Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Greenland Rift Basins Province, 2008

Chapter K of The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal

Professional Paper 1824

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey COVER Fishing boat in the Ilulissat Icefjord, Disko Bay, West Greenland, about 250 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle. The fjord is notable for its prolific iceberg production; the fast-moving tidal glacier Sermeq Kujalleq (also called Jakobshavn Isbrae) is a major outlet of the Greenland ice sheet. Photo by Flemming G. Christiansen, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Greenland Rift Basins Province, 2008

By Donald L. Gautier

Chapter K of The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal Edited by T.E. Moore and D.L. Gautier

Professional Paper 1824

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DAVID BERNHARDT, Acting Secretary U.S. Geological Survey James F. Reilly II, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2019

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Suggested citation: Gautier, D.L., 2019, Geology and assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the East Greenland Rift Basins Province, 2008, chap. K of Moore, T.E., and Gautier, D.L., eds., The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1824, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1824K.

ISSN 2330-7102 (online) iii

The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal

Chapter A. Introduction to the 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal (CARA) Professional Paper By Donald L. Gautier and Thomas E. Moore

Chapter B. Methodology for Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources for the 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal By Ronald R. Charpentier

North America

Chapter C. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Chukchi Borderland Province, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird and David W. Houseknecht

Chapter D. Geology and Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Hope Basin Province, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird, David W. Houseknecht, and Janet K. Pitman

Chapter E. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province, 2008 By David W. Houseknecht, Kenneth J. Bird, and Christopher P. Garrity

Chapter F. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Central Alaska Province, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird and Richard G. Stanley

Chapter G. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Northwest Canada Interior Basins Province, Arctic Canada, 2008 By Marilyn E. Tennyson and Janet K. Pitman

Chapter H. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Franklinian Shelf Province, Arctic Canada and North Greenland, 2008 By Marilyn E. Tennyson and Janet K. Pitman

Chapter I. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Sverdrup Basin Province, Arctic Canada, 2008 By Marilyn E. Tennyson and Janet K. Pitman

Greenland

Chapter J. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the West Greenland- East Canada Province, 2008 By Christopher J. Schenk

Chapter K. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Greenland Rift Basins Province, 2008 By Donald L. Gautier iv

North Atlantic Ocean

Chapter L. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Jan Mayen Microcontinent Province, 2008 By Thomas E. Moore and Janet K. Pitman

Eurasia

Chapter M. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Mezen’ Basin Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

Chapter N. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Timan-Pechora Basin Province, Russia, 2008 By Christopher J. Schenk

Chapter O. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Barents Basins Province and the Novaya Zemlya Basins and Admiralty Arch Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett

Chapter P. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the North Kara Basins and Platforms Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

Chapter Q. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Northern West Siberian Mesozoic Composite Total Petroleum System of the West Siberian Basin Province, Russia, 2008 By Christopher J. Schenk

Chapter R. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

Chapter S. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Northwest Laptev Sea Shelf Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

Chapter T. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Lena-Anabar Basin Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

Chapter U. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Tunguska Basin Province, 2008 By Craig J. Wandrey and Timothy R. Klett

Chapter V. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Lena-Vilyui Basin Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman v

Chapter W. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Laptev Sea Shelf Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

Chapter X. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Zyryanka Basin Province, 2008 By Timothy R. Klett and Janet K. Pitman

Chapter Y. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Siberian Sea Basin Province, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird, David W. Houseknecht, and Janet K. Pitman

Chapter Z. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Vilkitskii Basin Province, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird, David W. Houseknecht, and Janet K. Pitman

Chapter AA. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Long Strait Basin Province, 2008 By Kenneth J. Bird, David W. Houseknecht, and Janet K. Pitman

Chapter BB. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Amerasia Basin Petroleum Province, 2008 By David W. Houseknecht, Kenneth J. Bird, and Christopher P. Garrity

Arctic Ocean

Chapter CC. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Lomonosov- Makarov Province, 2008 By Thomas E. Moore, Kenneth J. Bird, and Janet K. Pitman

Chapter DD. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Eurasia Basin Province, 2008 By Thomas E. Moore and Janet K. Pitman vi

Contents

Abstract...... 1 Introduction and Province Description...... 1 Petroleum System Elements...... 7 Burial History Modeling...... 7 Summary of Province Assessment Results...... 7 North Danmarkshavn Salt Basin...... 12 Analogs Used in Assessment...... 12 South Danmarkshavn Basin...... 15 Analogs Used in Assessment...... 15 Northeast Greenland Volcanic Province...... 16 Thetis Basin ...... 16 Analogs Used in Assessment...... 16 Liverpool Land Basin...... 17 Analogs Used in Assessment...... 17 Results ...... 18 References Cited...... 18 Appendixes...... 20

Appendixes

[Available for download at https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1824K ] 1. Input data for the North Danmarkshavn Salt Basin Assessment Unit 2. Input data for the South Danmarkshavn Basin Assessment Unit 3. Input data for the Northeast Greenland Volcanic Province Assessment Unit 4. Input data for the Thetis Basin Assessment Unit 5. Input data for the Liverpool Land Basin Assessment Unit 6. Input data for the Jameson Land Basin Assessment Unit 7. Input data for the Jameson Land Basin Subvolcanic Extension Assessment Unit vii

Figures

1. Map showing location of East Greenland Rift Basins Province and its constituent assess- ment units...... 3 2. Generalized geologic map of East Greenland Rift Basins Province and surrounding regions...... 4 3. Time-stratigraphic chart showing generalized lithology for strata of the East Greenland Rift Basins Province...... 5 4. Two simplified cross sections through the northeast Greenland shelf showing the relative thickness of rocks of various ages in basins discussed in the text...... 6 5. Onshore outcrop facies map and depth to top of postulated Upper Jurassic source rocks offshore in the Danmarkshavn and Thetis Basins ...... 8 6. Burial history model and plots showing depths and vitrinite reflectance values interpreted for strata in a depocenter in the southern Danmarkshavn Basin...... 9 7. Lithostratigraphic column and total petroleum system events chart showing petroleum sys- tem elements for the East Greenland Rift Basins...... 11

Tables

1. Input data for burial history model of Danmarkshavn Basin...... 10 2. Estimated volumes of undiscovered petroleum resources in the East Greenland Rift Basins Province...... 13

The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal Edited by T.E. Moore and D.L. Gautier U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1824

Chapter K Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Greenland Rift Basins Province, 2008

By Donald L. Gautier

Abstract carbonate sequences, especially in northern Danmarkshavn Basin. Marine shales are expected to provide the main sealing In 2007 the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) completed lithologies in most AUs. an assessment of undiscovered, technically recoverable oil and Most of the undiscovered oil, gas, and natural gas liquids gas resources in the East Greenland Rift Basins Province of are likely to be in the offshore areas of the province and are Northeast Greenland. The province was selected as the proto- inferred to belong to an Upper Jurassic Composite Total Petro- type for the U.S. Geological Survey Circum-Arctic Resource leum System. The USGS estimated that the East Greenland Appraisal (CARA). In collaboration with the Geological Rift Basins Province contains approximately (mean) 31,400 Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), the province was million barrels oil equivalent (MMBOE) of oil, natural gas, subdivided into nine geologically distinctive areas. Seven of and natural gas liquids. Of the five assessed AUs, North Dan- these were defined as Assessment Units (AUs), of which five markshavn Salt Basin and the South Danmarkshavn Basin are were quantitatively assessed. These are: North Danmarkshavn estimated to contain most of the undiscovered petroleum. Salt Basin, South Danmarkshavn Basin, Thetis Basin, North- east Greenland Volcanic Province, and Liverpool Land Basin. Jameson Land Basin and the Jameson Land Basin Subvolcanic Introduction and Province Description Extension were defined as AUs but were not quantitatively assessed. Geological features of northeast Greenland suggest the Onshore studies by GEUS and other organizations possibility of large petroleum potential, as well as high uncer- suggest that at least four stratigraphic intervals may contain tainty and risk. The area was the prototype for development potential source rocks for petroleum. The geological history of of methodology used in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) related areas in western Norway and burial history modeling Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal (CARA), and the Northeast suggest that Upper Jurassic strata are most likely to contain Greenland Rift Basins Province (fig. 1) was the first province petroleum source rocks. A wide variety of possible trapping to be evaluated. The new study was deemed necessary because mechanisms are expected within the province. Potential traps of information made available through collaboration with the in the North Danmarkshavn Salt Basin AU are dominated by Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), which structures formed through salt tectonics; those in the South significantly changed the geological understanding of the area. Danmarkshavn Basin and the Northeast Greenland Volcanic In collaboration with GEUS the province was subdivided into Province are characterized by extensional structures and by nine geologically distinct areas. From those, seven assessment stratigraphic traps in submarine fan complexes. Prospective units (AUs) were formally defined, five of which were quan- inversion structures of Tertiary age are present along the west- titatively assessed. The CARA study superseded a previous ern margin of South Danmarkshavn Basin AU, and the large USGS assessment of northeast Greenland completed in 2000 horst block structures that separate the Danmarkshavn and (Ahlbrandt and others 2005), from which it differs in several Thetis Basins may provide numerous opportunities for traps in important respects: oil estimates were reduced and natural gas fault blocks and along various facies-related permeability bar- estimates were increased to reflect revised understanding of riers. Possible reservoirs include shallow marine to nonmarine offshore geology. Despite the reduced oil estimates, the CARA sandstones of Middle Jurassic age, sandstones in Upper Juras- indicates that northeast Greenland could be an important sic synrift deposits, Cretaceous sandstones in submarine fan future petroleum province. complexes, sandstones in Paleogene progradational sequences, The East Greenland Rift Basins Province extends for and in Upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian warm-water more than 1,200 kilometers (km) from south of the Blosseville 2 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal

Kyst Basin near 66° N to Kronprins Christian Land near 82º N rocks of the East Greenland Volcanic Province largely cover (fig. 1), an area of approximately 500,000 km2, most of which the shelf. The Koldewey Platform, on the westernmost part of lies beneath less than 500 meters (m) of water. The northern the shelf, is an area of relatively shallow (2 to 5 km) Caledo- and northeastern boundary of the province is set along the nian rocks, overlain by a thin sedimentary cover thought to approximate southern trace of the Greenland Fracture Zone/ include upper Carboniferous to Permian carbonate rocks and Trolle Land Fault Zone, thus excluding the Wandel Sea lower Carboniferous siliciclastic sequences (fig. 4). In the Basin (fig. 2). The province is as wide as 600 km; its western eastern part of the Koldewey Platform, the Paleozoic section is boundary follows the approximate limit of sedimentary rocks overlain by various thicknesses of discontinuous and incom- onshore and its eastern boundary tracks the continent-ocean pletely preserved Mesozoic strata. In some places, such as on transition. The province encompasses the sedimentary basins Store Koldewey, Mesozoic rocks directly overlie Caledonian of northeastern Greenland, including Jameson Land Basin basement. (Christiansen and others, 1992; Mathiesen and others, 1995; North-trending en echelon faults separate the Koldewey Stemmerik and others, 1993), and the less well known off- Platform from the Danmarkshavn Basin, which is a large, shore basins of the northeast Greenland shelf: Danmarkshavn deep, northeast-trending sedimentary basin that is bounded Basin, Thetis Basin (Hamann and others, 2005), Liverpool by the Koldewey Platform on the west and by Danmarkshavn Land Basin (Larsen, 1990) and the Blosseville Kyst Basin Ridge on the east (fig. 4). South of Store Koldewey the basin (Larsen, 1985) (fig. 2). The Tertiary volcanic rocks found off- is limited by the Shannon High, a basement horst that prob- shore between 67° and 75° N are included in the province and ably extends southward beneath the volcanic field. The basin are presumed to cover thick sedimentary successions. is at least 400 km long in a northeast-southwest dimension, 50 The Caledonian deformational belt (fig. 2), which formed km wide in the south, and 100 km wide at about 78° N. The as a consequence of the closing of the proto-Atlantic Ocean central axis and principal depocenter of the basin is thought to and the collision of the Laurentia and Baltica continents, is contain a largely conformable section, more than 13 km thick, known to include more than 4,000 m of intensely folded and of (probable) Devonian to Holocene age sedimentary rocks. faulted sedimentary rocks of Cambrian to Devonian age. For Numerous unconformities increase in significance and the sed- the purposes of this study, deformed Caledonian rocks are imentary strata thin and unconformities increase in magnitude assumed to be economic basement; the oldest strata considered northward and westward of the central Danmarkshavn Basin. in this assessment are Middle to Upper Devonian continental Interpretation of the KANUMAS seismic data and unpub- deposits (fig. 3), which accumulated during the crustal relax- lished research seismic data acquired by the Alfred Wegener ation and extensional faulting that followed the Caledonian Institute has led to the identification of a major salt province in orogeny. Since the Caledonian collision, northeastern Green- the northern part of Danmarkshavn Basin (Hamann and others, land has been the site of numerous episodes of multi-phase 2005; W. Jokat, written commun., 2007). The salt is inferred lithospheric extension, the most prominent of which were in to be of late Carboniferous or possibly earliest Permian age the late Permian to Triassic, Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, (fig. 3) based upon regional paleogeographic reconstructions and in mid-Cretaceous time (Surlyk, 1990; Blystad and others, (Stemmerik, 2000). The evaporite sequence is, therefore, a 1995; Doré and others, 1999; Brekke, 2000; Surlyk, 2003), likely equivalent to the lower part of the carbonate succession culminating in crustal separation during the Paleocene. The found onshore in North Greenland (Stemmerik, 2000), closely outer (easternmost) part of the shelf has been a passive margin related to similar salt accumulations in Tromsø and Nordkapp since the early Eocene (Tsikalas and others, 2005). Basins in the Barents Sea, and related to the Sverdrup Basin The petroleum potential of northeast Greenland has long of northern Canada (Larssen and others, 2002). The salt is been postulated (Ulmishek, 1984; Haimilia and others, 1990) believed to have accumulated in a rapidly subsiding sag basin on the basis of (1) the plate tectonic model of the opening along the rift axis between Norway and Greenland (Gudlaugs- of the North Atlantic Ocean Basin (Kay, 1969; Talwani and son and others, 1998). Eldholm, 1977; Hinz and others, 1987); (2) investigations of Danmarkshavn Ridge is a northeast-trending complex outcrops onshore (Stemmerik and others, 1993; and (3) the of westward dipping fault blocks, which separates Danmark- geologic similarity of northeastern Greenland and the petro- shavn Basin from Thetis Basin to the east (fig. 4). Known from liferous basins of northwestern Europe (Hinz and Schlüter potential field data and from the KANUMAS seismic records, 1980, Larsen 1984). As of 2011, with the exception of a few Danmarkshavn Ridge is 10 to 60 km wide and extends for shallow research cores, the sedimentary basins of the province more than 80 km from a well-defined basement high beneath remain undrilled owing largely to their remote location and Tertiary volcanic rocks in the south to a gentle platform at 78° the possibility of sea ice any month of the year. The northeast N. The principal controlling fault of Danmarkshavn Ridge, Greenland shelf is of particular interest; potential field data which bounds its eastern margin, has a heave of more than 10 have been used to identify major northeast-trending structural km and a throw of at least 7 km. Hamann and others (2005) features (Larsen 1984, 1990) and, more recently, these features estimated that 2 to 3 km of upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic have been examined in greater detail following analysis of rocks were eroded from the top of the ridge prior to deposi- the proprietary KANUMAS seismic data (Hamann and oth- tion of a Tertiary sedimentary succession that may be as old as ers, 2005). South of Shannon Island, thick Tertiary volcanic Paleocene. Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Greenland Rift Basins Province, 2008 3

0 80 0 0 40 30 20 010 10 E

EPLANATION BAFFIN Province boundary Assessment Unit (AU) boundary BAY WANDEL SEA

Kronprins Christian Land

South North Danmarkshavn Danmarkshavn GREENLAND Basin AU Salt Basin AU Store Koldewey

Thetis Basin AU Shannon Island

0 Kong Oscar Fjord ameson Land Basin AU

Unnamed AU, not assessed

Northeast Greenland Volcanic Province AU GREENLAND SEA Liverpool Land Ridge AU, not assessed ameson Land Basin Subvolcanic Liverpool Land Basin AU DENMARK Extension AU

STRAIT

Map GREENLAND area ICELAND

Stereographic orth Pole proection, AD 83 0 100 200 300 MLES

0 100 200 300 KLMETERS Figure 1. Map showing location of East Greenland Rift Basins Province and its constituent assessment units. Figure 1. 4 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal

80 0 0 0 40 30 20 10

Wandel Sea Basin EPLANATION Lena Trough Sedimentary succession Stable shelf and platform—Commonly contain carbonate as well as clastic deposits Shelves with rift and thermo-isostatic (sag) basins—Typically consist of both siliciclastic and carbonate deposits and in places evaporites

Extensional basin on continental crust along the margin of an adjoining ocean Trolle Land Fault basin—Contains mainly siliciclastic deposits Prograded sedimentary succession across predominately rifted passive margin of an existing ocean basin—Contains siliciclastic deposits Ocean basin—Eupelagic, hemipelagic, or turbidite deposits overlying mid-ocean

ridge basalt (MORB) or ocean-continent transitional crust KoldeweyPlatform Intercalated volcanic rocks near the surface of sedimentary succession 0 Depositional boundary of sedimentary succession—Dashed

where approximate Basin Boreas Axis of structural trough—Dashed where approximate Basin lt Axis of structural ridge—Dashed where approximate e b ld Active sea-floor spreading axis—Dashed fo n Ridge where approximate ia on ed Greenland Continent-ocean boundary—Dashed al fracture zone f C where approximate t o on Cross section fr Danmarkshavn Fault, undifferentiated—Dashed n Thetis Basin io Danmarkshavn of figure 4A where approximate, dotted at rm fo where covered e GREENLAND D

Boundary of nonprospective terranes—Dashed where approximate

40 Province boundary 0 Assessment unit boudary Modern shoreline

Northeast Greenland Volcanic Province

Jameson Land Basin Kangerlussuaq Jan Mayen fracture zone Basin Liverpool Land Ridge Cross section GREENLAND SEA of figure 4B Mohns Ridge

East Greenland Liverpool Land Basin Volcanic Province

Kolbeinsey Ridge Jan Mayen mircocontinent Blosseville Kyst Basin Iceland-Faroe Mid-ocean ridge basalts Large Igneous Province at the seabed GREENLANDMap area ICELAND

30 Base from Esri, used herein under license 0 100 200 MLES Mapping modified from Grantz and others, 2010 Stereographic orth Pole proection 0 100 200 KLMETERS

Figure 2. Generalized geologic map of East Greenland Rift Basins Province and surrounding regions (modified from Grantz and others, 2010). Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Greenland Rift Basins Province, 2008 5 V V V V V SUTEAST V V V VV on onshore geology Older section based mostly Younger section based mostly Younger on seismic sequence stratigraphy V V V V V V V VVV T CP II CP I DC II DC I ime-stratigraphic chart showing generalized lithology Major fault movement Figure 3. for strata of the East Greenland Rift Basins Province. The Middle and Upper Devonian rocks are the oldest considered in assessment of petroleum resources in the province. COB, continent-ocean boundary. Modified from Hamann and others (2005). Seismic sequences T II T I K II K I J III J II J I PT II PT I T IV T III B A C Danmarkshavn Ridge Thetis Ridge Shelf edge Marginal high COB Oceanic crust concentrated organic matter Salt Stratigraphic interval that contains movement Stratigraphy uncertain Danmarkshavn Basin uplift Tertiary structure Inversion Koldewey Platform Continental deposits Shallow marine deposits Marine deposits Carbonates Evaporites rocks Volcanic RTEST EPLANATION Late Late Late Late Late Late Time Early Early Early Early Early Early scale Middle Middle Middle

Neogene

Paleogene ema rascJrsi rtcosTertiary Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Permian

eoinCarboniferous Devonian Figure 3.

0 100 10 200 20 300 30 400 Ma 6 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal

A Koldewey Danmarkshavn EST Platform Danmarkshavn Basin Ridge Thetis Basin EAST 0 0 T I 1,000 T II T IV 1,000 T III 2,000 K II 2,000

3,000 K I 3,000 4,000 JI- JIII PT II 4,000 K I ,000 PT I J III ,000 ,000 DC I - CP II ,000 0 10 20 30 40 0 KLMETERS ,000 ,000 Two-way travel time, in milliseconds 0 10 20 30 40 0 MLES 8,000 8,000

Liverpool Liverpool Land Basin B Jameson Land Basin RTEST Land (Inner) (Outer) SUTEAST

0 0

1,000 1,000

2,000 2,000

3,000 3,000

4,000 4,000

,000 ,000

,000 ,000 0 10 20 30 40 0 KLMETERS

Two-way travel time, in milliseconds ,000 ,000 0 10 20 30 40 0 MLES 8,000 8,000 EPLANATION Caledonian basement/ Pliocene-Pleistocene Cretaceous lower Paleozoic Neogene Upper Permian-Jurassic Oceanic crust

Paleogene Devonian-middle Permian Tertiary intrusives

Figure 4. Two simplified cross sections through the northeast Greenland shelf showing the relative thickness of rocks of various ages in basins discussed in the text. Locations of cross sections are shown in figure 2. Stratigraphic intervals (TI, KII, and so on) are identified in the stratigraphic chart in figure 3 and in table 1. Modified from Hamann and others (2005).

Immediately east of Danmarkshavn Ridge, the Thetis thick sedimentary rocks have been recognized in seismic data Basin (fig. 4)Figure comprises 4. a thick succession of Cretaceous and to the east of Liverpool Land. The sedimentary section of Tertiary strata that accumulated as rift-sag basin and passive- Liverpool Land Basin is thickest where it overlies continental margin deposits, respectively. Although older sedimentary crust, thinning to the east across the continent-ocean bound- rocks are probably present, thick Cretaceous age strata fill ary; the upper 6 km of strata in the Liverpool Land Basin form the basin to the acoustic basement. Thetis Basin is geologi- a prograding sedimentary wedge of Paleogene and Neogene cally similar in structure and stratigraphic relationships to the age. South of Liverpool Land Basin, more than 4 km of post- Vøring and Møre Basins on the Norwegian continental margin middle Eocene sedimentary rocks overlie Paleogene volcanic (Scheck-Wenderoth and others, 2007). rocks, which, in turn, probably rest on Mesozoic and Paleo- South and east of Thetis Basin, the continental shelf is cene sedimentary strata. marked by an area of high relief named the “Marginal High” For purposes of assessment, the East Greenland Rift by Hamann and others (2005). The Marginal High is believed Basins Province was subdivided into nine geologically to consist of Tertiary volcanic rocks extruded during the initial distinctive areas, seven of which were designated as assess- opening of the Atlantic Basin at the end of the Paleocene ment units, of which five were quantitatively assessed. The (Hinz and others, 1993). South of about 75°30’ N, extrusive seven designated assessment units are: (1) Northern Dan- rocks of probable Tertiary age inferred from aeromagnetic and markshavn Salt Basin, (2) Southern Danmarkshavn Basin, (3) seismic data (Larsen, 1990) are interpreted to overlie thick Thetis Basin, (4) Northeast Greenland Volcanic Province, (5) pre-Tertiary sedimentary sequences similar to those north of Liverpool Land Basin, (6) Jameson Land Basin, and (7) the the volcanic field. Offshore and south of the volcanic field, Jameson Land Basin Subvolcanic Extension (figs. 1, 2). Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Greenland Rift Basins Province, 2008 7

Petroleum System Elements A subsurface geologic model was developed (fig. 7), which incorporated known stratigraphic relations from onshore Onshore studies suggest that at least four stratigraphic outcrops in Greenland and from western and northern Norway, intervals may contain source rocks for liquid petroleum which is the conjugate transatlantic margin of northeastern (Christiansen and others, 1992). In consideration of the closely Greenland. Heat flow history was reconstructed from the related geological history of western Norway, of outcrops of interpreted tectonic/geological history of the southern Dan- Jurassic strata in eastern Greenland (Surlyk, 2003), and of the markshavn Basin, and the heat flow model was then compared origin and distribution of world petroleum (Ahlbrandt and oth- to and calibrated with interpreted thermal histories from the ers, 2005), Upper Jurassic strata in northeastern Greenland are Norwegian Sea provided by the Norwegian Petroleum Direc- inferred to contain particularly promising source rocks (fig. 5); torate (NPD). Additional inputs for the burial history model burial history modeling of postulated Jurassic source rocks in include interpretations of episodes of erosion, water depth, and northeast Greenland Shelf is further discussed below. sediment/water interface temperature, and kerogen reaction Possible trapping mechanisms are expected to vary rates (kinetics). widely across the province. Potential traps in the North Dan- The burial history model was used to estimate the range markshavn Salt Basin AU are dominated by structures formed of possible thermal maturity to be expected in stratigraphic through salt tectonics; those in the South Danmarkshavn intervals that have potential source rocks. Particular atten- Basin and the Northeast Greenland Volcanic Province AU tion was paid to the interpreted burial and thermal history of are probably characterized by extensional structures and by postulated Jurassic strata. A map of present day depths to the stratigraphic traps in submarine fan complexes (Surlyk, 1978). top of the postulated Jurassic strata was developed in collabo- Potentially prospective inversion structures of Tertiary age ration with GEUS scientists, who have access to the propri- are present along the western margin of South Danmarkshavn etary KANUMAS seismic data, and using publicly available Basin AU; the large horst blocks of the Danmarkshavn Ridge, potential field data (fig. 5). When combined with the inferred which separates the Danmarkshavn and Thetis Basins, may burial history, the map provides an important tool for inter- provide numerous opportunities for traps, as does the uncon- preting thermal maturity of postulated source rocks at various formity between Cretaceous and Paleogene strata, and various locations on the northeast Greenland Shelf. facies-related permeability barriers. For the purposes of this From the burial history model (fig. 6), postulated source assessment, Danmarkshavn Ridge, west of its major bounding rocks of Late Jurassic age are interpreted to have been buried fault, is included in the South Danmarkshavn Basin AU. to the oil window over wide areas of the northeast Greenland Possible reservoirs are considered most likely within shelf, and to have been buried to a time-temperature regime shallow marine to nonmarine sandstones of Middle Jurassic of supermaturity with respect to oil generation at any local- age, in Upper Jurassic syn-rift deposits, in Cretaceous sand- ity deeper than approximately 5 km. Maturation may have stones of the submarine fan complexes, within progradational occurred as early as the Late Cretaceous in the depocenters of sequences of Paleogene age, and in upper Carboniferous to the South Danmarkshavn Basin. In North Danmarkshavn Salt lower Permian warm-water carbonate strata, especially in the Basin and in areas of South Danmarkshavn Basin that have northern Danmarkshavn Basin. Marine shales are expected to thinner post-Jurassic sediment, oil maturation probably did not provide the main sealing lithologies in most AUs. occur until Paleocene time or later.

Burial History Modeling Summary of Province Assessment Results The burial history of potential source rocks in northeast Greenland was analyzed using the commercial burial history Five AUs were included in the assessment of the petro- modeling software Petromod, version 10, by Integrated Explo- leum potential in the East Greenland Rift Basins Province: ration Systems (now owned by Schlumberger Limited). One- North Danmarkshavn Salt Basin, South Danmarkshavn Basin, dimensional models were built for various selected localities Northeast Greenland Volcanic Province, Thetis Basin, and in the Northeast Greenland Rift Basins Province. One of these Liverpool Land Basin. Assessment Unit boundaries are shown localities, at the intersection of two KANUMAS seismic lines in figures 1 and 2. The Jameson Land Basin and the Jameson in the south Danmarkshavn Basin, was selected to model the Land Basin Subvolcanic Extension AUs were considered to burial history of the province (fig. 6); input data for the burial have less than a 10 percent chance of containing a technically history model are given in table 1. recoverable hydrocarbon accumulation larger than the mini- In collaboration with GEUS scientists, approximate time- mum size of 50 million barrels of oil-equivalant oil, gas, and stratigraphic boundaries were identified on the KANUMAS natural gas liquids (50 MMBOE). The high risk was assigned seismic lines and time-depth relations were estimated using because onshore studies of Jameson Land geology and time-depth models from various parts of the Arctic including exploratory drilling in the basin decades ago suggest that pos- the Beaufort Sea, the Barents Sea, and the Norwegian Sea. sible source rock intervals are relatively poor in concentrated 8 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal

10

Ridge

MLES

100

20

Danmarkshavn

KLMETERS

80

100

0

0

Danmarkshavn Store Koldewey 0 0 -5,000 -1,000 to -2,000 -2,000 to -5,000 EPLANATION source rocks, in meters Depth to Upper urassic Daneborg

B

laft Member laft

Gerlait Member Gerlait

Cardlocerar Berriberg Formation Berriberg MLES 10 Store Kuhn Forland Forland KLMETERS ollaston Koldewey ochestetter A ) and depth to top ope Society old with Geographical Clavering Trail 10

0

0 N Onshore outcrop facies map ( Marine sandstone/mudstone heterolith Offshore marine mudstone Deep-water marine sandstone bodies EPLANATION

A Figure 5. of postulated Upper Jurassic source rocks offshore in the Danmarkshavn and Thetis Basins ( B ). Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). Location the burial history model illustrated in figure 6 is shown by a red dot. Outcrop facies and depth to top of postulated Upper Jurassic source rock source Jurassic Upper Outcrop facies and depth to top of postulated Figure 5. Flooding surface Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Greenland Rift Basins Province, 2008 9

Age, in millions of years ago

415 400 300 200 100 0

Silurian Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene 0 1,000 TII

2,000 T I

3,000

K II 4,000

5,000 K 1 6,000

7,000 J II

8,000 J I

9,000 PT II

10,000 PT I

11,000 CP II Burial depth, in meters 12,000 CP 1 13,000 EPLANATION 14,000 Immature (0.6 Ro) Oil zone (0.61.25 Ro) 15,000 Gas zone (1.252.0 Ro) DC 1 Overmature (2.0 Ro) 16,000 Source rock interval

17,555 Caledonian

Boundary parameters Age, in millions of years ago 460 400 300 200 100 0 Vitrinite reflectance, in percent Temperature, in degrees Celsius Ordovician 0.3 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 907 Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 4.75 0 Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene -200 Neogene 0 TII Paleowater depth 1,000 TII T I T I 0 2,000 2,500 3,000 K II K II Meters 4,000 5,000 5,000 K 1 K 1 450 6,000 41 Sediment-water 7,000 J II J II 7,500 interface temperature 8,000 J I J I 20 9,000 PT II PT II

10,000 PT I 10,000 PT I 0 Degrees Celsius Burial depth, in meters 11,000 CP II CP II -17 Burial depth, in meters 12,000 100 12,500 CP 1 Heat flow 13,000 14,000 80 15,000 DC 1 15,000 DC 1 60 16,000 Milliwatts per square meter 17,485 Caledonian Caledonian 17,500 40

Figure 6. Burial history model and plots showing depths and vitrinite reflectance values (in percent Ro) interpreted for strata in a depocenter in the southern Danmarkshavn Basin. Location of the modeled site is shown on figure 5. Input data for the model are summarized in table 1.

Figure 6. East Greenland Rift Basins Province 5200 Burial History Model 10 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 350 150 390 TOC mg HC/g index, in Hydrogen Petromod etal(1997)_ T2-CS T3Åre_CS (Spekk)-CS kinetic model None None None None None Behar None None None Ungerer(1990) None None None Ungerer (1990) None None None 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 Total Total carbon, organic percent in weight - - - - system den den den den element Petroleum Reservoir Underbur Underbur Underbur Reservoir Source Reservoir Reservoir Overburden Source Overburden Reservoir Reservoir Source Overburden Seal Underbur - - - Principal lithologies evaporite shale stone conglomerate siltstone stone stone siltstone conglomerate shale Sandstone and Limestone and Siltstone Silstone and Limestone Shale and lime Sandstone and Shale and sand Silty sandstone Coal and silt Sandstone and Sandstone and Sandstone and Shale Silty sandstone Shale Basement rocks 1 2 55 329 169 Ma End erosion, 2 3 56 Ma 340 170 Begin erosion, 3 0 65 56 23 Ma End 280 315 340 146 250 132 245 200 170 160 150 415 deposition, 1 Ma 65 55 23 Begin 315 329 396 460 150 280 146 250 131 245 200 169 155 deposition, 700 100 300 100 200 Strata eroded, in meters 0 0 500 500 100 100 900 800 100 330 1,650 4,300 1,000 1,125 2,700 1,000 1,080 1,300 Thick - meters ness, in 330 330 meters Bottom 6,135 6,035 9,535 4,910 9,435 2,210 8,435 1,130 7,535 6,235 depth, in 12,185 12,685 16,985 17,485 10,535 0 330 330 6,035 9,535 4,910 9,435 2,210 8,435 1,130 7,535 6,235 6,135 in meters Top depth, Top 10,535 12,185 12,685 16,985 Input data for burial history model of Danmarkshavn Basin (shown in fig. 6).

interval surface CPII CP1 DC1 Caledonian JIII PTI KI PTIIS KII PTII TI JI TII JII TIII JIIS Stratigraphic Sediment T IV Table 1. Table carbon] milligrams hydrocarbon per gram total organic Carboniferous; DC, Devonian; Ma, million years ago; wt%, weight percent; mgHC/gTOC, CP, Permian-Triassic; K, Cretaceous; J, Jurassic; PT Tertiary; [T, Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Greenland Rift Basins Province, 2008 11 Figure 6

Earth system Basin Petroleum system Comments evolution

Sea level Geological time scale Rock Tectonic curve, type setting in meters Age migration Petroleum loss Average global temperature, in degrees celcius Seals Source rock Traps Source rocks Reservoir rock Maturation and Gelasian Calabrian Zanclean Piacenzian Period Eon Era Ma Epoch

1 20 200 100 0 Folding, faulting and igneous activity Pleistocene Pliocene Messinian Tortonian Convergent

Neogene Serravallian Miocene Langhian 12.5 Burdigalian Aquitanian 20 Chattian Oligocene Rupelian

Cenozoic Priabonian Bartonian 40 Divergent Eocene Lutetian

Paleogene Ypresian

Thanetian 2.8 Paleocene Selandian 60 Danian Maastrichtian

Late Campanian 80 Santonian Coniacian Turonian

Cenomanian 100 Cretacous Albian 29.0 Cratonic

Early Aptian 120

Barremian

2.6 Hauterivian Valanginian 140 Berriasian

Tithonian Mesozoic Divergent 25.0 Late Kimmeridgian Oxfordian 160 Callovian Bathonian Middle Bajocian Aalenian Jurasic Toarcian 180

Pliensbachian Early Sinemurian Hettangian Cratonic Rhaetian 200

Norian Late 1.2 220 Carian Triassic

Ladinian Middle Anisian 240

Early Olenekian Induan Changhsingian Lopingian Wuchiapingian Divergent 260 Capitanian Guadalupian Wordian Roadian Cratonic Kungarian Permian Artinskian 280

Cisuralian Sakmarian Divergent 8.0 Asselian Cratonic Gzhelian 300 Late Kasimonian Middle Moscovian

Pennsylvanian Early Bashkirian Divergent 320 Late Serpukhovian

0.4 Carboniferous Middle Visean 340 Cratonic Mississippian

Early Tournaisian

360 8.0 Famennian Late Transpress Frasnian 380 Devonian Middle Eifelian

0.3 Emsian 400 Early Pragian

Paleozoic Lochkovian Pridoli Ludfordian Ludlow Gorsfan 420 Homerian Wenlock Sheinwoodian 9.0 Convergent

Silurian Telychian Llandovery EPLANATION Aeronian Rhuddanian 440 Earth system Himantian

Upper Ocean anoxic event

460 Rock type Darriwilian Middle Ordovician Marine shale

Lower 480 Tremadocian Marine shelf sandstone Figure 7. Lithostratigraphic column and total petroleum

1.0 Furongian system events chart showing petroleum system elements for Paibian 500 Condensed deposits Middle the East Greenland Rift Basins Province. Developed using Carbonate deposits Cambrian 520 data from and in collaboration with the Geological Survey of Lower Evaporite deposits Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). Source rocks column shows

540 Sandstone the percent of the world’s total petroleum reserves generated

Unconformity by source (modified from Ulmishek and Klemme, 1990). 560 Petroleum system Average global temperature data is from Frakes and others 0.2 Identified presence (1992) and Barrett (2003). Sea level curve is from Golonka and 580 Ediacaran Neoproterozoic Proterozoic Kiessling (2002) and Hardenbol and others (1998). Geologic Snowball Earth time scale is that of Gradstein and others (2004). 12 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal oil-prone organic matter, and have had burial histories that are salt-induced structures. Also, unconformities and fault traps not conducive to oil generation and preservation. The Jameson associated with Late Jurassic extension, inversion anticlines, Land Basin Subvolcanic Extension AU is probably geologi- platform margin stratigraphic and fault block traps related to cally similar to Jameson Land and therefore shares its geo- Paleocene continental breakup, and various stratigraphic traps logical risks, but has the additional uncertainty of essentially are anticipated. Seals are expected to be provided by evapo- hidden geology, which, in this case, adds to the risk. Following rites of late Carboniferous or early Permian age and by marine the CARA methodological protocols they were therefore not shales of Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary age. A probability quantitatively assessed. of 0.9 was assigned for adequacy of reservoirs, traps and seals Descriptions of the assessed AUs are given in the text in this AU. below. The probabilistic results of individual AU assessments Timing of Generation of Hydrocarbons and Preservation and the aggregated province assessment of conventional oil of Accumulations.—On the basis of initial one-dimensional and gas accumulations larger than 50 MMBOE are summa- modeling, oil generation is inferred to have begun in Late rized in table 2. Cretaceous time and to have continued episodically until the present in various parts of the AU. Structures that formed North Danmarkshavn Salt Basin prior to migration may have been available for charge. Salt structures formed subsequent to migration may provide traps Assessment Unit Description.—Stratigraphically, the AU for remigrated hydrocarbons but may also destroy previ- includes the entire sedimentary section from the Caledonian ously formed accumulations. Significant preservation risk is basement to the seafloor. Geographically, the AU is bounded postulated, owing to (1) complex effects of salt deformation; by the coast of northeast Greenland on the west; by the eastern (2) uncertainty in seal integrity of shale intervals; (3) possible boundary fault of Danmarkshavn Ridge on the east; by the post-oil-window maturity in deeper areas; and (4) gas expan- southern limit of significant salt deformation on the south, and sion and oil displacement due to regional late Tertiary uplift. by the Wandel Sea Basin on the north (figs. 1, 2). Accordingly, a probability of 0.7 was assigned to adequacy Geological Analysis of Assessment Unit Probability.— of timing and preservation of fields greater than the minimum The likelihood that the North Danmarkshavn Salt Basin AU size within this AU. contains at least one accumulation greater than the minimum field size of 50 MMBOE is considered to be approximately 60 Analogs Used in Assessment percent (0.57) based on an interpretation of the principal petro- leum system/AU elements, which are discussed below. Numbers of Fields.—Interpretation of the proprietary Charge.—Regional studies indicate that numerous KANUMAS seismic survey and of unpublished seismic stratigraphic intervals in northeast Greenland contain organic sections collected by the Alfred Wegener Institute (W. Jokat, carbon-rich strata (fig. 3). But for the purposes of assess- written commun.) suggests that the structural style of North ment, only two intervals, the Lower to Middle Triassic and the Danmarkshavn Salt Basin is controlled primarily by episodic Upper Jurassic, were included in the burial history model (fig. salt deformation that began as early as Permian time and con- 6). The well-known importance of Upper Jurassic source rocks tinued into the Holocene. Therefore, estimation of field density to petroleum generation in the Norwegian Sea and the North (number of accumulations >50 MMBOE per 1,000 km2) relied Sea suggests that the Upper Jurassic is the most likely petro- upon the analog field densities of all 18 AUs in the USGS leum source rock in northeast Greenland as well. Interpreta- Analog Database (Charpentier and others, 2008) that are clas- tion of regional seismic data and one-dimensional modeling sified as having dominant salt-induced structures. This analog indicates that Upper Jurassic strata have probably entered the set exhibits a nearly uniform distribution across the range of oil window in most of North Danmarkshavn Basin; petroleum field densities. generation may have begun in the Late Cretaceous. Migration Field Size Distribution.—The minimum field size pathways are highly complex due to salt-induced deformation; required for a full assessment under the Circum-Arctic oil may also have entered the province from the south. A prob- Resource Appraisal is 50 MMBOE. The median field size ability of 0.9 was assigned for charge sufficiency in this AU. (about 115 MMBOE) is similar to the median field size of the Reservoir Rocks, Traps, and Seals.—Fluvio-deltaic 18 AUs in the USGS Analog Database that report a predomi- sandstones of Middle Jurassic age, equivalent to the Pelion nance of salt-induced structures. The low-probability maxi- Member of the Vardekløft Formation onshore (Surlyk, 2003), mum field size truncation point of 20 billion BOE (barrels of are postulated to be the most important reservoirs in the AU. oil equivalent) reflects the largest value from the analog set, Other reservoir intervals may include submarine fans of Cre- excluding one outlying value judged to be inappropriate for taceous age, Lower Jurassic marine sandstones, and carbonate this AU because it occupies a structure larger than any known rocks of late Carboniferous and early Permian age. In addi- subsurface feature in this area of Greenland. tion, reservoir lithologies may include Triassic sandstones and Estimated Maximum Field Size.—The province geolo- progradational sandstones of Tertiary age. Structural trap- gist recommended an expected maximum field size of 2 to 3 ping is expected to be predominantly controlled by diapiric billion BOE, based on the distribution of maximum field sizes Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Greenland Rift Basins Province, 2008 13

Table 2. Estimated volumes of undiscovered petroleum resources in the East Greenland Rift Basins Province.

[Estimates are for risked, undiscovered, technically recoverable resources. F95 represents a 95-percent chance of at least the amount tabulated; other fractiles are defined similarly. Std. dev., standard deviation; N/A, not assessed]

Assessment unit name Assessment unit probability North Danmarkshavn Salt Basin 0.648 South Danmarkshavn Basin 0.72 Northeast Greenland Volcanic Province 0.256 Thetis Basin 0.486 Liverpool Land Basin 0.288 Jameson Land Basin 0.072 Jameson Land Basin Subvolcanic Extension 0.042 Assessment unit name F95 F50 F5 Mean Std. dev. Oil, in million barrels (MMBO) North Danmarkshavn Salt 0.00 1,989.17 11,793.38 3,274.31 4,236.50 Basin South Danmarkshavn Basin 0.00 3,228.45 13,995.75 4,384.12 4,822.34 Northeast Greenland Volca- 0.00 0.00 2,757.09 497.30 1,024.28 nic Province Thetis Basin 0.00 0.00 2,095.35 537.01 775.99 Liverpool Land Basin 0.00 0.00 1,122.37 209.38 453.16 Jameson Land Basin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Jameson Land Basin Sub- N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A volcanic Extension Associated/dissolved gas, in billion cubic feet (BCFG) North Danmarkshavn Salt 0.00 3,827.38 26,779.18 7,255.43 11,198.91 Basin South Danmarkshavn Basin 0.00 6,325.41 32,081.29 9,700.31 12,848.42 Northeast Greenland Volca- 0.00 0.00 6,212.23 1,105.14 2,467.25 nic Province Thetis Basin 0.00 0.00 4,907.85 1,184.23 1,910.65 Liverpool Land Basin 0.00 0.00 2,528.33 463.98 1,146.87 Jameson Land Basin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Jameson Land Basin Sub- N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A volcanic Extension Natural gas liquids, in million barrels (MMBNGL) North Danmarkshavn Salt 0.00 264.24 2,123.16 569.91 1,042.78 Basin South Danmarkshavn Basin 0.00 448.63 2,603.36 761.06 1,183.48 Northeast Greenland Volca- 0.00 0.00 492.13 86.98 224.85 nic Province Thetis Basin 0.00 0.00 397.48 92.86 169.52 Liverpool Land Basin 0.00 0.00 199.66 36.67 106.04 Jameson Land Basin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Jameson Land Basin Sub- N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A volcanic Extension 14 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal

Table 2. Estimated volumes of undiscovered petroleum resources in the East Greenland Rift Basins Province.—Continued.

Assessment unit name F95 F50 F5 Mean Std. dev. Nonassociated gas, in billion cubic feet (BCFG) North Danmarkshavn Salt 0.00 23,820.21 107,408.66 32,755.65 37,472.29 Basin South Danmarkshavn Basin 0.00 19,343.89 83,621.43 26,251.49 28,802.63 Northeast Greenland Volca- 0.00 0.00 16,550.52 3,002.67 6,168.58 nic Province Thetis Basin 0.00 0.00 12,488.54 3,206.45 4,631.31 Liverpool Land Basin 0.00 0.00 6,739.63 1,254.71 2,689.12 Jameson Land Basin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Jameson Land Basin Sub- N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A volcanic Extension Liquids, in million barrels (MMBL) North Danmarkshavn Salt 0.00 2,283.61 10,729.86 3,237.32 3,855.86 Basin South Danmarkshavn Basin 0.00 1,843.72 8,362.22 2,598.15 3,002.90 Northeast Greenland Volca- 0.00 0.00 1,650.81 297.05 621.12 nic Province Thetis Basin 0.00 0.00 1,251.14 317.40 472.30 Liverpool Land Basin 0.00 0.00 672.21 124.18 276.72 Jameson Land Basin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Jameson Land Basin Sub- N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A volcanic Extension Largest oil, in MMBL North Danmarkshavn Salt 255.82 1,265.79 7,394.35 2,163.88 2,550.58 Basin South Danmarkshavn Basin 348.86 1,524.42 8,102.34 2,468.80 2,679.85 Northeast Greenland Volca- 167.95 451.69 1,522.42 590.02 448.71 nic Province Thetis Basin 106.55 293.52 1,073.00 399.39 334.64 Liverpool Land Basin 87.61 233.98 909.46 329.63 297.70 Jameson Land Basin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Jameson Land Basin Sub- N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A volcanic Extension Largest nonassociated gas, in BCFG North Danmarkshavn Salt 2,733.71 11,648.60 57,222.01 18,000.58 18,155.41 Basin South Danmarkshavn Basin 2,071.86 9,249.21 49,214.88 14,947.77 16,382.29 Northeast Greenland Volca- 1,005.38 2,704.66 9,038.30 3,525.18 2,675.45 nic Province Thetis Basin 635.96 1,761.72 6,385.82 2,381.27 1,978.15 Liverpool Land Basin 524.04 1,399.48 5,436.25 1,974.23 1,792.23 Jameson Land Basin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Jameson Land Basin Sub- N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A volcanic Extension Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Greenland Rift Basins Province, 2008 15 from the analog set. This size is consistent with the largest marine sandstones, and carbonate rocks of Late Carboniferous field in the geologically related Central Graben of the North and early Permian age. In addition, reservoir lithologies may Sea (Ekofisk oil field), which also has salt-induced structures. include Triassic sandstones and progradational sandstones of Oil Versus Gas Fields, Ancillary Properties, and Coprod- Tertiary age. Unconformities and fault traps associated with uct Ratios.—As there are no direct data concerning the Late Jurassic extension, inversion anticlines along the west- distribution of oil, gas, and related properties in northeastern ern margin of the AU, and platform margin stratigraphic and Greenland, the assessment relied on global statistical averages fault-block traps (especially on the western flank of Danmark- from the USGS Analog Database (Charpentier and others, shavn Ridge), are related to Paleocene continental breakup. 2008) and from the specific analog of the oil and gas fields of Stratigraphic traps associated with channelized sandstones in the Halten Terrace AU in the Norwegian conjugate margin of fans and progradational sequences are to be expected. Seals the North Atlantic Basin, the geographically closest assess- are anticipated to be provided by marine shales of Jurassic, ment unit to northeastern Greenland. Cretaceous or Tertiary age. A probability of 0.9 was assigned for adequacy of reservoirs, traps and seals in this AU. South Danmarkshavn Basin Timing of Generation of Hydrocarbons and Preservation of Accumulations.—The likelihood of Late Jurassic source AU Description.—Stratigraphically, the South Danmark- rocks and oil generation in Cretaceous and later time suggests shavn Basin AU includes the entire sedimentary section from a timing risk for pre-Jurassic reservoirs, except in structur- the Caledonian basement to the seafloor. Geographically, the ally high positions on Koldewey Platform and on the flanks of AU is bounded by the coast of northeast Greenland on the Danmarkshavn Ridge. Significant preservation risk to some west; by the eastern boundary fault of Danmarkshavn Ridge reservoirs and traps reflects (1) uncertainty in the seal integrity on the east; by the southern limit of extensive salt deformation of shale intervals; (2) post-oil-window maturity that affects on the north, and by the northern limit of volcanic cover on the hydrocarbon phase and reservoirs in deeper areas; and (3) gas south (see figs. 1, 2). expansion and oil displacement resulting from Cenozoic uplift Geological Analysis of Assessment Unit Probabil- on Koldewey Platform. Nevertheless, a probability of 0.9 was ity.—The likelihood that the South Danmarkshavn Basin AU assigned to adequacy of timing and preservation of one or contains at least one accumulation greater than the minimum more fields greater than the minimum size within this AU. field size of 50 MMBOE is considered to be approximately 70 percent (0.729) on the basis of interpretation of principal Analogs Used in Assessment petroleum system/AU elements, which will be discussed below. Numbers of Fields.—Interpretation of the proprietary Charge.—Source rocks may include upper Carboniferous KANUMAS seismic survey and work on outcrops onshore lacustrine shales, upper Permian marine marls, Lower Jurassic suggest that the structures controlling field size distribution lacustrine shales, and Upper Jurassic marine shales. Interpreta- derive principally from various episodes of tectonic extension tion of regional seismic data and one-dimensional modeling and rift/sag subsidence, which accommodated the deposition indicates that Upper Jurassic strata have probably entered of thick Cretaceous submarine fan complexes and formation the oil window in all areas of the AU except on the western of the Danmarkshavn Ridge. The estimated minimum num- margin, on and adjacent to the Koldewey Platform. In some ber of accumulations in the South Danmarkshavn Basin AU parts of the AU, the Upper Jurassic rocks may have entered is derived from the full range of field densities of the 32 rift/ the oil window as early as the Late Cretaceous. In the deeper sag basin AUs in the USGS Analog Database (Charpentier parts of the AU, especially where the Upper Jurassic strata are and others, 2008). The maximum field densities in the analog deeper than 5,000 m, it is likely that these source rocks have set are consistent with those observed in the Central Graben passed through the oil window and are now supermature with and Viking Graben of the North Sea, which, together with the respect to oil generation. KANUMAS seismic data and 1-D Halten Terrace, are the geologically most similar basins known modeling indicate that Upper Jurassic strata are buried through to the assessors. the oil window in the deepest part of Danmarkshavn Basin; oil Field Size Distribution.—The minimum field size generation began in the Late Cretaceous. Elsewhere, the Upper required for a full assessment under the Circum-Arctic Jurassic strata entered the oil window at various times from Resource Appraisal is 50 MMBOE. The median value reflects the Late Cretaceous through the Neogene. Principal migra- the approximate midpoint in the median sizes of the 32 rift/sag tion pathways are upward and westward toward the Koldewey basin AUs in the USGS Analog Database. The low-probability Platform and upward and eastward toward Danmarkshavn upper truncation of the log normal distribution was selected Ridge. A probability of 0.9 was assigned for charge sufficiency such that the largest of the inversion structures on the western in this AU. margin of the AU would exhibit four-way closure and be filled Reservoir Rocks, Traps, and Seals.—Fluvio-deltaic to spill point (approximately 35 billion BOE). sandstones of Middle Jurassic age are postulated to be the Estimated Maximum Field Size.—In the province most important reservoirs in this AU. Other reservoir intervals geologist’s judgment, the geological setting of the South may include submarine fans of Cretaceous age, Lower Jurassic Danmarkshavn AU, being a rift/sag basin filled largely by 16 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal

Cretaceous-age submarine fan deposits, suggests the presence Charge.—Source rocks may include deeply buried Upper of an accumulation of similar size to the Forties oil field of Jurassic marine shales, as well as marine shales of Cretaceous the Central Graben in the North Sea (Wills, 1991). Therefore, or Tertiary age. Lower Cretaceous and older strata probably the province geologist expects that, if charged, there is a 50 entered the oil window in Paleocene time. Late Cretaceous percent chance of an accumulation of approximately 4 billion and Paleogene strata may have entered the oil window during BOE. the Neogene; most Mesozoic strata have been buried through Oil Versus Gas Fields, Ancillary Properties, and Coprod- the oil window and are now supermature with respect to oil uct Ratios.—The input values relied upon global statistical generation. Postulated migration pathways are upward into averages from the USGS Analog Database (Charpentier and overlying Tertiary progradational sequences and westward others, 2008) and the specific analog of the oil and gas fields to the margin of Danmarkshavn Ridge or eastward to the from the Halten Terrace AU of the Norwegian Sea, which Marginal Uplift. A probability of 0.8 was assigned for charge were believed to have the most similar source-rock burial his- adequacy for this AU. tory of any previously studied AUs. Reservoir Rocks, Traps, and Seals.—Channelized sand- stones and fans in eastward-advancing Tertiary progradational strata and sandstones in Cretaceous submarine fan complexes Northeast Greenland Volcanic Province deposited in the pre-Paleogene rift/sag basin are postulated to be the principal reservoir rocks of this AU. Trapping geome- Assessment Unit Description.—Stratigraphically, the tries are mainly stratigraphic traps associated with the Tertiary Northeast Greenland Volcanic Province AU includes the entire progradational strata and the rift/sag basin fill of Mesozoic sedimentary section from the basement to the seafloor. Geo- age. In addition, the possibility exists for traps in fault blocks graphically, the AU is bounded by the Greenland Platform on along the margin of Danmarkshavn Ridge and for unconfor- the west, by the continent-ocean boundary on the east, by the mity traps along the eastern marginal high. Seals are intrafor- north limit of pervasive volcanic rocks on the north, and by mational within the stratigraphic traps, and ultimate top seals the south limit of volcanic cover near Kong Oscar Fjord on the are provided by shales of Tertiary age. A probability of 0.8 south (figs. 1, 2). was assigned to the adequacy of reservoir lithologies and trap Geological Analysis of Assessment Unit Probability.— geometries sufficient to contain at least one accumulation of The likelihood that South Danmarkshavn Basin extends, unin- the minimum size within the AU. terrupted, beneath the Paleocene volcanic rocks was judged to Timing of Generation of Hydrocarbons and Preserva- be about 0.5. If present, the likelihood that the extended South tion of Accumulations.—In comparison with other AUs in the Danmarkshavn Basin AU contains at least one accumulation East Greenland Rift Basins Province, hydrocarbon generation greater than the minimum field size of 50 MMBOE is consid- and migration in the Thetis Basin would have been relatively ered to be approximately 70 percent (0.729). Therefore, the late in the burial history. Late generation as a result of progra- combined probability for the existence of at least one accumu- dation of thick Cretaceous and Tertiary strata is considered lation of the minimum size is approximately 0.365. beneficial to timing and preservation. Preservation of oil is Analogs Used in Assessment.—South Danmarkshavn extremely unlikely in Mesozoic strata because of their high Basin AU is used as an internal analog; the assessment of the temperature exposure due to deep burial during the Cenozoic. Northeast Greenland Volcanic Province is based upon the Siliciclastic strata may be insufficient to provide effective scenario that the geological properties of the South Danmark- seals for gas accumulations. For this reason a probability of shavn Basin AU extend beneath the Paleocene volcanic cover 0.7 was assigned for adequacy of timing and preservation of of the Northeast Greenland Volcanic Province. one accumulation of minimum size within the AU.

Thetis Basin Analogs Used in Assessment Assessment Unit Description.—Stratigraphically, the The- Numbers of Fields.—The USGS Analog Database (Char- tis Basin AU is defined to include all strata from at or below pentier and others, 2008) was searched for analogs in slope, the acoustic basement to the seafloor. Geographically, the AU clinoform, and turbidite depositional settings and in rifted extends from the main boundary fault of Danmarkshavn Ridge passive margins. The full distribution of field densities from on the west to the continent-ocean boundary or ocean-conti- those analogs was used to estimate the range of numbers of nental transition zone on the east, and from the southern limit undiscovered fields within the AU. of significant salt deformation on the north to the northeastern Field Size Distribution.—Field sizes in the USGS Analog limit of volcanic cover on the south and southwest (figs. 1, 2). Database (Charpentier and others, 2008) from slope, clino- Geological Analysis of Assessment Unit Probability.— form, and turbidite depositional settings and from the rifted- The overall likelihood that the Thetis Basin AU contains at passive-margin tectonic settings were considered, as were least one accumulation of 50 MMBOE or greater is judged to several specific analogs from the margins of the Atlantic basin, be approximately 45 percent (0.448) based on an interpreta- including the Vøring and Møre Basins. The minimum field tion of principal petroleum system/AU elements, which are size required for a full assessment under the Circum-Arctic discussed below. Resource Appraisal is 50 MMBOE; the median value was Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Greenland Rift Basins Province, 2008 17 chosen from the central tendency of the analog sets. The trun- AU. Trapping geometries are mainly stratigraphic traps associ- cation point of the log-normal field size distribution was set ated with the Tertiary progradational strata. In addition, the at approximately 8 billion BOE, consistent with the absolute possibility exists for traps in fault blocks along the margin of maximum field size in the analog set. Liverpool Land and for unconformity traps along the eastern Estimated Maximum Field Size.—The maximum field transition to the continent-ocean boundary. Seals are intrafor- size was estimated based on review of the limited geologi- mational within the stratigraphic traps, and ultimate top seals cal information available for Thetis Basin, including its distal are provided by shales of Neogene age. A probability of 0.7 setting compared to Southern Danmarkshavn Basin, the was assigned to the adequacy of reservoir lithologies and trap great thickness and exceedingly deep burial of much of the geometries sufficient to contain at least one accumulation of Cretaceous rift/sag basin fill, and the uncertain lithologies the minimum size within the Liverpool Land Basin AU. of the Tertiary progradational strata. The province geologist Timing of Generation of Hydrocarbons and Preservation estimated a probability of 0.5 that an accumulation of 800 of Accumulations.—Generation and migration is believed to MMBOE or more might be present within the AU. This size is have taken place as late as Neogene time, as a result of burial the median of maximum field sizes among the analog basins beneath thick Tertiary progradational strata. However, the used in assessment of the Thetis Basin. siliciclastic strata of the Neogene succession may be insuf- Oil Versus Gas Fields, Ancillary Properties, and Coprod- ficient to provide effective seals for gas accumulations. For uct Ratios.—These parameters were estimated in reference this reason a probability of 0.8 was assigned for adequacy of to the specific analog of hydrocarbon fill observed in fields timing and preservation of one accumulation of minimum size of the Halten Terrace on the Norwegian conjugate margin, as within the AU. discussed above, and from global statistical averages. Analogs Used in Assessment Liverpool Land Basin Numbers of Fields.—The USGS Analog Database (Char- Assessment Unit Description.—Stratigraphically, the pentier and others, 2008) was searched for analogs in slope, Liverpool Land Basin AU includes all strata from the acoustic clinoform and turbidite depositional settings and in rifted basement to the seafloor. Geographically, the AU extends from passive margins. The full distribution of field densities from the Liverpool Land uplift on the west, to the continent-ocean those analogs was used to estimate the range of numbers of boundary on the east and southeast. The Liverpool Land Basin undiscovered fields within the AU. AU extends northward to the Northeast Greenland Volcanic Field Size Distribution.—Field sizes of analog AUs Province (see figs. 1, 2). having similar slope, clinoform, and turbidite depositional Geological Analysis of Assessment Unit Probability.— systems within rifted passive margin tectonic settings were The overall likelihood that the Liverpool Land Basin AU considered, as were several specific analogs from the margins contains at least one accumulation of 50 MMBOE or greater of the Atlantic Ocean Basin, including the Vøring and Møre is judged to be approximately 20 percent (0.224) on the basis Basins. The minimum field size necessary for assessment was of an interpretation of the principal petroleum system and AU set by the CARA protocol; the median value was chosen from elements, which are discussed below. the central tendency of the analog sets. The truncation point of Charge.—Source rocks are speculated to include now the log-normal field size distribution was set at approximately deeply buried Upper Jurassic marine shales, as well as shales 8 billion BOE, consistent with the absolute maximum field of Cretaceous or Tertiary age. Initial one-dimensional mod- size in the analog set. eling suggests that Cretaceous and older strata probably Estimated Maximum Field Size.—The maximum field entered the oil window in the Neogene. Upper Cretaceous and size was estimated from the extremely limited geological Paleogene strata may also have entered the oil window during information available for Liverpool Land Basin; it has a distal the Neogene; most Mesozoic strata have been buried through setting compared to Southern Danmarkshavn Basin, exceed- the oil window and are now supermature with respect to oil ingly deep burial of pre-Tertiary strata, and uncertain litholo- generation. Postulated migration pathways are upward into gies of the progradational systems. The province geologist overlying Cenozoic progradational sequences and westward estimated a probability of 0.5 that an accumulation of 800 to the margin of Liverpool Land and eastward beyond the MMBOE or more might be present within the AU. This size is continent-ocean boundary. Because of the doubtful presence of the median value for maximum field sizes within the searched Upper Jurassic strata, a probability of 0.4 for charge adequacy analog sets. was assigned to this AU. Oil Versus Gas Fields, Ancillary Properties, and Coprod- Reservoir Rocks, Traps, and Seals.—Channelized sand- uct Ratios.—These parameters were estimated by analogy of stones and fans in eastward-advancing Tertiary progradational hydrocarbon fill in fields of the Halten Terrace on the Norwe- strata are postulated to be the principal reservoir rocks of this gian conjugate margin and from global statistical averages. 18 The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal

Results Escher, J.C., and Pulvertaft, T.C.R., 1995, Geological map of Greenland: Geological Survey of Greenland, scale 1:2,500,000. Although the risks and uncertainties are high, north- east Greenland may contain large quantities of recoverable Frakes, L.A., Francis, J.E., and Syktus, J.I., 1992, Climate petroleum. The entire East Greenland Rift Basins Province is modes of the Phanerozoic—The history of the Earth’s cli- estimated to contain about 31.4 BBOE oil, gas, and natural mate over the past 600 million years: Cambridge, Cambridge gas liquids, thus ranking fourth among the 25 assessed CARA University Press, 274 p. provinces with quantitatively assessed resources. The undis- covered, technically recoverable oil and gas resources are Golonka, J., and Kiessling, W., 2002, Phanerozoic time scale and definition of time slices, in Kiessling, W., Flügel, E., and estimated to be almost entirely offshore and concentrated in Golonka, J., eds., Phanerozoic reef patterns: Society of Eco- two assessment units: (1) South Danmarkshavn Basin, with a nomic Paleontologists Special Publication, no. 72, p. 11–20. mean estimate of 4.4 BBO and 26.3 TCF of gas, and (2) the North Danmarkshavn Basin, with a mean estimate of 3.3 BBO Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., and Smith, A.G., Agterberg, F.P., and 32.7 TCF of gas. Much smaller resource volumes are Bleeker, W., Cooper, R.A., Davydov, V., Gibbard, P., Hinnov, estimated in the other quantitatively assessed AUs. 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Appendixes

Appendixes are available online only, and may be accessed at https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1824K

Appendix 1. Input data for the North Danmarkshavn Salt Basin Assessment Unit Appendix 2. Input data for the South Danmarkshavn Basin Assessment Unit Appendix 3. Input data for the Northeast Greenland Volcanic Province Assessment Unit Appendix 4. Input data for the Thetis Basin Assessment Unit Appendix 5. Input data for the Liverpool Land Assessment Unit Appendix 6. Input data for the Jameson Land Basin Assessment Unit Appendix 7. Input data for the Jameson Land Basin Subvolcanic Extension Assessment Unit Menlo Park Publishing Service Center, California Manuscript approved for publication May 15, 2017 Edited by Claire Landowski Layout by Vivian Nguyen Gautier—Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Greenland Rift Basins Province, 2008 —Professional Paper 1824 Chapter K ISSN 2330-7102 (online) https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1824K