Uniwersytet Im. Adama Mickiewicza Wydział Historyczny Instytut Etnologii I Antropologii Kulturowej

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Uniwersytet Im. Adama Mickiewicza Wydział Historyczny Instytut Etnologii I Antropologii Kulturowej Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza Wydział Historyczny Instytut Etnologii i Antropologii Kulturowej Mariusz Kania Hegemonia i znaczenie. Dyskurs władzy w Myanmarze Praca doktorska napisana pod kierunkiem Prof. dr hab. Michała Buchowskiego Poznań 2016 Analiza kulturowa jest ze swej natury niekompletna. I, co gorsza, im głębszych pokładów sięga, tym mniej kompletna się staje. Jest to dość osobliwa nauka, której najbardziej znamienne twierdzenia opierają się na chwiejnych podstawach, w której doprowadzenie gdziekolwiek poruszanego problemu oznacza tylko umocnienie przypuszczeń, zarówno własnych, jak i wysuwanych przez innych ludzi, że tak naprawdę wcale nie pojmujemy danego problemu właściwie. Clifford Geertz „Interpretacja kultur” (2005: 44) Spis treści Rozdział I. Wprowadzenie....................................................................................................1 1) Nota biograficzna i lokalizacja przestrzenno - teoretyczna dysertacji.............1 2) Struktura pracy.....................................................................................................7 3) Tło historyczne.......................................................................................................9 a) Reformy demokratyczne..............................................................................9 b) Powrót do przeszłości..................................................................................14 c) Powtórzenie.................................................................................................19 4) Aung Naing Thu....................................................................................................29 5) Hegemonia i ideologia...........................................................................................33 a) Rzeczywiste naprzeciw Realnego...............................................................33 b) Język i tworzenie znaczeń...........................................................................43 c) Ideologia w obrębie hegemonii....................................................................48 Rozdział II. Porządek symboliczny......................................................................................56 1. Buddyzm theravāda..............................................................................................56 a) Krótka historia religii...................................................................................56 b) Doktryna religijna........................................................................................59 c) Kamma........................................................................................................65 d) Buddyzm birmański....................................................................................70 e) Hpòn............................................................................................................75 2) Buddyzm a władza...............................................................................................79 a) Hpòndaw.....................................................................................................80 b) Ana i awza..................................................................................................83 c) Współcześni prawie-królowie.....................................................................90 3) Sangha...................................................................................................................97 a) Hmo Gyi Gwa.............................................................................................97 b) Mnich jako członek rodziny.......................................................................101 c) Praktyka tworzenia hpòn............................................................................107 d) Mnisi a władza państwowa........................................................................116 4) Płeć.........................................................................................................................122 a) Buddyzm podstawą kreowania płci............................................................122 b) Płeć w rytuale..............................................................................................129 c) Życie intymne..............................................................................................132 5) Fundamentalizm religijny....................................................................................136 a) Mjanma znaczy lepszy................................................................................136 b) Jedność i nacjonalizm.................................................................................142 6) Mjanmafikacja.....................................................................................................150 a) Karty SIM...................................................................................................150 b) Opowieść modernizacyjna..........................................................................154 ROZDZIAŁ III. Przejście w Realne...................................................................................164 1) Islam jako absolutna negacja..............................................................................170 a) Dystans ideologii.........................................................................................170 b) Rakhine vs Rohingya..................................................................................175 c) Brud jako brud i jako nie-czystość..............................................................185 2) Naty i A Chauk......................................................................................................187 a) Taungbyone Natpwe...................................................................................187 b) Kult Natów w obrębie buddyzmu...............................................................197 c) Bezwstydne kobiety - A Chauk...................................................................204 ZAKOŃCZEnie, czyli otwarcie...........................................................................................210 Bibliografia............................................................................................................................219 Aneks......................................................................................................................................230 Rozmówcy...................................................................................................................230 Wykaz skrótów............................................................................................................232 Rozdział I. Wprowadzenie 1) Nota biograficzna i lokalizacja przestrzenno - teoretyczna dysertacji W maju 2009 roku, w trakcie siedmiomiesięcznej podróży po Azji, w którą wyruszyłem wraz z moją przyszłą żoną Małgorzatą, trafiłem po raz pierwszy do Mjanmy. Przed dotarciem na miejsce, jeszcze w Nepalu, jeden z licznych turystów spotkanych w podróży przestrzegał nas przed podróżą do tego państwa, które przedstawił nam jako niezwykle niebezpieczne. Ignorując przestrogi, wyruszyliśmy do kraju rządzonego przez złowrogo brzmiącą juntę wojskową. Moja przygoda z tym obszarem świata rozpoczęła się od miesięcznego pobytu, podczas którego zwiedziliśmy jego najważniejsze atrakcje turystyczne, jak ruiny w Bagan czy jezioro Inle. Fascynacja krajem zmieniała swoje oblicze: od początkowej egzotyzacji, przez chęć zrozumienia, aż po zmęczenie. Emocjonalny stosunek do pewnych zagadnień wpłynął na moją interpretację pewnych zjawisk, co nie czyni pracy mniej wartościową, a jedynie nadaje jej wymiaru bardziej osobistego. Uważam więc za zasadne nakreślenie historii autora oraz kontekstu, który zasadniczo wpłynął na jego sposób pojmowania świata. Urodziłem się na początku lat osiemdziesiątych poprzedniego stulecia, co wpłynęło dosyć osobliwie na relację z komunistycznym ustrojem państwowym. Byłem za młody, by go rzeczywiście pamiętać, ale jego stała obecność w dyskursie publicznym powodowała (i powoduje), że miał (i ma) on duży wpływ na kreowanie mojego poglądu na świat. Wzrastałem w niewielkich rozmiarów miasteczku robotniczym, gdzie prawie każdy dorosły mężczyzna, podobnie jak mój ojciec, był górnikiem zatrudnionym w lokalnej kopalni. Stanowiła ona centralny punkt naszego świata, wokół którego organizowała się wszelka aktywność społeczna. Górnicy jako grupa społeczna, która w czasach Polskiej Rzeczpospolitej Ludowej stawiana była w retoryce politycznej na piedestale, po wprowadzeniu reformy gospodarczej pod postacią neoliberalnej „terapii szokowej”, stali się zapóźnionymi elementami przeszłego wstecznego i nienaturalnego1 ustroju gospodarczego. Padli oni ofiarą dyskursu transformacji (Buchowski 2001: 14-19), który podzielił Polaków na dwa obozy: zwycięzców, którzy dostosowali się do zmian ustrojowych i przegranych, którzy stali na przeszkodzie w uzdrowieniu społeczeństwa z „komunistycznej choroby”. Obraz robotnika uległ degradacji, stał się on uosobieniem innego, którego należy się pozbyć lub ucywilizować. Postępujący upadek sektora wydobywczego ostatecznie doprowadził do 1 Neoliberalni reformatorzy gospodarki byli przekonani, że jej wolnorynkowa odmiana ma swoje źródła w naturalnych działaniach współczesnego człowieka. Państwo socjalistyczne, wprowadzając ograniczenia, uniemożliwiało rozwój tego naturalnego stanu człowieczeństwa (Dunn 2008: 17). 1 zamknięcia kopalni w 2005 roku. Początkowo, pod wpływem przekazów medialnych, podobnie postrzegałem środowisko robotnicze: jako wsteczną grupę społeczną stojącą
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