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M^lifl^f';'''j>v'i^ / If'ìl.L '&inccatitilc' î4f uttiOn rMnf ccrc^ti^uw dmitf áwácct' unç)civ ám^u^frràtcçmírcfff^çtpçr '" • tcf?« . ;-l^?>f?.5yí unc du«^m'ifiittívxmiporc fbrcic*dfei^" ^4c coîicm^jmcraricrtóru-'Cutic culAa.iejrt! xává^iKri myoctndcc cCíiruic- cH' n&tm' ot^^ U«rfm' í»tticí>t>ar<í' cian cfut u^ca^Vuc^ ntcí> €çuauc».tímatutM>ccmf>orc^in}?<>cma^ c€VriccAnntC0 cCamcr' àiicvtn\iftná^\<^^Ÿh^'tcconcfrc^ri iifAC' iâk tnrcc^ùnc^ucncdcn^ i^itta ^r^ cnuu\(lCtâr c\mcäa.(r" tiXfiinffutf' avLoru^^ numcr oc^ cracT' ucncracr yuf^cp^rCc^iì- iiifti%iíi]dr <îcrc^í>»^cröfucu>öcac?tnamt- <m<>cjditt ccnca ciuaárctmncii. fç^c 4nnxf ^nccofu^ rt-itntctin rcorn^rcc^' ccfcûcc^f cutti^cncifíîma^ <^^r ^^ywicrAht^frc- cto i^tít;»cetttito(uí rctíft fíinu \zcnx ^idUA' íjicandu' dhricfiít*^dddâ.rítmydiztrciuat^^ ^nnif Dconcfìiridít reçnamc^ tcpo? anntf^ fnodoLiatd rcíçriautcrftei^ 2r;/. Jl^//J. //^r/. M5. 3859, /o/.i88^, //.1-25. ^^.reeÊË!^ ^^ Cpîîimrodor. *u THE MAGAZINE OP THE HONOURABLE SOCIETY OF CYMMRODORION. VOL. XXVIII. TALIESIN. ?,^f.I BY SlR JOHN MORRIS-JONES, M.A., Professor of Welsh in the Unîverstty Colle^e of A'orth Wales. LONDON : ISSUED BY THE SOCIETY, NEW STONE BUILDINGS, 64, CHANCERY LANE. 1918. Devizes : Printed bx George Simpson & Co., Devizes, Ltd. EDITOEIAL NOTE. " " TaLIESIN BY SlR JOHN MoRRIS-JoNES. ' The Council of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion feel great satisfaction in presenting to the members of the Society this important contribution to the study of Welsh Literature. Originally it was intended to be a compara- tively short review of one of Dr. Gwenogvryn Evans's valu- able reproductions of Early "Welsh Texts, but the Editor of the Society's publications was fortunate enough to induce the Author to give to the world (in addition to his criticism of Dr. Evans's theories) the result of many years' close study of. some of the earliest existing specimens of Welsh Poetry. It is not for us to praise the very great service thus rendered to Wales, to its language, and its history, by Sir John Morris-Jones We have only to express the deep sense of gratitude which will be felt by every lover of literature, and especially by every member of the Cymmrodorion Society, for the unselfish and unremunerated labour that has added an invaluable treasure to our store of knowledge. For the addition of a helpful Index to the Author's work we are much indebted to his daughter, Miss Rhiannon Morris-Jones of the University College, Bangor. The Editor desires to add that beyond securing the production of thework, in the manner indicated, his assistance has been merely nominal. On behalf of the Cuuncil, E. Vincent Eyans, Hon. Secretary and Editor. CONTENTS ITAGE Tbadition, 1. The tradition of tlie Cynfeirdd ... ... 2 Early Records: Old Welsh, 6. MSS. of old poems ... 6 Collected, 9. Re-discovered, 10. Printed ... 12 Criticism : Sharon Tiirner, 13. Stephens, 16. Xash, 18. Skene, 22. Rhys, 23. Anwyl, 24. Linguistic theory, 27. Dr. Gwenogvryn Evans ... ... 37 Dr. Evans's method, 38. On the date, 40. On names, 50. On the geography, 55. The eponym theory, 84. Taliesin's "hiography", 101. The " " amended text, translation, and notes, 115. Palaeography, 125. Transcription fi'om Old Welsh exemplar, 130. Glos.ses, 139. General qiiestions relative to his work ... ... 145 Conclusions ... ... ... ... ... 151 EXAMINATI0X OF POEMS ... ... ... ... ... 152 Argoed Llwyfein, 154. Gweith Gwen Ystrad, 160. Uryen Yrechwydd, 171. Yng NgorfFowys, 175. Dadolwch Uryen, 181. ]\Iarwnat Owein, 187. Other Historical poems, 195. Marwnad Rhun. 202. Conclusions ... ... ... 223 Reconsideration of theories of Hi.storical poems ... 224 Other poems : Mythological poems, 235. Mystical poems, 240. Classical evidence, 247. Metem- psychosis, 250. Old hardism, 252. Later poems, 254. Future study of poems ... ... ... 257 Appendices : The oldest monuments of the Welsh language— Appendix I: The stone of Cingen ... ... 26() Appendix II: The Surexit Memorandum ... 265 Corrections and Additions ... ... ... ... 280 Index to Proper Names ... ... ... ... ... 283 (K^mmroìî0r. VoL. XXVITI. " Cared doeth yr encilion." 1918. ^aCimn^ By J. MOERIS JONES, M.A., Professor of Welsh at the University College of North Wales. Tradition is now generally aclmitted to be worthy of more respect than was paid to it in the nineteenth century. When it is not the obvious product of popular etymolog-y it usually contains some element of truth. And it may carry its message from a very remote age. At Mold there " stood a cairn called Bryn yr Ellyllon. It was believed a clad in armour had been to be haunted ; spectre golden seen to enter it. That this story was current before the mound was opened is a fact beyond dispute. In 1832 the cairn was explored. Three hundred cartloads of stones were removed, and beneath them was a skeleten ' laid at full length, wearing a corslet of beautifully-wrought gold, '" which had been placed on a lining of bronze.' The " " corslet is at the British Museum, but it is now stated " to be a peytrel or brunt for a pony ".'' It is, however, "obvious that before a warrior would decorate his horse with the precious metal, he had doubtless satisfied his own personal needs in this direction ".' Here then we 1 E. Sidney Hartland, Ethnoyraphical Survey of the United Kiiì(j- in 431. dom. p. 6, citint; Boyd Dawkins, Early Man fírifain, p. 2 A Guide to the Antiguities of the Uronze Age (in the Brit. Mus.), p. 149. » Ibid., p. 150. 2 Taliesin. have " of eyidence a tradition which must— have been handed down from the prehistoric iron age that is, for more than two thousand years ".' This is a purely local less example ; but more general traditions are not likely to be based on fact. The tradition of the Irish that their i ancestors came to Ireland direct from the continent has been vindicated by Zimmer against the dominant theory of the last century that they came across Britain." This first it theory was propounded by Edward Lhuyd ;' was adopted by Theophilus Evans, who quoted in its support a vague tradition about the presence of the Irish in Britain." The existence of such a tradition in the seventeenth cen- tury is confirmed by a statement in Gibson's Camden, 1695, p. 670, "that 'tis a common tradition among-st" the inhabitants of the hilly districts of Carnarvonshire, Breck- nock and Radnorshire, "that the Irish were the ancient Pro- of their ".' That is a fact but it does not prietors Country ; in any way prove Lhuyd's theory, for those Irish had come over from Ireland.* Here, then, is a fairly wide-spread tradition that must have been handed down from about the sixth century, Tradition is thus one of our data, to be accounted for and interpreted. Where there is no other apparent reason for it, it may well be what it seems —a of took and to be popular account what once place ; where more reliable data are scarce it may be of value in directing inquiry and confirming conclusions. Among the most persistent of the Welsh traditions is 1 Hartland, loc. cit. 2 Au/ welchem Wege kamen die Goidelen vom Rontinent nach Irland ? 1912, p. 31, etpassim; see H. Gaidoz in the Revue Internationale de lEnseignement, 1917, pp. 104-114. 3 Archceoloyia Britannica, 1707, At y Kymry, pp. [xvi-xviii]. 4 Brych y Prif Oesoedd (1740), Reprint, 1902, pp. 11, 12. ^ Y 131. Cymmrodor , ix, p. '' H. Zimmer, Nennius Yindicatus, 1893, pp. 89-91. Taliesin. 3 that which tells us that a group of famous bards, of whom Taliesin was tlie chief, íiourished during the period of the strug-gle between Briton and Saxon in the sixth century. If it be objected that this is not a genuine but a spurious tradition based upon a memorandum in the Nennian additamenta, one may reply that the reverse is the case, and that the memorandum is based upon a form of the tradition. For the Welsh tradition is not a reproduction of the memorandum the records ; memorandum an early North British variant of it. The sixth century bards of Welsh tradition are Taliesin, Aneirin, Myrddin and Llyw- arch those of the Hên ; memorandum are Talhaern, Taliessin, Néirin, Bluchbard and Cian. The names Taliesin and Neirin are common to both ; the Welsh and Nennian variants overlap but do not coincide, which proves their mutual independence and points to both beinof ffenuine. The tradition as reflected in Welsh literature bears all the marks of genuineness. It is not like a or advocated or explained new theory discovery ; it is taken for granted as common knowledge. Thus in the oldest Welsh copy of the Laws (the Black Book of Chirk), when reference is made to an expedition led by Rhûn ap Maelgwn, it is simply stated that Taliesin com- posed an englyn on the occasion.' There is no mention of the date, or even of the century. It is not explained that Taliesin was a contemporary of Ehûn, it is only implied. The tradition is not superimposed on the subject matter of Welsh literature ; it is a substratum which underlies it. Moreover, the conditions for handing down such a tra- dition were favourable. The bards formed an import- ant whose status was their body acknowledged ; privi- leges and duties are defined in the Laws of Hywel : the 1 Ancient Laws and Institutes of Walfís, 1841, i, p. 104. b2 4 Taliesin. of the Court the household bard is the eighth officer ;' chief bard is to sit next to the judge, and to lodge with the Heir Apparent.' Bardism was one of the three profes- for sions (the other two beiiig scholarship and smithcraft) which no serf was to be trained without his lord's per- an ancient institution when the mission ;^ it was obviously Laws were compiled, and no break in its continuity is at tenth all probable between the sixth and the century.
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  • The Figure of Taliesin in Charles Williams' Arthuriad

    The Figure of Taliesin in Charles Williams' Arthuriad

    Volume 10 Number 1 Article 4 4-15-1983 The Figure of Taliesin in Charles Williams' Arthuriad Richard Woods Stritch School of Medicine, IL Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore Part of the Children's and Young Adult Literature Commons Recommended Citation Woods, Richard (1983) "The Figure of Taliesin in Charles Williams' Arthuriad," Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature: Vol. 10 : No. 1 , Article 4. Available at: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol10/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Mythopoeic Society at SWOSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature by an authorized editor of SWOSU Digital Commons. An ADA compliant document is available upon request. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To join the Mythopoeic Society go to: http://www.mythsoc.org/join.htm Mythcon 51: A VIRTUAL “HALFLING” MYTHCON July 31 - August 1, 2021 (Saturday and Sunday) http://www.mythsoc.org/mythcon/mythcon-51.htm Mythcon 52: The Mythic, the Fantastic, and the Alien Albuquerque, New Mexico; July 29 - August 1, 2022 http://www.mythsoc.org/mythcon/mythcon-52.htm Abstract Discusses Taliesin as a historical personage and as a legendary and mythological figure, and specifically the sources for Williams’s portrayal of Taliesin in his Arthurian poetry. Speculates on why Williams chose Taliesin as the “romantic focus” of his poems, how he conceived his role, and why he departed from traditional sources.
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations

    UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations

    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Birth Narratives in Indo-European Mythology Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/71m1f09s Author Pagé, Anna June Publication Date 2014 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Birth Narratives in Indo-European Mythology A dissertation submied in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Indo-European Studies by Anna June Pagé 2014 © Copyright by Anna June Pagé 2014 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Birth Narratives in Indo-European Mythology by Anna June Pagé Doctor of Philosopy in Indo-European Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2014 Professor Joseph F. Nagy, Chair is dissertation presents a study of the shared themes and parallel narrative structures of a set of stories about extraordinary birth. Stories about extraordinary birth form a universal story-type that displays widespread and striking similarities in narrative traditions throughout the world. Stories of this nature are typically told about various types of important persons, such as heroes, kings, gods, and saints, and have most frequently been treated within the context of the “heroic biography’’ paern. Because of how well-aested this type of story is in all narrative traditions, a comparison of birth narratives from different Indo-European mythologies offers an ideal case study in the comparison and reconstruction of aspects of the Proto-Indo-European mythological system. While my primary focus is on stories from Indo-European sources, and particularly from Celtic, Greek, and Indic myth, several non-Indo-European examples of this type of narrative are also included in my discussion.