to get used to. These seldom cause difficulty 406 Appendix H Conversions since mistakes are caught by IbTEX, as a rule. The major differences are: • AMS-TEX uses pairs of commands of the form \ command and \endcommand to delimit environments; for instance, \document and \enddocument, \proclaim and \endproclaim. • Some AMS-TEX commands were dropped because there were IbTEX commands that accomplished the same task. • Some AMS-TEX commands became optional parameters of packages or com• mands. • Some AMS-TEX commands were renamed because there were already LATEX commands of the same name. • Bibliographic formatting commands. So here is what you should do when converting from AMS-TEX: • Take an appropriate personalized article template, save it under a new name, and type in the article information. Then cut the AMS-TEX article from \document to \enddocument and paste in the body of the new article. • Replace the AMS-TEX displayed math delimiters $$ by \ [ and \] . • Look for AMS-TEX commands that start with \end. Change all these to the corresponding environment. In particular, redo each proclamation as an envi• ronment. • Completely redo the bibliography. Change the \ci te commands to references by labels. • Redo every user-defined command. Notice that the syntax changes substantially: change \define to \newcommand and \redefine to \renewcommand. A number of AMS-TEX commands that affect the style of the whole document became document class or amsmath package options (and two were dropped). They are listed in Table H.3. The AMS-TEX commands in Table H.4 may cause some difficulties. H.4 From AMS-YTp;K version 1.1 Despite dramatic changes behind the scenes, users of AMS-IbTEX version 1.1 have very little to change: • The \documentstyle command must be changed to \documentclass in the preamble. H. 4 From AMS -ItlTEX version 1.1 407 Aj\;1S-TE,X command \CenteredTagsDnSplits centertags document class option \LimitsDnlnts intlimi ts amsmath option \LimitsDnNames namelimi ts amsmath option \LimitsDnSums sumlimi ts amsmath option \NoLimitsDnlnts nointlimi ts amsmath option \NoLimitsDnNames namelimi ts amsmath option \NoLimitsDnSums nosumlimi ts amsmath option \TagsAsMath dropped \TagsAsText dropped \TagsDnLeft leqno document class option \TagsDnRight reqno document class option \TopDrBottomTagsDnSplits tbtags document class option Table B.3: AMS-TEX style commands dropped in AMS-IbTEX • Most of the document style options became packages, and should be invoked with the \usepackage command. See section 8.4 for the options of the AMS document classes. • The aligned math environments were redone. Replace the xalignat environ• ment with align, and the xxalignat environment with flalign. The align and flalign environments do not require an argument to specify the number of columns (see section 5.4). • @ is no longer a special character; typing @ prints @ (make sure that you replace @@ by @ in the \email command of the top matter). As a result, the @- command had to be renamed (it's now \nobreakdash-see section 2.4.8) and the @»> and @«< arrow commands can only be used in commutative diagrams (use the \xleftarrow and \xrightarrow commands, see section 4.10.3). • There are additional commands to change font sizes in version 1.2. You may want to change \small to \Small, \tiny to \Tiny, and \large to \Large (see section 8.1.1). • The \bold command has been renamed \mathbf (see section 4.14.3). • The commands \newsymbol, \frak, and \BBb have been renamed \DeclareMathSymbol, \mathfrak,and \mathbb They are not provided by the amsmath package but by the amsfonts package (au• tomatically loaded byamssymb). • The following rarely-used commands have been moved to the amsxtra package: 408 Appendix H Conversions \: Conflict: renamed \colon \adjustfootnotemark Dropped: reset the counter footnote \ and Renamed \And \boldkey (math style change) Dropped: use \boldsymbol \botsmash Dropped: use the optional parameter b of\smash \caption Changed: use the figure environment and the \caption command \captionwidth Dropped: use the figure environment and the \caption command \cite Different syntax \displaybreak Trap: place it before \ \ \dsize (math size change) Dropped: use \displaystyle \foldedtext Dropped: use \parbox \hdotsfor Different syntax \innerhdotsfor Dropped \italic (math style change) Dropped: use \mathi t \midspace Dropped: use the figure environment \nopagebreak in multiline math Dropped environments \pretend ... \haswidth Dropped: pad the label with blanks \roman (math style change) Conflict: use \mathrm \slanted (math style change) Dropped: use \mathsl \ssize (math size change) Dropped: use \scriptstyle \sssize (math size change) Dropped: use \scriptscriptstyle \spacehdotsfor Dropped: use the optional parameter of\hdotsfor \spaceinnerhdotsfor Dropped: use the optional parameter of\hdotsfor \spreadlines Dropped \thickfrac Dropped: use the optional parameter of\frac \thickfracwithdelims Dropped: use the optional parameter of\fracwithdelims \topsmash Dropped: use the optional parameter of\smash \topspace Dropped: use the figure environment \tsize (math size change) Dropped: use \textstyle \ vspace in multiline math Dropped: use the optional argument environments of the \ \ command Table H.4: AMS-TEX commands to avoid H. 4 From AMS-YTEX version 1.1 409 \accentedsymbo1, \sphat, \spcheck, \spti1de, \spdot, \spddot, \spdddot, \spbreve. See section 4.9 for these commands. If you need any of these commands, add the line \usepackage{amsxtra} to the preamble of your document. • \fracwi thdelims has been removed. Code it with \genfrac (see section 4.16). • \lcfrac and \rcfrac are now options of\cfrac; replace \lcfrac with \cfrac [1], \rcfrac with \cfrac [r] (see section 4.16). • The functionality of the multiline subscript and superscript environments, Sb and Sp, is taken over by the substack command (see section 4.8.2). • The environments pf and pH have been renamed proof and proof*, respec• tively. • You may wish to redo some of your font commands to the new ones. If you use CM fonts, there is no hurry; the old ones should work as before. APPENDIX Final word In this final appendix, I'll outline what was left out of the presentation, and what you might read to learn more about u\TEX. 1.1 What was left out? My goal for this book was to provide the reader with a good foundation in u\TEX and AMS-u\TEX; the visual design of the document is left, to a large degree, to the document class. Keeping in mind this task, what did I omit? 1.1.1 Omitted from YTEX Jb.TEX has some features omitted from this book: 1. The picture environment is a major feature. It allows you to draw simple pic• tures with lines and circles. 2. The array, tabular, and tabbing environments have a number offeatures not discussed in this book. 3. Jb.TEX makes the style parameters of a document and of most Jb.TEX constructs available to the user. Very few of them are mentioned in this book. 1.2 Further reading 411 4. The "low level" commands ofNFSS provide finer control over fonts. If you need these features, this is what you should do: 1. Drawing with the picture environment has the advantage of portability. This environment is described in Lamport [30]; many extensions are discussed in Chapter 10 of The YTEX Companion. However, I believe that the correct ap• proach today is to use a drawing program with the capability ofsaving the graph• ics in encapsulated PostScript format that can be included in the document us• ing the graphics package (see section 6.4.3). 2. The tabbing, tabular, and array environments-and their extensions-are described in detail in Lamport [30] and Chapter 5 of The YTEX Companion. 3. The style parameters for E\TEX are set in the document class. When the pub• lisher changes the name of the document class, the style parameters are changed to their specifications. If you explicitly change the style parameters in your doc• ument, then the journal has no easy way to mark up the source file to conform with their publishing style. If you must change the basic style parameters, advise the editor what was done. 4. There are two types of commands of the New Font Selection Scheme: high• level and lowlevel commands. The latter are, by and large, for style designers and package writers. Nevertheless, those who want to use fonts other than the standard Computer Modern fonts would do well to read Chapters 7 and 11 of The YTEX Companion. In this book, I use low level commands of NFSS only in two places: III section 9.5 and Appendix F. 1.1.2 Omittedfrom 1EX Most all of Plain TEX was omitted from this book. TEX is a powerful programming language; you can design any page layout or formula in TEX. Remember, however, that to change the design features, you should be knowledgeable not only in TEX, but also in document design. Also keep in mind our goal that the journal publisher ought to be able to change the design to its own specifications. 1.2 Further reading Much documentation is included in the E\TEX and AMS-E\TEX distributions; in addition, many third-party packages are well documented. You'll find a lot more documentation on CTAN. As you have no doubt noticed, there are many references to The YTEX Com• panion in this book. For instance, a whole chapter (Chapter 4) in the Companion deals with the layout of the page, and several sections (in Chapter 2) show how to change section headers. 412 Appendix I Final word The J5lTEX Companion is not a beginner's book, but it's indispensable for ad• vanced IbTEX users with special needs not served by document classes. It is also the best overview of more than a hundred important packages. For package writ• ers and students ofNFSS, the Companion is the basic textbook. It is a bit more complicated to learn TEX. You may want to start out with Wynter Snow [ 42]. It introduces many of the basic concepts of TEX in a very re• laxed style with many examples; the IbTEX notes make the book especially useful, and the author gives many examples of macros. TEX as a programming language is not discussed, however. Raymond Seroul and Silvio Levy [41] give another good introduction; this book also has a chapter on TEX programming. Donald E. Knuth [24] provides an easy introduction to TEX, as long as you avoid the difficult parts marked by "dan• gerous bend signs". Paul W. Abrahams, Karl Berry, and Kathryn A. Hargreaves [1] explain many TEX commands grouped by topic. It has a very useful, nonsequential approach. Victor Eijkhout [11] is an excellent reference book on TEX mainly for experts. For many tutorial examples, see the articles and columns in TUGboat. For advice to authors of mathematical articles, see Ellen Swanson [44]; it is in• teresting to note how many of Swanson's rules have been incorporated into IbTEX. The points ofview on copy editing ofthe Cambridge and Oxford University Presses are presented in Judith Butcher [8] and Horace Hart [22], respectively. Ruari McLean [31] gives a useful introduction to typography, the art of print• ing with type. See also Alison Black [7] for more about typefaces. Harley Hahn [21] provides an excellent introduction to Unix; and Ed Krol [29] is a good first book on the Internet. IbTEX focuses on the system-independent nature of TEX. However, everyone works with a specific computer system, and many tools are available that make one's labor easier. Norman Walsh [45] is an excellent overview of system-specific tools. Bibliography [1] Paul W. Abrahams, Karl Berry, and Kathryn A. Hargreaves, TEX for the Impatient. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1990. [2] American Mathematical Society, AMSFonts version 2.I-Installation Guide. Provi• dence, Rl, 1991. [3] ___ , AMSFonts version 2.I-User's Guide, Providence, Rl, 1991. [4] ___ , AMS-b1TEX version I.I-User's Guide. Providence, Rl, 1991. [5] __ , AMS-b1TEX version I.2-User's Guide. Providence, Rl, 1995. (For addi• tional information, typeset amsmath. dtx and the other dtx documents in the AMS distribution. ) [6] ___ , Installation GuideforAMS-b1TEXversion 1.1. Providence, Rl, 1991. [7] Alison Black, Typefaces for desktop publishing: a user guide. Architecture Design and Technology Press, London, 1990. [8] Judith Butcher, Copy editing: the Cambridge handbook. 2nd ed., Cambridge Univer• sity Press, London, 1981. [9] Pehong Chen and Michael A. Harrison, Index preparation and processing. Software• Practice and Experience 19 (9) (1988), 897-915 [10] Michael Doob, TEX Starting from [IJ. Springer Verlag, Berlin, New York, 1993. [11] Victor Eijkhout, TEX by topic: A TEXnician's reference. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1991. [12] Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach, and Alexander Samarin, The YTEX Companion. Addison -Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1994. [13] George Gratzer, Math into TEX: A simple introduction to AMS-b1TEX. Birkhauser Boston, Boston, 1993. [14] __ , AMS-b1TEX. NoticesAmer. Math. Soc. 40 (1993),148-150. 414 Bibliography [15] ___ , Advances in TEX implementations. I. PostScript fonts. Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 40 (1993), 834-838. [16] ___ , Advances in TEX implementations. II. Integrated environments. Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 41 (1994), 106-111. [17] ___ , Advances in TEX implementations. III. A new version of J::lTEX, finally. No• tices Amer. Math. Soc. 41 (1994),611-615. [18] ___ , Advances in TEX. IV. Header and footer control in J::lTEX. Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 41 (1994),772-777. [19] ___ , Advances in TEX. V. Using text fonts in the new standard J::lTEX. Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 41 (1994),927-929. [20] ___ , Advances in TEX. VI. Using math fonts in the new standard YTEX. Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 41 (1994), 1164-1165. [21] Harle Hahn, A Student's Guide to Unix. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1993. [22] Horace Hart, Hart's Rules For Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Ox• ford. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991. [23] Donald E. Knuth, The Art ofComputer Programming. Volumes 1-. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1968-. [24] __ , The TEXbook. Computers and Typesetting. Vol. A. Addison-Wesley, Read• ing, Massachusetts, 1984, 1990. [25] ___ , TEX: The Program. Computers and Typesetting. Vol. B. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1986. [26] ___ , The Metafontbook. Computers and Typesetting. Vol. C. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1986. [27] ___ , METAFONT: The Program. Computers and Typesetting. Vol. D. Addison• Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1986. [28] ___ , Computer Modern Typefaces. Computers and Typesetting. Vol. E. Addison• Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1987. [29] Ed Krol, The Whole Internet: User Guide & Catalog. O'Reilly & Associates, Se• bastopol, CA, 1992. [30] Leslie Lamport, YTEX: A Document Preparation System. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts. First ed. 1985. Second ed. 1994. [31] Ruari McLean, The Thames and Hudson Manual ofTypography. Thames and Hudson, London, 1980. [32] Frank Mittelbach, An extension of the YTEX theorem environment. TUGboat 10 (1989),416-426. [33] Frank Mittelbach and Chris Rowley, YTEX 2.09---. YTEX3. TUGboat, 13 (1) (1992), 96-101. Bibliography 415 [34] __ , YTEX2€-A New Version ofYTEX. TEX and TUG NEWS, 2 (4) (1993), 10-11. [35] __ , The YTEX3 Project. Euromath Bulletin, 1 (1994), 117-125. [36] __ , YTEX3 in )93. TEX and TUG NEWS, 3 (1) (1994), 7-11. [37] Frank Mittelbach and Rainer Schopf, The new font family sclection-user interface to standard YTEX. TUGboat 11 (1990),297-305. [38] Oren Patashnik, BIBTEXing. Document in the BIBTEX distribution. [39] __ , BIBTEX 1.0. TUGboat 15 (1994),269-273. [40] Rainer Schopf, A new implementation ofthe YTEX verbatim and verbatim* environ• ments. TUGboat 11 (1990),284-296. [41] Raymond Seroul and Silvio Levy, A beginner)s book of TEX. Springer-Verlag, New York,1991. [ 42] Wynter Snow, TEX for the beginner. Addison -Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1992. [ 43] Michael Spivak, The Joy ofTEX. 2nd ed. American Mathematical Society, Providence, R.I.,1990. [44] Ellen Swanson, Mathematics into Type: Copy Editing and Proofreading ofMathematics for Editorial Assistants and Authors. American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1986. [45] Norman Walsh, Making TEX work. O'Reilly & Associates, Sebastopol, CA, 1994. Afterword This book is based on my earlier book Math into TEX: A simple introduction to AMS-fslTEX [13]. Although the topic changed considerably, I borrowed a fair amount of material from that book. So it may be appropriate to begin by thanking here those who helped me with the earlier book. Harry Lakser was extremely generous with his time; Michael Doob and Craig Platt assisted me with TEX and UNIX; and David Kelly and Arthur Ger• hard read and commented on an early version of that manuscript. Michael Downes, Frank Mittelbach, and Ralph Freese read various drafts. Richard Ribstein read the third and fourth drafts very conscientiously. The first draft of this new book was read for the publisher by • David Carlisle (of the Jb.TEX3 team) • Michael J. Downes (the project leader of the AMS team) • Fernando Q. Gouvea (Colby College) • Frank Mittelbach (the project leader of the Jb.TEX3 team) • Tobias Oetiker (De Montfort University) • Nico A. F. M. Poppelier (Elsevier Science Publishers) Together they produced a huge tutorial on Jb.TEX for my benefit. I hope that I succeeded in passing on to you some of what I learned from them. On February 8, 1995, a short announcement was posted on the Internet (in the comp. text. tex news group ) asking for volunteers to read the first draft. The response was overwhelming. I received reports from the following volunteers: • Jeff Adler (University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA) • Helmer Aslaksen (National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Sin• gapore) • Andrew Caird (University of Michigan Center for Parallel Computing, Ann Ar• bor, MI, USA) Afterword 417 • Michael Carley (Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland) • Miroslav Dont (Czech Technical University, Prague, The Czech Republic) • Simon P. Eveson (University of York, Heslington, York, England) • Weiqi Gao (St. Louis, MO, USA) • Suleyman Guleyupoglu (Concurrent Technologies Corporation, Johnstown, PA, USA) • Peter Gruter (Laboratoir Kastler Brossel, Paris, France) • Chris F.W. Hendriks (National Aerospace Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Nether• lands) • Mark Higgins (Global Seismology, British Geological Survey, Edinburgh, Scot• land) • Zhihui Huang (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) • David M. Jones (Information and Computation, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, Cambridge, MA, USA) • Alexis Kotte and John van der Koijk (University Hospital Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands) • Donal Lyons (Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland) • Michael Lykke (Roskild, Denmark) • Steve Niu (University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada) • Piet van Oostrum (Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands) • Denis Roegel (CRIN, Nancy, France) • Kevin Ruland (Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA) • Thomas R. Scavo (Syracuse, NY, USA) • Peter Schmitt (University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria) • Nandor Sieben (Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA) • Paul Thompson (Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA) • Ronald M. Tol (University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands) • Ernst U. Wallenborn (Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland) • Doug Webb (Knoxville, TN, USA) There were many volunteers, ranging in expertise from users who wanted to learn more about Ib-TE,X, to experts in charge oflarge Ib-TE,X installations, to inter• nationally known experts whose names are known to many Ib-TE,X users; and rang• ing in background from graduate students, to professional mathematicians, com• puter scientists, chemical engineers, psychiatrists, and consultants. I would like to thank them all for their enthusiastic reports. They shared their learning and their teaching experiences. This has become a much better book for their contributions. I also received carefully crafted reports on Chapter 10 from Oren Patashnik (Stanford University), the author ofBIBTE,X. Based on these reports (ranging in size from two pages to over thirty pages), the manuscript has been rewritten, most of it has been reorganized, and sections have been added or deleted. I felt that as a result of the major changes proba• bly many new errors have been introduced. So the second draft was again sent to 418 Afterword three readers; Jeff Adler, Simon P. Eveson, and David M. Jones sent me 27 pages of reports, confirming my suspicions. My deepest appreciation to these three indi• viduals for their excellent repeat performance. In the meanwhile, Merry Obrecht Sawdey undertook the visual design of the book. She also lent a helping hand in the final typesetting of the book. The manuscript then was sent to the technical editor, Thomas R. Scavo, who flooded it with red ink; it would be hard to overstate the importance of his work. The final version of the book was checked again by him. Last but not least, I want to thank Edwin Beschler, who believed in the project from the very beginning. Index u (space) *-ed command, 69 in a line, 143 @,5,63,74 in math, 143 @-expression, 134 in text, 7, 63, 64, 66, 96, 383 @<<< (extendible <--), 204 \u (interword space), 66, 96,383 @= (extendible =),204 #,5,63,74 @»> (extendible -+), 204 \# (#), 74, 356 \@. (end of sentence), 67 $,5,63,74,141 +, 5, 15,62, 146 $ (inline math delimiter), 11, 141 \+(TEXcommand. Donotuse!),403 \$ ($), 74, 356 , (comma), 5,62 %,5,6,63,74,82,248 \, (thin space, also \thinspace), 165, commenting out, 6, 81-83, 329 353,358 \% (%), 5, 74, 82, 356 - (dash, hyphen, minus), 15,62,73, &,5,63,74 146 alignment point, 32, 33, 188, 196, \- (optional hyphen), 8, 78 200 -- (number ranges, en-dash), 10, 74 column separator, 133, 188,202 --- (em-dash), 10,74 \& (&), 74, 356 . (period), 5,62 , (apostrophe), 148 \. ( . accent), 76, 357 \' ( , accent), 76, 357 ... (ellipsis), 17, 150 C, 5,62 / (math delimiter), 152, 353 C (math delimiter), 152, 353 / (slash), 5, 15,62 \C (start inline math), 141 \I (italic correction), 75, 86, 383 ), 5, 62 : (colon), 5, 62 ) (math delimiter), 152, 353 \: (AMS-TEXcommand. Do not use!), \) (end inline math), 141 406 *,5,62 \: (medium space, also \medspace), * prompt, 68, 277 165,353,358 $*$ (*),356 ; (semicolon), 5,62 420 Index \; (thick space, also \ thickspace), \] (end displayed math), 11, 141 165,353,358 ',5,63,147 <,10,62 \ - ( A accent), 76, 357 =,5,62 _(unde~core),5, 15,63,74,147 \= ( - accent), 76, 357 \_(_),74 \= (tabbing command), 116, 117 \_ (_ accent), 357 >,10,62 C (left quote), 5, 62 \> (tabbing command), 116, 117 , (right quote), 5,62 " (double quote B IBTEX delimiter), 1,5, 10,63,74 312,313,331,342 $1 $ (I), 356 "(double quote), 5, 7, 63, 73 I (math delimiter), 28, 152, 353 \" ( .. accent), 76, 357 \ 1 (II math delimiter), 152, 353 ? (question mark), 5,62 I (vertical line in tabular environment), ? C (d, 76, 357 133 ! (exclamation mark), 5, 62 \ - ( - accent), 76, 357 ! C (i), 76, 357 -,5,63,74,93 \! (negative thin space, also 10pt (document class option), 237, \negthinspace), 165, 353, 257 358 11pt (document class option), 237, [,5,62 257 [ (math delimiter), 152, 353 12pt (document class option), 237, \ [ (start displayed math), 11, 141 257 \, 5,9,63,68,74 8pt (document class option), 257 start of command, 9, 68 9pt (document class option), 257 \ (math delimiter), 152, 353 {, 5, 63 a4paper (document class option), 237, { (math delimiter), 152, 353 257 \{ ({), 74, 356 a5paper ( document class option), 237 { } (empty group), 148 \AA (A), 76, 357 },5,63 \aa (Ii), 76, 357 } (math delimiter), 152, 353 abbreviation \} (}), 356 in B I BTEX, 322 \}(}),74 period after, 66 \ \*,91,206 Paul W. Abrahams, 412, 413 absolute unit, 99 \\ linebreak, 91,116,132,133 abstract environment, 36,214,256 row/line separator, 18, 31-33, abstract in article, 36,214,256 118, 120, 134, 160, 181, \abstractname,276 182, 188, 193, 196, 198, accent 206,245,247 European, 10, 76, 107, 357 J, 5,62 math, 16, 161, 355 ] (math delimiter), 152, 353 \accent, 382 accented character, 10, 76, 357 Index 421 \Acute ( , math accent), 161, 355 AMS,380 \acute ( , math accent), 161, 355 info, 248, 251 \addcontentsline, 215, 224, 225 subject classification, 249 \address,247,250 technical support, 400 address (author info), 247 AMS document class, xxiii, 79, 243- address (field of bibliographic entry), 244 313 AMS article document class, see amsart \addtocontents,216,224 ( document class) \addtocounter,286 AMS file server, 393 \addtolength,288 amsart (document class), xxiii, 33,41, adjusted columns, 181, 198-203 77,152,218,235,243-259, \adjustfootnotemark (AMS-TEX com- 276, 372, 383, 402, 404, mand. Do not use!), 406 405,407 Jeff Adler, 416, 418 amsbook (document class), 244, 257, \advancepageno (TEXcommand. Do 259,276,407 not use!), 403 amsbsy (package), 54, 173,174,261 \AE (JE), 76, 357 amscd (package), 203, 261 \ae (a), 76, 357 AMSFonts, 51, 52, 172, 173, 259, afterpage (package), 241 394,413 \aleph (~), 345 amsfonts (package), xxiii, 12, 51, 54, align, 31 172,173,261,407 annotated, 31, 32, 180 amsgen (package), 261 simple, 31 amsintx (package), 150,261 align (math environment), 31, 32, AMS-IbTEX, xx, xxii-xxiv, xxv, 23, 187-188, 191, 193, 196, 52-54,243-262,381-383, 206,407 393,402-406,410,413 align* (math environment), 196 AMS-IbTEX 1.1 conversion to AMS• alignat (math environment), 190 IbTEX 1.2, 406 aligned columns, 187-193 amsmath (package), 15-20,23,30-33, aligned multiline formula, 31, 187- 35,41,50,51,54,74,79, 191 101,144-146,148-150,152, aligned (subsidiary math environment), 153,156-158,160-162,164- 193 166,169,171-175,177,180, alignment point, 32, 33, 188, 196, 181,188,193,196-199,203, 200 220, 221, 238, 259, 261, \allowdisplaybreaks,206 280, 286, 291, 292, 295, alltt (package), 241 346,350,353-355,358,382, \alpha (0:),346 402-404,406,409 \alsoname,276 amsopn (package), 54,157,158,169, \alsoseename,276 261 Ait key, 5, 63 amsplain.bst,323, 325,327, 328, \amalg (II), 347, 350 378 422 Index amsproc (document class), 244 appendix, 219, 276 amssymb (package), 12, 15, 20, 23, bibliography, 38-40, 211, 256, 35,41,54,128,254,261, 257 305,346-352,372,402,407 body, 35,68,211-232 AMS-TEX, xxv, 380, 381-383,402, design, 48 406 info, 245-259 AMS-TEX conversion, 406 AMS subject classification, 249 amstext (package), 19,54,261,383 address, 247 amsthm (package), 50, 54, 130,242, author, 246 261,276 current address, 247 amsxtra (package), 161,261,355,409 date, 246 \And ( & ), 350 electronic mail address, 248 \and, 42, 43, 406 further footnotes, 249 \angle (L), 352 keywords, 249 annotated align, 31, 32,180 multiple authors, 250 anonymous ftp, 396, 399,400 research support, 248 apostrophe, 62, 148 preamble, 34-35, 125,253,268, appendix, 218, 276 272,287 \appendix,218,276 sample \appendixname,276 intrart, xx, 34-40, 46, 48, \approx (::::::), 347 227,235 \approxeq, 348 intrarti,333, 334, 339, 341 arabic counter style, 285 sampart, xx-xxiii, 33,49,50, \arccos (arccos operator), 156, 354 128, 131, 227, 230, 244, \arcsin (arcsin operator), 156,354 323,360-371 \arctan (arctan operator), 156, 354 sampartl, 323-325, 327 \arg (arg operator), 156, 354 sampart2, 50, 56,276,372- argument of command, 9,11,12,14, 378 69,85,92,105,271 sectioning, 43, 217-220 movable, 107,216 template, 41---42, 253-257 optional, 19,69,275 top matter, 35, 36,41,42,43, argument of environment, 69, 280 68,107,244-256 optional, 69 ARTICLE (bibliographic entry type), arithmetic operation, 15, 146 312,315 array (package), 241 article (document class), 34,41,42, arr a y ( subsidiary math environment), 49,51,77,213,218,235- 181,198,201-203 239 arrow, 164,351 article.tpl,41 vertical, 204 article2.tpl,41 article, 34-46, 211-232, 235, 239, ascii (ftp command), 395 243-259,361-371 askinclude (package), 109 abstract, 36, 214, 256 Helmer Aslaksen, 416 Index 423 \ast (*), 350 bfseries (text environment), 138 \asymp (:::::), 347 bib file, 311-323, 325, 331 author, see article, info \bibcite,328,385 \author,246,250,256 \bibdata, 327 author (field of bibliographic entry), \bibitem, 30, 38,41,45,229, 230, 313 275,296,328 author info, see article, info bibliographic entry aux file, 30, 55,284, 326-328, 385 field address, 313 \b (_ accent), 76, 357 author, 313 b5paper (document class option), 237 booktitle,313 babel (package), 241 chapter, 313 back matter, 213, 227, 236, 244,332 crossref, 313 \backepsilon (J), 348 edition, 313 \backmatter,236 editor, 313 \backprime ('), 352 howpublished, 313 \backsim ('-"), 348 institution, 313 \backsimeq (,::::,),348 journal, 313 backslash, 68, 74 key, 313 \backslash (\), 74, 352 language, 313 $\backslash$ (\), 356 month, 313 \backslash (math delimiter), 152, note, 313 353 number, 313 badness, 384 organization, 313 balanced braces, 71 pages, 313 \Bar (- math accent), 161, 355 publisher, 313 \bar (- math accent), 16, 27, 161, school, 313 355 series, 313 \barwedge (A), 350 title, 313 \baselinestretch,93 type, 313 \Bbbk (Ik), 352 volume, 313 bbl file, 327, 328 year, 313 \because (":), 348 type, 312 \begin (begin environment), 68 ARTICLE, 312, 315 \beginsection (TEXcommand. Do BOOK, 312, 316, 322 not use!), 403 BOOKLET, 312, 322 Karl Berry, 412, 413 INBOOK, 313, 322 Edwin Beschler, 418 INCOLLECTION, 313, 318 \beta ({3), 346 INPROCEEDINGS, 313,317 \beth (:1), 345 MANUAL, 313, 322 \between (0), 348 MASTERSTHESIS, 313,319 \bf (not standard u\TEX), 88, 270 MISC, 313, 322 \bfseries, 88, 358 424 Index PHDTHESIS, 313, 319 \bigotimes ( ® large operator), 159, PROCEEDINGS, 313, 322 354 TECHREPORT, 313, 320 \Bigr, 154 UNPUBLISHED, 313, 321 \bigr, 154 bibliographic field, see bibliographic \bigskip,98 entry, field \bigsqcup ( U large operator), 159, optional, 314 354 required, 314 \bigstar (*), 352 bibliographic style \bigtriangledown(\7),350 amspIain,323, 325,327, 328, \bigtriangleup (6),350 378 \biguplus ( ~ large operator), 159, bibliographic style file, 325 354 bibliography, 38-40,211,256,257, \bigvee ( V large operator), 24, 25, 311-331 159,354 \bibliography,69,323,325,327, \bigwedge ( /\ large operator), 25,159, 378 354 \bibIiographystyle,323,325,327 binary (ftp command), 395 \bibname,276 binary operation, 164, 350 \bibstyIe,327 binary relation, 164, 348 BIBTEX, 82, 311-331, 386 negated, 164, 349 error message, 329-331 stacking, 167 setup, 325 \binom,16,21,149 \Big, 154 binomial, 16, 149 \big, 155 Alison Black, 412, 413 \bigcap (n large operator), 159, 354 Blackboard bold math alphabet, xxiii, \bigcirc (0), 350 24,173,296 \bigcup ( Ularge operator), 23,159, \bIackIozenge (+),352 354 \bIacksquare (_), 352 \Bigg, 154 \bIacktriangIe (.),352 \bigg, 155 \bIacktriangIedown(T),352 \Biggl, 154 \bIacktriangIeIeft ( ... ), 348 \biggl,27,154 \bIacktriangIeright ("),348 \biggm, 155 blank delimiter, 25, 155 \Biggr, 154 blank line \biggr,27,154 in text environment, 131 \Bigl, 154 marking end of paragraph, 7, 65 \bigl, 154 prohibited in math environment, \bigm, 155 181,182,188,196 \bigodot ( 0 large operator), 159, bIg file, 327, 328 354 Blue Sky Research, 393 \bigoplus ( EB large operator), 159, blue space, 74 354 bmatrix (subsidiary math environment), Index 425 18,200 \bullet (.), 350 \bmod, 158 \Bumpeq (~), 348 body of article, 35, 68, 211-232 \bumpeq (~), 348 bold math italic, 173,296,411 Judith Butcher, 412, 413 bold math symbol, 173-174 \bye (TEX command. Do not use!), bold text environment, 138 403 \boldkey (AMS-TEXcommand. Do bye (ftp command), 395 not use!), 406 \bysame,230,275,296,328 \boldsymbol, 173 BOOK (bibliographic entry type), 312, \c ( > accent), 76, 357 316,322 Andrew Caird, 416 book ( document class), 235-239, 276 calc (package), 287, 289 BOOKLET (bibliographic entry type), calligraphic alphabet, 28, 172, 173, 312,322 261 booktitle (field of bibliographic entry), \Cap (fri1), 350 313 \cap (n), 350 \bot Cl), 352 caption, 223, 225, 386 \botsmash (AMS-TEXcommand. Do \caption, 223, 225, 386 not use!), 406 \caption (AMS-TEXcommand. Do \bowtie (CXl), 347 not use!), 406 \Box (D), 352 \captionwidth (AMS-TEX command. box, 100 Do not use!), 406 line, 101 Michael Carley, 417 paragraph, 103 David Carlisle, xviii, 116, 134, 222, solid, 105 224,270,306,380,416 \boxdot (8), 350 cases (subsidiary math environment), \boxed,179 33,180,198,203,205 boxed formula, 179 \ccname,276 boxed text, 89, 179 cd (UNIX command), 395 \boxminus (8), 350 cd .. (UNIX command), 395 \boxplus (EE), 350 CD (subsidiary math environment), 203 Johannes Braams, 380 \cdot (.), 15, 146, 350 brace, 69, 71 \cdots ( ... ),17,150 balanced, 71 center, 9,100,139 closing, 14,71 center (text environment), 132, 139, horizontal, 162 297 nonoverlapping, 70 \centerdot (.), 350 opening, 71 \CenteredTagsOnSplits(AMS-TEX unbalanced, 70, 83 command. Do not use!), 406 bracket, 62, 69 \centering (TEX command. Do not \Breve (V math accent), 161, 355 use!), 139,403 \breve (V math accent), 161, 355 centertags (document class option), 258,260 426 Index centimeter, 10 aligned,187-193 \drac, 175 command, 68 \chapter, 218,236,244 *-ed,69 chapter (field of bibliographic entry), argument, 9,11,12,14,69,85, 313 92,105,271 \chaptername, 276 declaration, 73 character, 4, 62 delimited, 290, 292 accented, 10, 76, 357 file, 82, 292-296 end-of-line, 62, 64, 80 fragile, 107 European, 10,76,357 ftp, see ftp command invalid, 5, 64 global, 73 invisible, 62 long, 73 math, 10,62 scope, 70 prohibited, 5, 63 short, 73 special, 5, 63, 74,107,356 start with \, 9, 68 tab, 5, 7, 62, 64 termination, 69 \Check ( ~ math accent), 161, 355 TEX, 290, 291,403 \check ( ~ math accent), 161, 355 UNIX, see UNIX command Pehong Chen, 332,413 user-defined, 268-278 \chi (X), 346 Command key, 5,63 \circ (0), 350 comment (text environment), 82 \circeq (~), 348 commenting out, 6, 81-83, 254,329 \circledast (®), 350 commutative diagram, 203-205 \circledcirc (@), 350 comp. text. tex newsgroup, 393 \circleddash (G), 350 \complement (C), 352 \circledS (®), 352 Comprehensive TEX Archive Network, \citation, 327 see CTAN \cite, 30,45,229, 325 computer, xxi \cite (AMS-TEXcommand. Do not AMS,393 use!),406 local, 392, 396 \clearpage, 224 Computer Modern (CM) fonts, 51, \cleartabs (TEX command. Do not 84 use!),403 \cong U~",), 347 \cline, 135-138 congruence, 16, 158,272,291 \clubsuit (.), 352 \contentsname, 276 cm (dimensional unit), 10,99,287 continued fraction, 175 CM fonts, 51, 84 conversion to AMS-IbTEX, 402-409 \colon, 166 from AMS-IbTEX 1.1, 406 column separator (&), 133, 181, 188, from AMS-TEX, 406 202 from IbTEX, 404 columns from TEX, 403 adjusted, 181, 198-203 \coprod (Ularge operator), 159, 354 Index 427 \copyright (), 76,357 \curlyvee (Y), 350 \cos (cos operator), 156, 354 \curlywedge (J..), 350 \cosh (cosh operator), 156, 354 \curraddress,247 \cot (cot operator), 156, 354 current address (author info), 247 \coth (coth operator), 156, 354 custom format, 57, 304 counter, 283 custom list, 297-304 enumi,283 customized enumii,283 preamble of article, 41-42, 253 enumiii, 283 top matter of article, 41-42, 253 enumiv,283 equation, 283 \d ( . accent), 76, 357 figure, 283 \dag (t math symbol), 352 footnote, 283 \dag (t text symbol), 76, 357 MaxMatrixCols, 199 \dagger (t), 350 page, 283 \daleth (l), 345 paragraph, 283 Dante, 401 part, 283 dash, 10,62, 73 secnumdepth, 283, 287 em-dash, 10, 74, 79 section, 283 en-dash, 10, 74, 79 style, 285 \dashv (--1),347 arabic, 285 database, 311 lowercase letters, 285 \date,77,256 lowercase roman, 285 date (article info), 246 uppercase letters, 285 \datename,276 uppercase roman, 285 \day,77 subparagraph, 283 \dbinom, 149 subsection, 283 dcolumn (package), 134,241 subsubsection,283 \ddag (t math symbol), 352 table, 283 \ddag (t text symbol), 76, 357 tocdepth,283 \ddagger (t), 350 cross-referencing, 30,211, 220-223 \ddddot ( .... math accent), 161, 355 crossref(field of bibliographic entry), \dddot ( ... math accent), 161, 355 313 \Ddot ( .. math accent), 161, 355 \csc (csc operator), 156, 354 \ddot ( .. math accent), 161, 355 CTAN (Comprehensive TEX Archive \ddots (··.),151 Network), 393 \DeclareMathOperator, 157, 169, CTAN Web Home Page, 395 261 Ctrl key,S, 63 \DeclareMathOperator*,157,169, \Cup (U!J), 350 261 \cup (U), 350 \DeclareMathSymbol,407 \curlyeqprec (~),348 declaring symbol type, 168 dedication (article info), 246 \curlyeqsucc (~),348 \dedicatory,246 428 Index \def,290,291 372, 383, 402, 404, 405, delarray (package), 241 407 delimited command, 290, 292 amsbook, 244, 257, 259, 276, delimiter, 16, 152-154, 353 407 blank, 25, 155 amsproc, 244 fixed sized, 153 article, 34,41,42,49, 51,77, that stretch, 154 213, 218, 235-239, 276, \Delta (~), 346 305 \delta (0), 346 book, 235-239, 276 description (text environment), 113, letter, 239-240,276 297 proc,240 \det (det operator), 156, 354 report, 235-239,276 device independent (dvi) file, 384 slides, 240 \dfrac,28, 146, 175 option, 237-239,257-259 \diagdown(,,),352 10pt,237,257 \diagup (/), 352 11pt,237,257 \Diamond (0), 352 12pt, 237, 257 \diamond (0), 350 8pt,257 \diamondsui t (<», 352 9pt,257 \digamma(F),346 a4paper, 237, 257 digit key, 4, 62 a5paper,237 \dim (dim operator), 156, 354 b5paper,237 dimensional unit, 99, 287 centertags, 258, 260 \displaybreak,206 draft, 8,213,238,258 \displaybreak (AMS-TEX command. executivepaper,237 Do not use!), 406 final, 238,258 displayed fleqn, 239, 258,260 math, 11, 141, 144 intlimits,260 math environment, 141, 144 legalpaper, 237, 257 math formula, 140 leqno,239,258,260 displayed text, 111-123 letterpaper, 237, 257 displaymath (math environment), 141, namelimits,260 144, 180 noamsfonts,259 \displaystyle, 174 nointlimits,260 \di v (--;-), 350 nomath,259 \divideontimes (*),350 nonamelimits,260 document class, xxii-xxiv, 6, 15,34, nosumlimits,260 35,42,49,51,86,234-242, notitlepage,238,259 260,380,381 onecolumn,213, 238, 259 AMS, xxiii, 79,243-244 oneside, 238, 259 amsart, xxiii, 33,41, 77, 152, openany,238 218, 235, 243-259, 276, openright,238 Index 429 psamsfonts, 259, 260 353 reqno, 239, 258, 260 \Downarrow(-U-),351 sumlimits,260 \downarrow ( 1 math delimiter), 152, tbtags,258,260 353 titlepage, 238, 239, 259 \downarrow 0),351 twocolumn,213,238,259 \downdownarrows (ll), 351 twos ide, 238, 259 Michael J. Downes, xviii, 380-382, document class option, see document 416 class, option \downharpoonleft (J), 351 document (environment), 9, 20, 68 \downharpoonright (l), 351 document font family, 84 draft (document class option), 8, 213, roman, 84 238,258 sans serif, 84 \dsize (AMS-TEXcommand. Do not typewriter style, 84 use!), 406 upright, 84 Denis Duchier, 380 \documentclass,12,15,69,81,254 dvi file, 385 Miroslav Dont, 417 Michael Doob, 383,413,416 e-mail, 66, 248, 250, 256 \dosupereject (TEXcommand. Do \email,248,250,256 not use!), 403 edition (field of bibliographic entry), \Dot ( . math accent), 161, 355 313 \dot ( . math accent), 161, 355 editor, 46, 51, 56, 80 \doteq (~), 347 editor (field of bibliographic entry), \doteqdot (~), 348 313 \dotf ill, 99 Victor Eijkhout, 412, 413 dotless i (1), 76, 357 electronic mail address (author info), dotless j (J), 76, 357 248 \dotplus (+), 350 \ell (e), 352 \dots (- .. or ... ), 17, 150 ellipsis ( ... ), 17, 150 \dotsb ( ... ),151 \em, 67, 86, 87, 358 \dotsc ( ... ),151 em (dimensional unit), 99, 287 \dotsi ( .. ·),151 em (text environment), 138 \dotsm ( ... ), 151 em-dash (~), 10,74,79 double quote,S, 7, 63, 73 \emph, 86, 358 double quote (BIBTEX delimiter), 312, emphasized font shape, 83 313,331,342 emphasized text, 9, 86, 138 double spacing, 93 emphasized text environment, 138 \doublebarwedge (A), 350 empty group ( { }), 148 \doublespacing,93 \emptyset (0), 352 doubly aligned multiline formula, see emTEX,393 annotated align en-dash (-), 10, 74, 79 \Downarrow ( -U- math delimiter), 152, \enclname,276 430 Index \end (TEX command. Do not use!), \eqref,30,144,177,221 68,403 \eqslantgtr C», 348 \end (end environment), 68 \eqslantless (Z), 348 end of sentence, 66, 67 equation, 29-31, 144-146,220 end-of-line character, 62, 64, 80 labelled, 30, 144 \endinput, 108 numbered within a section, 220 \endinsert (TEX command. Do not referenced, 30, 144 use!), 403 tagged, 31, 175 \enlargethispage,95 equation (counter), 283 \enlargethispage*,95 equation (math environment), 29- \ensuremath,270 31,144-176,180 enter (return) key,S, 62 equation* (math environment), 145, enumerate (text environment), 112, 184 297 \equiv (=:0),16,158,347 enumerate (package), 116,242 error message, 6, 13,46-48,64,70- enumi (counter), 283 71, 83, 91, 93, 103, 105, enumii (counter), 283 106,114,121-125,134,142, enumiii (counter), 283 145, 147, 186, 189, 193, enumiv (counter), 283 196, 198, 199, 202, 203, environment, 4, 9, 67-70, see also 215, 253, 269, 274, 277, math environment or 280,282,291,292,343 text environment BIBTEX,329-331 abstract, 36,214,256 \errorcontextlines,6 argument, 69, 280 \eta (7)),346 as braces, 71 \eth (0), 352 comment, 82 eucal (package), 261 document, 9, 20, 68 eufrak (package), 23, 173, 262 figure, 225 Euler Script, xxiii, 173,261,262,295 optional argument, 69 European accent, 10,76, 107, 357 table, 132,223,224 European character, 10,76,357 tabular, 223 \EuScript,355 thebibliography,38,227,229, euscript (package), 355 256,297,328 Simon P. Eveson, 417, 418 user-defined, 279-282, 303 ex (dimensional unit), 99, 287 \epsilon (E), 346 exclamation mark,S, 62, 64 \eqalign (TEX command. Do not executi vepaper (document class op- use!), 403 tion),237 \eqalignno (TEX command. Do not \exists (:3), 352 use!), 403 \exp (exp operator), 156, 354 \eqcirc (=), 348 expanding space, 99 eqnarray (math environment), 191 exscale (package), 241 eqnarray* (math environment), 191 extendible Index 431 bar, 163 \f i vei (TEX command. Do not use!), brace, 162 403 extendible arrow, 204 \fi verm (TEX command. Do not use!), 403 \fallingdotseq(~),348 \fivesy (TEX command. Do not use!), fancyheadings (package), 234 403 FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions), fixed-sized delimiter, 153 393 flalign (math environment), 189, \fbox,89 407 field of bibliographic entry, see bibli- \flat (b), 352 0graphic entry, field fleqn (document class option), 239, figure (counter), 283 258,260 figure environment, 225 flushleft (text environment), 4, 67, caption, 225 138,297 \figurename,276 flushright (text environment), 4, 9, file, 327, 339, 385 67,138,297 aux, 30, 55,284, 326-328,385 \fnsymbol, 107 bbl,327,328 \f oldedtext (AMS-TEX command. bib, 311-323, 325, 331 Do not use!), 406 bIg, 327, 328 \folio (TEXcommand. Donotuse!), device independent (dvi), 385 403 font definition, 388 font, 83-89,171-175,387,391 font metric, 383, 388, 390 Computer Modern (CM), 51, 84 format, see format definition file, 388 custom, 304 family text environment, 138 idx,342 metric file, 383, 388, 390 log, 54, 55,90, 110,385 monospaced, 84 lot, 224, 386 PostScript, 241, 259, 260,381, read-only, 257 387-391 source, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 22, 30, sans serif, 84 44,46,48,51,54,64,65, series text environment, 138 80,83,109,143,215,383, serif, 84 385 shape splitting up, 108 emphasized, 83 tar, 399 italicized, 83 toe, 215, 216, 386 slanted, 83 fileeontents (environment), 109, small caps, 83 214 text environment, 138 final (document class option), 238, text, see text font 258 typewriter style, 84 \Finv (.:1), 352 weight, 84 \fivebf (TEXcommand. Do not use!), width, 84 403 432 Index fontsmpl (package), 242 gather (math environment), 181,205 fonttbl.tex,75,390 gather* (math environment), 181 \footline (T£X command. Do not gathered (subsidiary math environ- use!), 403 ment),193 footnote, 107 \gcd (gcd operator), 156, 354 \footnote, 107 \genfrac, 177,409 footnote (counter), 283 \geq k), 347 \footnotesize,88,244,359 \geqslant (~), 348 \footstrut (TEXcommand. Do not Arthur Gerhard, 416 use!), 403 get (ftp command), 395, 399 \forall (Y), 352 get - (ftp command), 398 format, 304, 382, 383, 388, 390, 398 \gg (»), 347 custom, 57, 304 \ggg (»», 348 LaTeX, xxii, 6, 20,81,239,254, \gimel (J), 345 306,383,388,390,398 glo file, 344 plain, 51, 382, 383 global command, 73 formula, see math glossary, 344 \frac,15,146 \glossary, 344, 385 refinements, 146, 175 glue, 278, 384 fraction, 15, 146 vertical, 384 continued, 175 \gnapprox (~), 349 generalized, 177 \gneq (2:),349 fragile command, 107 \gneqq (~), 349 Fraktur math alphabet, xxiii, 23, 173, \gnsim (~), 349 262 Michel Goossens, 413 \framebox, 102 Fernando Q. Gouvea, 416 Ralph Freese, 416 graphics (package), 224, 225, 241 \frenchspacing,67 \Grave (' math accent), 161, 355 Frequently Asked Questions, 393 \grave (' math accent), 161, 355 front matter, 213, 214, 224,236,244 Greek alphabet, 172,346 \frontmatter,236 Greek characters, 164 \frown (~), 347 George D. Greenwade, 93 ftnright (package), 242 Peter Gruter, 417 ftp \gtrapprox (~), 348 anonymous, 396, 399,400 \gtrdot (;», 348 command, 396 \gtreqless (~), 348 directory, 4 \gtreqqless «),348> \gtrless (~), 348 gallery.tex,22 \gtrsim (;2:), 348 \Game (~), 352 Suleyman Guleyupoglu, 417 \Gamma (f), 346 GUTenberg, 401 \gamma b), 346 \gvertneqq(~),349 Weiqi Gao, 417 Index 433 \H ( " accent), 76, 357 \hrulefill,99 Harle Hahn, 414 \hsize,382 \hangafter, 94, 278 \hslash (h), 352 \hangindent,93 \hspace,96 hanging indent, 93 variant, 97 Kathryn A. Hargreaves, 412, 413 \hspace*,97 Michael A. Harrison, 413 HTML (markup language), xxi Horace Hart, 412, 414 Zhihui Huang, 417 \Hat (' math accent), 161, 355 \Huge,88,244,359 \hat (' math accent), 16, 161, 355 \huge, 88, 244, 359 \hbar (Ii), 352 hyphen, 5, 10,62,73,78 \hdotsfor,28,199,201 optional, 8, 78, 91 \hdot sf or (AMS-TE;X command), 406 unbreakable, 79 header, 245, 256 hyphen.tex,78 \headline (TEX command. Do not hyphenation, 78 use!), 403 to prevent, 80 \headpagename,276 \hyphenation, 78 \headtoname,276 \heartsui t (Q), 352 \i (1), 76, 357 Hebrew letters, 345 \idotsint (f ... f), 150 Aloysius G. Helminck, 390 idx file, 342, 386 Peter Hendriks, 417 \iiiint (ffff), 150 \hfill, 99, 202 \iiint (fff), 150 \hfuzz,91 \iint (ff), 150 hhline (package), 241 \Im (8'), 352 Mark Higgins, 417 \imath (z), 352, 355 \hline, 135 \in (E), 164,347 \hom (hom operator), 156, 354 in (dimensional unit), 10,99,287 \hookleftarrow(~),351 inbibl.tpl,227 \hookrightarrow(L4),351 INBOOK(bibliographic entry type), horizontal brace, 162 313,322 horizontal space inch, 10 math, 142,164-166,353 \include,108,283,385 adjustment, 165 \includegraphics,225 text, 96-97, 99,358 \includeonly,109,283 expanding, 99 INCOLLECTION (bibliographic en- intersentence, 66, 384 try type), 313, 318 interword, 66, 383 \indent,93 nonbreakable, 63, 74 indentation, 93 relative, 99 hanging, 93 howpublished (field of bibliographic prohibit, 93 entry), 313 indentfirst (package), 242 434 Index index, 107,211,231-232,332-344, italic, 85, 138 386 bold math, 173,295,411 \index,332-344 math, 171,295 \indexname, 276 \italic (AMS-TEX command. Do \inf (inf operator), 156, 354 not use!), 406 \infty (00), 12, 352 italic correction, 75, 86, 87 initex, 383,398 italicized font shape, 83 \inj lim (inj lim operator), 156, 354 \item,112 inline itemize (text environment), 112, 297 math environment, 11, 141 \itemsep, 297 math formula, 11, 140 \itshape, 86, 358 \innerhdotsfor (AMS-TEX command. itshape (text environment), 138 Do not use!), 406 INPROCEEDINGS (bibliographic en- \j (J), 76, 357 try type), 313, 317 Alan Jeffrey, 64 \ input , 108 Frank Jensen, 287, 289 inputenc (package), 64 \jmath (J), 352, 355 institution (field of bibliographic en• \Join (~), 347 try),313 David M. Jones, xviii, 382,417,418 instruction journal (field of bibliographic entry), to :E\TEX, 9,51,67-72 313 \int (j), 4,17,28,149 \kappa (A:), 346 integral, 17, 149 David Kelly, 416 interactive IbTEX, 54,277-278 \ker (ker operator), 156, 354 \intercal (T), 350 Kermit, 392, 397 Internet, 392,412 kerning, 383 intersentence space, 66, 384 key, 4, 10,62-64 \intertext, 191 Alt, 5, 63 interword space, 66, 96, 383 Command, 5, 63 intlimits (document class option), Ctrl, 5,63 260 digit, 4, 62 intrart (sample article), xx, 34-40, enter (return), 5,62 46,48,227,235 letter, 4, 62 intrarti (sample article), 333-334, Option, 5,63 339,341 prohibited, 5 intrarti.idx, 341 return, 5, 62 intrarti.ilg,341 space, 5,62 intrarti.ind, 340, 341 special, 5,63,74,107,356 invalid character, 5, 64 tab, 5, 7, 62, 64 invisible character, 62 key (field of bibliographic entry), 313 \iota ([), 346 \keywords, 249, 256 \it (not standard :E\TEX), 88, 89 keywords (AMS info), 249 Index 435 \keywordsname,276 \leeil ( rmath delimiter), 152, 353 \kill, 117 \ldots ( ... ),17,150 Donald E. Knuth, xviii, xx, 379, 381, \leadsto (~), 351 382,412,414,416 \left, 17,23,24,27, 154 John van der Koijk, 417 left single quote,S, 7, 62,73 Alexis Kotte, 417 \left ( (( math delimiter), 16, 24, Ed Krol, 412, 414 32,152 \left. (blank math delimiter), 25, \L (L), 76, 357 155 \1 (1), 76, 357 \left< ( ( math delimiter), 155 label, 30,43,44,144,217,220-223 \Leftarrow ( ~), 351 \label,30,43,44,144,217,220- \leftarrow(~),290,351 223 \leftarrowtail (<-<), 351 Harry Lakser, 416 \leftharpoondown(~),351 \Lambda (A), 346 \leftharpoonup (~), 351 \lambda (..\),346 \leftleftarrows (t=),351 Leslie Lamport, 380, 383,414 \leftmargin, 297 \langle ( (math delimiter), 24,152, \Leftrightarrow(¢}),351 353 \leftrightarrow(~), 351 language (field of bibliographic entry), \leftrightarrows (t:::;), 351 313 \leftrightsquigarrow (~), 351 \LARGE, 88, 244, 359 \leftroot, 148 \Large, 88,244, 359 \leftthreetimes (A), 350 \large,88,244,359 \left I ( I math delimiter), 153 large operator, 19, 159,354 legalpaper (document class option), large (text environment), 138 237,257 \larger,244 length command, 287-289 \LaTeX, 77 \leq (:s:), 347 IbTEX, 51, 380 \leqalignno (TEX command. Do not conversion to protectAMS-IbTEX, use!), 403 404 leqno (document class option), 239, format, xxii, 6, 20,81,239,254, 258,260 306,382,388,390,398 \leqslant (~), 348 history, 379 \lessapprox (~), 348 how does it work, 379 \lessdot (~), 348 interactive mode, 54 \lesseqgtr (~), 348 IbTEX2c:, xviii, 382 \lesseqqgtr (»,< 348 \LaTeXe, 77 \lessgtr (~), 348 latexsym (package), 240, 347, 350-352, \lesssim (;S), 348 405 letter (document class), 239-240, lattiee.sty, 231, 292-296 276 layout (package), 232, 242 letter key, 4, 62 led (ftp command), 395 436 Index letterpaper (document class option), \listparindent,299 237,257 \listtablename,276 Silvio Levy, 412, 415 \11 (<<), 347 \lfloor ( l math delimiter), 152, 353 \Lleftarrow (~), 351 \lg (lg operator), 156, 354 \111 («<), 348 \lhd ( \makebox, 101 alignat, 190 \makefootline (TEXcommand. Do aligned, 193 not use!), 403 annotated align, 31, 32, 180 \makeglossary, 344, 385 blank line prohibited, 181, 182, \makeheadline (TEX command. Do 188, 196 not use!), 403 displayed, 141, 144 makeidx (package), 241 displaymath, 141, 144, 180 MakeIndex program, 85, 232, 272, eqnarray*, 191 332-344 eqnarray, 191 \makeindex, 332, 386 equation,29-31,144-176,180 \maketitle, 35,236 equation*, 145, 184 MANUAL (bibliographic entry type), flalign, 189,407 313,322 gather, 181,205 manuscript, 321 gather*, 181 \mapsto (r--t), 23, 351 inline, 11, 141 \marginpar, 104 math, 141 \marginparpush, 288 multline, 181-182 markup language, xx multline*, 182 HTML, xxi page break in, 181,205,206 MASTERSTHESIS (bibliographic en• simple align, 31 try type), 313, 319 split, 196 math, 10-33, 140-179 subequations, 177, 181, 187, accent, 16, 161, 355 286 character, 10,62 subsidiary, 33, 180, 193 displayed, 11, 141, 144 math font, 171-174 inline, 11, 140 AMSFonts, xxiii, 51, 52, 172, 173, italic, 171 259,394,413 bold, 296, 411 Blackboard bold, xxiii, 24, 173, roman, 171 296 spacing, 142, 164-166 bold, 173, 174 horizontal, 164-166 bold italic, 173,296,411 vertical, 169-170 calligraphic, 28, 172, 173,261 symbol, 62, 164, 346-355 Euler Script, xxiii, 173,261,262, bold, 173-174 295 declaring type, 168 Fraktur, xxiii, 23, 173,262 stacking, 166 italic, 171 math environment, 141-176, 180-206, poor man's bold, 174 see subsidiary math environ• size changes, 174 ment math (math environment), 141 align, 31, 32, 187-188, 191, math.tex (sample file), 11, 12 193,196,206,407 mathb.tex (sample file), 12, 13 align*, 196 \mathbb,24,173,295,355 438 Index \mathbf, 171, 355 413-416 \mathbin, 168 mkdir (UNIX command), 395 \mathcal, 172,173,355 mm (dimensional unit), 99, 287 \mathfrak, 172,355 \mod, 158 \mathi t, 171,355 \models (~), 347 \mathop, 174 monospaced font, 84 \mathrm, 171,355,406 \month, 77 \mathscr, 173 month (field of bibliographic entry), \mathsf, 171, 355 313 \mathstrut, 169 movable argument ofcommand, 107, mathtime (package), 390 216 \mathtt, 171, 355 \mp (:1=), 350 \mathversion, 173 mrabbrev.bib, 322 matrix (subsidiary math environment), \mspace, 165 18,181,198-201 \mu (/-L), 346 small,201 mu (math unit), 165 variants, 200 multicol (package), 95, 96,242 \max (max operator), 156, 354 \multicolumn, 135-138 MaxMatrixCols (counter), 199 multiline formula, 31, 180-206 \mbox, 19, 101 aligned,187-191 Ruari McLean, 412, 414 annotated aligned, 32 Kent McPherson, 232 simple align, 31 \mdseries, 88, 358 multiline math, 180-206 \measuredangle (L), 352 \multimap(~), 351 \medskip, 98,278 multiple authors (author info), 250 \medskipamount, 278 multiplication, 15, 146 \medspace (medium space, also \:), multline (math environment), 181- 165,353,358 182 metric file, 383, 388, 390 multline* (math environment), 182 mget (ftp command), 395, 397 multline.tpl, 181 \mho (U), 352 myams. tpl, 254 \mid (I), 23,155,166,171,347 mylatex (package), 306 \midinsert (TEX command. Do not use!),403 namelimi ts (document class option), \midspace (AMS-TEXcommand. Do 260 not use!), 406 \natural (~), 352 \min (min operator), 156, 354 \ncong (~), 349 minipage (text environment), 104 \ne (1-), 349 minus, 15,62, 74, 146 \nearrow (/), 351 MISe (bibliographic entry type), 313, \NeedsTeXFormat, 214 322 \neg (.), 352 Frank Mittelbach, xviii, 95, 380-382, negated binary relation, 164, 349 Index 439 \negmedspace (negative medium space), \NoLimitsOnlnts (AMS-TEX com• 165,353,358 mand. Do not use!), 406 \negthi ckspace (negative thick space), \NoLimitsOnNames (AMS-TEXcom• 165,353,358 mand. Do not use!), 406 \negthinspace (negative thin space, \NoLimitsOnSums (AMS-TEX com• also \! ), 165, 353, 358 mand. Do not use!), 406 Netscape Navigator, 395 nomath (document class option), 259 New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS), nonamelimi ts (document class op- 381,411,412 tion),260 \newcommand,268-276 nonbreakable space, 63, 74 \newcounter,286 \nonfrenchspacing,67 \newenvironment, 279, 282, 303 \nopagebreak,95 \newlabel,385 \nopagebreak (AMS-TEX command. \newlength,289 Do not use!), 406 newline, 91 \nopagenumbers (TEX command. Do \newtheorem,128-130 not use!), 403 \nexists ($), 352 \normalbottom (TEX command. Do NFSS,381,411,412 not use!), 403 \ngeq Ci:), 349 \normalfont,85 \ngeqq (~), 349 \normalsize, 88,244, 359 \ngeqslant (1), 349 normalsize (text environment), 138 \ngtr (:;i), 349 nosumlimi ts (document class option), \ni (3), 347 260 Steve Niu, 417 \notag,32, 181, 196 \nLeftarrow (¢'=), 351 note (field of bibliographic entry), 313 \nleftarrow (+f--), 351 note 1. tex (sample file), 6, 7 \nLeftrightarrow(~), 351 note1b.tex (sample file), 7, 8 \nleftrightarrow(~), 351 note2. tex (sample file), 9 \nleq ($),349 noteslug.tex (sample file), 8 \nleqq (t), 349 \notesname,276 \nleqslant (~), 349 \notin (tJ.), 349 \nless (1:),349 noti tlepage (document class option), \nmid (f), 349 238,239,259 noamsfonts (document class option), \nparallel(~),349 259 \nprec (f<), 349 \nobreakdash,79,407 \npreceq (:;~), 349 \noci te, 325 \nRightarrow(~),351 \nofiles,385 \nrightarrow(~),351 \noindent,93 \nshortmid ({), 349 nointlimi ts (document class option), \nshortparallel (11), 349 260 \nsim (""), 349 \nolimits, 150, 159 \nsubseteq (cJ;.), 349 440 Index \nsubseteqq(~),349 operation, see binary operation \nsucc (~), 349 arithmetic, 15, 146 \nsucceq ('i), 349 operator, 17, 155-158, 354 \nsupseteq (i?), 349 large, 19, 159, 354 \nsupseteqq (i), 349 \operatorname, 169, 171 nth root, 19, 148 \operatorname*, 169, 171 \ntriangleleft (11),349 \oplus (EI:l), 350 \ntrianglelefteq(~),349 option, see document class, option \ntriangleright (if), 349 Option key, 5,63 \ntrianglerighteq(~),349 optional \nu (z;), 346 argument, 19,69,275 number (field of bibliographic entry), bibliographic field, 314 313 hyphen, 8, 78,91 number range, 10, 74 organization (field of bibliographic en- numberwithin,145,220 try), 313 \nVDash (J¥), 349 \oslash (0), 350 \nVdash (~), 349 \otimes ((>9), 350 \nvDash W), 349 \overbrace,26,162,163 \nvdash W), 349 Overfull \hbox, 7, 8,90, 384 \nwarrow (""), 351 \overleftarrow, 163 \overleftrightarrow, 163 \0 (0), 76, 357 overline, 27, 28, 161, 162, 163 \0 (0), 76, 357 \overline, 27, 28, 161, 162,163 \odot (8), 350 \overrightarrow, 163 \OE (CE), 76, 357 \overset,25,26,38,48,166,168, \oe (CB), 76, 357 273 Tobias Oetiker, 416 OzTEX,393 \oint (f), 150 \oldstyle (TEX command. Do not \P (, math symbol), 352 use!), 403 \P (, text symbol), 76, 357 \01dstylenums,62 packages \Omega (n), 346 afterpage, 241 \omega (w), 346 a1lU,241 \ominus (8), 350 amsbsy, 54, 173, 174,261 onecolumn (document class option), amscd, 203, 261 213,238,259 amsfonts, xxiii, 12, 51, 54, 172, \onehalfspacing,93 173,261,407 ones ide (document class option), 238, amsgen,261 259 amsintx, 150,261 Piet van Oostrum, 417 amsmath, 15-20,23,30-33,35, openany (document class option), 238 41,50,51,54,74,79,101, openright (document class option), 144-146,148-150,152,153, 238 156-158,160-162,164-166, Index 441 169,171-175,177,180,181, showkeys, 222, 242, 378 188,193,196-199,203,220, syntonly,241 221,238,259,261,280, tabularx, 241 286, 291, 292, 295, 346, theorem, 242 350,353-355,358,382,402- times, 388 404,406,409 upref, 261 amsopn,54, 157, 158, 169,261 varioref, 242 amssymb, 12, 15,20,23,35,41, verbatim, 82, 123, 242 54,128,254,261,305,346- xr,242 352,372,402,407 xspace, 242, 270 amstext, 19,54,261,383 page (counter), 283 am~hm,50,54, 130,242,261, page-referencing, 222 276 \pagebody (TEX command. Do not amsxtra,161,261,355,409 use!), 403 array, 241 \pagebreak,95 askinclude, 109 page break in math environment, 181, babel, 241 205,206 calc, 287, 289 \pagecontents (TEX command. Do dcolumn,241 not use!), 403 delarray,241 \pageinsert (TEX command. Do not enumerate, 116,242 use!), 403 eucal,261 \pagename,276 eufrak, 23, 173, 262 \pageno (TEX command. Do not use!), euscript, 355 403 exscale, 241 \pagenumbering,285 fancyheadings, 234 \pageref,220,222,231 fontsmpl, 242 pages (field of bibliographic entry), 313 ftnright, 242 \par, 65,93 graphics, 224, 225, 241 paragraph, 64, 93 hhline,241 end of, 7, 65 indentfirst, 242 paragraph box, 103 inputenc, 64 paragraph (counter), 283 latexsym, 240,347,350-352,405 \parallel (11), 347 layout, 232, 242 parameter, 278 longtable,241 \parbox,103, 136, 137 lucbr, 390 parentheses, 5, 62 mathtime, 390 \parindent,288 multicol, 95, 96, 242 \itemsep,297 mylatex, 306 \parskip,288 psnfss,241 part, 218 setspace, 93 \part,218 showidx,241 \part*,218 442 Index part (counter), 283 \prec (--<), 347 \partial (D), 28, 352 \precapprox (;;), 348 \partname,276 \preccurlyeq(~), 348 \partopsep,297 \preceq (::S), 347 Oren Patashnik, 311,415,417 \precnapprox (~), 349 pc (dimensional unit), 99, 287 \precneqq (~), 349 PCTEX for Windows, 393 \precnsim (;;;:), 349 period, 5, 62, 64, 66-67 \precsim (~), 348 after an abbreviation, 66 \prefacename,276 end of sentence, 66 \pretend ... \haswidth(A~S-TEX \perp (1-), 347 command. Do not use!), 406 personal computer, xxi, 392 \prime (f), 352 Personal TEX, 393 proc (document class), 240 \phantom,96 PROCEEDINGS (bibliographic en- PHDTHESIS (bibliographic entry type), try type), 313, 322 313,319 proclamation, 35, 123, 128,254,297 \Phi ( psnfss (package), 241 relative pt (dimensional unit), 8,99,287 space, 99 publisher (field of bibliographic en- unit, 99 try), 313 \relax,280 punctuation mark, 5 \renewcommand, 275,276,285, 290 pwd (UNIX command), 395 \renewenvironment , 282 report (document class), 235-239, \qquad (space command), 19, 165, 276 353,358 reqno (document class option), 239, \quad (space command) , 17 , 96 , 165 , 258,260 353,358 required bibliographic field, 314 question mark, 5,64 research support (author info), 248 quotation mark, 5,7,62,63,73 return key, 5, 62 double quote, 5, 7, 63, 73 \rfloor (J math delimiter), 152, 353 single quote, 5, 7, 62, 73 \rhd (1)), 350 quotation (text environment) 118 \rho (p), 346 297 ' , Richard Ribstein, 416 quote (text environment), 118, 297 \right,17,23,24,27,154 right single quote, 5, 7,62,73 \r (0 accent), 76, 357 \right) ( ) math delimiter) , 16 , 24 , \raggedleft, 139 32,152 \raggedright, 139 \right. (blank math delimiter), 155 Sebastian Rahtz, 224, 387, 388, 390 \right> ( ) math delimiter), 155 \raisebox, 107 \Rightarrow (=?), 351 \raisetag, 197 \rightarrow (-, also \to), 12,351 \rangle ( ) math delimiter), 24,152, \rightarrowtail (~),351 353 \rightharpoondown(-.),351 \rceil (1 math delimiter), 152, 353 \rightharpoonup (~), 351 \Re (~), 352 \rightleftarrows (~),351 read-only file, 257 \rightleftharpoons (~),351 \ref,30,31,44,144,220,229,385 \rightmargin,297 reference in article, 38, 44, 227 \rightrightarrows (=4), 351 inserting, 229 \rightroot, 148 references, 38 \rightsquigarrow(~), 351 referencing \rightthreetimes (,,(), 350 bibliographic item, 45, 229 \right I ( I math delimiter), 153 label, 30,43,44,144,217,220, \risingdotseq (:::=), 348 222-232 \rm (not standard :£b.TE,X), 88 page, 222 rm (UNIX command), 395 \refname,276 rmdir (UNIX command), 395 \refstepcounter,286 \rmfamily,85,358 register, 278 rmfamily (text environment), 138 relation, see binary relation 444 Index Denis Roegel, 417 \8b (AMS-J!.TEX version 1.1 command. \roman (AMS-TEX command. Do not Do not use!), 409 use!), 406 \sb, 148 roman document font family, 84 \sc (not standard LATEX), 88 root, 12, 19, 147 \scalebox,225 nth, 19, 147 Thomas R. Scavo, 417, 418 refinements, 148 Rainer Schopf, xviii, 380, 381,415 square, 12, 19, 147 Peter Schmitt, 417 row/line separator (\ \), 18,31,32, school (field of bibliographic entry), 91,160,181,182,188,206 313 Chris Rowley, 380,414,415 scope of command, 70 \Rrightarrow (=t), 351 \scriptscriptstyle, 175 \rtimes (> \settabs (TE,X command. Do not slides (document class), 240 use!), 403 \slshape,86,358 \sevenbf (TEX command. Do not slshape (text environment), 138 use!), 403 \SMALL,244,359 \seveni (TE,X command. Do not use!), \Small,244,359 403 \small,244,359 \sevensy (TE,X command. Do not small caps font shape, 83 use!), 403 small (text environment), 138 \sf (not standard IbTEX), 88 \smaller,244 \sffamily,85,358 \smallfrown ("), 348 sffamily (text environment), 138 \smallint (f), 352 \sharp (~), 352 smallmatrix (subsidiary math envi- \shortmid (I), 348 ronment),201 \shortparallel (II), 348 \smallsetminus (,,), 350 \shoveleft, 184 \smallskip,98 \shoveright, 184 \smallsmile ('-./), 348 \show,54,277,278 \smash,107,170 \showhyphens, 80 \smile ('--"), 347 showidx (package), 241 Wynter Snow, 412, 415 showkeys (package), 222, 242, 378 solid box, 105 \showthe,278 source file, xx, 3, 5-7, 9, 11,22,30, \sideset, 168 44,46,48,51,54,64,65, Nandor Sieben, 417 80,83,109,143,215,383, \Sigma (I:), 346 385 \sigma ((J"), 346 \Sp (AMS-IbTEXversion 1.1 command. \sim (rv), 347 Do not use!), 409 \simeq (~), 347 \sp,148 simple align, 31 space, 64, 65, 143 \sin (sin operator), 17, 155, 354 horizontal sine, 17, 155, 354 expanding, 99 single quote, 5, 7, 62,73 intersentence, 66, 384 \sinh (sinh operator), 156, 354 interword, 66, 383 size text environment, 138 nonbreakable, 74 large, 138 relative, 99 normalsize, 138 in math, 143 scriptsize, 138 in text, 64 small, 138 key, 5, 62 tiny, 138 visible, 63 \sl (not standard IbTEX), 88 rules \slanted (AMS-TE,X command. Do in math, 143,291 not use!), 406 in text, 7, 64, 65, 291 slanted font shape, 83 symbol, 63 446 Index vertical, 10,98 math symbols, 166 spacebar, 5,62 \stackrel, 167 \spacehdotsfor (AMS-TEX command. \star (*), 350 Do not use!), 406 *-ed command, 69 \spaceinnerhdotsfor (AMS-TEX com- \stepcounter,286 mand. Do not use!), 406 stretchable \spadesuit (.), 352 arrow, 164 \spbreve (V math accent), 161, 355 string (in BIBTEX), 322 \spcheck (V math accent), 161, 355 strut, 106, 137 \spdddot (... math accent), 161, subarray (subsidiary math environ• 355 ment),160 \spddot (.. math accent), 161, 355 subequations (math environment), \spdot (. math accent), 161, 355 177,187,286 \special,225 subformula rule, 184, 188 special key/character,S, 63, 74,107, \subjclass,249,256 356 \subjclassname,276 \sphat (~ math accent), 161, 355 \subjectname,276 \sphericalangle(~),352 subparagraph (counter), 283 Michael Spivak, xviii, 380, 390,415 subscript, 15, 147 spli t (subsidiary math environment), multiline, 160 195-198 subsection, 218 \spreadlines (AMS-TEX command. \subsection,218 Do not use!), 406 subsection (counter), 283 \sptilde (~ math accent), 161, 355 \subsection*,218 \sqcap (n), 350 \Subset (E), 348 \sqcup (u), 350 \subset (c), 347 \sqrt (V-), 12, 19,69, 147 \subseteq (~), 347 refinements, 148 \subseteqq(~),348 \sqsubset (c:), 347 \subsetneq(~),349 \sqsubseteq ((;;;), 347 \subsetneqq (~), 349 \sqsupset (::J), 347 subsidiary math environment, 33, 180, \sqsupseteq (~), 347 193,203 \square (0), 352 aligned, 193 square root, 12, 19, 147 array, 181, 198,201-203 \SS (88), 76, 357 bmatrix, 18,200 \ss (B), 76, 357 cases, 33, 180, 198,203,205 \ssize (AMS-TEX command. Do not CD, 203 use!), 406 gathered, 193 \sssize (AMS-TEX command. Do matrix, 18, 181,198-201 not use!), 406 small, 201 stacking variant, 200 a relation, 167 pmatrix,18,28,200 Index 447 smallmatrix,201 \ tabalign (TEX command. Do not split, 195 use!), 403 subarray, 160 tabbing text environment, 116-118 Vmatrix,18,26,200 table (counter), 283 vmatrix,18,26,200 table (environment), 132,223,224 \substaek, 150, 160,409 \tablename,276 subsubsection,218 \tableofeontents,215,386 \subsubseetion,218 \tabs (TEXcommand. Donotuse!), subsubseetion (counter), 283 403 \subsubseetion*,218 \ tabsdone (TEX command. Do not \suee (>-),347 use!), 403 \sueeapprox (1:;), 348 \tabset (TEXcommand. Do not use!), \sueeeurlyeq(~),348 403 \sueeeq (e::), 347 tabbing (text environment), 223 \sueenapprox (1;6), 349 tabular (text environment), 132-137, \sueeneqq(~),349 223 \sueensim (!;z), 349 tabularx (package), 241 \sueesim ((:), 348 \tag, 30, 175, 181, 196 sum, 19,20,27, 159 \tag*, 176 \sum (I: large operator), 19,20,27, tagging equations, 31, 175 159,354 \ TagsAsMath (AMS-TEX command. sumlimi t s (document class option), Do not use!, 406 260 \TagsAsText (AMS-TEXcommand. \sup (sup operator), 156, 354 Do not use!, 406 superscript, 15, 147 \ TagsOnLeft (AMS-TEX command. multiline, 160 Do not use!, 406 \suppressfloats,224 \TagsOnRight (AMS-TEXcommand. \Supset (2)), 348 Do not use!, 406 \supset (::J), 347 \tan (tan operator), 156, 354 \supseteq(2),347 \tanh (tanh operator), 156, 354 \supseteqq (~), 348 tar file, 399 \supsetneq (]), 349 \tau (7), 346 \supsetneqq (~), 349 \tbinom, 149 \surd (J), 352 tbtags (document class option), 258, Ellen Swanson, 412, 415 260 \swarrow C/), 351 technical report, 320 symbol, see math symbol or text sym• TECHREPORT (bibliographic entry bol type), 313, 320 symbolic referencing, 30, 220-222 template.bib,314, 323, 331 syntonly (package), 241 \teni (TEXcommand. Donotuse!), 403 \t ( ~ accent), 76, 357 testart.tex,23 tab character/key, 5,7,62,64 448 Index \TeX,77 quotation, 118,297 TEX, xx, xri, 9, 51, 379, 380, 382, quote, 118,297 401,412 size, 138 Plain, 382 large, 138 TEX conversion to AMS-LATEX, 403 normalsize, 138 TEXlog, 54, 55,90, 110,385 scriptsize, 138 TEX software, 393 tiny, 138 TEX User's Group (TUG), 392,400 tabbing, 116-118 text, 3,4,61-110 tabular, 132-137,223 boxed, 89 verbatim, 120-121 displayed, 111-123 verse, 118,119,297 emphasized, 9 text font, 83, 89 in math, 19, 151, 152 bold, 88 \text, 19,23,54,79,93, 100, 143, emphasized, 86 152,171,261,383 italic, 86 text environment, 9, III PostScript, 387, 391 blank line, 131 roman, 85 bold face, 138 sans serif, 85 center, 132, 139, 297 size changes, 88, 244 emphasize, 138 slanted, 86 filecontents,109,214 small caps, 86 flush left, 138,297 Times, 387, 388, 390 flush right, 4, 9, 67, 138,297 typewriter style, 85 font family, 138 text symbol, 76, 356-357 rmfamily (roman), 138 \textbf,9,88,358 sffamily (sans serif), 138 \textbullet (etextsymbol), 76,357 ttfamily (typewriter style), 138 \textcircled (0 text symbol), 76, font series, 138 357 bfseries (bold), 138 textenv.tpl, III font shape, 138 \textit,86,358 em (emphatic shape), 138 \textmd, 88, 358 itshape (italic), 138 \textnormal,85 scshape (small caps), 138 \ textperiodcentered ( . text symbol), slshape (slanted), 138 76,357 list \textrm, 85, 358 description, 113,297 \textsc, 86, 358 enumerate, 112,297 \textsf, 85, 358 itemize, 112,297 \textsl, 86, 358 list, 297-304 \textstyle,25, 157, 174 minipage, 104 \texttt,85,358 proof, 130,261 \ textup, 85, 358 proof*,131 TEXTURES, 393 Index 449 \textvisiblespace (~text symbol), ti tlepage (document class option), 76,357 238,259 \textwidth,288 \to (--+, also \rightarrow), 12,351 \tfrac,146 toe file, 215, 216, 386 \thanks,107,248,250,256 toedepth (counter), 283 \the,77 \tocname,276 thebibliography (text environment), \today,77 38,227,229,256,297,328 token, 383 \thenumb,285 Ronald M. Tol, 417 theorem (package), 242 \top (T), 352 \theoremstyle, 128-130 top matter, 35, 36,41-43,68, 107, \therefore (:.), 348 244-256 thesis, 319 \ topins (TEX command. Do not use!), \Theta (8), 346 403 \theta (B), 346 \ topinsert (TEX command. Do not \thickapprox (:::::), 348 use!), 403 \thiekfrae (AMS-TEXcommand. Do \TopOrBottomTagsOnSplits(AMS• not use!), 406 TEXcommand. Do not use!), \thiekfraewithdelims(AMS-TEX 406 command. Do not use!), 406 \topsep,297 \ thieksim ("'), 348 \ topsmash (AMS-TEX command. Do \thickspaee (thick space, also \;), not use!), 406 165,353,358 \topspaee (AMS-TEXcommand. Do \ thinspace (thin space, also \, ), 4, not use!), 406 165,353,358 translator (article info), 245 Paul Thompson, 417 \triangle (6), 352 Kresten K. Thorup, 287, 289 \triangledown(V),352 tie, 63, 74 \triangleleft (~),350 \Tilde (- math accent), 161, 355 \trianglelefteq(~),348 \ tilde (-math accent), 16, 161, 355 \ triangleq (~), 348 \time, 77 \ triangleright (1)), 350 \times (x), 15, 350 \trianglerighteq(~), 348 times (package), 388 \ tsize (AMS-TEX command. 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