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INDEX

Items which also ﬁgure in the Glossary are marked in bold

Aar, river, 46, 47 transit, 257, 261, 265 Aarau, 135, 147, 149, 157 valleys, 36, 71 Peace of, 97, 104 Alsace, 25, 52, 56, 67, 195, 196 Aargau, 47, 50, 51, 96, 119 American War of Independence, 123 canton of, 135, 144 Anabaptism, 5, 73, 82, 88, 90 as a condominium, 56, 70, 76, 97, Ancien Régime, 6, 7, 104, 111, 115, 116, 105, 285 123, 130, 132, 189 liberalism in, 149 decline of, 124, 130, 135, 150 seizure of, 43, 46 model, 142 Ab Yberg, Alois, 151, 155 nature of, 104 Action for an Independent and Neutral support for, 137, 140, 144, 146, Switzerland, 251, 259 149, 155 active service, 223, 225 anti-Semitism, 39, 171, 202, 208, Ador, Gustave, 196, 203 210, 218 agriculture, 12, 13, 148, 175, 229 Appenzell, 45, 51, 99 growth of, 116, 143, 156 canton of, 54, 67, 77, 83 problems of, 137, 183, 206, 230, 247 economy of, 142 structure of, 122, 167 hills of, 44 AHV/AVS, 221 signiﬁcance of, 203 AIDS, 249 war, 43, 45 Alabama, 168 Appenzell, Inner Rhoden, 106, 149, alliances, 5, 33, 40, 46, 59, 90 259, 267 as a constituent of Switzerland, 4, 11, Appenzell, Outer Rhoden, 108 33, 53 Arbedo, 285 members of, 19, 29, 30 aristocracy, 4, 5, 17, 28, 30, 33, 37, 46, peace, 22, 23, 25, 27, 35, 49 58, 60, 71 Allies, 8, 193, 196, 199, 213, 219, 221 army, 255 pressures on Switzerland, 222 Arth, 95 victories of, 219, 221 Articles of War, 110 Alps, 2, 4, 11, 12, 13, 23, 25, 53 Associates, 67, 74, 75, 87, 94, 101 central, 19, 21 asylum, 245, 258 as a fortress, 212, 215, 235 policy, 243, 279 as a symbol, 186 seekers, 264, 279

310

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19444-0 - A Concise History of Switzerland Clive H. Church and Randolph C. Head Index More information

Index 311

Aubert, Pierre, 243, 250 role in the Confederacy, 82, 86, Austria, 3, 12, 129, 256 117, 121 AVS, 225 changes in, 105 Axis, 212, 216, 224 inﬂuential nature of, 88, 97, 126 military aspects of, 95, Bachman, Albert, 237 109, 125 Bachmann, General von, 145 rulers of, 50, 93, 95, 106, 108, 120, Baden 127, 130, 144, 174 Articles of, 155, 156 Bernese expansion, 5, 44, 54, 57, 67, city of, 46, 105 86, 87 Grand Duchy of (Germany), 167 causes of, 47, 49, 64 Balthasar, Franz Urs, 114 changes in, 74, 144, 145 banks, 190, 204, 222, 230, 276 nature of, 30, 47 abandoned accounts in, 223, 263 Bernese Oberland, 137 cantonal, 171, 175 Bernoulli, Daniel and Johan II, 112 controls on, 247 BGB, 202, 209, 216, 233 evolution of, 176 Bicocca, 78 failures of, 206 Biel/Bienne, 75, 208 growth of, 98, 101 bilateral negotiations, 265, 268, 272 impact of, 166, 176 Bircher, Eugen, 202, 217 savings, 156, 176 Bismarck, 187 secrecy, 245, 268, 272, 275, 276 Black Death, 4, 22, 27, 29, 35, 39, 43 banquets, 125 Blocher Basle, 67, 100, 149 Christoph, 247, 251, 259, 261, 264, 270 bishop of, 90, 126, 174 Eduard, 197, 203 canton of, 54, 83, 127 Bodmer, Johann Jakob, 113 city of, 13, 15, 16, 28, 30, 32, 52, 88, Bolshevism, 199, 205 96, 101 Bourla-Papey, 139 civil war within, 151 Bregenz, 45 Council of, 68, 120 Brelaz, Daniel, 241 Peace of, 63, 129 bribery, 30, 57, 66, 68, 93 Prince Bishopric of, 16, 109, 126, 145 Brown Boveri, 176, 229 reform in, 127, 133 Brun, Rudolf, 28, 284 reuniﬁcation of, 239, 267 Brune, General Guillaume, 133 rural districts, 94 Bubna, General von, 144 Treaty of, 20 Bullinger, Heinrich, 82, 88 Basle City, half-canton of, 151 Bund ob dem See, 45, 285 Basle Country, half-canton of, 151, 170 Bundesbarone, 165, 170 Befreiungssage, 6, 42, 52, 70, 114, 124, Bundeshaus, 186, 215 186, 237, 259 Burgdorf, 31 Bergier Bürgerblock, 183, 188 Jean-François, 263, 264 Burgundy, 5, 17, 22, 34, 43, 56, 67 Report, 263, 295 Berlin Wall, 254, 255 Calmy-Rey, Micheline, 271, 279 Berne Calvin, Jean, 5, 73, 81, 82, 88 canton of, 48, 52, 56, 74, 76, 94 cantons, 6, 64, 76, 123 city of, 4, 16, 23, 27, 34, 40, 46, 58 as actors, 47, 66 internal politics, 34, 111, 166, 238 attitudes to each other, 147 in the Revolutionary era, 137 autonomy of, 86, 166, 200

312 Index

cantons (cont.) 1712, 74 as a collective force, 267 1798-1803, 132 conservative, 144 1814, 144 constitutions of, 140, 149, 156, 157, 1847, 10, 155, 160 170, 238 French, 90 change in, 133, 267 Spanish, 210 nature of, 77, 150 Sri Lankan, 245 sources of, 28, 145 climate, 98 French-speaking, 261 Confederacy German-speaking, 172, 239, 266, 268 political system of, 53 limitations on, 145 COCOM, 234 as a source of sovereignty, 145, 150 Codex Manesse, 38 status of, 136, 172 coinage, 94, 166 Capo d’Istria, 144 Cold War, 9, 236, 255 Catholic, 244 Colonels’ affair, 198 Association, 159 COMCO, 271 cantons, 74, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 105, communes, 4, 23, 30, 44, 46 106, 110, 118, 130, 154, 178 mergers of, 267 Church, 79, 148, 155, 175 status of, 18 conservatives, 7, 8, 133, 137, 155, urban, 38, 46 156, 166, 177, 188 communities, 1, 2, 4, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, Laager, 233 34, 75 population, 231 Como, 16 censorship, 113, 130, 146, 149, 150, Conclusum, 146, 149 197, 217 concordance, see consensus Central Powers, 197, 199 condominiums, 48, 56, 74, 76, 91, 92, Chablais, 124 93, 95, 96, 97, 105 challenge, the, 150, 170, 172, 174, 181 Confederacy (to 1798), 18, 33, 42, 46, Cham, 167 63, 74, 186 Chateau of Chillon, 133 context of, 44, 103 Chaudet, Paul, 236 decline of, 6, 115, 119, 123, 128, 130, cheese, 74, 98, 101, 116, 122, 156 131, 132 chemicals, 176, 183, 249 evolution of, 6, 16, 44, 46, 73, 76, 87, Chenaux, Pierre-Nicolas, 121, 123 104, 128 Choiseul, Duc de, 118 internal structures of, 46, 49, 64, 67, Christian Catholic Church, 174, 178 76, 96, 105 Christian Democrats, 233, 251, 269, mediating role of, 91 272, 273 members of, 5, 20, 22, 32, 40, 44, 54, Christianity, 16, 22, 35, 43, 47, 72, 283 58, 67 Chur nature of, 20, 34, 39, 48, 53, 57, 71, Bishop of, 16, 46, 61, 63 91, 97 city of, 15 political system of, 11, 22, 39, 53, Churchill, Winston, 223, 225 63, 75 civil defence, 236, 237 strength of, 1, 4, 20, 35, 42, 44, 53, civil guards, 202 61, 130 civil service, 206, 235 stresses within, 50, 52, 53, 54, 57, 61, civil war, 6, 25, 96 78, 85, 91, 105, 124 sixteenth century, 5 territory of, 5, 59, 76 1656, 74, 96 see also Eidgenossenschaft

Index 313

Confederation (since 1803), 2, 4, 151, Däniker, Gustav, 216, 217 157, 172, 267 Danube, 12 activities of, 180, 182 Das Boot ist Voll, 244 anniversaries of, 259, 266 Davel, Abraham, 108, 133 changing nature of, 154, 155 Defensionale of Wil, 93, 128, 130, 289 early, 4 democracy, 7, 9, 18, 37, 102, 114, 234 powers of, 202 Democratic Movement (1860s), use of the term, 145, 160 7, 162, 168 Congress of Vienna, 91, 144 Diamant, 255 Conjunctural Articles, 231, 243 Diet, 66, 84, 94, 96, 97, 105, 128, conscientious objection, 246 130, 139 consensus, 233, 254, 255, 265, 272, 1815-48, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 274, 281 157, 159, 160 Consensus Tigurninus, 288 emergence of, 44, 48 conservatism, 7, 166, 183, 189, 203, powers of, 105, 124, 128, 144 208, 237 working of, 64, 75 early, 112, 140 direct democracy, 150, 162, 170, post-1890, 162, 182, 188, 192, 195, 175, 179, 203, 227, 240, 264, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 211 265, 281 Constance Dolder, Johann Rudolf, 139 city of, 28, 34, 54, 61, 93 Dreifuss, Ruth, 261 Council of, 47, 68 Droz, Numa, 179 Lake Constance, 12, 40, 45 Druey, Henri, 157, 160, 165, 166 Constant, Benjamin, 147 Dübi, Ernst, 211 constitutions, 34, 115, 135 Dubs, Jakob, 172, 174 medieval, 48, 60 Dufour, Guillaume-Henri, 147, 154, of 1799, 135, 138 159, 168 of 1803, 139, 140 Dunant, Henri, 168 of 1815, 132, 144, 145, 159, 160 Duttweiler, Gottlieb, 205, 206, 208 of 1848, 162 dynasties, 20, 22, 25, 39, 42, 50, 64 of 1874, 7, 174, 181, 241, 261 of 1999, 267, 276, 278 economic depressions, 102, 115, 204 revision of, 208, 237, 267 of the nineteenth century, 8, 147, 156, consumer 162, 175, 176, 183 associations, 230 between 1914 and 1945, 204, 205 society, 230, 233, 241 post 1945, 9, 240, 242, 254, 262, 274 contention, 132, 147, 150, 154, 155, economic growth, 13, 74, 111, 148, 166, 161, 233, 281 183, 229 Continental System, 142 eighteenth century, 101, 122 Council of Europe, 225, 235, 251 nineteenth century, 6, 142, 175, 183 Council of States, 164, 267, 273, twentieth century, 204, 209, 229, 278, 280 245, 249 Council of Trent, 81 education, 43, 147, 150, 166, 177, 188, Credit Suisse, 166, 274 229, 230, 231, 271 crime, 231, 262, 269, 271, 278 higher, 112, 230 customs primary, 182 free zones, 204 Eidgenossenschaft, 11, 31 internal, 147 see also Confederacy levies, 147, 166 Einsiedeln, 81, 284

314 Index

electricity, 176, 183, 189 Federal Council, 181, 188, 208, 213, elites, 37, 46, 54, 56, 93, 109, 112 252, 268, 280 emigration, 99, 170, 175, 183 changes to, 221, 251, 271, 276 energy, 15, 98, 142, 176, 182, 241, 242, members of, 165, 179, 181, 203, 248, 279 205, 209, 211, 221, 233, 245, engineering, 183 274, 278 England, 37, 43, 56, 73, 87, 90 policy of, 172, 174, 187, 200, 221, Enlightenment, 6, 104, 113, 114, 129 223, 238, 248, 268 Entlebuch, 58, 94 Federal Tribunal, 259 entry to the EU, 256, 259, 268, 272 federalism, 162, 178, 227, 239, 267 environmental problems, 241, 246 Federalists, 139, 140, 143 environmentalism, 237 see Green politics Felber, Réné, 259 Erbeinung, 67 female suffrage, 177, 182, 188, 233, Erdman, Paul, 234 239, 240 Escher, Alfred, 164, 166, 171 feudalism, 18, 29, 37, 58, 70, 126 Etter, Philip, 212 dues, 45, 121, 123, 125, 138, Etterlin, Petermann, 71 139, 150 Europe nobility, 20, 23, 43 economic relations with, 229 society, 39 inﬂuence on Switzerland, 8, 96, 193, FINMA, 271, 278 203, 235, 243, 251, 255, 271 First World War, 8, 193 integration of, 225 Fonjallaz, Arthur, 208 Swiss participation in, 39, 73, 90, 112 foreigners, 227, 231, 245, 253, 268, 271 medieval, 58, 68, 77, 78 hostility to, 200, 204, 209, 218, modern, 104, 112, 113, 190, 264, 279 193, 206 numbers of, 186, 187, 200, 205, post-1945, 10, 231, 256, 268 230, 258 trends in, 1, 72, 162 policy on, 202, 210, 239, 242, 243, medieval, 11, 43, 48, 56 261, 278 modern, 133, 175, 183, 185, 187 Formula Consensus, 96, 108 recent, 231 France, 3, 12, 23, 37, 43, 56, 73, European 208, 278 Coal and Steel Community, 235 in the First World War, 196 Community, 235, 256, 259 intervention in Switzerland Convention on Human Rights, early, 79, 87, 104, 106 240, 276 eighteenth century, 109, 119, 129, Court of Justice, 259 133, 135, 137 Economic Area, 9, 257, 261, 265 nineteenth century, 142, 144, Economic Community, 252 145, 159 Free Trade Association, 234, 251, 256 kings of, 40, 52, 56, 60, 66 Social Charter, 243 Revolution, 10, 42, 123, 126, 127, Union, 254, 256, 265, 275, 281 128, 129, 131, 142, 147 European integration, 235, 264, 265 Swiss economic relations with, 117 Europeanization, 270 Franscini, Stefano, 149 Frauenfeld, 105, 144 Factory Acts, 171, 177, 182, 198 free movement, 265, 268 Farel, Guillaume, 87 Freiamt, 157 fascism, 209 Freischaren, 157, 159 Fazy, James, 157, 159, 170 Freisinnige, see Radicals

Index 315

French speakers, 196, 261 arms, 52, 61, 63, 66, 126, 130, 132 war economy, 193 invasion, 132, 133 German-speaking Switzerland, 187, 202 language, 4, 5, 16, 88, 157 Germany, 3, 12, 18, 23, 25, 112, mediation, 106, 109, 117, 119, 191, 199 121, 160 as a market, 229 protectionism, 148, 156 moves on Switzerland, 196, 213, 215, speakers, 174, 178, 191, 197, 261, 270 216, 217, 219 Freudenberg, Pastor, 114 Nazis, 210, 211, 217 Frey, Emil, 178, 181 relations with, 225 Fribourg, 16, 58, 160 Weimar, 208 canton of, 44, 54, 57, 64, 83, 86, Gessler, 70, 177 119, 144 Gestapo, 209 Catholic role of, 90, 165 Gewerbeverband, 177 challenges to, 120, 121 Gibbon, Edward, 113, 114 city of, 5, 16, 23, 106 Giornico, 287 reaction in, 146 Gladio, 235 reform in, 134 Glareanus, Heinrich Loriti, 70 Frisch, Max, 236 Glarus, 4, 29, 83, 107, 267 Fronts, 208, 213 economy of, 111 Fukushima, 279 Gleser, Johann Heinrich, 114 Furrer, Jonas, 164 globalization, 9, 269 Gnädige Herren, 106, 122 GATT, 235 gnomes of Zurich, 229 Gaudot, Claude, 118 Goldener Bund, 91, 92 Geistige Landesverteidigung, 8, 211 Gotthard, 269 General Strike, 8, 200 Gotthard Convention, 187 General, the, 194, 212 government, 250, 255, 257, 259, Geneva, 54, 113, 159 263, 275 as an Associate, 109, 110 Graben/Fossé, 196, 197 bishop of, 16 Grandson, 57 canton of, 144, 145 Grauholz, 130 as a centre of Calvinism, 5, 73, 81, Green politics, 228, 241, 246 90, 96 Grimm, Robert, 196 city of, 6, 12, 15, 16, 57, 86, 88, 99, Grisons, 19, 23, 35, 50, 66, 77, 103, 150, 101, 106, 144 175, 195, 288 divisions within, 120, 121 canton of, 137, 140, 145, 211 economy of, 110, 111, 117, expansion of, 54, 61, 64, 129 122, 204 internal structure of, 45, 46, 165 and French inﬂuence, 133 relations with Switzerland, 66, Journal de, 123 73, 75 Lake Geneva, 12, 40 religion in, 84 revolution in, 126 seventeenth century troubles, 93 troubles within, 117, 206 ‘Group for a Switzerland without an geography, 4, 11, 12–15, 186 Army’, 266 German, 160, 168, 187, 195, 209, 213 Grütli, 188 Customs Union, 156 Grütlianer, 156 guilder, 166 Gruyère, 75, 101, 121 language, 16, 88, 187 Guggenbühl, Adolf, 236

316 Index

guilds, 18, 28, 37, 77, 98, 102, 107, independence, 63, 94, 167, 213, 226, 261 147, 171 initiatives, 170, 203, 231, 233, 239, 240, in politics, 111 250, 265, 268, 278 Guisan, Henri, 212, 215, 216, 217, 219, Inner Swiss, 27, 44, 64, 70 221, 225 Inner Switzerland, 34, 37, 150 Gutzwiller, Stefan, 151 Iselin, Isaak, 114, 129 Italian Habsburg, 4, 93, 119 fascism, 205 activities, 5, 30, 31, 50, 66, 93 language, 4, 5, 16 castle of, 46 speakers, 197 Empire, 20, 28, 40, 50 War of 1849, 167 House of, 20, 22, 25, 29, 33, 40, 61 Wars, 61, 63, 64, 78 inﬂuence, 52, 53, 93, 96 Italy, 15, 40, 63, 64, 68, 129, 180, 187, rulers, 25, 31, 47, 50, 51, 56, 60, 61, 195, 213 87, 118 city-states of, 3, 17, 40, 43, 73 Urbar, 30 politics in, 13, 18, 19, 25, 37, Haller, Albrecht von, 113, 138 137, 240 Haller, Karl Ludwig von, 138, 146 Swiss role in, 5, 34, 37, 40, 63, 64, 67, hards, 108 71, 75, 87 hedgehog syndrome, 211, 216, 218, 226, 236 J Stamp, 210, 293 Heer im Haus, 212 Jesuits, 155, 157, 159, 182 Heimatwehr, 202 Jews, 39, 171, 210, 218, 219, 263 Helvetianism, 115, 135, 189 Judicial Chamber for Looted Helvetic Military Society, 119 Assets, 223 Helvetic Republic, 6, 132, 135, 136, 137, Jura 139, 140, 143, 146 autonomist movement in, 237, 244 Helvetic Society, 115, 119, 143, 154 Bernese, 148, 171, 174, 197, 225 Henzi, Samuel, 111, 133 canton of, 244, 294, 296 Herisau, 109, 122 mountains of, 12, 168 Hintersassen, 120 region of, 111, 145 history, 10, 35, 112 salient, 194 historiography, 2, 20, 37, 63, 112, 186 Kaiser Wilhem II, 197 role of, 2, 68, 115, 183, 185, 266 Kaiseraugst, 241, 251 writers on Switzerland, 37, 114, 143 Kappel, battle of, 85 Hitler, 205, 210, 216 Katzenstein, Peter, 250 Hodler, Ferdinand, 186 Keller, Augustin, 157 Hoffman, Arthur, 195, 196, 200 Keller, Gottfried, 185 Holocaust, 263 Kesselring, Killian, 93 Holy Alliance, 133, 146 Kopp, Elizabeth, 247, 252, 255, Holy Roman Empire, 3, 13, 17, 20, 22, 259, 294 34, 63, 72, 86, 91, 94 Kulturkampf, 174, 177, 197 Huguenots, 90, 101 Kyburgs, 31, 51 Humanism, 68, 71 La Charité sur Loire, 213 Ilg, Konrad, 211 La Harpe, Amedée de, 125 Imboden, Max, 236 La Harpe, Frédéric César de, 124, 125, immigration, 184, 197, 231, 239, 245, 263 129, 133, 137, 138

Index 317

Labour Peace, 211 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 71 Landammann, 50, 142, 145, 149 Magic Formula, 233, 245, 280 Landfrieden, 74, 85, 86, 95, 97, 104 manufacturing, 64, 74, 98, 101, 111, Landsgemeinde, 77, 118, 120, 151, 165, 148, 175, 183, 205, 229 171, 259, 267 Marignano, battle of, 5, 66 Landvogt, 47, 76, 118 marriage, 102, 172, 182, 198, 246 language, 34, 58, 172 Mars, 244 balance, 8, 178, 187, 203, 226 Marshall Plan, 224 conﬂict, 194, 195, 197, 238, 261 Marxism, 188, 233 policy, 261, 266 Matterhorn, 175 Lausanne, 113, 126 Maurer, Ueli, 274 bishop of, 16 May 1968 effects, 9, 227, 237, city of, 16, 87, 108 240, 268 Treaty of, 190 mechanization, 122, 142, 148 Lavater, Johann Kaspar, 113, 114, 127 Mediation Regime, 140, 143, 144, leagues, 20, 23, 32, 33, 35, 40, 45, 146 145, 146 for the Protection of the Homeland, 186 mercenary, 37, 54 Grey, 46 alignments of, 87, 90, 91, 110 of the House of God, 46, 61 entrepreneurs, 64, 67, 98, 110, 146 of Nations, 8, 200, 203, 210, 211, 247 inﬂuence, 63 of the Ten Jurisdictions, 46 pensions, 64, 67, 79, 101, 109 Schmalkaldic, 87 recruiting, 61, 64, 66, 106, 110, 128 Union of the Three, 288 service, 60, 78, 81, 99, 110, 115, learned societies, 113, 143 118, 120 legislative initiative, 170, 172, 174, 181 Merz, Hans-Rudolf, 270, 276 Leipzig, battle of, 140, 143 Messidor, 244 Lenin, 200 Metternich, Prince Klemens von, 154, 162 Leu, Josef, 155, 157 Metzler, Ruth, 270 Leuthard, Doris, 278 middle classes, 122, 150, 230, 241 Leventina, 44, 112 midlands, 12, 13, 37, 74, 98, 116, liberalism, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 122, 148 152, 155 migration, 117 Libya, 276 Migros, 230 Liestal, 151 Milan, 12, 13, 17, 40, 53, 60, 64, 66, Limmat, 46, 138, 213 67, 93 Linth, 143 militia, 154, 166, 255 Lombardy, 17, 167, 229 minarets, 276 Long Diet, 144, 291 Minger, Rudolf, 205, 209 lordship, 17, 29, 30, 34, 75, 77 Mittelland, see midlands Lucerne, 102, 106, 144 mobilization, 137, 167, 193, 195, as leader of political Catholicism, 83, 202, 212 91, 95, 155, 160 Monthey, 124 canton of, 54, 58, 75 Morgarten, 27, 71 city of, 4, 13, 15, 27, 29, 31, 46 Motta, Giuseppe, 205, 211 Lake, 215 mountain passes, 12, 13, 23, 61, 76 Lion monument in, 147 Mulhouse, 76, 85, 129 oligarchy within, 106, 120 Müller, Johannes von, 114, 128, 142, 143 Luftwaffe, 213 multi-lingual, 231 Luther, Martin, 5, 79, 81, 82, 88 Murten/Morat, 57, 60

318 Index

Mussolini, 211 new monarchies, 43, 73 Musy, Jean-Marie, 203, 208, 211 Nidwald, half-canton of, 137 myths, 2, 6, 33, 59, 70, 73, 95, 186, Nidwalden, 23 225, 281 Niklaus von Flüe, 58 Näfels, 32 Nobs, Ernst, 221 Nancy, 57 Novara Napoleon (Bonaparte), 6, 127, 129, 138, battle of, 5, 287 139, 140, 142, 143, 145 betrayal of, 66 national Novo Friburgo, 147 anthem, 143, 155, 236 Bank, 185, 219, 223, 262, 274, 279 Obwalden, 34, 58, 267 Council, 164, 233, 261, 267, 273, 280 Ochs, Peter, 129, 130, 138 debt, 199 Ochsenbein, Ulrich, 158, 165 exhibitions, 185, 194, 270 October Revolution, 199, 201 feeling, 183, 185 OECD, 249, 275, 281 Library, 186 Old Zurich War, 5, 10, 44, 48, 52, 53, 58 Park, 186 oligarchy, 68, 97, 102, 104, 109, 124 politics, 267 nature of, 6, 109 National Assembly, 133, 135 powers of, 6, 106, 108, 114, 120 National Association, 154, 157 reaction, 119, 123 NATO, 234, 235 regimes, 106, 131 Necker, Jacques, 117 seat of, 122 Nestlé, 167, 183, 205, 229 weaknesses of, 123, 129 Netherlands, 18, 40, 56, 73, 87 Olten Committee, 201 Neuchâtel, 75 Oltremare, Georges, 205 canton of, 145, 167 Operation Tannenbaum, 213 city of, 113, 167 outside districts, 81, 170 economy of, 116, 122 Principality of, 106, 117, 126, 143 Pact of 1291, 7, 23, 28, 186, 284 neutrality, 73, 87, 162, 167, 196, 203, Pact of Brunnen, 284 210, 222, 227 Paris, 124, 126, 129 absolute, 200, 211 Parliament, 188, 237, 241, 243, 246, armed, 195, 248, 254, 259 251, 267, 271, 274 declaration of, 110, 126, 128, 144, partial revision of the Constitution, 8, 181 195, 212 patricians, 6, 58, 104, 106, 112, 117, elements of, 88, 205 122, 131, 142, 146 evolution of, 8, 9, 163, 168, 224 attitudes of, 42, 114, 119, 120, 130 foundations of, 196 numbers of, 120 outside attitudes to, 97, 143, 145, 146, regimes, 103, 130, 134, 144 180, 199, 204, 221, 223, 234 patriots, 133, 137, 138, 146, 155 in politics, 167, 215, 251, 256, Pavia, 78 261, 271 peasantry, 45, 61, 94, 124 rethinking of, 203, 256 condition of, 57, 60, 94, 96, 103, 116, and solidarity, 225, 234 148, 199 success of, 91, 93, 123, 190, 226 interests of, 107, 109, 150, 202 weaknesses of, 8, 137, 193, 194, 196, movements, 67, 85, 94, 127, 144, 198, 210, 213, 263 155, 182 New Helvetic Society, 194 rebellion of, 42 New Left, 237, 240 societies of, 37

Index 319

Peasants’ War cantons, 85, 91, 95, 104, 110, 119 German, 82 Church, 5, 148 Swiss, 74, 91 conservatives, 178, 182 Péquinat, Pierre, 133 Protestantism, 88, 96 Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, 114, 128, 137 Prussia, 117, 129, 167 Petitpierre, Max, 225 putting-out system, 100, 111, 114 Pfaffenbrief, 31, 33, 285 Pilet-Golaz, Marcel, 205, 213, 219, 222 Radicals, 154, 157, 172, 180, 241, 245, Piusverein, 165 251, 272, 278 Plappart War, 54 changing stances of, 154, 159, 175, polarization, 9,42,203,204,254,269,270 178, 188, 217 police, 202, 210, 218 divisions among, 164, 172, 179, political Catholicism, 177, 178 181, 241 Political Department, 179, 180 government, 160, 162, 164, 165, political parties, 179, 280 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 181, Automobile Party, 246, 268 188, 247 Catholic Conservatives, 189, 200, Party, 178, 181, 188, 200 202, 205, 233 problems of, 202, 247, 259, 269 Communist, 211, 217, 237 use of violence, 180 Conservative Democratic, 274, 280 views of, 161, 164, 172, 186 Democratic, 233 railways, 166, 175, 181, 183, Evangelical People’s 185, 202 Party, 189 evolution of, 166 Green Liberals, 280 policy, 156, 170, 181, 182, 185 Greens, 7, 170, 172, 225, 246, 250, system, 165, 199, 217 251, 259, 272, 273 Rapperswil, 28, 31, 56, 95 Labour, 221, 233, 237, 249 Rassemblement Jurassien, 238 Landesring, 208, 245 reading societies, 113, 124, 127 Lega dei Ticinesi, 259 Red Cross, 168, 196 Lega Ticinese, 265, 276 Reding Liberal, 200 Alois, 135, 139 National Action, 239, 243, 245, 250 Ital, 50 Republikaner, 240, 245 Josef Nazar, 118 Swiss Democrats, 265 Reduit, 8, 193, 209, 215, 221, 222 Vigilance, 245 referendum, 139, 160 population growth, 13, 15, 35, 36, 94, Reformation, 5, 10, 73, 76, 102 98, 99, 110, 122, 148, 183, 229 refugees, 210, 216, 222, 235, 243, 263 populism, 9, 258, 264, 268 Regeneration, 7, 133, 150, 151, 153, 154 Porrentruy, 194, 195 Reichsfreiheit, 18, 19, 24, 28, 283 poverty, 37, 117, 198, 206, 230, 250, 262 religious, 5, 22, 45, 74, 82, 90, 155 pre-Alps, 12, 101 balance, 105, 131, 203, 231 President, 280 schism, 5, 73, 79, 85, 90 press, the, 124, 146, 150, 197, 211, 216, tensions, 7, 73, 76, 79, 85, 86, 114, 217, 231, 270 174, 227 printing, 100 Renaissance, 43, 68 proportional representation, 8, 179, 180, Restoration, 147, 148 188, 200, 202 Reuss, 46 protectionism, 179, 185, 206 Reveil, 148 Protestant, 244 Revocation of Edict of Nantes, 290

320 Index

Reynold, Gonzague de, 189, 205 role in the Confederacy, 5, 7, 23, 25, Rhaeto-Romansh language, 4, 16, 27, 29, 31, 45, 64, 70, 85, 95 175, 211 Schwyzerdütsch, 197, 211, 240 Rhine, 12, 35, 46, 50, 144, 167, 246 Second World War, 212, 254, 263, 266 Rhône, 12, 45 secret ﬁles, 255, 258 Rolle, Christoph, 170 Segesser, Philip, 164, 172, 178, 179 Rome, 47, 99 Seippel, Paul, 198 Rossi, Pellegrino, 154 Sempach, 31, 32, 39, 71 Rothmund, Heinrich, 210, 218 Sempacher Verein, 147 Rottweil, 76 Sempacherbrief, 33, 285 Rougemont, Denis de, 215, 225 serfdom, 126 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 3, 113, 117 Servetus, Michael, 90 Ruchonnet, Louis, 179 service sector, 204, 206, 229, 230 rural SGB, 176 cantons, 30, 44, 58, 74 Sharpshooters, 147 interests, 17, 23, 60, 121 Siebnerkoncordat, 152 movements, 46, 61, 142 Simler,Josias, 76 Russia, 124, 129, 143 Simplon, 143 Rütli, 215 ‘Single Market Programme’ (1992), 252 Sion/Sitten, 16 Saanen, 76 bishop of, 23, 45 Salis-Soglio, Johann-Ulrich von, 159 social salt, 67, 118 change, 229 Sarnerbund, 152 conﬂict, 189, 198, 200 Savoy, 154 harmony, 8, 231, 262 Duchy of, 90, 121 mobility, limitations on, 98, 102, House of, 22, 34, 40, 67, 86 109, 242 involvement in Switzerland, 45, problems, 143, 184, 198, 200, 206 57, 168 promotion, 230, 231 SBC, 190, 262 welfare, 188, 205, 221, 225, 230, 231, Schaffhausen, 16, 34, 124 247, 250, 262, 271 bombing of, 222, 294 Social Democrats, 225, 231, 241, 242, 245, canton of, 67, 83, 107, 144 261, 267, 269, 270, 272, 280 city of, 28 emergence of, 176, 200, 202, 206, 210 Schellenberg, General Walter, 219 ideas of, 186, 188, 205, 217 Schengen, 272 political role of, 201, 203, 209, 243, Schiller, Friedrich, 142, 212 269, 273 Schmid, Samuel, 274 seats in Federal Council, 221, 245, Schmidt, Karl, 236 261, 278 schools, 81, 113, 114, 154, 156, 185 socialism, 175, 177, 181, 187, 189, 200 Schützenzverein, 154 ‘softs’, 109, 118 Schwarzenbach, James, 239 Solothurn, 106, 120, 135 Schweizerhalle, 246 canton of, 44, 54, 58, 83, 94, 144 Schwyz, 1, 27, 34, 42, 61, 118 city of, 23, 34, 52 canton of, 50, 75, 92, 93 Sommaruga, Simonetta, 278, 279 civil war within, 118, 151, 152 Sonderbund, 159, 162, 165 expansionism, 30, 34, 45, 49, 50, Sonderegger, Emil, 202, 208 53, 170 Sonderfall, 9, 226, 228, 234, 236, 237, opposition to change in, 128, 135, 138 241, 246, 252, 268, 275

Index 321

definition of, 9, 227, 229, 231, 234, defence policy, 145, 172, 180, 196, 238, 239, 241, 244, 256, 262, 209, 234, 235, 247, 256 264, 267, 269 foreign policy, 168, 205, 210, 235, as a period, 227, 239, 250, 253, 274 243, 248, 256, 271, 280 status of, 9, 228, 236, 237, 240, 241, franc, 166, 208, 209, 279 246, 250, 252, 254, 256, 258, gold sales, 219, 222, 223, 263, 295 263, 269, 272, 281 identity, 2, 10, 61, 71, 185, 255, sovereignty, 235, 250 264, 281 cantonal, 136, 150, 154, 160 characteristics of, 102, 115, 185, doctrine of, 76, 97 192, 216 extent of, 54, 144 distinctiveness of, 68, 76 origin in cantons, 142 evolution of, 7, 11, 211, 239, 264, status of, 94, 223, 265 265, 276 Spain, 43, 73, 90, 128 national, 3, 140, 162, 182, 211 Spittler, Carl, 197 thinking about, 52, 114, 209, 212 St Gallen, 92, 96, 97, 101, 159 malaise, 236 Abbot of, 45, 67, 92, 96 military eclipse, 5, 64, 66, 73 canton of, 135, 140 military prowess, 40, 42, 53, 57, 63 city of, 12, 34, 44, 51, 67, 85, 99 moderation, 92 economy of, 142 national feeling, 143, 145, 147, St Gotthard, 13, 24, 30, 34, 44, 76, 138, 154, 258 230, 283 NSDAP, 209 St Jakob an der Sihl, 52 Officers’ Society, 154 Stäfa, 127 people, 1, 3, 11, 177 Stämpfli political culture, 30, 71, 202, 243 Jakob, 165, 166, 168 political system, 2, 11, 98, 120, 213 Walter, 216 Reformed Church, 88 Stanser Verkommnis, 44, 54, 58, 61, 287 state-building, 34, 155, 159, 162, 165, Stecklikrieg, 139 174, 179, 180, 185, 199 Steiger, Eduard von, 216 uncertainties, 192 Steinberg, Jonathan, 3 Swiss People’s Party, 9, 233, 247, 254, Stich, Otto, 245 259, 263, 268, 269, 270, 273, Stillstehen, 88 276, 280, 295 Strasbourg, 28, 88, 168 Switzerland Strauss, David, 155 attitudes to, 74, 167, 180 strikes, 171, 176, 182, 187, 189, 201, evolution of, 1, 2 202, 203, 206, 231, 262 foundation of, 1, 68 Suisse Romande, 126, 172, 176, 181, interest in, 3, 10, 68 187, 196, 261 as a model, 3, 29, 259, 270, 282 supermarkets, 230 nature of, 2, 3, 170, 174 Swabia, 17, 22, 28, 44, 45, 50, 52, 54, Roman background of, 16, 17 61, 67 Swiss tariff war, 180 air force, 195, 213, 219, 236, 256 taxes, 61, 109 alliance with France, 90, 106, 110, energy, 248 115, 128 evasion of, 278 army, 146, 147, 154, 166, 172, 187, federal, 115, 119, 137, 185 190, 197, 206, 210, 212, 215, impact of, 199 240, 246, 268 indirect, 171

322 Index

taxes (cont.) European, 15, 18, 117, 171, 176, 219, low rates of, 275 222, 229, 235, 279 opposition to, 121, 231 global, 117, 122, 229 proﬁts, 199 local, 15, 18, 101 progressive, 171 pass, 13, 28, 49, 98, 120 sumptuary, 58, 101 trade unions, 171, 175, 176, 181, 184, transit, 265 201, 233 VAT, 243, 246, 258 treaties, 28, 58, 67 war, 198, 216 alliance, 29 wealth, 203, 243 free trade, 167, 171, 179, 251 witholding, 275 friendship, 167 television, 231 subjection to direct democracy, 187 Tell myth, 5, 6, 7, 10, 42, 70, 76, 112, Treaty of St Julien, 87 114, 133, 142, 217, 259, 286 Treichler, Johan Jakob, 170, 176 Tell, William, 2, 42, 71, 76, 95, 106, 142, Trogen, 109 156, 186, 211, 212, 237 Trücklibund, 105, 118, 119 textiles, 6, 34, 60, 98, 99, 100, 116, 122, Tschudi, Aegidius, 70, 113 123, 156, 199, 204 Twingherrenstreit, 286 cotton, 110, 122, 142, 147, 148, 156, 175, 176 Überfremdung, 186, 236, 237, 239, linen, 15, 45, 99, 101 240, 292 woollen, 15 UBS, 262, 274, 275 The Swissmakers, 242 Uechtenhagen, Lilian, 245 Thierrens, 133 ultramontanism, 174 third way, 236 unemployment, 176, 199, 204, 206, 218, Third World, 241, 243 230, 242, 249, 262, 272, 275 Thirty Years War, 6, 73, 91 Uniﬁcation of the Zwinglian and Thun, 31 Calvinist movements, 88, 288 Thurgau, 54, 56, 61, 70, 93, 95, 97, 105, Union Bank, 190, 262 119, 120, 134, 144 Unitarians, 139 canton of, 135 United Kingdom, 167, 183, 191, 235 Ticino, 99, 175 United Nations, 222, 223, 228, 234, 246, canton of, 140 248, 254, 268 constitutions of, 149 United States, 219, 281 Italianità of, 211 universities, 70, 112, 166, 208, 239 liberty of, 112 Unspunnen, 143 occupation of, 143 Unter-Hallau, 124 politics of, 149, 165, 180 Unterwalden, 7, 25, 27, 31, 56, 70 region of, 64, 76, 196 urban, 15 river, 30, 44, 76 cantons, 34, 44, 58, 77 Toggenburg, 74, 75, 97 growth, 189, 230 House of, 42, 50 interests, 17, 18, 23 inheritance, 50, 51, 53 problems, 99 people of, 96 support for ‘Fronts’, 208 tourism, 175, 183, 189, 199 Uri, 4, 13, 24, 30, 37, 112 trade, 15, 16, 34, 64, 148, 189, 213, 279 authorities of, 112, 114, 120 barriers to, 166 canton of, 97, 159 changes in, 98, 122, 156, 183, 199, 262 role in the Confederacy, 7, 23, 25, 27, control of, 146, 147, 167, 179, 185 29, 31, 44, 70

Index 323

Urschweiz, 136 Seven Years, 117 USAM, 182, 188 Swabian, 44, 63 USSR, 204, 210, 216, 222, 225, 234 Washington Agreement, 223 Usteri, Paul, 138 watches and watchmaking, 111, 122, 156, 175, 176, 204, 206, 242, 290 Val d’Ossola, 54 Weber, Max, 231 Valais, 19, 23, 48, 66, 84, 86, 124, Wehrmacht, 213 139, 143 Weinfelden, 134 canton of, 144, 145, 150, 156, 159, 166 Welti, Emil, 172, 177, 178, 181 internal structures of, 75, 77, 157 Westphalia, Peace of, 74, 94 Lower, 126, 148 Wettstein, Johann, 94, 289 Valtellina, 54, 64, 93, 99, 129, 145 White Book of Saarnen, 70 Vatican, 79, 157, 171, 174, 174, 233 Widmer-Schlumpf, Eveline, 274, 278, 280 Vaud, 103, 130 Wilchingen, 107 as a Bernese colony, 108, 124 Wille Jnr, Ulrich, 216 canton of, 144 Wille, Ulrich, 195, 197, 199, 200, 202 États de, 106 Willensnation, 3, 185, 236, 281 independence movement in, 133 Winkelried, Arnold, 33 liberalism in, 149, 154, 157 Winterthur, 56, 107, 233 Pays de, 5, 6, 54, 57, 64, 67, 74, 87 witches, 103, 113 Venice, 73, 93 Wohlgemuth, 180 Verpfändungen, 30 women, 9, 98, 240, 241, 245, 246, 261, Versailles negotiations, 203, 205 278 Villmergen, 157 changing position of, 98, 171, 176, 259 battle of, 97 roles of, 78, 102, 115, 212 First War of, 91, 95 treatment of, 18, 77, 188, 206, 218, Second War of, 96, 105, 107 239, 255, 274 Volksbund, 203, 205, 216, 293 see also female suffrage Voltaire, 113, 117 working classes, 195, 200, 206 Vorort, 149, 177, 182, 188 World Bank, 259 Confederal, 142 Württemberg, 53 votations, 185, 255, 261, 264 Wyss, Johan-Rudolf, 143, 154

Wahlen Plan, 215 xenophobia, 202, 241, 281 Waldmann, Hans, 60, 61, 127 Walser people, 35 youth unrest, 9, 240, 244 warfare, 53, 98, 101 Wars Zähringen, Dukes of, 22, 283 Austrian Succession, 110 Zemp, Josef, 177, 181 Burgundian, 44, 54, 57, 63 Zillis, 35 First Coalition, 126 Zoﬁngen association, 147 Franco-Habsburg, 87 Zug, 29, 30, 31, 34, 48, 108, 160 Franco-Prussian, 168 canton of, 75, 106, 159, 165, 269 hardships of, 212 divisions within, 109, 118, 123, 138 Hundred Years, 31, 52, 56 reforms within, 127, 160, 180, 275 Polish Succession, 110 Zurich, 97, 103 Schmalkaldic, 87 battles of, 138 Second Coalition, 137 canton of, 45, 49, 50, 51, 58, 74, 75, Sempach, 285 76, 93

324 Index

Zurich (cont.) outlying parts of, 124 city of, 5, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31, 34, reform in, 134 40, 46, 68, 73, 99 and the Reformation, 81, dependent regions, 127 85, 93 economy of, 110, 156 role in the Confederacy, 34, 95, 109, government of, 127 126 internal politics of, 60, 107, 120, 142, Zürcher Zeitung, 123, 148 149, 150, 165, 171 Zwingli, Ulrich, 5, 73, 79, 81, Lake Zurich, 30, 50 82, 84, 88