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A COMPREHENSIVE LOOK at CAPITAL BIKESHARE DATA by Shru PROFILES, PREFERENCES, AND REACTIONS TO PRICE CHANGES OF BIKESHARE USERS: A COMPREHENSIVE LOOK AT CAPITAL BIKESHARE DATA by Shruthi Kaviti A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering Committee: _________________________________ Dr. Mohan M. Venigalla, Dissertation Director _________________________________ Dr. Shanjiang Zhu, Committee Member _________________________________ Dr. Behzad Esmaeili, Committee Member _________________________________ Dr. Rajesh Ganesan, Committee Member _________________________________ Dr. Sam Salem, Department Chair _________________________________ Dr. Kenneth S. Ball, Dean, Volgenau School of Engineering Date: _____________________________ Fall Semester 2018 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Profiles, Preferences, and Reactions to Price Changes of Bikeshare Users: A Comprehensive Look at Capital Bikeshare Data A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at George Mason University by Shruthi Kaviti Master of Science National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India, 2014 Bachelor of Engineering Osmania University, Hyderabad, India, 2012 Director: Mohan M. Venigalla, Professor Sid and Reva Dewberry Department of Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering Fall Semester 2018 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Copyright 2018 Shruthi Kaviti All Rights Reserved ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. Mohan M. Venigalla for his patience, motivation, and continuous support throughout my Ph.D. study. His guidance helped me to improve my technical writing skills, made me think innovatively and turned me into a real researcher. I would also like to thank rest of the dissertation committee members: Dr. Shanjiang Zhu for his help in the design of the survey questionnaire and other technical aspects of the research study, Dr. Behzad Esmaeili for his kindness, thoughtful and invaluable feedback, Dr. Rajesh Ganesan for his insightful comments and suggestions throughout my Ph.D. I gratefully acknowledge the funding sources that made my Ph.D. work possible. I was funded from the research grant from the Office of Provost at George Mason University for three consecutive summers. I am indebted to Sid and Reva Dewberry Department of Civil, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering for funding me for three consecutive years during my research study. Also, partial funding of the research was obtained from District Department of Transportation and US Department of Transportation’s University Transportation Centers research program. I would like to express my gratitude to the project panel at the District Department of Transportation, especially to Ms. Kimberly Lucas, Ms. Stephenie Dock, and Dr. Stefanie Brodie for their invaluable guidance, input, and support. My time at Mason was made more enjoyable due to my friends who became part of my life. I will always cherish my memories I spent with them for the rest of my life. I would also like to thank all the undergraduate and graduate students who helped me in the collection of survey data at various bikeshare stations. I am very much indebted to my loving husband Surya, who supported me in every possible way to see the completion of this work. Lastly, I would like to thank my parents and brother who trusted and supported me in all my pursuits. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures .................................................................................................................... xi Abstract ............................................................................................................................ xiii 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Motivation .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Dissertation Organization ....................................................................................... 2 2 Background and Research Overview ............................................................................ 5 2.1 Trends ..................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Europe .............................................................................................................. 6 2.1.2 North America ................................................................................................. 7 2.1.2.1 United States ............................................................................................ 7 2.1.2.2 Canada...................................................................................................... 8 2.1.2.3 Mexico City ............................................................................................. 9 2.1.3 Asia .................................................................................................................. 9 2.1.3.1 Singapore ............................................................................................... 10 2.1.3.2 China ...................................................................................................... 10 2.1.3.3 Korea ...................................................................................................... 10 2.1.3.4 India ....................................................................................................... 11 2.1.4 Other Continents ............................................................................................ 11 2.1.4.1 South America ....................................................................................... 11 2.1.4.2 Australia ................................................................................................. 12 2.1.4.3 Africa ..................................................................................................... 12 2.1.5 Summary ........................................................................................................ 12 2.2 Discoveries ........................................................................................................... 13 2.2.1 User Surveys .................................................................................................. 14 2.2.2 Effects on Mobility ........................................................................................ 16 iv 2.2.3 Impacts on Human Health and Social Systems ............................................. 16 2.2.4 Sustainability Impacts.................................................................................... 16 2.2.5 Impacts on Science and Analytical Methods ................................................. 17 2.2.5.1 Big Data Analytics ................................................................................. 17 2.3 Research Questions .............................................................................................. 19 3 Impact Of Pricing And Transit Disruptions On Bikeshare Ridership And Revenue . 21 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Relevant Studies ................................................................................................... 23 3.3 Data ...................................................................................................................... 26 3.4 Methodology ........................................................................................................ 28 3.5 Analyses ............................................................................................................... 29 3.5.1 Normalization and Control for Independent Variables ................................. 29 3.5.2 New Registrations per Month ........................................................................ 30 3.5.3 Monthly Ridership ......................................................................................... 35 3.5.4 Revenue Analysis .......................................................................................... 39 3.5.5 Sample Means................................................................................................ 43 3.5.6 Analysis of Variance ..................................................................................... 43 3.5.7 Regression Analysis ...................................................................................... 44 3.6 Effect of SafeTrack on Ridership ......................................................................... 46 3.7 Conclusion and Discussion .................................................................................. 53 4 Assessing the Impact of Pricing on Bikeshare Usage and Revenue Through Station- Level Analysis of Big Data ............................................................................................... 56 4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 56 4.2 Motivation ............................................................................................................ 57 4.3 Research Objectives ............................................................................................
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