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Beyond the Grid Post-Network Energy Provision in Rwanda Option 1 für Titelseite: Layout mit ganzseitigem Foto (24cm hoch, 17cm breit). Bild bitte austauschen!!! Weiße Ränder müssen nach PDF-Erstellung abgeschnitten werden! Robert Kranefeld Beyond the grid Post-network energy provision in Rwanda Forum Humangeographie 15 Titel der Publikation 1 Robert Kranefeld Beyond the grid Post-network energy provision in Rwanda Forum Humangeographie 15 Beyond the grid. Post-network energy provision in Rwanda Robert Kranefeld Frankfurt am Main, 2019 © Robert Kranefeld Forum Humangeographie Nr. 15, herausgegeben von den Professor*innen des Instituts für Humangeographie Selbstverlag des Instituts für Humangeographie der Goethe- Universität Frankfurt am Main ISBN 978-3-935918-25-1 Kontakt Goethe-Universität, Institut für Humangeographie, Stefanie Schwerdtfeger, Julian Stenmanns (Schriftleitung Forum Humangeographie) Theodor-W.-Adorno-Platz 6, 60323 Frankfurt am Main www.humangeographie.de/forum Contents List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... 5 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 6 List of Appendix .................................................................................................................. 7 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... 8 1 Before the grid ................................................................................... 11 2 Energy in transition .......................................................................... 15 2.1 The very substance of our society ........................................................................... 15 2.2 Energy and development ........................................................................................ 20 3 The methodological making of »Beyond the grid« ............................ 33 3.1 Post-colonial Technoscience .................................................................................. 33 3.2 Research design ....................................................................................................... 35 3.3 Critical reflection .................................................................................................... 43 4 Technologies of power ...................................................................... 47 4.1 Energy materialities ................................................................................................. 47 4.2 Battle of the systems ................................................................................................ 53 4.3 Scales of energy spaces ............................................................................................ 55 4.4 C’est un autre monde .............................................................................................. 62 4.5 Appropriate Technologies ...................................................................................... 66 4.6 Conclusion on technologies of power .................................................................... 70 5 Energy entrepreneurship ................................................................. 73 5.1 Opening up energy entrepreneurship ..................................................................... 73 5.2 Bottom-billion capitalism ........................................................................................ 79 5.3 Long-way to profitability ........................................................................................ 83 5.4 Pay as you are .......................................................................................................... 85 5.5 Monitoring and Control .......................................................................................... 90 5.6 Conclusion on energy entrepreneurship ................................................................ 94 6 Marketization of energy provision .................................................... 97 6.1 Energizing markets ................................................................................................. 98 6.2 We have the same vision ...................................................................................... 100 6.3 Don’t disturb the market ....................................................................................... 103 6.4 We need to have some standards .......................................................................... 110 6.5 It’s a political decision ........................................................................................... 113 6.6 Conclusion on energy marketization .................................................................... 117 3 Beyond the grid 7 At the end of the line ........................................................................ 119 Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 123 Appendix .......................................................................................................................... 133 4 List of Figures Fig. 1: Hierarchy of Energy Access Indices ................................................................. 26 Fig. 2: Sketch of Indicator-Concept model .................................................................. 40 Fig. 3: Sketch of constructing main categories ............................................................ 42 Fig. 4: Overview on socio-technical components of energy provision ........................ 47 Fig. 5: Presentation-kit for a 80 W solar-home-system ...............................................52 Fig. 6: Overview on energy entrepreneurship .............................................................. 73 Fig. 7: Pre-paid meter for grid provision ..................................................................... 87 Fig. 8: Off-grid pre-paid meter for SHS ....................................................................... 87 Fig. 9: Scratch card for SHS ......................................................................................... 89 Fig. 10: Overview on marketization of energy provision .............................................. 98 5 Beyond the grid List of Tables Tab. 1: A typology of post-networked pathways to low carbon transition ................... 19 Tab. 2: Three paradigms of energy access and development ....................................... 23 Tab. 3: Electricity access on household level for regional aggregates in 2013 .............25 Tab. 4: Shortened multi-tier Matrix for Access to Household Electricity Supply ....... 28 Tab. 5: Multi-tier Matrix for Access to Household Electricity Services ...................... 28 Tab. 6: Multi-tier Matrix for Electricity Consumption................................................. 28 Tab. 7: The energy ladder for household energy use .................................................... 29 Tab. 8: Overview on interview participants .................................................................. 38 Tab. 9: Electricity generation in Rwanda 2015 ............................................................. 48 Tab. 10: Adjusted tier-typology ....................................................................................... 60 Tab. 11: A typology of energy systems beyond the grid .................................................. 61 Tab. 12: Typology of different payment-options for energy systems ............................ 78 Tab. 13: Shifts from state-led development to market-led provision in electricity ..... 115 Tab. 14: Global overview on energy provision beyond the grid .................................... 119 6 List of Appendix App. 1: 3 Multi-tier matrices on energy access ............................................................ 133 App. 2: Guiding questions for energy entrepreneurs .................................................. 134 App. 3: Final Coding-system with all interviews ......................................................... 135 App. 4: Map of power lines in Rwanda (from 2011) .................................................... 139 7 Beyond the grid Abbreviations AC alternating-current AfDB African Development Bank ANT Actor-network theory AVCA African Private Equity and Venture Capital Association BDS Business Development Support CEO Chief Executive Officer CIF Climate Investment Funds DC direct-current EC European Commission EDCL Energy Development Corporation Ltd. EnDev Energising Development ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program EU European Union EUCL Energy Utility Corporation Limited GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (German International Cooperation) GO Governmental Organisation GoR Government of Rwanda GVEP Global Village Energy Partnership h hour ICT Information and Communication Technologies ICT4D Information and Communication Technologies for Development IEA International Energy Agency IMF International Monetary Fund IREARPPP Increase rural energy access in Rwanda through PPP km kilometres kW kilo Watt kWh kilo Watt hours kWh/a kilo Watthours per year LED Light-Emitting Diode lmhrs lumen hours LTS Large Technical Systems M4P Making Markets Work for the Poor MDGs Millennium Development Goals MINECOFIN Ministry of Finance and Economics MININFRA Ministry of Planning and of Infrastructure MW Mega Watt NDBP National Domestic Biogas Program NGO Non-Governmental Organisations 8 OECD Organisation for Economic
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