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Home , Compromise of 1850

Name: ______Date: ______Class: ____ Social Studies NTI Day 3

The Compromise of 1850 Until 1845, it had seemed likely that the region into states, the people slavery would be confined to the areas themselves could decide. where it already existed. It had been given Despite the vitality of the limits by the in abolitionist movement, most Northerners 1820 and had no opportunity to overstep were unwilling to challenge the existence them. The new territories made renewed of slavery in the South. Many, however, expansion of slavery a real likelihood. were against its expansion. In 1848 nearly Many Northerners believed that if 300,000 men voted for the candidates of a not allowed to spread, slavery would new , which declared that ultimately decline and die. To justify their the best policy was "to limit, localize, and opposition to adding new slave states, they discourage slavery." In the immediate pointed to the statements of Washington aftermath of the war with Mexico, and Jefferson, and to the Ordinance of however, had 1787, which forbade the extension of considerable appeal. slavery into the Northwest. , which In January 1848 the discovery of already permitted slavery, naturally gold in precipitated a headlong entered the Union as a slave state. But the rush of settlers, more than 80,000 in the California, , and single year of 1849. Congress had to territories did not have slavery. From the determine the status of this new region beginning, there were strongly conflicting quickly in order to establish an organized opinions on whether they should. government. The venerable Kentucky Southerners urged that all the lands Senator , who twice before in acquired from Mexico should be thrown times of crisis had come forward with open to slave holders. Antislavery compromise arrangements, advanced a Northerners demanded that all the new complicated and carefully balanced plan. regions be closed to slavery. One group of His old Massachusetts rival, Daniel moderates suggested that the Missouri Webster, supported it. Illinois Compromise line be extended to the Pacific with free states north of it and slave states to the south. Another group proposed that the question be left to "popular sovereignty." The government should permit settlers to enter the new territory with or without slaves as they pleased. When the time came to organize

Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas, ______the leading advocate of popular ______sovereignty, did much of the work in guiding it through Congress. 3. What was the Free Soil Party’s stance The Compromise of 1850 contained on slavery? the following provisions: (1) California ______was admitted to the Union as a free state; ______(2) the remainder of the ______was divided into the two territories of New Mexico and Utah and organized without ______mention of slavery; (3) the claim of Texas to a portion of New Mexico was satisfied 4. Who crafted the Compromise of 1850? by a payment of $10 million; (4) new a. legislation (the Fugitive Slave Act) was b. passed to apprehend runaway slaves and c. Henry Clay return them to their masters; and (5) the d. Stephen A. Douglas buying and selling of slaves (but not slavery) was abolished in the District of 5. Describe the Fugitive Slave Act. Columbia. ______The country breathed a sigh of relief. For the next three years, the ______compromise seemed to settle nearly all ______differences. The new Fugitive Slave Law, ______however, was an immediate source of ______tension. It deeply offended many Northerners, who refused to have any part 6. Imagine that you are an elected in catching slaves. Some actively and representative in 1850. Would you violently obstructed its enforcement. The support the Compromise of 1850? became more Why or why not? efficient and daring than ever. ______1. Describe the arguments against ______allowing slavery in the new Western ______states. ______

2. Define the term “popular sovereignty.” ______

Name______Date English NTI Day 3

Day 3 (Snow Day Lesson) Read article and answer questions at the end.

Sandy Hook: Judge dismisses families' lawsuit against gunmaker By Deborah Feyerick and Chris Welch, CNN Updated Fri October 14, 2016

A Connecticut judge has dismissed a lawsuit that families of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting victims had filed against a gun manufacturer.

In her decision granting the company's motion to strike the case, Superior Court Judge Barbara Bellis invoked a federal statute known as PLCAA, the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act.

The law prohibits lawsuits against gun manufacturers and distributors if their firearms were used in the commission of a criminal act.

The families had sought an exemption through a claim of "negligent entrustment," arguing the maker knowingly marketed and sold the Bushmaster AR-15 rifle to civilians despite knowing it posed a risk when used outside "highly regulated institutions" such as law enforcement or the military. Remington is the parent company of Bushmaster.

Bellis said the "criminal misuse of a weapon" by Adam Lanza means the action "falls squarely within the broad immunity provided by PLCAA," adding that the arguments presented by the families do not fit within the definition of negligent entrustment.

Joshua Koskoff, an attorney for the families, said in a statement that his clients plan to appeal.

"While the families are obviously disappointed with the judge's decision, this is not the end of the fight. We will appeal this decision immediately and continue our work to help prevent the next Sandy Hook from happening," he said.

U.S. Sen. Chris Murphy of Connecticut, a prominent voice in the fight for gun control, tweeted: "Disappointed by decision to dismiss the lawsuit brought by #SandyHook families. #PLCAA denies victims of gun violence their day in court."

On December 14, 2012, Lanza fatally shot his mother and then drove to an elementary school in Newtown, Connecticut, where he used the rifle to shoot to death 20 children and six adults. Lanza, 20, killed himself as police approached.

The ruling comes a week after the same judge ordered Remington to continue providing discovery materials to the families' attorneys.

CNN has reached out to Remington for comment. It has previously said the 2005 law provides it "complete immunity."

Sandy Hook was the third-deadliest mass shooting in the United States. The Pulse nightclub shooting in June 2016 left 49 people dead and the April 2007 Virginia Tech shooting had a death toll of 32.

Discussion Questions:

1. Define: lawsuit, dismissed, invoke, statute, exemption,

2. What did Judge Bellis do?

3. What might be the goals of people who want gun manufacturers to be legally liable when their guns are used in crimes? What might be the goals of those wanting to prevent this?

4. How did families of Sandy Hook victims argue that they should be able to sue despite the PLCAA?

5. How do you think a court should interpret “negligent entrustment” in the law?

6. Should people be able to buy guns? Are there any guns people shouldn’t be allowed to buy? Why or why not?

7. Should a court, in considering a lawsuit, decide that companies shouldn’t sell certain guns, or should that be up to legislators? Discuss.

8. Are the families right that the AR-15 itself poses a risk when used outside “highly regulated institutions”? Why do they think police should be able to use the gun, but others shouldn’t?

9. If you were in the position of the Sandy Hook families, would you have participated in this lawsuit? Why or why not?

10. Senator Chris Murphy says the PLCAA denied the Sandy Hook families a day in court against gun manufacturers. If he is right, did the Court interpret the law correctly or incorrectly? Discuss.

Bonus: If the government were to ban the manufacture and sale of AR-15 type assault weapons to civilians, what, if anything, would or should be done about the estimated several million AR-15s already owned by American citizens?

Name______Science NTI DAY 3

Don't worry, bee happy? Scientists explore emotional lives of bees

Famous scientist Charles Darwin once wrote in his book "The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals" that insects “express anger, terror, jealousy and love.” That was in 1872. Now, nearly 150 years later, researchers have discovered more evidence that Darwin might have been onto something.

Some Tasty Blues Bumblebees seem to have a “positive emotion-like state,” according to a study published this week in the journal Science. In other words, they may experience something akin to happiness. To some, the idea is still controversial, however. Unlike humans, you can't simply ask a bee to describe its own emotions. Instead, researchers have to look for evidence that the insects have the cognitive, behavioral and physiological building blocks that give rise to a complicated phenomenon like emotion. Biologist Clint Perry of Queen Mary University of London devised an experiment to do just that. He and his colleagues trained bumblebees to distinguish between a blue flower placed on the left side of a container and a green one on the right. When the bees explored the blue flower, they found a 30 percent sugar solution. But when they explored the green one, they slurped up plain, unsweetened water. Eventually, the bees learned to associate the blue flower with a tasty reward.

A Sweet Solution Then the researchers tested the bees on questionably colored flowers at other locations. Half of the insects were given a 60 percent sugar solution prior to the test, and those bees flew faster toward the questionable blue-green flower. The remaining bees that were not given the sugar flew more slowly. The assumption that an unknown object contains a reward despite the lack of evidence is called an optimism bias. Perry's experiment suggests that a bit of sugar put the bees into a positive emotional state. They were more hopeful that the flower would contain a sugary treat. They did not fly as quickly toward flowers without any blue in them, however. This assured scientists that they were experiencing emotion, not just a sugar rush. Sound familiar? Something similar is true in humans—newborn infants cry less if they've been offered a sweet snack, and a bit of candy increases feelings of positive thoughts and improves bad moods in adults, too. “Many of us view the world in a better way when we have a nice piece of dark chocolate,” Perry says.

Attack Of The Fake Spiders Researchers also tested the insects on other, unfamiliar flowers in new colors. This was meant to ensure that the bees' flying behavior resulted from their underlying emotional state and was not simply a sugar high. The effect, Perry says, was specific to flowers with colors that fell somewhere between the blue and green hues they were trained on, not for any other color. In another test involving a simulated predator attack, the sugar-addled bees showed the same optimism bias. In nature, bumblebees are sometimes attacked by lurking crab spiders. To mimic such an attack, the researchers gently grabbed the bees with a sponge-tipped mechanical stamp for three seconds before releasing them. The insects that were given sugar water before the “attack” resumed foraging more rapidly than those that weren't. This suggests that their positive emotions made them less cautious and more hopeful in this situation. In a final experiment, when the researchers gave the bees a drug that disrupted receptors for dopamine, a neurotransmitter linked with motivation and reward, the bias disappeared, echoing the way this brain chemical works in mammals. “Many scientists, even entomologists, or those who study insects, still believe that insects are genetically preprogrammed, rigid, behavioral machines,” Perry says. University of Arizona entomologist Katy Prudic, who was not involved with the study, also disagrees with that idea. “Because they're built so differently, we tend to downplay their emotional states, probably because we don't see it in the same way we would with a dog or a cat or a cow," Prudic said

Less Than A Feeling? There is no reason that insects shouldn’t experience emotions. Feelings, on the other hand, are a separate issue. Even though we use the two terms interchangeably in everyday speech, scientists use them differently. “Emotions are collections of actions, and numerous species have emoted,” says neuroscientist and philosopher Antonio Damasio of the University of , “though we can not be certain that they felt their emotings.” In other words, emotions are the body's adaptive response to external events. Feelings are the subjective experience of emotions. So, when receiving bad news, your blood pressure might spike and your respiration rate might drop. If you saw a mountain lion while hiking, your heart and respiration rates would both increase, your brain would be flooded with cortisol and adrenaline, and your pupils would dilate. These are your body's emotional responses. And they can be, but are not necessarily, coupled with the subjective feelings of sadness or fear, respectively.

"Reason To Believe" The same seems to go for bumblebees, although Perry did not demonstrate that bees have feelings. “We didn't show that they feel happy,” he says. The evidence showed instead that bees possess the cognitive, behavioral and physiological mechanisms that underlie emotions. “Feeling implies the presence of a mind and a mental experience, [or] consciousness,” Damasio explains. “I have every reason to believe that invertebrates not only have emotions but also the possibility of feeling those emotions.” If insects have feelings, it would have tremendous implications for the way we think about these creatures, including how we attempt to control them as pests. For now, Perry hopes this research will simply encourage folks to see insects as more than just tiny, unthinking machines.

1. Which of the following paragraphs BEST describes the physical effects emotions can have?

A The assumption that an unknown object contains a reward despite the lack of evidence is called an optimism bias. Perry's experiment suggests that a bit of sugar put the bees into a positive emotional state. They were more hopeful that the flower would contain a sugary treat. They did not fly as quickly toward flowers without any blue in them, however. This assured scientists that they were experiencing emotion, not just a sugar rush.

B In another test involving a simulated predator attack, the sugar-addled bees showed the same optimism bias. In nature, bumblebees are sometimes attacked by lurking crab spiders. To mimic such an attack, the researchers gently grabbed the bees with a sponge-tipped mechanical stamp for three seconds before releasing them. The insects that were given sugar water before the “attack” resumed foraging more rapidly than those that weren't. This suggests that their positive emotions made them less cautious and more hopeful in this situation.

C There is no reason that insects shouldn’t experience emotions. Feelings, on the other hand, are a separate issue. Even though we use the two terms interchangeably in everyday speech, scientists use them differently. “Emotions are collections of actions, and numerous species have emoted,” says neuroscientist and philosopher Antonio Damasio of the University of Southern California, “though we can not be certain that they felt their emotings.” In other words, emotions are the body's adaptive response to external events. Feelings are the subjective experience of emotions.

D So, when receiving bad news, your blood pressure might spike and your respiration rate might drop. If you saw a mountain lion while hiking, your heart and respiration rates would both increase, your brain would be flooded with cortisol and adrenaline, and your pupils would dilate. These are your body's emotional responses. And they can be, but are not necessarily, coupled with the subjective feelings of sadness or fear, respectively.

2. Which of the following would BEST describe Perry’s reaction to people treating bumblebees as pests?

A Encouraged and thoughtful

B Concerned and disappointed

C Hopeful and supportive

D Curious and distraught

3. What would Perry, Damasio and Prudic MOST likely agree on?

A Insects do not have feelings.

B Insects are not unfeeling machines.

C Feelings and emotions are very different.

D Sugar can affect emotional responses.