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Vorbemerkung Teil I: Henri Massis: Rdefense De I'occident< ANMERKUNGEN Vorbemerkung [I] Elias Canetti: Hitler, nach Speer. In : Die gespaltene Zukunft. Aufsiitze und Gespriiche. Miinchen 1972, S. 7-39, S. 28f. Vgl. auch Wilhelm Alff: Die Angst vor der Dekadenz. Zur Kunstpolitik des deutschen Faschismus. In : Der Begriff Faschismus und andere Aufsatze zur Zeitgeschichte. FrankfurtjM . 1972, S. 124-141, S. 130: »Hitler machte sein caesaristisches Epigonentum ebenfalls zu einem Verachter des Volkischen .« [2] Vgl. Ernst Nolte: Der Fasch ismus in seiner Epoche. Die Action francaise . Der italieni­ sche Faschismus. Der Nationalsozialismus. Miinchen 1963, S. 98. Im folgenden : Nolte. [3] Nolte, S. 511. [4] Walter Benjamin: Pariser Brief[1]. Andre Gide und sein neuer Gegner. In : Gesammelte Schriften . Unter Mitw irkung von Theodor W. Adorno und Gershom Scholem, heraus­ gegeben von Rolf Tiedemann und Hermann Schweppenhauser. FrankfurtjM . 1980, Bd. III (= Werkausgabe Bd. 9), S. 482-495, S. 485. [5] Vgl. Martin Greiffenhagen: Das Dilemma des Konservatismus in Deutschland. Miin­ chen 1971, S. 122ff., und Klemens von Klemperer: Germany's New Conservatism. Its History and Dilemma in the Twentieth Century. Princeton 21972,S. 220 und passim. [6] Vgl. Nicolai Berdiajew: Das neue Mittelalter. Betrachtungen iiber das Schicksal RuB­ lands und Europas. Tiibingen 1950. Hierzu ausfiihrlich in Teil II dieser Arbeit. [7] Im Gegensatz dazu bekampfte Ortega y Gasset aktiv die Monarchie, die er durch eine >aristokratische<, von einer Elite straff gelenkte Republik ersetzen wollte. [8] Vgl. Nolte, S. 49. Nach seiner Typologie verkorpert Maurras den -Fruhfaschismusc, Mu ssolini den -Norm alfaschismus- und Hitler den -Radikalfaschismusc [9] Wolf Lepenies : Die drei Kulturen. Soziologie zwischen Literatur und Wissenschaft . Reinbek bei Hamburg 1988, S. 101. [10] Vgl. Ernst Bloch: Erbschaft dieser Zeit. FrankfurtjM . 1973, S. 104ff. [11] Catherine Breen : La Droite francaise et la Guerre d'Espagne (1936-1937). Geneve (These) 1973, S. 65. [12] Manuel Azafia : Los espafioles en guerra. Barcelona 1977, S. 74. Teil I: Henri Massis: rDefense de I'Occident< [I] Nolte, S. 90. Eine vergleichbare Bedeutung hat das Jahr 1898 fiir Spanien, wo mit dem endgiiltigen Zusammenbruch des Imperiums und der es stiitzenden Ideologie die bestim­ menden politischen und sozialen Krafte des 20. Jhs. an den Tag traten. Die Verbindung von Politik und Literatur erreichte in der damals jungen Schriftstellergeneration einen ersten Hohepunkt. Vgl. Teil II. dieser Arbeit. [2] Nolte, S. 90. Neben der Arbe it Noltes, in der sich die vergleichende Methode als beson­ ders fruchtbar erweist, wurden u.a. folgende, teils zeitgenossischen, teils historischen Darstellungen zur -Action francaise: herangezogen: Emmanuel Beau de Lomenie: Maur­ ras et son systeme, Paris 21965, Colette Capitan Peter : Charles Maurras et l'ideologie d'Action francaise. Etude sociologique d'une pensee de droite. Paris 1972, Henri Dubief: Le declin de la Troisieme Republique 1929-1938. Paris 1976 (= Nouvelle histo ire de la 150 Anmerkungen France contemporaine, Bd. 13), Jean de Fabregues: Charles Maurras et son Action francaise. Un drame spirituel. Paris 1966, Alastair Hamilton: The Appeal of Fashism.A Study of Intellectuals and Fashism 1919-1945. New York 1971, Jacques Madaule: Histoire de France III. De la IIIeala IVeRepublique, Paris 1966, Albert Marty: L'Action francaise. Raccontee par elle-meme . Paris 1968, Andre Mirambel: La comedic du natio­ nalisme integral. Suivi de : Jacques Bainville - historien-prophete? Paris 1947, Pascal Ory/ Jean-Francois Sirinelli: Les intellectuels en France, de I'AfTaireDreyfus a nos jours. Paris 1986, Samuel M. Osgood: French Royalism under the third and fourth Republics. The Hague 1960, Jean-Christian Petitfils : La droite en France de 1789 a nos jours. Paris 1973, Ernest Roussel : Les nuees maurrassiennes. Etude critique des .Croyances- historiques de l'Action francaise. Paris 1936, Robert J. Soucy : Das Wesen des Faschismus in Frank­ reich. In : Walter Laqueur/George L. Mosse (Hg .): Internationaler Faschismus 1920-1945. Miinchen 1960, S. 47-85, Reino Virtanen: Nietzsche and the Action fran­ caise, In : Journal of the History of Ideas XI (April 1950) S. 191-214, Eugen Weber : Action Francaise. Royalism and Reaction in Twentieth Century France. Stanford 1962 (= Weber I), Eugen Weber: France. In : Hans Rogger/Eugen Weber (Hg .): The Euro­ pean Right. Berkeley and Los Angeles 1965, S. 71-127 (= Weber II); einige intere ssante Aspekte der Bewegung behandelt neuerdings Wolf Lepenies : Die drei Kulturen. Soziolo­ gie zwischen Literatur und Wissenschaft. Reinbek 1988. [3] Nolte, S. 57. Eine klare Trennungslinie zwischen der nat ionalistischen Rechten und dem Faschismus in Frankreich ziehen hingegen Zeev Sternhell: Ni droite ni gauche. L'ideolo­ gie fasciste en France. Paris 1981, S. 113fT. , ders.: La droite revolutionnaire 1885-1914. Les origines francaises du fascisme. Paris 1978, S. 401-416, und Paul Shant: Le roman­ tisme fasciste. Etude sur I'oeuvre politique de quelques ecrivains francais . Paris 1954, S. 264fT. In polemischer Abgrenzung gegeniiber Shant und Eugen Weber betont Soucy die gemeinsamen Elemente der beiden Richtungen (a.a.O ., S. 55). TrefTend erfal3t Mi­ rambel die ambivalente Rolle der -Action francaisec, wenn er sie zunachst als xreaktio­ nares, dann als -konservative, und schliel3lichals -faschistischec Gruppe analysiert (a. a.O. Kapiteliiberschriften). [4] 1905 gegriindet, sollte das -Insitut de l'Action francaise- als eine Art »royalistische Sor­ bonne« fungieren . »Was die Universitaten der Dritten Republik unterdriickten, soUte hier propagiert werden ...« (Lepenies, a.a.O ., S. 42, S. 66). Einige bedeutende Werke der konservativen Historiographie, Philosophie und Literaturgeschichtsschreibung konnen zur Produktion des Instituts gezahlt werden . Drei Mitglieder der Gruppe hatten Sitze in der Academic francaise inne (Daudet, Bainville, Maurras). Grober als die Wirkung dieser elitaren Kulturtrager war freilich diejenige der Tageszeitung -Action francaise-,die ihrerseits auf einen weiten Sektor der katholischen Provinzpresse Meinungsdruck aus­ iibte (vgl. Rene Remond/Aline Courtot: Les catholiques, Ie communisme et les crises (1929-39). Paris 1906, S. 12) und deren journalistischer Stil Schule machte (vgl. Cathe­ rine Breen : La Droite francaise et la Guerre d'Espagne, S. 64). [5] Die biographischen Angaben zu Massis entnehme ich vor allem Otto Leitolf: Die Gedan­ kenwelt von Henri Massis. Berlin 1940 (= Romanische Studien, Heft 53). Einen interes­ santen Einblick in seinen Werdegang gewahren auch die Memoiren von Raissa Maritain: Les grandes amit ies. Bruges 1951, die oft zur Seibstdarstellung des Autors in Kontrast stehen. Ein gemafligt kritisches Portrat entwirft Paul Archambault: Henri Massis. In : P.A .: Jeunes maitres. Etats d'ame d'aujourd'hui. Paris 1925, S. 119-146. Unter den Schriften Henri Massis ' sind reich an biographischem Material: Maurras et notre temps . 2 Bde. Paris/Geneve 1954 und : De l'homme a Dieu . Precede d'un portrait par Gustave Thibon. Paris 1959. [6] Die 1910 gemeinsam mit Alfred de Tarde in der Zeitschrift >Opinion< veroffentlichten Artikel erschienen im Jahr darauf a!s Buch unter dem Tite! -L'esprit de !a Nouvelle Sorbonne: (Paris 1911). 1913 erschien mit demselben Pseudonym das Ergebnis einer Umfrage unter jungen Intellektuellen: Les jeunes gens d'aujourd'hui. Paris 1913. Vgl. hierzu Lepenies, der -Agathonsc Polemik gegen die -Republik der Professoren: trefTend Anmerkungen 151 als »Nachhutgefecht der AfTaire Dreyfus« bezeichnet (a.a .O., S. 50). Vgl. auch Oryj Sirinelli, S. 56fT. und Leitolf, S. 16. [7] Diesem Zweck sollte auch die Einladung an Maritain dienen, an der -RevueUniversellee mitzuwirken. Vgl. Maurras et notre temps, I, S. 156. [8] Henri Massis: Defense de I'Occident. Paris 1927 (= DO). [9] OryjSirinelli definieren den aus der AfTaire Dreyfus hervorgegangenen Intellektuellen­ typus so : »un homme du culturel, createur ou mediateur, mis en situation d'homme du politique, producteur ou consommateur d'ideologie« (S. 10). [10] Ernst Robert Curtius: Literarische Fehden. In : Franzosischer Geist im neuen Europa. Berlin und Leipzig 1925, S. 309-318, S. 311 (= Curtius I). [II] Walter Benjamin: Literaturgeschichte und Literaturwissenschaft. In : Gesammelte Schrif­ ten, Bd. III. Kritiken und Rezensionen (Werkausgabe Bd. 8), S. 283-290, S. 287. [12] Gustave Th ibon: Vorwort zu Henri Massis: De I'homme Ii Dieu, a.a.O., S. 7. [13] DO , S. I. 1m Gegensatz zum zeitgenossischen deutschen Sprachgebrauch, der zwischen >Kultur< und -Zivilisationc eine scharfe, meistens wertende Unterscheidung wahrt, werden von franzosischen Autoren die BegrifTe xulturee und -civilisation: eher undifTerenziert verwendet. Massis bevorzugt -civilisation: und verleiht ihr den gleichen abgrenzend de­ fensiven , emphatisch-werthaltigen Charakter, der im Deutschen der xKulturc zukommt. Will man das Analogon der -Kulturkritikxin der franzosischen Literatur untersuchen, so hat man es meistens mit -civilisationc zu tun, und es liegt nahe, diesen BegrifTim Deut­ schen mit -Kulturc zu iibersetzen. Zur Problematik und Geschichte der beiden BegrifTe vgl. Emile Benveniste: Problemes de lingu istique generale. Bd. I. Paris 1966, Norbert Elias : Uber den ProzeB der Zivilisation. Soziogenetische und psychogenetische Untersu­ chungen. 2 Bde. Frankfurt/M . 1978, Bd. I, S. I fT., S. 43 fT., S. 65fT. und passim, und GreifTenhagen, a.a .O., S. 124fT. [14] DO, S. 16. [15] DO , S. 19. [16] DO, S. 26. [17] DO, S. 54. [18] DO, S. 72f.
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