0oc'"G TH^^W Rjap, o M M f s NEWSLETTERS 1 9 9 7

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NETHERLANDS,TELEPHONE: +3,-71-527 22 27, TELEFAX: +31-71-527 4, 62, E-MAIL: , I AS N E WS @ RU L L ET. Le i d e n U n . v. N L_ P.O. BOX 9515, 2300 RA LEIDEN, THE Program m e Agenda Publication Vacancy HShort News

ASIAN CULTURE GENERAL NEWS INSULAR SW ASIA

The HAS is expanding slowly, At the time o f the French conquest II AS in 1895, Madagascar was already nationally as well as inter­ The HAS has opened a new branche a well-organized political state. nationally. Nationally, 1996 was office in Amsterdam. In 1923 young Harm Kamerlingh the year o f the deepening o f the When and how was this state born? 49 base. HAS Director. Professor Dr Rafolo Andrianaivoarivony Onnes joined his uncle D olf on Wim Stokhof, explains how this attempts to answer these questions. a voyage to Indonesia. His letters ESF ASIA COMMITTEE and sketches give us a glimpse of has been achieved. News from the ESF Asia Committee 24 Q 25 the colonial world o f Indonesia and East Asia in the 1920’s 5 2 The last decade in the run-up to the twenty-first century has been AKSE SOUTHEAST ASIA 26 O 33 particularly intriguing for its News from the Association o f contradictory but concurrent Korean Studies in Europe. centripetal and centrifugal EAST ASIA 54 impulses. As communities grow increasingly interconnected, E AS AS proclamations o f distinctiveness The i st meeting o f the European and exclusivity become more a I Association for South Asian Studies. pronounced. Lily Zubaidah Rahim 5 5 goes in search o f the 'Asian Way’ EUROSEAS 3 O 1 2 2nd Conference o f the European Assoc, for Southeast Asian Studies The collections o f the Royal 5 6 CENTRAL ASIA Botanic Gardens, Kew support the institution’s work into plants SE ALG and botany, concentrating on An introduction o f the tropical and sub-tropical regions the Southeast Asia Library Group o f the world. Kew has a long­ Fengshui, the name o f an ancient 5 6 standing and on-going interest in form o f Chinese geomancy, literally means ‘wind and water’. Recently the botanical region ofMalesia ASEASUK that covers insular Southeast Asia this mysterious old subject seems to News from the Association for Two recently published books about - the Malay Archipelago - have attracted the interest o f more Southeast Asian Studies in the UK. Tibet are highlighted. Tibet and including New Guinea. and more people, achieving a 57 the British Raj. The frontier cadre modern revival after being ignored for a long period o f time. 1904-1947 by Alex McKay and N VAPS Russia’s Tibet File: The unknown pa^es The i sc congress o f the Dutch Assoc, in the histoiy o/Tibet’s independence. for Asia and Pacific Studies. 58

1C AS \ SOUTH ASIA The i st International Convention o f Asia Scholars. Fifty years ago saw the beginning g 58 According to Am inul Haque Faraizi, o f what became known as the first z Some highlights of current development projects ‘stink’ in m ilitary action (eerste politionele | exhibitions o f Asian Art and VACANCIES Bangladesh. Despite the failure actie], the war in which the the Asian Art Agenda in which Vacancies in the field o f Asian Studies o f most development projects to Netherlands attempted to restore * Oda Nobunaga, the prime mover forthcoming exhibitions and 6 1 achieve their stated objectives, like its authority in the East Indies. | o f Japan’s reunification, has long had a reputation as a brutal warlord. performances on Asian art poverty alleviation, employment Photographers captured these § AGENDA are announced. generation, empowering the poor actions on film. Photos which | Jeroen Lamers re-evaluates International Conference Agenda and marginalized people, showed the harsh reality o f Nobunaga’s policies, not by denying 43 47 62 the development industry has the colonial war were never made < their cruelty but by placing them 0 in the comparative perspective grown even bigger than ever before. available to the public. NEWSLETTERS Why is this so? The historian o f photography o f the Machiavellian Prince. INDEX Newsletters on Asia in Europe. Louis Zweers has rediscovered 64 14 0 23 these censored photographs. 34 0 42 EDITORIAL PAGE

owing to the growing importance of Asia measures were taken to protect these exotic studies at a national level from further budget cuts and now Editorial in fact they are no longer considered exotic but an indispensable tool for coming to grips with present-day Asia. ■ By PAUL VAN DER VELDE In a completely different vein Harry Haroonunian accuses the directors Editor-in-chief of the area studies institutes of an obsessive search for cash which has dis­ placed thinking about new ways to organize and teach knowledge of areas K,---- A s of this edition of the has Newsletter we will feature an institu- for A » ' » * like Asia, which should indubitably be their primary consideration. He A ti°nal news section which is distinguished from the rest of the compares the institutes to dinosaurs who will keep viewing the crisis in L 1 newsletter by its pink colour, hence the Pink Pages. The institution­ HAS NEWSLETTER N?13 area studies as a financial problem as long as they are not hit by a shower of al section consists of news of institutes and organizations, agendas and in­ Summer 1997 meteors. In this context Elizabeth Perry warns against undue outside in­ 6 4 p a g e s formation of a purely factual nature. Other Asian Studies newsletters will fluence. Because of decreased funding Asianists turn to Asian foundations also make contributions to this section, including the aseasu k Newsletter which she believes have political purposes in mind. This may be the case, EDITORIAL OFFICE and the sealg Newsletter. The board of the South East Asia Library Group but arguably do not all governments and foundations have purposes in Visiting address: Nonnensteeg 1-3, Leiden has opted to publish its sealg Newsletter in this newsletter, primarily to Mailing address: P.O. Box 9515, mind? Scholars in the field think differently (there were no comments reach a wider audience. In the regional section of this newsletter as usual 2300 ra leiden, The Netherlands Irom directors) which is born out by the contributions of the other com­ Telephone: +31-71-527 22 27 you will find news and opinions on developments in the field, conference T elefax: +31-71-52741 62 mentators who blame not only the directors for the crisis but also lift an reports, book reviews etc. We hope that this overhaul will go a long way to­ E-Mail: accusing finger at dangers of a disciplinary nature from within academia. [email protected] wards increasing the accessibility and readability of our newsletter. WWW Homepage: http://iias.leidenuniv.nl Dangers from within and without Embattled Asian Studies in the US EDITORIAL STAFF The threat from inside academia is voiced most sharply by Robert Bates On what have already been fairly numerous occasions, reflections have Editor-in-chie f - Paul van der Velde of Harvard University. In a recent essay he stated that ‘Area Studies has no Managing Editor - Ilse Lasschuijt been made in this newsletter on the development of Asian Studies in Eu­ place in the university worth respecting, and practitioners of it should not South Asia Editor - Netty Bonouvric rope. In general it is feasible to say that the sense of crisis in Asian Studies in Southeast Asia Editor - Dick van der Meij be hired.’ He should be considered as a proponent of the Rational Choice the eighties has disappeared. The realization that Asian Studies should be East Asia Ed. (China) - Kitty Yang-de Witte Theory in Social Sciences. The President of the aas, Jim Scott, brands Bates East Asia Editor /Japan) - Paul Wijsman more internationalized and more embedded in society are leading to a reor­ East Asia Editor [Korea] - Koen De Ceuster as one of the Proponents of the formal theory who aspire to intellectual- ganization of the field. It has become clear that no single European country Insular Southwest Asia Editor - Sandra Evers hegemony in which area studies would be the providers of raw data on Central Asia Editor - Ingrid Nooijens can cover the whole of Asia and therefore co-operation is a prerequisite for which they test their theories.’ This threat from the Social Sciences is one Asian Culture Editor - Fernand Pahud the fine tuning of the study programmes and teaching in the field of Asian English editor - Rosemary Robson leg of what Cumings calls a twin pincer movement of theory; the other leg Studies. In order to be able to structure Asian Studies at a European level, being the Humanities with their Cultural Studies theory based on a brew the European community should also be willing to support these endea­ CORRESPONDENTS of texts and French Post-Modernism. Thongchai Winichikul labels these vours. In short, the pessimistic mood of the eighties has made way for a Ann Beard (AAS, Ann Arbor) Global Studies, which she views as ‘mixed bag of challenges and diverging Victor A. van Bijtert (Bengal Studies) more upbeat mood. Rik Hoekstra (Internet) views and interests’, and points to the limits of Global Studies. These lim­ This picture does not apply to the US. This became clear during the Presi­ Leonid Kulikov (CIS) its are found where global and local confront each other. Global language Sabine Kuypers (ESF Asia Committee) dential Panel at the aas Annual Meeting in Chicago in March of this year needs translation and the local transforms the global. Here non-global Leo Schmit (EU, Brussels) which dealt with the ‘Future of Asian Studies’. Asian Studies as a regional Mario Rutten (CASA, Amsterdam) knowledge such as is supplied by area studies is indispensable. Willem Vogelsang specialization in the US is under a load of pressure, not to say threatened. Although all commentators claim that these theoretical approaches will (Research School CNWS, Leiden) The sense of emergency among American Asianists can be gathered from the lead ro self-contained scholarship and parochialism which is what hap­ latest issue of aas Newsletter, which has so far almost exclusively featured pened in Economic Studies with econometrics, they are aware of the grow- CONTRIBUTORS factual information on the aas and Asian Studies, but now brings six pages Daud Ali, Shahbano Aliani, ing influence of the theoretical approach in academia. Harootuman points of comments from the participants (Asianists with diverging disciplinary Rafolo Andraianaivoarivony, Jackie Assayag, the finger at the failure of area studies to come to grips with the changing Boudewijn Bettsch, Sanyo Bhattacharya, and regional backgrounds) in the above-mentioned session. The following Jan Brouwer, Thomas de Bruijn, world. Area studies still organizes its knowledge as if confronted by an paragraphs give a synopsis of their comments, and it is up to the reader to Dirk A. Buiskool, Rogier Busser, enemy and by a desire to dot al the i’s and cross all the t’s of the study. The Malcolm Campbell, Cen Huang, decide whether this debate is a typically American phenomenon. area studies centres have become, Harootunian claims ‘immense and per­ James Collins, Vasudha Dalmia, Roy Ellen, Area Studies in the US originated during the Second World War born of Aminul Haque Faraizi, Fu Hao, manent organizations in universities, devoted to accumulating a holistic Yvonne van Genugten, Carine Guerassimoff, the wish of the American government to gather information about poten­ knowledge of an area and serving as the sole distributor of this product.’ Annette Hamilton, Vincent J. van Heuven, tial enemies and later on in the Cold War pursued about any place consid­ Christian Henriot, J.E. Hoare, Regrettably this knowledge has never been integrated into the general ered of vital importance to US interests. Therefore the study of Asia was in­ Alexander Horstmann, Jan E.M. Houben, curriculum. This step is seen as a solution by Andrew Gordon. ‘To inte­ Michael Hurt, Tim Huxley, Mark Johnson, corporated into US academia through institutes for Asian Studies and in Didi Kami, Dirk Kolff, Dick Kooiman, grate discipline based scholarship (theory framed by a coherent method) general it could be said that until very recently Asian Studies had quite a pa­ Jeroen Lamers. Marianne Langehenkel, with often unique perspectives by local or area based knowledge.’ As a so­ Helga Lasschuijt, Heike Luu. rochial character. What then are the threats to area studies, in particular Kazuhiko Machida, Iftikhar H. Malik. lution Perry urges Asianists ‘not to be content to play the role of passive Asian Studies, in the US? Basically these are threefold: from within acade­ Nicolas Martland, Alex C. McKay, consumers of theoretical approaches produced by other wings of our disci­ Jean Michaud, Kirsten Nagels, Pan Haoyuan, mia; from outside academia; and decreased government and foundation plines, but we must also become active producers of theory based upon Mike Pamwell, Jeroen Peeters, funding. Gerard A. Persoon, Avril Powell, careful, empirically rich research.’ Arjun Appadurai wants to strengthen WilO. Radelaar-Dijk, William Radice, To start with the last. An explanation of the shrinking budgets construct­ the processual and interdriven sense of the areas in a global context and Lily Zubaidah Rahim, Suvarnalata Rao, ed by Bruce Cumings runs as follows: at the end of 1980s the US government Florenrino Rodao, MajidSiddiqi, also stresses the fact that the areas themselves have become producers of and big co-operations agreed on a program of reducing budgets and pro­ Wim van Spengen, S.N. Sridhar, images. ‘No area is any more an island unto itself’ This point is also Wim Stokhof, Paul L. Swanson, moting markets on a world scale. One of the targets for budget reduction Cathelijne Veenkamp, Alex de Voogt, brought forward by Scott who finds that ‘due to globalization the cultures has been the universities and of course within the universities the blow has Bill Watson, Margarita Winkel, Asianists have been studying become less distinctive, more cosmopolitan Boudewijn Walraven, Ellen van Zanten, fallen harder on the weakest programmes with relatively few students such and also the scholarship has become globalized. What can be construed by Martina Zellmer-Bjick, Zhao Chunlan, as Asian Studies. These programmes still rank as exotic in the eyes of the Louis Zweers parochialist Asianists as a threat is regarded by Scott as an opportunity, managers of the universities. This situation is not foreign to Europe but ■ because the particular cultures studied have always been a complex mix of DESIGN other cultures and globalization. De Kreeft, Amsterdam MAS (I The HAS is a post-doctoral institute 1. to set up and execute a post-doctoral International Convention of Asia Scholars CAS) PRINTING Dijkman, Amsterdam jointly established by the Royal Nether­ programme for Dutch and foreign Scott thus ends on a positive note. The internationalization of Asian lands Academy of Arts and Sciences researchers; Studies is not a threat but an opportunity because Asianists around the ■ (KNAW), the Vrije Universiteit Amster­ 2. to organize international scientific world are becoming increasingly aware of each other’s endeavours. There­ MSN 0929-8738 dam (VUA), the University of Amsterdam gatherings; fore he pleads for cross-regional, multi-disciplinary panels at aas meet­ (UvA), and Leiden University (RUL). 3. to act as a national centre for Asian ings which will do away with self-contained scholasticism. This obviously ■ The main objective of the HAS is to Studies in order to improve will make the investigations of the Asianists accessible to a much wider CIRCULATION 20,000 encourage the pursuit of Asian Studies international co-operation in public. The same ideas have been alive for some time in Europe. The ini­ in the Humanities and Social Sciences, the European context; tiative taken to organize the International Convention of Asia Scholars nationally as well as internationally. 4. to develop other activities in the field COMING ISSUE (ic a s) by the esf Asia Committee and the aas, which is coordinated by the Deadline: September 15, 1997 To achieve this end, the constituent of Asian Studies, such as the publication h a s, is timely and we consider this kind of cross-regional, multi-discipli­ Released: November 15, 1997 institutes have agreed upon the following of a newsletter and the establishment nary fluidity one of the main characteristics of the Convention. An equally activities, which were defined in the of a data base, which should contain important characteristic will be its more pronounced embedment in soci­ Agreement on National Co-operation in Asian up-to-date information on current ety which can be achieved by simultaneously organizing manifestations THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR FACTS AND OPINIONS Studies signed by all parties in 1993. research in the field of Asian Studies. about Asia to which non-specialists will be welcome. When both the Asia­ EXPRESSED IN THIS PUBLICATION RESTS EXCLUSIVELY WITH THE AUTHORS AND THEIR Rectification: The article reviewing the book The International Status o f nists and their endeavours achieve greater visibility this will enable them INTERPRETATIONS DO NOT NECESSARILY RBEtECT Taiwan in the New World Order - Legal and Political Considerations [11ASN12, to play an important role in the ‘cultural rapprochement’ inherent in the THE VIEWS OF THE INSTITUTE OR ITS SUPPORTERS. THE HAS NEWSLETTER (lIASN) IS PUBLISHED BY HAS Spring 1997, p. 35] should, of course, have been entitled The Republic of a se m process. We can only hope that culture will be high on the agenda of AND IS AVAILABLE FREE OF CHARGE. China Back in the UN?’ and not ‘China Back in the UN?’ - T HE Editor the a se m in London in April 1998. ■

2 • HAS NEWSLETTER N? 13 • Summer 1997 GENERAL NEWS How International is the HAS? Some observations advocate regional financing to con­ By WIM STOKHOF The International Institute for Asian Studies is expanding slowly, nationally as tribute to the dynamics of younger European Asianists. Expanding on f we want to ensure the function of Asian Studies in Eu­ that new percep­ well as internationally. Nationally 1996 was the year of the deepening of rope, the alliance aspires to integrate tions and discover­ academic research on Asian Studies ies continue to emerge the base. This has been achieved by strengthening our relations with researchers into non-academic domains such as in the Netherlands, we business, politics, the media, and have to have an open- affiliated to the many universities, museums, libraries, archives, and institutes among the general public. By reach­ minded approach to all sorts of in the Netherlands. Needless to say, this will be an ongoing concern: an institute ing outside of the academic arena, scientific analysis. This can only be this IIAS-NIAS alliance will enable done today by adopting the widest will only be able to embark on its international mission effectively when it Asian Studies to contribute to policy possible international outlook. It is making and become accessible to so­ the conviction of the board that at enjoys the support and trust of its national constituency. ciety at large. this time and in this age, knowledge Colleagues from Germany were and expertise should be acquired and invited to Leiden for an informal get processed at an international level, added. The programme will be im­ together to discuss possible forms of in good consultation between part­ well-established reputation in Asian with important Amsterdam-based plemented by ABIA offices in Colom­ further collaboration at a national ners from different nations. A fo­ Studies. The ‘Platform Asia Collec­ institutes such as the Rijksmuseum, bo, Bangkok, and Leiden working in level; it was decided to draft a state- cused and well-structured co-opera- tions in the Netherlands’ was laun­ in particular the Department of close co-operation with groups from of-the-art report on the Asian Stud­ tion between other Asian Studies in­ ched: this is a work group for repre­ Asiatic Arts, the Royal Tropical Insti­ Japan and Indonesia. ies in Germany and to approach the stitutions has many positive aspects. sentatives from Dutch libraries with tute (KIT), and many other institu­ The second programme recently National Government to discuss a Cogently, it may prevent us from in- Asian collections. Aim of the group is tions. launched is called Changing Labour national comprehensive Asia Strate­ breeding, introversion, and the ten­ to co-ordinate the acquisition of Asia Relations in Contemporary Asia. Re­ gy for Germany. The HAS functioned dency to become inaccessible to collections at a national level. As a International Co-operation sponsible for the programme on the as a catelyst for the foundation of a scholars from other places or para­ first spin-off, a general description Internationally the HAS has wor­ Dutch side will be the International Spanish Association for Asian Stud­ digms. International engagement of Asia Collections in Dutch libraries ked hard to refine its quarterly Institute of Social History (IISG). Sev­ ies. and partnerships can help to main­ has recently been published. The newsletter and WWW site. The circu­ eral centres from Asia and the West­ In conjunction with the Associa­ tain the high standard of Dutch HAS is also involved in similar pro­ lation of the HAS Newsletter was in­ ern world have been invited for an tion for Asian Studies (AAS, Ann Asian Studies. International co-ordi­ jects for Dutch museums with Asia creased to 20,000 copies and the initial preparatory meeting. At pre­ Arbor) the HAS will organize the In­ nation of education and research collections, as well as in an inventory WWW site information expanded sent various possible themes for the ternational Convention of Asia may also be of financial interest; a project for film archives relevant to (over 800 pages are now available). As programme are being worked out Scholars (ICAS) which will be held in fully fledged Asian Studies pro­ Asian Studies, the latter in close co­ the institute seeks to function as a and new research links are being the Netherlands from 25-28 June gramme is an extremely expensive operation with the Dutch Film Mu­ intermediary between Dutch (and considered. In November 1997, the­ 1998 in Noordwijkerhout. The main undertaking. A well-planned ex­ seum (Amsterdam). A national plat­ where possible European) Asianists mes and possible new partners will purpose of the convention is to es­ change of students and teachers will form for (the study of) performing and Asia, we continue to work on the be presented and discussed in Mani­ tablish dialogue across borders of contribute to the broadening of arts of Asia was also created. database which contains informa­ nationality, discipline, region stud­ their horizons and could, if profes- The Institute played an instru­ tion on Asianists from Europe. A Eu­ la. The HAS has continued to play its ied, or conceptual apporach. The | sionally organized, reduce the costs mental part in the foundation of the ropean directory of Asian Studies is role as the secretariat of the Asia Programme Committee consists of | of Asian Studies education. Nederlandse Vereniging voor Azië en planned for publication in Novem­ representatives of the AAS regional Pacific Studies (NVAPS: the Nether­ ber. It will offer a collection of ap­ Committee of the European Science councils and the European regional For the Netherlands the benefits lands Association for Asian and Pa­ proximately 1,500 institutes and 5000 Foundation (ESF). Together with the Associations. of internationalization are obvious. cific Studies) which was founded in European scholars categorized ac­ ESF office in Strasbourg it facilitated The HAS calls itself international, A country too small to play a role of August 1996, contributing to the cording to (Asian) region, specialty, the awarding of Asia Committee fel­ on the other hand it is obviously any importance globally should con­ networking process of Dutch Asia- and homeland. lowships, the sponsoring of the Asia Committee workshops, and the pro­ very Dutch indeed. Finding a bal­ centrate on those fields in which it nists as well as to the expansion of Two new international long-term ance between identity and interna- traditionally excels: research; logis­ the scope ofAsian Studies Memoran­ co-operative research / facilitation motion of Asian Studies in Europe tionality is not always an easy task. tics, transfer of knowledge; media­ da ofUnderstanding with important projects were initiated. The first is and Asia. The institute also took the How international is the HAS? If we tion between persons, goods, and partner institutes in the Nether­ entitled ABIA; Key to South and initiative of setting up a task force take the number of foreign fellows ideas. The concentration at the HAS lands were signed: the Royal Insti­ Southeast Asian Art and Archaeology for Asian Studies in Europe: directors working at the institute for longer of foreign researchers from all over tute for Linguistics and Anthropolo­ Index. The ABIA project concerns the of the leading institutes discussed or shorter periods of time, the inter­ the world and of various academic gy (KITLV, Leiden), the International fields of archaeology, art history, the implications of recent develop­ national character can hardly be creeds and approaches, on an indi­ Institute for Social History (IISG, natural culture, epigraphy, numis­ ments at a political and economic doubted: approximately 85% of all vidual basis or in a co-operative re­ Amsterdam), the Research School matics, and sigillography of South level: will there be a role for Asian fellows are non-Dutch. Of every search framework, has proved to be CNWS, Leiden (School ofAsian, Afri­ and Southeast Asia. It will be an Studies in ASEM and what is our po­ guilder spent on research, facilita­ conductive to a higher academic can, and Amerindian Studies), the ‘electronic reference library’ to be sition vis a vis ASEF? In collaboration with the Nordic tion of research, and research man­ creativity and productivity: an accu­ Research School for Resource Studies consulted online and to which newly agement c. 65 % is invested in per­ mulation of academic activities. The for Development (CERES, Utrecht), annotated titles will be regularly Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS, Co­ sons and activities not directly relat­ amalgamation of foreign researchers the N.W. Posthumus Insti­ penhagen), the HAS has taken yet another initiative ed to or affiliated with the Nether­ and young highly talented Dutch re­ tute (Rotterdam), and the lands. searchers seems to us a successful Netherlands Insitute for Ad­ on a European scale by mak­ Notwithstanding this, the HAS formula which complies well with vanced Study in the Human­ ing preparations for the for­ mation of an IIAS-NIAS alli­ still remains a very Dutch institu­ the objectives of the IIAS to wit: to ities and Social Sciences tion. It is deeply rooted in Dutch aca­ serve the Asian Studies internation­ (NIAS, Wassenaar). These The IIAS aims to serve ance. In due time, the main institutes related to Asian demia. It profits from the well-orga­ ally, without losing or denying its MoUs are seen as tools by Studies in Europe will be in­ nized academic infrastructure; the own national identity. which to construct regular, the Asian Studies structural co-operation at a vited to join this nucleus of wealth of ethnographic (and also bo­ tanic) data, libraries, museums, ar­ National Co-operation national level. what will eventually become chives, and photo collections; and The IIAS initiated and co-ordinat­ In order to facilitate HAS internationally without a non-exclusive European co-operation. The aim of the the highly developed level of Dutch ed the draft of a proposal for a na­ fellows and to increase co­ Asian Studies. The Netherlands are a tional information technology host, operation with the Vrije alliance is to increase multi- and inter-disciplinary re­ living repository of all kinds of intended to be a general service to Universiteit (Amsterdam) losing or deny ing knowledge on Asia. ■ Asian Studies. ‘Special HAS chairs in and the University of Am­ search, as well as to bring Asian Studies' have been set up: sterdam (UvA), the HAS de­ Asian Studies in Europe into a cross-national interchange these chairs are meant to stimulate cided to concretize its plans its own national identity Asian Studies either at universities to set up a branch office in of perspectives. The alliance where Asian Studies do not have a Amsterdam. It is expected will rely on the strength of national umbrella organiza­ Professor W.A.L. Stokhof special focus, or to stimulate specific that this expansion will is the director of the IIAS. fields of study at universities with a boost future co-operation tions for its success. Yet will

Summer 1997 • has newsletter W13 ■ 3 GENERAL NEWS

3 >- 6 JUNE, 1997 take care of a clear frame of reference logical information going back to CHIANGRAI, THAILAND with regard to information distribu­ Europe). tion, decision making, and financial Finally, some general criticisms of aspects. the EU policy on Euro-Asian Co-op­ eration came to the surface. One of Asia Meets Europe: Technology transfer the most striking points is that the Another topic was the ‘Technolo­ EU completely ignores the needs and gy Transfer to Asia’. With regard to expectations of Asian countries (pro­ this topic, the situation in Europe grammes are not demand-driven). Science and Technology and Asia should be taken into ac­ The EU has an Asia-strategy, but count. In Europe there is an evident Asia does not have a Europe-strategy. lack of efficiency in University-In­ The Asian people still have to be con­ The Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM), which was held in Bangkok in an professionals in the Asian coun­ dustry co-operation, but this is vinced that it is worth working with March 1996, marked the recognition of Asia’s growing importance in tries and vice versa; counterbalanced by a rapid develop­ the EU. The needs and expectations the post-Cold War period, politically and strategically. The main issue The establishment of a Junior EU- ment of institutionalized offices have to be matched. ‘Cultural rap­ stressed was the need for more and closer co-operation between the Eu­ Asean Managers (JEM) programme, (e.g., industries liaisons offices) and prochement’ (i.e. stressing similari­ ropean Union and Asia. To follow up on the ASEM process, Promethe- with the objective of raising the the development of communication ties, while acknowledging diversity) us-Europe and its Euro-Asian Network, NICAS, organized two confer­ profile and image of Europe and through such bodies as chambers of between Asia and Europe is an abso­ ences: the first was ‘Europe meets Asia’ about ‘The Future o f Inter-Aca­ European business and industries commerce. The Asian situation is lute prerequisite for Euro-Asian Co­ demic and University-Company Relations between the European in Asia and stimulating a greater threatened by rapid economic operation. ■ Union and Asia . (Munich, June 1996. See IIASN 9); The second confer­ awareness of investment opportu­ growth allied to the danger of tech­ ence, ‘Asia meets Europe’, about ‘New Trends in Euro-Asian Co-opera­ nities in Asia among European nological dependency. However, tion in the Field o f Science and Technology’, was held in Chiangrai, companies. there is a growing awareness of the Thailand in June 1997. This conference was organized with the collabo­ The Asia Europe University Pro­ importance of developing indige­ ration o f the Thai Ministry o f Science, Technology. gramme for Academic Linkages, a Ma­ nous techniques, and there is strong laysian initiative. pressure on universities to facilitate ■ By YVONNE A. VAN GENUGTEN The European International Student the transfer of technology. When Exchange Programme (ISEP) at the transferring technology to Asia it is 1 he initial objec­ makers from the Euro-Asian Co-oper­ Asian Institute of Technology in necessary to be aware of complicat­ tives of the Chi­ ation programmes offered less oppor­ Bangkok; i.e. one of the existing ing factors, for instance, local Yvonne van Genugten is the general angrai conference tunities for discussion, especially European Studies Programmes equipment is usually of a lower co-ordinator of the Indonesian-Netherlands were: (1) to review and with regard to the first objective of (ESP), alongside the ESP-Philippines standard than in Europe; trained Co-Operation in Islamic Studies (INIS) follow-up decisions re­ the conference. There was a common and the Chulalongkorn University craftsmen are often unavailable; it project. Projects Division, Dept, of Languages garding Higher Educa­ feeling that the organizers must have ESP and the China Higher Education is mostly a one-way transfer of tech­ and Cultures of Southeast Asia and Oceania, tion, University Co-operation and lost their useful contacts within EC Co-operation Programme. All pro­ nology (there is little or no techno­ Leiden University. Technology Transfer made by gov­ circles. Nevertheless, the conference grammes are carried out by a con­ ernments and officials during the also produced some positive results. sortium of universities from Eu­ ASEM summit; (2) to determine suit­ rope in co-operation with (a con­ (Advertisement) able strategies for future European The ASEM process was reviewed sortium of) Asian Higher Educa­ Union programmes concerning during the conference and several tion Institutions. The general ob­ Inter-Academic and Research ties, new programmes/projects were high­ jective of the programmes is to and Technology Transfer between lighted as a follow-up of ASEM: promote a better understanding of I I KEGAN PAUL INTERNATIONAL ______Established 1871______the European Union and Asia; and (3) - The establishment of the Asia-Eu­ the EU and what it stands for to present and discuss the further de­ rope Foundation (ASEF) in Singapore among relevant Asian decision Publishers of academic and scholarly books on Asia, Japan, China, Korea, the Middle East and the Pacific Basin velopment and management of Euro- to promote better mutual under­ makers with a view to strengthen­ PO Box 256, London WC1B 3SW. United Kingdom Asian Inter-Academic and Research standing between Asia and Europe ing economic ties. Tel: 00 44 171 580 5511 Fax: 00 44 171 436 0899 E-mail: [email protected] Networks, and University-Company through greater intellectual, cultu­ - The European Southeast Asian U ni­ Visit our home page on the Internet: partnerships in the fields of Science, ral, and people-to-people exchang­ versity Network (ESA-UNET), a net­ http://www.demon.co.uk/keganpaul/ Technology, and Environment. es. work of 5 leading technical uni­ NEW AND FORTHCOMING ROOKS After the first day of the conference - The establishment in Thailand of versities in the European Union it had already become clear that the an Asia-Europe Environmental Tech- and 5 outstanding universities in STUDIES FROM THE HAS objectives were too far-reaching. . no logy Centre for Scientific and Tech­ the ASEAN Region, of which the A new series of scholarly monographs focusing on cultures and societies in Asia. There was a common feeling of disap­ nological Research and Activities. main objectives are: a) to develop Dynamics of Pacific Asia: Edited by K. Radtke and J. Stam pointment among the participants, 0 7103 0598 2 £45/576.50 The Centre is expected to give poli­ new concepts for university-in­ India and Beyond: Edited by Dick van der Meij. 0 7103 0602 4 because on the European side there cy recommendations to govern­ dustry interactions; b) to stimu­ were no representatives of the Euro­ mental institutions; late joint interdisciplinary and in­ REFERENCE pean Commission, except for the EC Hani-English/English-Hani Dictionary: Paul Lewis and Bai Bibo - A programme of Post Graduate Tech­ dustry-related research activities, 0 7103 0564 8. £95/5161.50 delegate to Thailand, who attended nological Studies in Asia (PTS) is in with special emphasis on energy Mongolian English Dictionary: C.R. Bawden 0 7103 0439 0. £150/5255 the conference in the afternoon of the preparation in collaboration with and environmental engineering; first day. On the Asian side, the gov­ the Asian Institute of Technology JAPAN and c) to initiate the exchange of The Human Face of Japan’s Post War Industrial Disputes: ernments of Malaysia and China were in Bangkok with the aim of foster­ guest lecturers, postgraduate stu­ Hirosuke Kawanishi 0 7103 0563 X. £55/593.50 not represented. The absence of policy ing the presence of young Europe­ dents, and scientific information. Introduction to Zen Training: Omori Sogen 0 7103 0534 6, £35/559.50 Japanese Childcare: Eyal Ben-Ari 0 7103 0553 2. £55/593.50 Omori Sogen - Life of a Zen Master: Hosokawa Dogen NEW TRENDS IN EURO-ASIAN CO OPERATION One of the main topics discussed 0 7103 0588 5, £35/559.50 during the workshops was the ‘Man­ The Spirit of Budo: Trevor Leggett 0 7103 0562 1. £25/542.50 - Future programmes have to go in the direction of equal co-operation’ agement of Inter-Academic and Re­ SIR HENRY WELLCOME SERIES (instead of being a one-way street from Europe towards Asia). search Networks'. It is clear that one Early Chinese Medical Literature: D. Harper 0 7103 0582 6. £75/5127.50 - Existing networks that have proved their worth should be utilized more of the trends in the new EU-Asian Ibn Al-Jazzar on Sexual Diseases: Gerrit Bos 0 7103 0569 9. £65/5 il 0.00 often, instead of constantly trying new avenues. programmes is that the programmes A Soup for the Qan: P. Buell and E. Anderson 0 7103 0583 4, £65/5110.00 - In this light it seems sensible to support more international centres that themselves are very large and based CHINA AND ASIA ate able to stimulate interregional co-operation. on transnational networks. This new Chinese Foreign Policy During the Cultural Revolution: - In addition to inter-academic co-operation more thought should be way of co-operating poses new prob­ B. Barnouin and Y. Changgen 0 7103 0580 X. £55/593.50 given to academic-company co-operation and academic-local authority Tibetan Border Worlds: W. van Spengen and M. Schoffeleers lems. Taking into account the re­ 0 7103 0592 3, £45/576.50 co-operation. marks and ‘lessons learnt’ from par­ Ways of Thinking of Eastern Peoples: H. Nakamura - The flow of information should no longer be unidirectional. ticipants at the conference, who have 0 7103 0571 0, £19.95/534.00 - Flexible programmes - i.e. programmes that can be adjusted on the basis experience in transnational net­ THE MIDDLE EAST AND WEST ASIA of experiences gained during their course - should be favoured over working, some suggestions can be The Dilmun Temple at Saar: H. Crawford, R. Killick and J. Moon ‘classical’ programmes that are less adaptable. made: it is of the utmost importance, 0 7103 0487 0, £45/576.50 - Sustainable co-operation should be striven for from the beginning. that an internal evaluation structure Dictionary of Modern Arab History: R. Bidwell 0 7103 0505 4, £150/5255 Indigenous Manpower of the Arabian Peninsula: S Ghazal More attention should be given to this aspect in the process of defining is provided within the network, so 0 7103 0584 2, £17.50/529.50 parameters for new programmes. that participants know what the Prehistory of Northeastern Arabia: A. Masry 0 7103 0536 2. £65/5110.00 - Future co-operation models should, as long as their primary goal is network partners think of the func­ transfer of knowledge, be directed first and foremost towards the receiving tioning of the network. The efficien­ Further details of the above titles available from Kegan Paul International. party (in this case Asia). ORDERS: Orders for books to be delivered in the UK, Europe and the rest of the cy of a network is not assured via its world should be sent to John Wiley & Sons Order-Dept, Southern Cross Trading - Future co-operation should be thought of in terms of interregional co-ordinator. Also, the poorest part­ Estate, 1 Oldlands Way, Bognor Regis, West Sussex P022 9SA UK. Phone orders: co-operation instead of bilateral co-operation. ner in the network should not be (44) 01243 779 777. Fax orders: (44) 01243 820 250. Orders for books to be deliv­ - At a EU level more attention should be given to gender parity. ered in North America should be ordered from Columbia University Press Order forgotten. Transparency has to be Dept, 136 South Broadway, Irvington NY 10533 USA. Phone Orders: (800) 944 - The possibilities of electronic networks should be used to the full the key element in the network. The 8648 or (914) 591 9111. Fax orders (800) 944 1844 or (914) 591 9201. (to save time and money). management of a network has to

4 • HAS NEWSLETTER Ns 13 • Summer 1997 GENERAL NEWS TOKYO, JAPAN The Neys- Information Resources Van Hoogstraten Center at the ILCAA Foundation - the sponsorship of intensive cours­ part of the Institute, precisely for By KAZUHIKO MACHIDA es in those languages. keeping an eye on the rapid technical he Neys-Van Hoog­ The proposal should contain the he Institute for Since all this began, more than innovation regarding information mmm straten Foundation following items: the Study of Lan­ three decades have passed, changing networks. When fully equipped, it was founded in - Information on the organization or guages and Cul­ the circumstances of this Institute will promote collaborative research T institute involved; considerably. There is a strong de­ work and serve to accumulate * and 1989 in honour ofhis par1 tures of Asia and Africa - A curriculum vitae, including a list mand for the construction of new process data on Asia and Africa. Ef­ ents by the late Dr Karel (ILCAA), Tokyo Universi­ of publications of the researcher(s); theories which are expected to over- forts are being made to substantiate it Neys (1920-1992). Most of ty of Foreign Studies is - The research proposal proper, come the limitations of the existing and promote research work which his life, Dr Neys worked in various the first institute in Japan to be des­ which should include: a descrip­ academic systems int he Humanities will open up original as well as uni­ countries in the interest of develop­ ignated an Inter-University Institu­ tion of the research problem and and Social Sciences. Thanks to the re­ versal fields. ment assistance for the United Na­ tion in the Humanities and Social Sci­ of the scientific and social rele­ cent progress of data-processing tech­ It is hoped that, boosted by its new tions. In his last will, he bequeathed ences. The mission of Inter-Universi- vance of the project; information niques, it has become possible to pro­ Centre, the Institute will be a locus for his fortune to this Foundation. ty Institutions is to promote multi­ on the research location, methods disciplinary research by means of cess not only written materials, but the international academic exchange The purpose of the funds made to be used, time frame, methods of providing research materials and fa­ also sound and image formation. in Asian and African Studies through available to the Neys-Van Hoogstra­ analysis, and proposed way of re­ cilities for scholars who belong to Moreover, attempts to integrate this the contribution of scholars all over ten Foundation is to provide finan­ porting (publishing)the -results; various universities and institutions individual information into an infor­ the world. cial support to organizations for and a budget. throughout the country. mation network have been going Any constructive suggestions in socio-economic research and devel­ ahead by leaps and bounds. these directions are welcome. ■ The major duties of the Institute Proposals can be submitted any Well aware of these needs and cir­ opment in Indonesia or any other de­ have been: time. After a proposal has been re­ cumstances, the Institute under­ veloping country in Asia. - the implementation and stimula­ ceived, the applicant will be sent a went a reorganization in 15191, inte­ For more information: The research to be funded by the tion of research pertaining to the letter of receipt. The proposal will be grating and expanding research sec­ THE INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY Neys-Van Hoogstraten Foundation language, linguistics, history, an­ reviewed by the Board and by exter­ tions. Since then, wide-ranging OF LANGUAGE AND CULTURES should be socio-economic in charac­ thropology, and ethnology of Asia nal advisors if considered necessary. fieldwork, joint research projects, OF ASIA AND AFRICA, ILCAA ter, and have households and fami­ and Africa through joint research Within three months the applicant and efforts to integrate information Tokyo University of Foreign Studies lies as units of research. More specifi­ projects and publications; will receive a contract to be signed in processing have been in progress. 4-51-21 Nishigahara, Kita-ku cally, it should contain issues of fam­ - the compilation and publication of case of a positive decision, or will be In April 1997, ‘The Information Re­ Tokyo I 14, Japan, Fax:+81-3-59743838 ily nutrition and household budgets. dictionaries and grammars of Asian requested to improve the proposal. sources Centre’ was established as a E-mail: [email protected] and African languages; Who is eligible? Applicants can be research and de- Members o f the Board ! velopment organizations and insti­ The Board consists of a public no­ tutes or researchers affiliated with tary, an accountants,a judge and two such organizations and institutes in scientific experts in the field of de­ Indonesia or another developing velopment assistance. New Study Programme Their names are: country in Southeast Asia. The grants are meant to cover the - O.J.M. de Bruijn (chairman); cost of research projects, including Th.W.M. Lippmann (secretary); the cost of preparation, fieldwork, T.J.J.M. Snelders RA (treasurer); at Hochschule Bremen N.M. Leemhuis-De Regt (member); data analysis, and publication, up to a maximum of US$ 100,000 per re­ and Prof A. Niehof (member). was co-sponsored by the federal gov­ wards, they are required to do an in­ search project. The grants do not By KERSTIN NAGELS ernment, it became an integrated ternship, which most students choo­ allow for the funding of salaries of se to complete in foreign-invested en­ researchers. Travel, per diem pay­ lthough the term part of the Hochschule Bremen. I— A ment of interviewers or research as­ H I H M ZA 'globalization re- AWS course contents are split terprises (joint ventures, representa­ sistants, cost of computer analysis, L A cently has been equally between general economic tive offices, wholly foreign-owned and so on, can be funded. CEEfi used excessively, I shall and ‘regional specific’ classes. Along enterprises). A number of students SECRETARIAT OF H U begin my introduction of with a general knowledge of business also spend this period of practical THE NEYS-VAN HOOGSTRATEN a special study pro­ management and international eco­ training in non-governmental or­ How to apply? The applicant should send a pro­ FOUNDATION gramme at Hochschule Bremen (Bre­ nomic relations, the students thus ganizations or local enterprises and posal to the secretary of the Neys- Van Soutelandelaan 149 men College of Higher Education) acquire knowledge specific to the re­ consultancies. Van Hoogstraten Foundation, Mr 2597 EX The Hague precisely by referring to the sweeping gion, such as of the business culture, In addition to learning about the Th.W.M. Lippmann, at the address The Netherlands changes globalization has introduced the business organizations struc­ business environment in the specific mentioned below. Fax:+31-70-3659028 not only into the business environ­ tures, decision-making processes in countries and regions, all students ment but also into academic circles. business administration, etc. Inten­ thereby experience the routine of in­ ternational, multicultural co-opera­ There is an increasing awareness sive training either in Chinese, Japa­ (Advertisement) that to deal successfully within the nese, or Arabic provides a solid gener­ tion. Upon their return to Germany, international business environment, al language capacity as well as busi­ many of them choose to document neither the traditional course of area ness language skills. Built upon the and analyse their experience in their studies nor the classical courses of level of their secondary school main graduation dissertation. By display­ OLD AND RARE ‘business management’ nor the ex­ subject course, the students receive ing a high degree of professionalism clusive reliance on traditional man­ additional advanced training in ei­ in the combination of economic and agement skills provide adequate ther English or French. regional qualification, most of the BOOKS ON ASIA preparation. What is needed instead Like most German course pro­ graduates from AWS have found jobs is the combination of all these three grammes, AWS is an eight-semester in relevant companies or organiza­ Booklist from components. This is the foundation course of study. Unlike the others, tions. According to a ’95 survey, more the study programme of ‘Applied though, the fifth and sixth semester than 90% of them were employed in ASIAN RARE BOOKS are assigned to acquiring practical sk­ jobs in which they could use their Business Languages & International 175 w. 93rd street (Suite i6-d) Management’ (German abbreviation: ills and language knowledge in the skills. ■ New York, n.y. 10025-9344 AWS) is built upon. country of the first language (PR AWS is only one of the twelve inter­ China, Taiwan, Japan, or one of the national study programmes run by Arab countries). During the first For more information: Fax:(212) 316-3408 Books Bought HOCHSCHULE BREMEN Hochschule Bremen. It was set up as a months abroad, students usually at­ Tel: (212) 3 1 6 -5 3 3 4 By Appointment joint initiative between Hochschule tend a special language course at one Fachbereich Wirtschaft E-mail: [email protected] Studiengang AWS Bremen and various local business of the partner institutes (Toyohashi, http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccs/ cuwl/clients/a rb/ enterprises in 1988. After a pilot peri­ Beijing, Shanghai, Dalian, Chengdu, Werderstr. 73, 28201 Bremen, od of five years, during which AWS Cairo) of Hochschule Bremen. After- Germany

Summer 1997 • has newsletter >12x3 • 5 GENERAL NEWS

Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status has further reinforced the view of the The Resurgence of Cultural Nationalism in Asia ‘Asian Way’ advocates that its eco­ nomic interests are ultimately more important than any commitment to human rights. Cogently, the US deci­ In Search of the 'Asian Way' sion to grant China MFN status ap­ pears to reflect expediently the geo­ political rationale that ‘China was too The last few decades in the run-up to the twenty-first century have Rights, Western nations, many of cent expressions of a ‘return to Asia’ big to punish and too important to been particularly intriguing for their contradictory but concurrent whom, practised discriminatory im­ resound with the same self-interest­ isolate’. centripetal and centrifugal impulses. Undeniably, there has been a migration policies, successfully resist­ ed economic motives as her WW II ‘re­ Having failed to attain political le­ growing global economic and cultural integration, counterbalanced by ed China’s attempts to include provi­ turn to Asia’ campaign. In response to gitimacy after a humiliating electoral a tendency towards cultural and economic exclusivity. As communities sions for equal rights and non-dis­ the growing protectionism in Europe defeat by the National League for De­ grow increasingly interconnected, proclamations of distinctiveness crimination in the Charter. It is worth and North America manifested in mocracy (NLD) in the t99o elections, and exclusivity become more pronounced. noting that the human rights record trading blocs such as the European Burma’s State Law and Order Restora­ of the ‘West’ has been tarnished by a Community (EC) and North Ameri­ tion Council (SLORC) leaders appear Asians Look East history of colonialism, slavery, and can Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), to be keen on adopting Indonesia’s ■ By LILY ZUBAIDAH RAHIM The ‘Asian Way’ cultural relativist the record of institutional discrimi­ Japan has systematically sought to New Order dwifungsi model, which ac­ outheast Asia’s deep- discourse is essentially concerned nation against women and ethnic mi­ foster greater economic integration cords the military both a defence and ening integration in with challenging the dominant West­ norities. During the Cold War, West­ with her Asian neighbours. The re- a political role. The attractiveness of the global economy ern liberal democratic conceptions of ern nations did not place democracy Asianization impulse is also a re­ the New Order’s political system is has been facilitated since democracy and rights. To its credit, it and human rights very high on their sponse to vociferous Western criti­ that it offers the SLORC the sem­ the late 1960s by the dis­ highlights the important fact we do international agenda. Indeed, a closer cisms of Japanese trade policies and blance of political legitimacy by hold­ placement of the nation­ not exist in a monocultural world and scrutiny of the record of nations such extensive non-tariff barriers that are ing regular elections, even though the alist Import Substitution Industrial­ that more than one political model as the United States reveals a trou­ said to hamper imports unfairly. President and government cannot be ization Strategy (ISI) by the Export can manifest democratic principles. bling chronicle of active support of As the fastest growing economic re­ voted out of office because the majori­ Oriented Industrialization Strategy However, like a double-edged sword, brutal dictatorships who were gross gion in the world, Southeast and East ty of seats in Parliament is appointed (EOI) and the general endorsement of while the discourse can effectively un­ violators of human rights but wel­ Asia as a unit represents not just prof­ rather than elected. As in Singapore the free trade ideology. Yet contra­ dercut ethnocentrism, promote polit­ comed foreign capital investment. itable manufacturing bases, but also and Malaysia, the New Order political dictions remain, exemplified by the ical pluralism, and cultural aware­ In the increasingly competitive eco­ fast expanding consumer markets. Ja­ leadership has stressed the sacrificing Malaysian national car, the Proton ness, it can also serve as a potent ideo­ nomic climate of the post-Cold War pan's exports to the region have been of individual rights to the higher goal Saga, and the planned Indonesian logical refuge for authoritarian rule. era, support for authoritarian regimes steadily increasing and in 1994, Asia of national stability and economic de­ car, the Timor, which have benefited Its nationalist sentiment has been in­ has lost much of its utilitarian value became Japan’s leading trading part­ velopment. from protectionist policies to safe­ voked by politicians to justify domes­ for ‘Western’ economic interests as ner. Significantly, the heightening guard their ‘infant’ status. Further­ tic politics which have been criticised Southeast and East Asian industries tension between the US and Japan Concluding remarks more, the Association of Southeast by other nations, international bod­ increasingly compete with ‘Western’ over trade issues has already resulted The ‘Asian Way’ cultural relativist Asian Nations (ASEAN) has endorsed ies, and non-governmental organiza­ industries for markets. Attempts to in a number of neo-Asianist Japanese discourse and its neatly dichotomized the free trade edifice, the Asia-Pacific tions (NGOs). impose minimum wages, higher la­ bureaucrats and politicians endorsing ‘East versus West’, ‘individualism ver­ Economic Community (APEC), in the The liberal democratic mode of pol­ bour standards, and improve demo­ Mahathir’s EAEC concept. However, sus communitarianism’ rhetoric fails midst of Malaysia’s keen advance­ itics has been deemed by Singapore’s cratic practices by the ‘West’ have to date the Japanese government has to capture the complex, dynamic pro­ ment of the Pan East Asianist East Senior Minister, Lee Kuan Yew and been denounced by many Southeast refrained from accepting a leadership cesses of cultural cross-fertilization Asian Economic Caucus (EAEC). As is Malaysia’s Prime Minister, Mahathir Asian leaders as a means of slackening role and its commitment to the EAEC that have long occurred in Southeast characteristic of the economic prac­ Mohamed, to be culturally inappro­ the economic competitiveness of is at best ambiguous. In the final Asia. Its almost obsessive concern tices of the West, the promotion of priate to Asians, who are supposed to Southeast and East Asia. Besides this, analysis, Japanese geo-political con­ with placing community rights above free trade co-exists alongside the be more attuned to the communitari­ the conditional attachment of aid and siderations and commercial relations individual rights could be profitably practices of economic protectionism an ideals of harmony and consensus. trade to human rights, the rise of pro­ with the United States appear to have reformulated by a judicious balanc­ in Southeast Asia. The stress on individual rights in the tectionist tendencies, and the emer­ taken priority over her Pan-Asian ing of both rights in recognition that At a cultural level, Southeast Asians West is also rejected for undervaluing gence of trading blocs, coupled with rhetoric. they are both organically interlinked. have long established a syncretic tra­ community rights and responsibili­ the ‘Western’ media’s critical report­ This approach recognizes that a heal­ dition that has readily assimilated ties. As the ‘Asian Way’ political model ing of events in Southeast and East Spreading the wings of thy sense of individual identity, Hindu, Buddhist, Arab, and Chinese represents a form of ‘good govern­ Asia, have been labelled as pernicious the ’Asian Way' rights, and responsibilities is linked traditions in a somewhat hybridized ment’ that acts paternalistically in forms of neo-colonialism. The ensemble of advocates and ad­ to a healthy sense of community form. This eclecticism is arguably the interests of the collective national versaries of the ‘Asian Way’ discourse identity, rights, and responsibilities. one of the cultural strengths of entity, liberal democracy’s stress on The Return o f the at the national and regional level is in Such an approach is likely to engender Southeast Asians and allows them to the importance of a vocal and vigilant ‘Rising Sun’ to Asia itself revealing. Nor surprisingly per­ a stronger sense of consciousness and adapt readily to the processes of glo­ political opposition to ensure ac­ The emergence of Japan from the haps, its prime advocates and articu­ identity that transcends national, balization. Consistent with the tra­ countability is criticized for impeding ashes of World War Two, to the status lators have consistently been those ethnic and other socially constructed dition of cultural inclusiveness in the process o f‘good government' and of an economic superpower coupled holding power and intent on main­ boundaries. the region, the history of Western high levels of economic growth. with the ascendancy of South Korea, taining the political status quo, while The globalization of the world colonialism and its continued eco­ The heightened sense of cultural Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore to its critics are often those in opposition economy and the unprecedented flow nomic legacy and technological in­ confidence has been boosted by the NIC status has been a source of pride parties and political activists in civil of information across national boun­ fluence, it is hardly surprising that reputation of Singapore and Malaysia and inspiration to many Southeast society. daries through mediums such as the ‘Western’ culture has been readily as the high economic achievers in the Asians. In particular, the interven­ With the end of the Cold War and Internet and CableTV, has increased a integrated into the social fabric of Southeast Asian region, with Singa­ tionist role of the Japanese and NIC the emergence of China as a major ec­ nation’s transparency and permeabil­ the region. pore having attained the distinction states in masterminding and manag­ onomic, political, and military power, ity to ideas. It is now harder for gov­ Having engineered impressive eco­ of the first Newly Industrializing ing industrialization strategies that relations between China and her ernments to conceal human rights nomic achievements, the political Country (NIC) in the region and more have propelled high levels of econom­ Southeast Asian neighbours have abuses from the international com­ elites of Singapore and Malaysia have recently the status of a developed ic growth have been readily emulated. moved from strength to strength. The munity and to restrict the incoming embarked upon a programme of cul­ economy by the Organization of Eco­ Impressed by the ‘East Asian miracle’, fast growing Chinese economy is per­ flow of information. In particular, the tural nationalism in recognition that nomic Co-operation and Develop­ the Malaysian government adopted a ceived as a great source of economic formation of borderless communities high levels of economic growth alone ment (OECD). Malaysia is poised to be ‘Look East’ policy in the early t98os. opportunity for the export-based based on common interests by the In­ can no longer continue to under­ the region’s next NIC and business This included the favouring of Japa­ Southeast Asian economies. Indeed, ternet can have an empowering effect write their political legitimacy. In­ hub in the twenty-first century. The nese companies in joint ventures, the by the end of 1993, Singapore became on individuals. This phenomenon is deed, sustained economic achieve­ impressive economic performance of promotion of Japanese style in-house the fifth largest investor in China. problematic to the development- ments may well weaken the logic for East and Southeast Asia has contrib­ unions, and the emulation of the Jap­ The strengthening nature of Chinese- oriented authoritarian regimes in continuing authoritarian rule and in uted to a heightened Pan East Asian anese work ethic. Significantly, the Malaysian relations is exemplified by Southeast Asia, whose strategy of up­ many late industrializing countries cultural identity that is thought to interventionist developmental state the strong Chinese endorsement of grading their economies requires have tended to give rise to a complex possess a unique value system respon­ model is particularly attractive as it the EAEC concept. By and large, the greater emphasis on a ready inflow of set of socio-political and class ten­ sible for the economic success of the complements the authoritarian and political leadership in all three coun­ information and technology. Having sions. In Singapore and Malaysia, the region. corporatist tendencies of the Singa­ tries tends to interpret the elevation lost their former tighter control over ‘imagined community’ is drawn porean and Malaysian state. of human rights and democracy in communications, the cultural na­ from selected aspects of Confucian­ The ‘Western’ H um an Recent utterances by leading fig­ the international community cynical­ tionalist discourse represents a means ism and Islam which have been ap­ R igh ts Agenda ures from the Japanese corporate and ly as a neo-imperial design by the of reclaiming lost ground. ■ propriated to attenuate these bur­ The record of the commitment of political establishment on the imper­ ‘West’ to undermine Asian economic geoning socio-political and class ten­ leading liberal democratic nations to ative of a ‘return to Asia’ have served development. Dr Lily Zubaidah Rahim sions. It also attempts to satisfy the democracy and human rights is as a morale booster to the cultural na­ Importantly, the vacillating human ( [email protected] ) is attached human spirit’s search for a deeper fraught with contradictions. When tionalist initiatives in Southeast and rights stance adopted by the United to the department of Economic History of meaning and larger purpose of life. drafting the 1948 Charter on Human East Asia. However, Japan’s more re­ States towards China’s renewal of the the University o f Sydney, Australia.

6 • has newsletter N?t3 • Summer 1997 GENERAL NEWS

COURSES ON ORIEN­ WORLD ART TALIST RESOURCES FOR S h o rt N ew s The Study Abroad Pro­ New Migrations in Asia-?acific region INTERNET USERS gramme of Leiden Uni­ versity is proud to pre­ S h o rt N ew s The National Council on Orientalist Library Re­ sent ‘World Art’, a new sources is organizing CMC stream within the Pro- A Deal for Security two courses on Oriental­ gramme. It offers inter­ ist resources for the In­ national students two introductory courses in Buddhist and Islamic Art, gapore. The PRC, Thailand, and Ma­ ternet user. The courses Today, there is a phenomenon, which is and will be of particular im­ and two advanced courses in com­ laysia have reached agreement with will take place at Cambridge Univer­ portance in the Asia-Pacific region, presenting a new deal for the secur­ parative art history (amongst oth­ these countries on this matter. This sity Library on 18 and 19 September ity and economic prosperity of Asian states at the beginning of the new ers). Special attention is paid to the system has, in theory, had many pos­ 1997. The two-day course is aimed at millennium: new migration movements. spread of art traditions over large itive results: the training of un­ the more experienced Internet user; areas of Asia, like the artofBuddhist skilled people, short-term stay in the the one-day course is introductory immigrants. Finally, as happens in Asia or the art of the Islamic world. immigration states, and prospects of and is aimed at new users of the In­ Singapore or in Taiwan, some of Special courses have been formulat­ return into the local labour market. ternet with an Orientalist interest. A sia has two demo- these enterprises threaten to leave ed to tackle the variety of ways in R e s e a rc h But, some specialists have - de­ graphic giants (In- the country, pushing governments which cultures have developed their j P ro je ct nounced the negative sides of the For more information please contact: L \ dia and China), and to accede to their requests. Arrival own frameworks of artistic expres­ trainee system, accusing local enter­ JOHN P.C. MOFFET several states with more and departure states are both con­ National Council on Orientalist sion and their own aesthetic termi­ than too million people fronted with the same difficulties prises of exploiting unskilled and cheap labour. Trainees are given a Library Resources nology. (Indonesia). Despite this when they have to deal with illegal Next to World Art, the Study position in the firm and work hard, East Asian History of Science Library fact, Asia had never been an emigra­ migration. Lurking behind this phe­ Abroad Programme, in the field of receiving no training and sometimes 8 Sylvester Road tion pole. Conflicts which have oc­ nomenon, are criminal activities like studies on South and Southeast Asia, j forced to submit to bad labour con­ Cambridge CB3 9AF curred since 1945 have induced mas­ drugs, prostitution, illegal employ­ China and Japan, offers the stream ditions. To escape this situation, UK sive population movements of refu­ ment, and brokers. These problems ‘Global Studies’. This is a multidisci­ they leave their designated employ­ Tel: +44-1223-311545 gees, but today those flows are com­ are now on the increase in Asia, espe­ plinary stream which offers courses ment, becoming... illegal labour im­ Fax: +44-1223-362703 ing to end. The major fact of the cially among Filipinos, Thais, and on the culture, history, politics and migrants. E-mail: jm [email protected] 1990s is a rise in economic migra­ Chinese migrants. economy of above mentioned re­ Immigration problems can lead to The complexity of the labour mi­ tions within the Asia-Pacific region. gions. conflicts between states. The prob­ gration problem in Asia is also the These flows follow a 'diagonal of co­ DEVELOPMENT AND lems caused by migration can give result of the utilization of labour prosperity’, as Gildas noted, which ENVIRONMENT For more information on the Study Abroad rise to conflicts of sovereignty born migration by governments. In fact, runs from Tokyo to Singapore. The International Cen­ Programme, please contact: of the opposition between arrival some, not to say all of them, seem to There are two major tendencies in S h o rt N ew s COORDINATOR STUDY ABROAD encourage the labour migration tre for Development and these migrations. The first one is an and departure migration policies. At movements in their efforts to accel­ Environmental Studies PROGRAMME expansion of unskilled migration for the end of the 1990s, Taiwan, the Office for International Co-operation erate economic growth and the inte­ O (ICDES) was established which the main origin states are United States, and Japan reproached gration of the region, for example by O f in 1992. Its work focuses Leiden University Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, the PRC for having a Taxisf emigra­ promoting the mobility of skilled la­ mainly on third world P.O.Box 9500 and the People’s Republic of China. tion policy, favouring Chinese illegal bour in the case of Japan, or by set­ development and environmental is­ 2300 RA Leiden The second major movement is a immigration. A second kind of state- tling returning policies for former sues. The ICDES consists of two The Netherlands rapid flow of skilled migrants. level conflict can occur when arrival migrants, in the case of the PRC. The units. The Ethnic Minority Research Tel:+31-71-5277256 Labour migration represents a po­ states do not accord migrants legal reactions and policies of Asian states Action Unit (EMRAU) pursues aca­ Fax:+31-71-5277257 tential threat to the climate of peace protection, allowing them to work facing these new labour movements demic and action-oriented research E-mail: and prosperity. Security is menaced in poor conditions, without any [email protected] are an interesting field for explora­ on issues of Race and Ethnicity on a as are those elements permitting po­ rights. No Asian states have yet tion, first off all because they over­ local, national, and international litical and economic development, made any official requests about throw many well-entrenched ele­ level and the Project Planning and and the question will be how these this. But scandals involving labour ments and secondly because older Training Consultancy Services Unit BCAS ADDRESS conflicts may be diverted. migrants are occurring with mount­ S h o rt N ew s (PTCSU) provides services for project CHANGE ing frequency, notably in Japan and immigration states, like those of Eu­ planning and development, project The editorial and ad- Threats to regional securitj; Taiwan. If labour migration move­ rope, have not even yet been able to financing, monitoring and evalua­ J ? ministrative offices of Emigration has always had an im­ ments continue to exist at their pre­ find sustainable solutions to labour tion and environmental impact nQK the Bulletin of Concerned pact on the social, economic and po­ sent rate of importance, this last migration problems. ■ analysis. Asian Scholars have litical climate of states. Some of kind of conflict may occur even more ICDES provided a forum for asso­ moved from Boulder, Colorado to these impacts can still be observed in in the future, linking up with poli­ ciates to disseminate their research Oakland, California. Asian emigration states. Let us take cies which try to integrate migrants. findings and ideas, whilst the Cent­ two examples. The first looks at the What will be the reaction of depar­ re’s Research Seminar Series offers a From now on, please send all catalogues and flight of skilled labour, which is ture states? platform for both local and interna­ review copies o f your Asia and Pacific related commonly known as the brain drain. Asian governments are aware of tional scholars to share current publications to: It confronts the departure states the importance of finding solutions views on development and environ­ BULLETIN OF CONCERNED with a lack of skilled labour, which is to these labour migration problems. mental debate. ASIAN SCHOLARS badly needed for development. These ICDES publishes an international att. of Tom Fenton (editor) problems entrap the state in a non­ The trainee system newsletter, Common Ground, which is 464 19th Street development spiral. The Philippines The most prevalent Asian govern­ funded by the Danish Minsitry of Oakland, CA 94612-2297 and the People’s Republic of China ments attitude towards labour mi­ Foreign Affairs, and acts as an inter­ USA are now increasingly being con­ gration, is to control it. One way to face between government and Tel:+ 1-510-4511742 fronted by this problem. The second achieve this goal is the delocaliza­ NGOs, aid agencies, and academics. Fax: + 1-510-8353017 major difficulty raised by labour em­ tion of production, a solution chosen ICDES curently supports three E-mail: [email protected] igration is the economic dependence by Japan and Taiwan. But, this solu­ PhD studentships in the areas of En­ of the states or regions of origin. tion generates new problems, like vironmental management in Ghana, This example of emigration impact the treatment of local labour by for­ the Role of the State and NGOs in S h o rt N ew s RIOD ADDRESS seems to repeat itself in the case of eign enterprises. The second way to CHANGE control the flows might be to insti­ Bangladesh; and low-income hous­ Thailand, Malaysia, and the PRC. The State Institute for tutionalize them. In both Asian de­ ing in Punjab. The Centre expects to Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and War Documentation parture and arrival states, recruit­ offer at least two further PhD stu­ I Malaysia are confronted with other CHE (RIOD) in the Nether­ ment agencies are flourishing. They dentships in the near future. ! kinds of difficulties in importing lands has moved and select, and check on potential labour I foreign labourers. In the long run, will be officially opened to the pub­ these problems can be potential migrants furnishing them with a la­ For more information: lic again as of 22 September 1997. I sources of internal conflicts. The bour contract destination. This is the way that thousand of Koreans DR TASLEEM SHAKUR first such conflict is that which can The new address is: and other Asians now live and work Director ICDES j occur between the government and RIJKSINSTITUUT VOOR in the Gulf states. Their presence Edge Hill University College the local population. The local la­ OORLOGSDOCUMENTATIE (RIOD) gives rise to particular configura­ St Helens Road, Ormskirk bour force frequently reproaches its Herengracht 380 tions of the labour market which are Lancastershire L39 4QP government for favouring immi- 1016 CJ Amsterdam in themselves an interesting study. UK | grants above local talent. The second The Netherlands There are some co-operative ways Dr Corine Guerassimoff is an affiliated Tel: +44-1695-584551 kind of conflict is that between en­ Tel:+31-20-5233800 by which Asian labour migration fellow with the HAS, with a grant from French Fax: +44-1695-584573 terprises and government. Enter- Fax:+31-20-5233888 might be controlled. One such at­ Foreign Ministry, Lavoisier Foundation, E-mail: [email protected] I prises (locals or foreigners) reproach E-mail: [email protected] I the government for not letting them tempt is the trainee system. It is working on the topic o f‘Chinese migration have the labour they want, that is often used in Japan, Taiwan and Sin- 1 and security in Asia'.

Summer 1997 • has newsletter TC13 • 7 GENERAL NEWS

and memorials. In relation to Chi­ of using the novel, allegedly fiction (Looking for Islam). A characteristic nese autobiography for example this and therefore absolving the writer of peculiar to all these Indonesian au­ The Asian variety of sources of self-representa­ the responsibility for any of the ac­ tobiographies is that implicitly they tion has been fascinatingly docu­ tions and thoughts of the book, was all engage in a dialogue about what mented by Pei-yi Wu in his book The familiar to English novelists of the it is to be an Indonesian. As in the Confucian Progress, and similar de­ eighteenth and nineteenth centuries case of the USA a century before, the Autobiography scriptions are to be found in the such as, most notoriously, Charlotte notion of a national, as opposed to a chapters written by contributors to Bronte. Modern Japanese novelists local or ethnic, identity is something Mineke Schipper’s edited volume Ik ever since the publication of Tayama new and recent, and individuals, The interest in Asian autobiography is gathering pace. This has hap­ is Anders (’I is Other’) on non-western Katai’s famous novel, Futon have de­ again as in the case of the States, pened despite the dismissive comments of those who would cry ‘What autobiography. Accounts of the self veloped this particular autobio­ have had to come to terms with this Asian autobiography? There’s no such thing and the whole concept is do then exist within Asian literary graphical form - known as the shi- and often do so in the writing of anyway alien to Asian cultures. Where it does exist it is a modern form traditions although they may be dis­ shosetsu - to a very sophisticated level their autobiographies which are the­ written in close imitation of Western examples and not representative guised in ways to make them accord as recently described by E. Fowler in matically organized around the no­ o f any indigenous tradition.’ It was certainly this notion which George with what may be regarded as appro­ his prize-winning book The Rhetoric tion of becoming a citizen of the new Gusdorf put forward in a seminal article on autobiography which has priately decorous. It would be useful of Confession and in Janet Walker’s nation. We see similar themes in inspired much o f the new critical thinking on this genre in Western lit­ to explore this notion more exten­ book The Japanese Novel o f the Meiji modern Indian autobiographies. erature. sively along the lines of Yu’s book in Period and the ideal o f Individualism. One by Surendranath Banarjea, for other Asian literatures and clearly example, is specifically titled, A Na­ By BILL WATSON nounces that the account which is this would make an excellent field In Indonesia too this literary op­ tion in Making, and the association of given is true and the experience de­ for research. tion has been fruitfully explored es­ the individual and his country’s his­ R e s e a rc h usdorf s argu­ scribed is that of the writer of the pecially in the period after 1945 tory is made thereby explicit. Again P ro je c t ment was in two narrative. As far as Asian scholars are Novel with a twist where we see the emergence of many it would be interesting to trace how Gparts, the first concerned there may be a willing­ When it comes to modern Asian first person narratives by among in other Asian literatures modern being that the kind of ness to concede the second argu­ literatures it has to be acknowledged others, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, autobiographical accounts, and not introspection and isola­ ment: there certainly seems to be lit­ that because of contingent historical which are very thinly disguised au­ just those written by political fig­ tion of the self that we tle in the way of a tradition of prose circumstances leading to the hege­ tobiographical accounts. Autobio­ ures, are organized around similar find in modern Western thinking is autobiographical narratives in Asian mony of Western political power at graphical fiction is, however, simply principles of finding one’s identity something unique to Western histo­ literatures, but to reject the first ar­ the end of the nineteenth century one form of self-representation in in larger units than the extended ry, and its genesis can be historically gument: introspection and a concern globally there was a borrowing and modern Indonesian literature and family or the local geographical re­ traced in the evolution of the autobi­ with the real self are part of the imitation of Western literary forms there is, in fact, a range of autobio­ gion and culture. ■ ographical narratives of Western lit­ human condition and not limited to throughout the world, the most graphical forms of writing, from erature beginning with Augustine’s Western man. [ well-known example of which is the Kartini’s early letters in which she Confessions and reaching its ‘modern’ Where, though, does self-repre­ widespread distribution of the novel talks of herself in the third person as form in Rousseau’s Confessions. The sentation come into Asian litera­ often written in imitation of the a young girl growing up in a Java­ second part of the argument is to do tures if there is no self-evident auto­ first translated works of European nese aristocratic family at the turn of with form: Gusdorf implies that biography? The answer is that it is to | fiction. As far as autobiography is the century, to short intellectual au­ Dr C.W. Watson ( [email protected] ) when we talk about autobiography be found in other literary forms: concerned this imitation of the tobiographies written by young is attached to the Department of Social we should be confining ourselves to lyric poetry, historical writing, let­ novel takes a twist of its own in Muslim intellectuals and published Anthropology, Eliot College, The University, a prose narrative by a writer who an­ ters, diaries and even in obituaries modern Japanese literature. The idea in 1990 under the title Mencari Islam Canterbury, Kent CT2 9BP, UK

10 >■ 14 MARCH 1997 other fora’, that ‘Europeans and MIYAZAKI AND TOKYO, JAPAN Asians should strive for the enhance­ ment of green and appropriate tech­ nologies through a continuing pro­ gram within ASEM’, that ‘further progress is urgently needed on the The First Asia-Europe Young ASEM Investment Promotion Action Plan’ and that ‘ASEM on security matters, next to the ASEAN-PMC and the ARF is a useful pillar to forge Leaders Symposium mutual trust’. The Japanese hosts and sponsors of the AEYLS took great pains and suc­ Boudewijn Bertsch and Rogier Busser (Erasmus University and Leiden sium (AEYLS) was held at Miyazaki enhance further co-operation be­ ceeded in making the meeting a suc­ University) attended the first Asia-Europe Young Leaders’ Symposium and Tokyo from 10 March-14 March tween the ASEM countries. In addi­ cess by providing all possible facili­ in Japan. Joining Jan-Willem Brummelman, (head o f the Asia Desk of 1997- tion to the working group meetings, ties and creating a hospitable atmos­ the NRC Newspaper), they represented the Netherlands at this first brainstorming sessions on econom­ phere. In speeches given at the final symposium. Message from Miyazaki ics, politics, and culture were orga­ reception, attended by the Japanese The symposium was opened with nized and some distinguished guests crown prince and princess, the Japa­ By BOUDEWIJN BERTSCH & ROGIER BUSSER speeches of welcome by the former presented their views in breakfast lec- nese prime minister Hashimoto, and Swedish prime minister, Carlsson, tures; At the plenary session, held at minister of foreign affairs, Ikeda, once he inaugural Asia- Britain in 1998. These follow-up ac­ the former South-Korean minister of the United Nations University in more, emphasized the necessity of Europe Meeting tivities consist, such things as meet­ foreign affairs, Dr Han Sung-Joo and Tokyo, the chairpersons of the work­ continuing a dialogue between (ASEM) was held ings of economic ministers, busi­ Professor Tommy Koh, executive di­ shops presented their respective young people from Asia and Europe. in Bangkok on 1-2 ness forums for the private sector, rector of the ASEF. All three speakers statements and recommendations. The second AEYLS meeting is March 1996 and was at­ the establishment of the Asia-Eu­ emphasized the dawn of a new era, in The emphasis of the AEYLS was on scheduled for 1998, in Austria. Mean- tended by the Heads of rope Foundation in Singapore and which for the first time Asia and Eu­ facilitating an ongoing dialogue be­ while, a network of academics who State and Government from ten the establishment of a Asia-Europe rope will engage in a dialogue as tween young Asians and Europeans. have taken part in the first AEYLS Asian countries (the seven ASEAN Environmental Technology Center equals. The speakers attached great In a friendly and open atmosphere, meeting was established. Anyone in­ member states, Japan, South-Korea in Bangkok. value to this meeting because it of­ the participants formulated their terested in further information on and the People’s Republic of China), fered an open atmosphere, in which ‘Message from Miyazaki’, which em­ the first AEYLS or the network of fifteen European nations and the As one of the initiatives at the young ‘leaders’ could freely commu­ phasized co-operation, mutual un­ young scholars, can contact the web­ President of the Council of the Euro­ Bangkok summit, the Japanese nicate without being restricted by derstanding, and recognition of dif­ site of the first AEYLS. ■ pean Union. The Bangkok summit prime minister Hashimoto laun­ any official, governmental, or politi­ ferences between the participating forged a partnership between Eu­ ched the idea of organizing regular cal position. countries. rope and Asia with the objectives of meetings of young scholars, jour­ The 110 participants from the Although organizing a sympo­ EAYLS WEBSITE: fostering a political dialogue, rein­ nalists, businessmen, bureaucrats, twenty-five ASEM countries were or­ sium like the AEYLS may easily lead http://www.mofa.go.jp/aeyls/ forcing economic co-operation, and and artists from the ASEM coun­ ganized into seven working groups to the conclusion that ‘the process is promoting co-operation in various tries. The objective is to create a with different topics. These topics the message’, some new ideas and Boudewijn Bertsch ( [email protected]) fields, such as environmental issues, platform, where young people can ranged from subjects such as ‘Identi­ concrete recommendations concern­ is attached to the Faculty of Economics and cultural affairs, and human resourc­ exchange ideas about all issues con­ fying ways Asia and Europe can co­ ing the role and structure of ASEM Rotterdam School of Management of the es development. Although the Bang­ cerning the future of Asian-Europe- operate to the World Trade Organiza­ emerged. To give a few examples, the Erasmus University Rotterdam. kok meeting failed to institutional­ an relations. Coordinated by the Jap­ tion regime’, to ‘Asia and Europe in final reports mentioned that ‘ASEM ize the ASEM process, it was decided anese ministry of foreign affairs and the multimedia world’. Each working could move from a consultative Rogier Busser to organize a large number of fol­ assisted by the Asia-Europe Founda­ group met four times with the aim of forum to a co-ordination forum to ( [email protected]) is attached to low-up activities before the second tion (ASEF), the first meeting of the formulating a number of statements co-ordinate some positions on issues the Centre for Japanese and Korean Studies, ASEM summit which will be held in Asia-Europe Young Leaders Sympo­ and recommendations that might that could contribute to the work of Leiden University.

8 ■ IIAS NEWSLETTER N?i3 • Summer 1997

-fe j GENERAL NEWS

6 >- 10 APRIL 1 997 24 >- 25 MARCH 1997 LEIDEN, THE NETHERLANDS LEIDEN, THE NETHERLANDS HAS SEMINAR Mass Media and 2nd Colloquium the Transformation of Board Games Islamic Discourse in Academia

survey of this area is both promising readership of middle-brow maga- | donesian bureaucracy ‘creates uni­ By ALEX DE VOOGT and necessary for future board | By JEROEN PEETERS zine Media Dakwah, and the more | form centrally-controlled institu­ n Sunday eve­ games research. his HAS seminar cosmopolitan staff of the Islamic tions that claim to channel popular ning 6 April 1997 tried to assess the quality newspaper Republika. Profes­ enthusiasms’. The discussion about the second Col­ Newjournal sor Hannes Kniffka (Bonn), then, set the transformation of the public role of the mass Dr Schadler, Thierry Depaulis, Dr out to analyse letters to the editors sphere was neatly rounded off by loquium Board Games in iT\ media in the transmis­ j Eagle and myself had managed to (LTE), using the ‘ethonography of Professor Dale Eickelman (The Woo­ Academia started in style sion of Islamic discourse agree on a concept for a journal of j communication’ approach initially drow Wilson International Center for in the 17th-century in countries with sizea­ board games research. The previous developed by Dell Hymnes and John | Scholars, Washington D.C.). The only Snouck Hurgronje House on the Ra­ ble Muslim audiences, such as day, this group of researchers had j Gumperz. In his paper, a wealth of | contributor to adopt a transnational penburg in Leiden. Its elegant atmos­ Egypt, Pakistan, and Indonesia. The met with Research School CNWS j LTE materials on Islam from two framework, he presented a paper phere was enhanced by cello and vio­ point of departure for the discussion executive secretary, Dr Vogelsang, English-language newspapers pub- | which was both general and specific lin music, accompanied by various was the introduction of television in and agreed to establis h a j ournal cal­ lished in Saudi Arabia were analysed. | in its discussion of the rise of mass kinds of drinks. The participants in the sixties. The rise of the electronic led ‘Board Games Studies’, which is My own contribution was an over- j higher education and mass commu­ the previous colloquium in 1995 reu­ media, and the subsequent transfor­ to be published every year contain- j view of Islamic publishers in Indo­ nication in the Muslim word, and its nited while many new faces joined mation of the public sphere has had ing new and high standard research nesia. Borrowing from the sociology | impact on the social distribution of the gathering. This evening’s ani­ an effect on the transmission of re­ on board games. This initiative was of literature recently developed by j religious authority. This stimulating mated conversation would last until ligious ideas in a variety of ways. In welcomed by all participants. Spon- j Pierre Bourdieu, I demonstrated that j contribution, which invited a leng­ Thursday 10 April interrupted by in­ the field of Islamic cultural produc­ sors have even presented them­ Islamic publishing has two produc- ] thy discussion, was followed by a teresting lectures and a few bouts of tion, this has led to the rise of popu­ selves, which will allow good quality tion cycles, a short-term one that is | lunch which was hosted by the Indo- sleep. lar preachers using both television photo material to be published in and audio cassettes in what certain geared to large editions and instant nesian-Netherlands Co-operation in Monday was dedicated to new re­ the journal. commentators have interpreted as j commercial success, and another Islamic Studies (INIS). The final ses­ searchers in the field concentrating I Furthermore, book reviews and the birth of an Islamic culture in- | long-term cycle, which aims at gen­ sion was devoted to two papers on on draughts, rhythmomachia, Inca, research noted, like the one present­ dustry. Although less spectacular I erating more symbolic forms of cul- | television by Angela Major (Canter­ Maya, and Egyptian board games, ed by Dr Finkel, will be included. than the rise of television and radio | tural capital. bury) and Zulkiple Abd. Ghani (Uni- mainly from a linguistic point of j With a tentative deadline of 1 Sep­ audiences, the market for printed During the second session, the versiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi). view. Many new books were added j tember 1997 for the journal, the fu­ materials on Islam has also shown focus shifted from print to the elec­ Angela Major both greatly informed to the book display and the ex­ ture of academic board games re­ clear signs of growth in the past tronic media. Egypt’s popular televi­ and amused her audience with a se­ change of information was more j search is guaranteed. three decades. Rapid expansion of sion preacher, Shaykh Sha’rawi, was ries of tv-clips, illustrating censor­ than the organizers had hoped for. The enthusiasm generated by this | secondary and tertiary education al- the topic of a paper presented by Yves ship practices in Pakistan. The semi­ After a dinner-party at a nearby res­ colloquium immediately presented | lied to religious revival among cer­ Gonzalez-Quijano (Lyon). In this nar was then concluded by Abd. Gha- taurant, the conversation was taken I a new organizer and location for the tain sections of the urban middle contribution the early biography of ni’s paper which provided an over­ to Leiden pubs and continued until next meeting on board games re- | classes, have resulted in a growing the Shaykh was contrasted to the view of religious broadcasting by midnight. j search. Niek Neuwahl agreed to host | number of Islamic publications and later construction of the media prod­ ‘Television Malaysia’ (TVM), as well The next day Dr Eagle (USA), and the next event in Florence, Italy in j publishers in most Muslim coun­ uct ‘Sharawf. Charles Hirschkind of as the audience’s response to such Dr Finkel (UK) presented their inter­ 1999- tries. These dynamics of Islamic Johns Hopkins University (Balti­ programmes. esting findings followed by Dr Mat- | print culture are not only apparent more), talking about cassette-ser­ The participants in the seminar all subara (Japan) and Mr Averbakh Thursday morning was concluded in the vigour of debates among Mus- mons in Egypt, discussed Islamic enjoyed in the rare luxury of having (Russia). The theme of the lectures by a short lecture on Stratego histo­ I lim intellectuals, but also in the ethics of listening in a thought-pro­ the papers distributed well in ad­ mostly involved classification and ry. The colloquium was concluded | middle or low-brow field of cultural voking attempt to move beyond a vance. The upshot was that the dis- the lectures were concluded with a with a lunch in the sun and a con­ production, where a growing num- Weberian ‘Western’ framework, and j cussions during the seminar were I lively discussion about classification cert. ■ ! her of publishers concentrate their investigate instead Islamic media characterized by depth and apposite- for general purposes directed by j efforts on publishing Islamic wo­ | processes. The afternoon session was | ness. This was enhanced even more Richard Balham. On Wednesday, men’s magazines or Islamic child­ then concluded with a presentation by the careful time-management of lectures based on museum and ar­ ren’s books. by Walter Armbrust (Princeton). In the chair, Professor Sjoerd van Ko- his paper, the polemic on Islamism ! ningsveld (Leiden), and the com- chaeological research were present­ ed. Dr Schadler, known from the The international seminar was in contemporary Egyptian cinema j ments of Professor William Roff previous colloquium, started with | hosted by the HAS in the Snouck was carefully analysed, using the ex­ j (Edinburgh) who acted as discussant j new insights into mancala games, Hurgronje House and intended to ample of ‘The Terrorist’, a film re­ ' during several sessions. As the semi­ j followed by Caroline Goodfellow on | bring together a group of scholars leased in 1994. nar was one of the first academic children’s games, and Dr Finkel who | committed to the study of the media On the second day of the seminar, meetings which focused on the presented a paper by the well- j in the Muslim world. As such the Fariba Adelkhah of CERI (Paris) of­ transmission of Islam via the mass known R.C. Bell on Roman graffiti | conference venue - as the represen­ fered a rare insight into the develop­ I media, a general conclusion seems a games. Finally, Natalya Ivanova pre­ tative of the IIAS, Professor Dirk ment of religion in contemporary daunting task. Instead it is hoped sented slides from the Russian Chess Kolff, aptly remarked in his opening Iran. Rejecting a strictly political pe­ that the HAS seminar would have Museum. To conclude the lecture j speech - reflected both continuity riodization in her detailed contribu­ played a pivotal role in continuing series, Abdu Foum showed the audi­ and discontuinty. Despite its set- tion, the transformation of religious | an academic discussion on a topic ence the sequel to his previous dem­ ! ting, the seminar was devoted to practices was placed in the larger which is of increasing importance onstration of blindfold bao, an East contemporary developments and context of the public sphere bringing for Islamic studies. ■ African mancala game. took place in a truly post-colonial into shaper focus both continuities Thursday was left to discussion, | context. And yet, Snouck Hurgron- and discontinuities which have oc­ j The morning started with Dr Finkel, je’s inquisitive spirit could be in­ curred since the revolution of 1979. who apologized for taking the floor voked, as the eminent Leiden scholar Religious deliberations in the public for the third time, He presented a Dr Alex de Voogt is the editor of had been one of the first to write sphere, but in the radically different progress report on a research project ‘New Approaches to Board Games Research: j about Quranic recitation and the use context of the Indonesian state, were Dr Jeroen P eeters was an IIAS Research in India, involving the anthropolo­ Asian Origins and Future Perspectives' of the gramophone. further elaborated upon by Professor j Fellow until August 1997. He co-operated gists who have agreed to make a (IIAS Working Paper Series 3, 1995) which The discussion in the first session John Bowen (Washington University, with other fellows in the programme I general inventory of _ the board contains the final versions of the papers I was begun by Bob Hefner of ISEC St. Louis). Law reviews and processes Changing Lifestyles, investigating 'Islamic games they encounter during field- presented at the First International j (Boston), who provided a careful de- of Islamic legal interpretation were Youth Groups in Indonesia: globalization and j | work in India. Since India is the ori- Colloquium o f Board Games in Academia | piction of the controversies which discussed as typical examples of the universalism in a local context’. 1 gin of many board games, a general (Leiden, 9-13 April 1995). have arisen in Indonesia between the top-down approach by which the In­

Summer 1997 • has newsletter KC13 • 9 GENERAL NEWS

15 APRIL 1 997 8 ► 10 DECEMBER 1998 AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS PENANG, MALAYSIA Developments in Islamic the Co-ordination of Development Asian Collections Management

States (Library of Congress). In addi­ ■ By RIK HOEKSTRA - In addition to national co-ordina­ f i t he objectives of opment management; Policies and tion to the international contribu­ tion, it would be a good idea to look 1 the conference are strategies in realizing Islamic devel­ t I T he growing amount Report tion there were two Dutch speakers. into the possibilities for interna­ JL to understand the opment management systems ■ of literature cou- There were circa thirty-five partici­ tional co-operation. meaning of develop­ JL pled with dwin­ * > pants, among whom were represen­ ment management from Submission of abstracts ✓ dling library funds have tatives from all libraries with major The co-operation between librar­ the viewpoint of the Al- All papers will be referred to a ref­ made it necessary to co­ Asian collections. ies in the field of the Natural Sci­ Quran and Al-Sunnah and to con­ eree. All writers are advised to ob­ ordinate the acquisition The international part of the ences has led to a much more effi­ ceptualize it accordingly; to deliber­ serve the deadlines for submission of of materials. With this in mind the workshop revealed that while the or­ cient system of acquisition as far as ate on the theoretical and practical abstracts: 15 September 1997 IIAS organized an international work- ganization of the research library serials are concerned. This model aspects of the Islamic approaches to [ shop on ‘Developments in the Co-or­ system in each of these countries is could be an inspiration to the Hu­ development management from The conference working language dination of Asian Collections’, held in different, the problems of co-ordi­ manities and Social Sciences in the their diversified global experiences; is English. All papers accepted for j Amsterdam on 15 April 1997. It was at­ nating collections are more or less field of Asian Studies. Apart from and to build up strategies to deal presentation at the conference will tended by librarians from major comparable everywhere. The similar­ this step concrete initiatives in col­ with issues and problems of develop­ be published. Dutch libraries containing Asia col­ ities may be summarized as follows: lection co-ordination have been ment management throughout the lections, who discussed their experi­ - Co-ordinating collections must be scarce. world in the light of Islamic episte­ The main organizers of the confer­ ences with representatives from other done on a voluntary basis, using a The stimulating discussion which mology ence are Assoc. Prof Muhammad countries and explored possible fu­ step-by-step approach. It is impor­ ended the day left no doubt that the The Conference theme is Develop­ Syukri Salleh (chairman); Dr Nailul ture directions for a more effective tant to start with concrete parts of participants felt that starting by co­ ment Management in the light of the Is­ Murad Mohd (deputy chairman); Dutch co-ordination in the field of the collections involved, for exam­ ordinating serials, as suggested by lamic Epistemology. Based on this Assoc. Prof Sibly Maros (secretary). ■ Asian collections. ple serials or specific regions. international experience, would offer theme, several sub-themes are sug­ The workshop was addressed by *- A strong relationship with the li­ the best prospects for results. ■ gested, such as: Conceptualizing of All communication must be directed to: four foreign speakers from countries brary-user groups may reinforce Islamic development management; ASSOC. PROF. SIBLY MAROS with (sometimes long-standing) ex­ inter-library co-operation and help Comparative case analysis of devel­ School of Social Sciences, perience in the co-ordination of to give it direction. opment management approaches in Universiti Sains Malaysia, Asian collections: Germany (Sonder- - Collection co-ordination has to be | For more information contact: the light of Al-Quran and Al-Sun- I 1800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia sammelgebiete), Great Britain (Brit­ balanced by an adequate, accessible, RIK HOEKSTRA nah; Application of the Islamic de­ Tel: +60-4-6577888 ish Library), Australia (National Li­ and fast system of inter-library loan MAS velopment management to contem­ Fax: +60-4-6584820 brary of Australia) and the United and document delivery. E-mail: [email protected] porary issues and problems of devel­ E-mail: [email protected]

7 >- 1 0 MAY 1 997 / CANTERBURY, UK / ESF SEMINAR tions, and circulations of Moluccan ies by local communities in Japan’ by environmental practices’ by Charles Francois Simard (Musée Océanograp- Zerner (Rainforest Alliance); ‘An ex­ hique, Monaco). ample of the utility of ignoring indig­ In addition to those presenting pa­ enous knowledge: the British transfer pers, the following participated as Indigenous Environ­ of rubber from South American to discussants: Dr Kamal Misra (Univer­ Asia’ by Michael Dove (East-West sity of Hyderabad), Prof Klaus See- Center, Honolulu); ‘National laws land (ETH Zentrum, Zurich); Prof and international agreements affect­ Nigel Leader-Williams (Durrell Insti­ mental Knowledge ing indigenous and local knowledge: tute of Conservation and Ecology); conflict or conciliation' by Darrel and Dr Peter Parkes (Sociology and Posey (University of Oxford); ‘Indige­ Anthropology, University of Kent). Dr The workshop, ‘Indigenous Environmental Knowledge and its Trans­ context and as part of the discourse nous knowledge: practice and limita­ Ulrich Kratz (SOAS, London) attended formations’, sought to address critically the ways in which indigenous of local Asian peoples, NGOs, and tions’ by Arne Kalland (Centre for De­ as an observer on behalf of the ESF (traditional and folk) knowledge of the environment has been incorpo­ governments. velopment and Environment, Univer­ Asia Committee. Alan Bicker (Univer­ rated into scientific knowledge, caricatured, abused, misused, and mis­ sity of Oslo); ‘Traditional versus in­ sity of Kent) was the workshop ad­ understood, repackaged and sometimes re-invented in the context of Papers digenous: transforming indigenous ministrator. first colonial science, then top-down development strategies, and more The following papers were deliv­ environmental knowledge in the In­ We plan to publish an edited collec­ recently in farmer-first approaches and as part of the contemporary ered at the workshop: ‘Unpacking the donesian context’ by Henri Bastaman tion of between 10 and 15 of the re­ [ politics of Asian ‘indigenous’ populations. ‘joint’ in joint forest management’ by (Ministry of State for the Environ­ vised papers, and this process has al­ Nandini Sundar (Sociology, Universi­ ment, Jakarta); ‘Modernization and ready begun. The editorial committee ■ By ROY ELLEN to attend. It should also be noted ty of Edinburgh); ‘Claims to knowl­ indigenous environmental knowl­ is comprised of the author of the pre­ that in the case of two multi-au­ edge, claims to control: environmen­ edge: its impact on environment in sent article, Peter Parkes, and Alan PTI he workshop was thored papers, not all the authors tal conflict in the Great Himalayan Indonesia’ by Oekan Abdullah (Uni- Bicker. The deadline for the revised I organized under were present, i.e., Denyse Snelder, National Park, India’ by Amita Ba- versitas Padjajaran, Bandung); “‘We papers of 30 September 1997. JL the auspices of Chun-chieh Chi, and Michael Hsiao. viskar (Sociology, Delhi School of Eco­ wander in our ancestor’s yard”: sea The next East-West Environmental the East-West Environ­ The range of themes explored nomic); ‘The indigenous knowledge cucumber gathering in the Aru archi­ Linkages Workshop is planned for La­ mental Linkages net­ mirrored those highlighted, except of upland Japan?’ by John Knight pelago’ by Manon Osseweijer (Centre guna in the Philippines and will be work which was inau­ that a more explicit attention to the (HAS, Leiden); ‘Knowledge and percep­ for Environmental Science, University co-organized by De Gerard Persoon gurated with seed corn funds from historical relationship between in­ tions about fire in resource manage­ of Leiden); ‘Palawan highlander (University of Leiden) and Dr Percy the Asia Committee of the European | digenous knowledge and the ment: local people, scientists, and knowledge, Philippines 1970-1997: Sajise (SEARCA). The theme will be Science Foundation, and subse­ growth of global science would, I government officials. A case study government agricultural projects and ‘Local management of Natural Re­ quently supported by the East-West think, have been desirable. Particu­ from Northeastern Luzon, the Philip­ the misuse of knowledge’ by Nicole sources in Asia: a comparative per­ Center in Honolulu, the University lar attention, among the themes pines’ by Andy Masipiquena (Isabella Revel (LACITO-CNRS, Paris); ‘A politi­ spective’. ■ of Oslo, and (for this workshop) an originally announced in the pros­ State University, the Philippines), cal discourse on the indigenous envi­ ESF Asia Committee Workshop pectus, was given to knowledge and Gerard Persoon and Denyse Snelder ronmental knowledge of Taiwan: grant. Local identity, the key conceptual (University of Leiden); ‘Articulating hunting and hunted’ by Juju Wand, j Roy F. Ellen ( [email protected] ) is The workshop envisaged was very differences between ‘indigenous’, indigenous knowledge in Indonesia: Chun-chieh Chi, and Michael H.H. professor of Anthropology and Human much the workshop which took J ‘folk’, and ‘tradition’, and the re­ conditions and conjunctures’ by Hsiao (National Institute of Technol­ Ecology at the Department o f Sociology and place. Of those originally invited, | packaging of knowledge to enhance Tania Li (Dalhousie University); ogy at Kaoh siung, Taiwan); ‘Tech­ Social Anthropology o f the University o f Kent only two participants were unable I its usefulness, both in pragmatic ‘Splicing sasi: globalisations, localisa­ niques and sustainable use of fisher­ at Canterbury, UK

1 O • IIAS NEWSLETTER NS 13 • Summer 1997 GENERAL NEWS

the mandalization of landscapes in Holy Site and Infernal Abyss’ BOOKRIVIEW various settings, from japan to the (S.Chenivesse); ‘The Great Pilgrimage Hindu Kush, with an emphasis on of A-myes rma-chen: Written Tradi­ the Indo-Tibetan Himalayas. The tion, Living Realities’ (K.BuffetrilleJ; political implications of such relig­ ‘The Creation of the Bon Mountain of ious claims to territory are, of course, Kongpo’ (C.Ramblej; ‘A Guide to the Mandala and Landscape La-Phyi Madala:History, Landscape a key feature of many of the articles. In the opinion of this reviewer at and Ritual in South-Western Tibet’ (T.Huberj, ‘Beyul Khenbalung, the of two-dimensional mandala paint­ This represents an important de­ least, the recent trend towards the A.W.Macdonald (Ed.) Hidden Valley of the Artemisia: On ings in the West, particularly from velopment in our knowledge of the incorporation of ‘coffee-table’ pro­ Mandala and Landscape. Himalayan Communities and their within the Western Buddhist and subject. In the Asian understanding, duction values in scholastic studies Emerging Perceptions in Sacred Landscape’ [H.Diembergerj, ‘A New Age movements, and Tibetan the mandala is not solely or even pre­ of Asia can only enhance the reader’s Buddhist Studies, no.6. “Hidden Land” in the Tibetan-Nepa- monks have demonstrated the art of dominantly a two-dimensional ar­ enjoyment of them, and broaden D.K.Printworld, New Delhi 1997. lese Borderlands’ (F-K.Erhard); ‘The creating sand-mandalas at various tistic feature. Mandalas have a wider their appeal. This volume is an excel­ ISBN 81-246-0060-0. Ritual Preparation of a Tibetan Sand events in the West, such as that of the function as a means of socially and lent example of that possibility. Un­ xiv. 460pp, Mandala’ (R.Kohn); ‘Man Between ‘Wisdom and Compassion’ exhibi­ ritually ordering space, and the pri­ like many such collections, it is a maps, col. & b/w photographs Fairies and Women: The Bipolarity of tion in London and Bonn. Most of us mary significance of the mandala is high quality and most attractive production, fully illustrated, with the Environment of the Kalash are now familiar with the concept of as a cosmological notion, which may ■ By A.C. MCKAY Mountaineers of the Hindu Kush Q- a depiction of a deity at the heart of a include all existence, and be applied both colour prints and maps, along to features such as the human body with numerous line-drawings. It Y Loude & V.Lievrej; and ‘“And The I— ^ ince the pioneering mandala, surrounded by lesser be­ will grace the library of all of those Lake Drained Away”: An Essay in ' ^ work of the great ings, the depiction being used as an or to sacred landscape. In the latter with a serious interest in this aspect Himalayan Comparative Mythology’ [ndo-Tibetanist, Pro­ aid to visualization of the deity dur­ case, particular mandalas are, over of Asian religious and historical cul­ (N.J.Allen) ■ fessor Giuseppe Tucci, ing meditation. Professor A.W. Mac­ time, projected onto natural land­ ture. most of our present West­ donald, a senior authority in Hima­ scapes, thus transforming them into The full list of contributions is as ern understandings of the layan ethno-history, has now provid­ sacred sites. These transformations follows: ‘Mandala and Landscape in Dr A.C. McKay is the editor of the concept of the mandala have devel­ ed a most welcome volume bringing take place in varied geographical japan’ (U.Mammitzschj; ‘A Journey forthcoming volume, Pilgrimage in Tibet: oped from studies of art and architec­ together specialist studies of the contexts and widely differing social to the Depths of a Labyrinth-Land­ Proceedings of the 1996 HAS conference, ture. Indeed, in recent years there has Asian application of the mandala con­ systems throughout Asia, as this scape: The Mount Fengdu, Taoist which will be published by Curzon Press U.K. been a considerable popularization cept to landscapes. work indicates. Contributors discuss

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1 2 • HAS NEWSLETTER "NS 13 • Summer 1997 CENTRAL ASIA AFGHANISTAN • KAZAKHSTAN KYRGYZSTAN • MONGOLIA WA - 0 The Great Game TAJIKISTAN .TIBET J |\ - \ i Russia’s Tibet File: The unknown pages in the history ofTibet’s independence. TURKMENISTAN • UZBEKISTAN \ ^ Nikolai S.Kuleshov, (Berzin A, & Bray J, eds.). XINJIANG-UYGUR Dharamsala, LWTA, 1996. V) pean capitals. Russian frontier offi­ -■ ( By A .C . M C K A Y cers, such as Przevalsky and Grom- ne of the most betchevsky were as keen to contest BOOKREVIEW enduring of Brit- ! control of Tibet as any British offi­ ish imperial my­ cers were. thologies has been that j Although some footnotes are a lit­ of the ‘Great Game’; the [ tle unclear as to their source and the legendary struggle be- j Tibetan scholar Dawa Norbu pre­ Tibet and the British Raj sents a rather contradictory fore­ tween British and Russian frontiers- | men for control of the Central Asian word, this is a very readable, well translated treatise and it is not nec­ them came from upper middle-class sence of a viable alternative, their con­ territory between their two empires. | Alex McKay essary to accept all of the author’s families and were educated in public struction became the dominant his­ Now a Russian scholar with access to Tibet and the British Raj theses to benefit from reading it. It schools. After that they usually at­ torical image’. The production of this archival material previously un- j The frontier cadre 1904-1947 also provides valuable insights into tended Military Colleges or Oxbridge ‘core image’ of a strong and united known in the West has challenged London: Curzon Press 1997. the perspectives of the 13th Dalai Colleges, finished off by a period of Tibet as a friendly neighbour on In­ the idea that Russia played this ISBN 0-7007-0627-5 Lama, as he cast around for a protec­ training in the Indian Po­ dia’s northern border, did ‘game’ in Tibet. This slim volume, CURZON £ tor, and the roots of his desire for in­ litical Department. The not fail to antagonize the covering the period from 1900-1915, dependence are traced as far back as By WIM VAN SPENGEN generalists such an edu­ Tibet and the Chinese, despite the lat­ argues that Russia simply had no in- j terest in influencing or controlling 1905, earlier than suggested by Brit­ ibetan Studies re­ cation produced were British Raj ter’s granted suzerainty The Frontier Cadre ish records ■ tains a frontier char­ thought to have the I9G4-I947 over Tibet. It all ended, Lhasa. AL6X rfeKAY This is a refreshingly revisionist acter’, wrote Alex breadth of vision to fit much to the chagrin of work, strongly argued. Certainly few McKay in his lucid over­ the particular circum­ the officers involved, in scholars would disagree that the | view of recent scholar­ stances of Anglo-Tibetan the occupation of Tibet principle reason behind the 1903-04 Dr A.C. McKay is the editor of the ship on Tibet in the HAS frontier service. Essen­ by the People’s Liberation Younghusband Mission was the con- j forthcoming volume. Pilgrimage in Tibet: Yearbook 1595. This author has now tially, the cadre formed a Army in 1950. viction of Lord Curzon, Viceroy of Proceedings of the 1996 HAS conference, presented us with a book in the same small .meritocracy, but As a narrative, this very j India, that Russian involvement in which will be published by Curzon Press U.K. frontier tradition, having appropri­ was not beyond occasion­ readable and nicely illus­ Tibet posed a serious threat to Brit- ately the /rentier cadre in the period al interest and patronage. trated book is capable of ish-Indian interests. Curzon thus 1904-1947 as its subject. The latter Some of these officers rose to legen­ gripping the attention of the reader to despatched Younghusband to Lhasa were a homogeneous group of Politi­ dary status: O’ Connor for his empa­ the very end, which cannot be said of in order to ensure the exclusion of HISTORY OF cal Officers with a distinct institu­ thy with Tibetans and his proven every scholarly book. The present re­ Russian influence and guarantee CIVILISATIONS tional identity, serving on the Indo- knowledge of things Tibetan, Bailey viewer read it straight through a that British power would predomi­ The third volume of Tibetan frontier, some of whom even­ for his ‘forward’ ideas and secret ser­ minor heat wave accompanied by a S h o rt N ew s nate there. The author, however, UNESCO’s History of tually succeeded in establishing Brit­ vice background; and last but not spell of exceptionally bad weather, claims that Curzon’s fear were en­ the Civilisations of Cen- ish diplomatic presence in Lhasa. Ul­ least the modest and able Charles Bell not noticing either of the two. This tirely without basis. P tralAsiahasappeared.lt timately, the book is about ‘the char­ as the architect of it all. Cadre mem­ spellbound reading was facilitated by The central figure in this contro­ is edited by B.A. Litvin- acter of cadre officers and how this ef­ bers shared a basically pro-imperial the absence of unnecessary jargon, as versy is the man behind Curzon’s sky with Zhang Guang- fected their actions and, secondly, the | ethos matched by an ‘in-group’ well as by the colourful portrayal of fears; Agvan Dorjiev. He was a Buriat da and R. Shabani Samghabadi as co­ image of Tibet which the cadre con­ awareness that bordered on the elit­ the personalities involved in this ‘ap­ Russian Buddhist, who acted as an editors. It is entitled The Crossroads o f structed’. I have placed this book ist. Some of them thought of them­ ostolic succession’, the latter phrase intermediary between the Russian Civilisations: AD 250 to 750 [Paris: within the frontier tradition because selves as ‘the top of the heap’ anyway. being used by the Oxford Tibetologist and Tibetan governments. Although Unesco Publishing 1996,569 pp.). ■ of its innovative character and the This perspective on the cadre in the Michael Aris in his Foreword to the a trusted member of the Dalai Lama’s meticulous archival research supple­ book is nicely blended with the main book. court, Dorjiev remained a loyal Rus: mented by interviews, which togeth­ historical events of the period. Where If, in the end, this study may be sian, and Curzon and his supporters EURASIAN NOMADS er have made for a highly acceptable the cadre was actively involved, such criticized, it is for the following rea­ regarded him as subject to Russian CENTRE result. incidents are worked out in detail, son. The emphasis on cadre and its command. But Dorjiev in this ac­ The Center for the Study Tibet and the Bntish Raj fits within even to the extent that new interpre­ supposed unity of historical action count only represented the Dalai La­ of Eurasian Nomads the growing but not altogether large tations of known historical events are throughout the book makes one feel ma’s interests, and it was the Tibetan (CSEN) was established body of scholarly books and articles brought to the fore, as in the case of slightly uneasy at times. McKay’s leader who actively sought Russian to preserve archaeologi- on the political history ofTibet. As the Bailey’s suspected complicity in the ‘cadre’ in a way is very similar to the support against British and Chinese cal remains and to pro­ author duly admits he learned a great attempt at a coup against the thir- economist’s ‘invisible hand’: even domination. Russia, it seems, was mote research on the no­ deal from Alistair Lamb’s magisterial Teenth Dalai Lama in 1924. after having read the book one does not interested and gave Dorjiev no madic cultures who lived or are cur­ Tibet, China & India, 1914-1950, a book As the chapters progress, the focus not know for sure whether it exists or support beyond vague expressions of rently living in the vast steppe lands which really should be read in con­ of the book shifts with growing em­ not. Seen in this light, an element of goodwill based on the need to pacify that stretch from southers Russia, junction with the one under review. phasis to the second question: that of reification cannot be ruled out, but is their own Buddhist population. through Kazakhstan, southern Sibe­ Lamb’s book lays the foundations as the way in which the perceptions and perhaps unavoidable given the re­ Were the British the only team ria, western Mongolia, and northern far as the contents of imperial diplo­ actions of these frontiersmen helped search strategy chosen with its heavy playing the ‘Great Game’? Was the China. Although the contemporary macy are concerned. But McKay’s to create an historical image of a Tibet reliance on British colonial archives. Russian role in Tibet a purely passive nomads are limited to specific re­ book goes one step further in making with a clear and politically useful However, the strengths of this book gions, the steppes as a whole are ex­ the officers who carried out these im­ identity. This politically constructed far outweigh its possible shortcom­ one? Lord Curzon certainly exaggerated tremely rich in archaeological re­ perial policies the main focus of in­ identity concentrated on a united ings, informed as it is by structural the ‘Russian Threat’ for his own pur­ mains dating to 4000 BC and earlier. quiry. These men in the lean and Tibet as a buffer state sufficiently considerations and theoretical no­ poses. But we must treat with some In order to promote such research, keen’ frontier tradition are analysed, j strong to withstand Russian pressure. tions from the social sciences. This is caution the claim that ‘There is not a CSEN runs excavations, publishes re­ if not scrutinized, for whatever they The problem with Tibet was, at least certainly a novel approach to the po­ single document [in the Russian search, and invites foreign scholars may have had in common to produce j according to the British, that it was litical history of Tibet. As such, the Foreign Ministry archives] which to give lectures and meet with col­ an undivided imperial policy towards not a nation-state in the European book should be read by all profession­ provides evidence of Russian interest leagues in the US. ■ Tibet. In effect, this policy boiled I sense. The indigenous idea ofTibetan als in the field, as well as by a much in Tibet from an economic, military down to creating a British-monitored identity tended to focus on its Bud- larger public bent on understanding or diplomatic point of view.’ This For more information: buffer state in between British India j dhist religion which ‘subsumed re­ the workings of imperial history from statement could almost be made DR JEANNINE DAVIS-KIMBALL and Russia, with the explicit inten­ gional and factional divisions’, a unity a more encompassing viewpoint than about the British Foreign Office, Center for the Study of Eurasian tion of containing as much Russian very different to the sort the British the bare political event alone. In that who were totally uninterested in Nomads. 1607 Walnut Street influence in Inner Asia as possible, if were after. The frontier cadre now sense, Alex McKay has succeeded in Tibet, and horrified by the expan­ Berkeley, CA 94709-1644, necessary at the price of an ill-defined found itself entrusted with the su­ establishing himself squarely within sionist activities of the Indian fron­ USA Chinese suzerainty over Tibet. preme task of creating a geo-political the frontier tradition mentioned. ■ tiersmen whose concern for Tibet Tel:+ 1-510-5493708 What then are some of these offi­ unity based on the ideal of the Euro­ endangered Anglo-Chinese rela­ Fax: + 1-510-8493137 cer’s common characteristics? Accord­ pean nation-state. As McKay rightly Dr Wim van Spengen tions. The ‘Great Game’ was fought E-mail: [email protected] ing to the author, much of their out- remarks, ‘The British role in the con­ ( [email protected]) is attached to the by frontiersmen on both sides, not URL: http://garnet.berkeley.edu/~jkimball | look stems from a shared background struction ofTibet’s historical image is Social-Geographical Institute of the University politicians and bureaucrats in Euro­ (Source:The PMC Newsletter, #25. May ’97) of social class and education. Most of important today because, in the ab­ of Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Summer 1997 • has newsletter N ?i3 • 1 3 SOUTH ASIA

BANGLADESH ‘...the decision ... not to take any Axis propaganda than political co- definite steps to bring home to the operation.’ BHUTAN • INDIA • NEPAL Congress leaders their responsibility The isolation of the colonial au­ for the August rebellion also implies thorities, ranged against a variety of PAKISTAN • SRI LANKA the eventual return to legitimacy of nationalist opposition, was powerful­ the Indian National Congress itself’ ly illustrated by the united demand of the Congress and Muslim League Thus the propaganda campaign in March 1945, urging that the Na­ was abandoned in early 1945. Official tional War Front, an arm of the cen­ publicity relating to Congress and its tral Information and Broadcasting attitude towards the war now com­ Department, be abolished as it was prised denials, and sometimes justi­ being utilized primarily against the fications for, the state’s ‘repressive’ ‘popular political parties’ rather than policies between 1942-44. the Axis powers. Muslim League rep­ resentative Yamin Khan proposed the An Official Policy The effects o f the cam paign ‘liquidation’ of the official publicity The aim of the campaign - to de­ organization and the resolution was stroy the ‘political legitimacy’ of successfully carried, not to impede Congress in the eyes of‘national and the war-effort, but as they objected to That Went Awry: international opinion’ - remained the ‘prostitution of the National War largely unfulfilled. Although origi­ Front by interested people’. nally successful in encouraging The campaign against Congress some criticisism of it’s ‘Quit-India’ underlined the widening cracks The WW II propaganda campaign resolutions, Congress’s credibility within the colonial administration remained unimpaired, and the other and its network of indigenous allies. primary political parties refused to Significantly, the Home Department, against the Indian National Congress endorse government’s attack against which favoured the scheme’s deploy­ the nationalist organization. In­ ment, was forced to take responsibili­ stead, the state’s propaganda on­ ty for running it throughout 1942-44, Much o f the colonial state’s Second World War propaganda was aimed probably be to negotiate with Japan’. slaught had an opposite effect to because the Indian-dominated towards challenging the Congress Working Committee’s characteriza­ Official publicity thus began to that which was intended, encourag­ Broadcasting Information Depart­ tion of the conflict. Existing historiography has tended to regard this brand the majority of the Working ing a broad spectrum of opinion (in­ ment was uncomfortable with it. The as an inevitable outcome of their political stand-off resulting from Bri­ Committee as ‘appeasers’. cluding those opposing Congress], to difficulties of maintaining the attack tain’s decision to declare India to be at war, without consulting Indian criticize the GOI. The discontinua­ were particularly marked at provin­ opinion, and ignores the fact that the official public relations exercise The Congress leadership was ar­ tion of the official attack against cial administration lower levels, not to convince the Indian National Congress went through two very dis­ rested on 8 August 1942. The action Congress was largely a result- of this least because of local civil servants’ tinct phases. In 1939-41 the authorities sought party members’ sup­ was publicized as ‘preventive’, based phenomenon, as dismayed authori­ dependence on assistance from vari­ port, while simultaneously countering their criticisms of the ‘alien’ on ‘ample evidence’ that its mem­ ties discovered that none of the es­ ous ‘unofficial’ sources, who expected nature o f the war. In 1942-44, when conflict raged near - and some­ bers meant mischief; the evidence tablished political organizations the party to play a prominent role times within - the country’s fluid eastern frontiers, this policy was re­ took the form of ‘full instructions’ found it desirable to offer the sche­ after the war. For instance, reports placed by a purposeful campaign to destroy Congress’s ‘political legiti­ for the organization o f‘violent acti­ me unabashed support. about the nature of official vernacu­ macy’. vities’ circulated by the Provincial Particularly revealing in this re­ lar publicity material produced in the This article attempts to highlight the principal characteristics o f the Congress Committees. Disturbances gard are the reactions of the Muslim provinces would complain how reve­ latter stage of the government’s publicity onslaught, re-assesses the ef­ following the arrests gave a new im­ League, the Hindu Mahasabha and rential honorifics were frequently fects o f the public relations blitz on indigenous opinion, and challeng­ petus to the publicity campaign the Communist Party to the Home used to refer to members of the Con­ es the widely prevalent view about the Communist Party of India and against Congress, with widespread Department’s pamphlet, Congress Re­ gress Working Committee, especially the Muslim League being willing partners in this official enterprise agreement that the party must be sponsibility/or the Disturbances, 1942- Gandhi, in material intended to at­ against the Congress. ‘indicted’ by underlining its tack them. Similarly Bihar’s responsibility for all major Indian Nation published sym­ first of these was Congress’ opposi­ instances of violence. As civil pathetic reports on the ‘Quit- By SANJOY BHATTACHARYA tion to the ‘scorched-earth policy’, disorders continued, the India’ movement, despite he seeds of the of­ publicized as a senseless obstruction party was attacked for ‘ex­ The being subsidized by the gov­ ficial onslaught of defence preparations attributable ploiting the tragic fate of po­ campaign against Congress ernment, ultimately forcing against Congress to the influence of big business re­ licemen and other Govern­ the authorities to ban its appeared as early as 1940- luctant to forego profits from war ment servants who ha[d] underlined the widening cracks publication. 41, when failed negotia­ industries and keen to do ‘business been brutally done to death Correspondence from offi­ tions between the Con­ after Japanese occupation’. The sec­ for no fault of their own ex­ cials - especially British - gress Working Committee and GOI ond ‘proof was the frequent sugges­ cept discharging their duty’. within the colonial administration posted in the localities re­ [Government of India] resulted in tion made by party ‘elements’ that Some Home Department of­ veals these trends engen­ Gandhi’s civil disobedience move­ Japan and India had no mutual ficials supported the argu­ dered, and reinforced, uneas­ ment. But the official attitude to­ quarrels. The’ third was Gandhi’s ment that ‘the most impor­ and its network of indigenous allies. iness about the fluidity of wards Congress stiffened after Japan emphasis on non-violence; repre­ tant’ propaganda aim was to the political situation. In­ entered the war in December 1941, sented as belief in ‘no resistance at discredit Gandhi and the deed, military intelligence culminating in the police raid on the all’. rest of the Congress Work­ began to refer to increases in party headquarters at Allahabad in By late June 1942, the GOI had ing Committee, with a view collusion between junior In­ May 1942. The minutes of the party’s drawn up plans to-arrest the Con­ to encouraging a revolt against their 43. The League labelled it ‘...at best dian district officials - especially po­ national executive meetings regard­ gress leadership and were preparing leadership. the prosecution's case’; while the licemen - and local Congress acti­ ing India’s strategic situation were ‘public opinion’ for such ‘strong ac­ Even while this was happening, Vishwa Bandhu, a pro-Mahasabha vists. Such developments deeply con­ confiscated for use in official public­ tion’ by emphasizing how danger­ notable changes of attitude were paper, declared that all its quota­ cerned senior government officials, ity. The Home Department ex­ ous a Congress-sponsored civil diso­ afoot in the highest echelons of tions from the Hanjan [Gandhi’s notably Wavell, whose cataclysmic plained, ‘we must have our plans bedience movement would be. The power, whose members worried paper] had ‘been torn out of context reports about the rapid erosion of ready ... of prime importance is that Working Committee’s pronounce­ about the levels of criticism against and used arbitrarily’. The People’s British power were often repeated public opinion in England and even ments at Wardha on to July 1942 the official publicity campaign. In War, the Communists’ English verbatim in letters to the Secretary of more in America should be prepared prompted Cabinet to embark on a June 1944 the Home Department re­ mouthpiece, called the publication a State for India by his successor in well in advance for any strong action more openly aggressive line. A direc­ leased the full correspondence be­ ‘miserable stunt’, adding that the Viceregal office, Mountbatten. The we may eventually decide to take tive to the provinces argued for tween Gandhi and Linlithgow to GOI’s ‘charge-sheet against the ... failure to isolate the Congress leader­ [against the Congress].' Consequent­ ‘propaganda to mobilize opinion counter doubts that certain facts had Congress ... relies on quoting Gand- ship and the resultant GOI insights ly, official propaganda highlighted against the concrete proposals con­ not been disclosed by the GOI. Sub­ hiji out of context.’ The Commu­ into the wartime weakening of its the alleged ‘long-term object’ of the tained in the Congress Resolution sequent propaganda aiming to nist’s repeated refusal to criticise the administrative edifice contributed Congress leadership; to establish a and Gandhi as “open rebellion”.’ ‘prove’ Congress’s responsibility for Congress Working Committee for significantly to its willingness to ne­ permanent ‘Congress-Hindu-bour- As relations between the two pro­ the disturbances of 1942 gradually impeding the war was particularly gotiate a swift transfer of power. ■ geois domination’. tagonists worsened, the GOI decided began to be toned down. In late 1944, galling to the authorities. Thus the Congress opposition to the war to release two sets of the confiscated with a new Viceroy - Wavell - at its intelligence community complained began to be characterized as an at­ Working Committee proceedings. helm, Government gradually accept­ that Communist promises of sup­ tempt to ‘bargain by pressure’, and The greatest emphasis was on the ed it would be impossible to ignore port to the administration had ‘pro­ Dr Sanjoy Bhattacharya was claimed as yet more evidence of typescript of Gandhi’s draft resolu­ the Congress leadership in the inevi­ ved illusory’ and that party cadres con be contacted at I, St.John’s Road, their willingness to ‘make indepen­ tion, since it contained the ‘out­ table negotiations after the war. Tot­ had not ‘hesitated to impute to Gov­ Cambridge CBS 8AN, United Kingdom. dent terms with Japan’. Three sets of standing sentence’ declaring that ‘if tenham rued, in a private noting, ernment motives of so scandalous a He can also be reached at e-mail address: ‘proof were constantly stressed. The India were freed her first step would that: nature as to be more suggestive of sc I @mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk

1 4 ■ has newsletter W13 • Summer 1997 SOUTH ASIA

India and Distinguished Professor of NEW YORK Engineering and Public Policy at Carnegie-Mellon University, deliv­ ered the inaugural address on India’s j progress since 1947. Comparisons J with Singapore, Korea, or Japan are Center for India Studies misplaced because of ‘tyranny of scale’ he added. India missed out on the Industrial Revolution and inher­ ited impossible odds, such as its pop- j Opened at SUNY, Stony Brooks ulation density and illiteracy. It has not had as much time with democra- |

South Asian Ethnography, and 6- cy as the USA, but it did not adopt to­ On a glorious, sunny Saturday, 600 enthusiastic Long Islanders cheered the university and the community. credit Intensive Language Courses in talitarian policies like China or the as India’s Consul General in New York, Harsh Bhasin, lighted an ornate Student volunteers take turns staff­ Kannada, Hindi, and Sanskrit. former Soviet Union. Yet, its accom­ brass lamp, symbolically dedicating Stony Brooks new Center for India ing the Center. The Center’s current According to President Kenny, plishments were impressive, he con­ Studies. ‘From now on, there will be two Indian flags in my consular projects include editing a survey of Stony Brook was committed to cluded. The real winners are the peo­ area,’ he declared. ‘One at the Consulate in Manhattan, the other, the Indian civilization for the general building a strong Asian Studies pro­ ple of India, who have preserved flag of intellect, will fly at Stony Brook.’ He pledged full support from reader, and a brochure documenting gramme, including India Studies. democratic institutions. the Consulate, including a 100-volume set of the collected works of Ma­ highlights of India’s Freedom Revo­ The Stony Brook India Center’s prag­ He compared the India Center s hatma Gandhi and help in offering courses on current affairs in India lution, both sponsored by the Asso­ ciation of Indians in America. matic and integrated vision encom­ plan to invite visiting professors to the practices once pursued at the an- Kenny, to transform a pipe dream passing the arts, humanities, scienc­ By S.N. SRIDHAR es, medicine, commerce, and tech­ j cient centres of learning at Nalanda into reality. Strong Asian Studies nology will make it a leader in the and Saranath and commended the he establishment The Center, located in the heart of programme next generation of India Studies pro­ I center’s commitment to intellectual of Stony Brooks the Stony Brook campus, has a li­ Students demanded courses on grammes. Kenny vowed to make it pluralismandopenness. ■ India Center, the brary, reading room, multimedia India, and the faculty and the Indian the best in the nation. She announc­ first in the State Univer­ lab, a research and publications unit, American community worked with es that the proposed Charles Wang sity system, has been and a development office. It aims to President Shirley Strum Kenny to For further information: promote a better understanding of fulfil this demand. From a marginal Asian American Center, which is dis­ hailed as an extraordi­ PROFESSOR S.N. SRIDHAR India by creating opportunities and or no status in the curriculum, India tinct from, but complements the nary accomplishment considering Director, Center for India Studies resources for studying India. Its Studies had grown rapidly to gain India Studies Center, will feature the climate of severe cutbacks. It is East 5350 Melville Library goals include teaching credit and campus approval for a Major in state-of-the-art facilities. the fruit of a two-year campaign by Stony Brook, NY I 1794-3386, USA student activists, professors, and non-credit courses, sponsoring re­ South Asia. About six courses are of­ Inaugural address Tel:+ 1-516-6329742 leaders of the Indian community, search, visiting professorships, study fered every semester, and seven were Dr V.S. Arunachalam, former Sci­ Fax: + 1-516-632973 I who worked in concert with Stony abroad, and community outreach planned for the summer of 1997. ence Advisor to Prime Ministers of E-mail: [email protected] Brooks President,' Shirley Strum programmes. It is funded jointly by They included Indian Feminism,

tural context of South Asian music, taught by Richard Widdess. The third, ‘Languages and Society in South Asia’, is a team-taught course New MA Degree at the convened by Stuart Blackburn that explores the idea of language as a ve­ hicle for the construction of identity, though political and literary move­ South Asia Department, SOAS ments at national and regional lev­ els. It includes case studies of the Asia’ provides a focus for issues and emergence of linguistic identities in The purpose of this article is to summarize some recent changes in the Reading South Asia techniques which are explored else­ South India (Stuart Blackburn), structure and range of the teaching programmes of the Department of Over the past two years we have North India (Rupert Snell), the Him­ Languages and Cultures o f South Asia at SOAS, and more particularly to designed a new Masters programme where in the degree. In addition to ‘Reading South Asia’, alayas (Michael Hutt), and Bengal announce the launch in September 1998 of a new Masters programme in ‘South Asian Cultural Studies’ students must choose two further and Bangladesh (William Radice). in ‘South Asian Cultural Studies’. that will reflect and utilize our re­ search interests and achievements courses: one as a ‘minor’ option and The new programme has been carefully designed to cater for differ­ competence in the language, and to more fully than is possible at under­ one as a ‘major’ option (minor op­ ent needs. On the one hand we hope By MICHAEL HUTT acquaint them more thoroughly graduate level. This is an intensive tions are examined by written paper, major options by written paper and it will be of interest to people who he Department of than has been possible hitherto with one-year programme consisting of dissertation). Students without prior have completed an undergraduate Languages and the social and cultural contexts of three courses, one of which is made knowledge of a South Asian language degree in a Humanities subject and Cultures of South Hindi and its literature. The academ­ the basis for a io,ooo-word disserta­ who wish to extend their knowledge ic year in India will be spent at cen­ tion written under the supervision may take an ab initio language course Asia at SOAS at present and apply their skills in a South tres in UP, primarily Lucknow, with of one of the teachers of the degree. as a minor option; those with a basic comprises thirteen per­ Asian field, whether or not they wish work concentrating on the spoken Part-time arrangements over a two grounding in a South Asian language manent academic staff to learn a South Asian language. On language and on individual study or three-year period can be made for may instead take an intermediate who teach and conduct research in the other hand, we hope that it will projects tailored to the interests of students who are unable to take the language course. Four literature the literatures and cultures of ten appeal to students who have already the individual student. degree on a full-time basis. courses (in Hindi, Nepali, Sanskrit, different languages: Bengali, Gujara­ acquired proficiency in a South Asian We continue to teach the well-es­ The new programme centres on a and Urdu literature) are available as ti, Hindi, Nepali, Pah, Panjabi, San­ language and who envisage using an tablished BA in ‘South Asian Stu­ compulsory course, ‘Reading South minor ormajor options for those who skrit, Sinhala, Tamil, and Urdu. Ac­ MA programme as a stepping-stone dies’, within which students study Asia’, convened by Javed Majeed. are suitably qualified in those lan­ tive research interests range from to research. It is our impression that one South Asian language alongside ‘Reading South Asia’ provides an un­ guages. Each course has different em­ South Asian folklore to Indian films, an increasing proportion of the re­ a range of courses in literature, cul­ derstanding of the ways in which phases in different years, ranging from the poetry of Iqbal to the sto­ search conducted on South Asian ture and religion, and may opt to texts both reflect and are affected by from directed reading in for example ries of Tagore, from Islam in South topics in the Euro-American world study a second language. We are also the circumstances in which they are 20th-century short stories to a closer Asia to devotional Hinduism, and lacks a textual basis and is not lin­ in the process of establishing a read and created. It examines the cate­ reading of an individual poet. How­ from the Himalaya to Sri Lanka. guistically-informed; and it is our ‘South Asian Studies’ component of gories ‘author’ and ‘text’ in South Asia ever, each course also provides stu­ dents with a broad-based critical un­ hope that the provision of the Mas­ At present, most teaching in the two-subject BA degrees that retains through an analysis of various types derstanding of the literature they ters programme described here will Department is conducted at under­ optional language courses but can, if of text, including oral and printed study. Two literature courses are enhance skills in this field. ■ graduate level, though we also con­ a student so desires, consist wholly texts, manuscripts and lithographs, available to students without prior tribute language and literature of courses South Asian culture and and sacred and non-sacred texts. It knowledge of a South Asian language: courses to MA programmes such as literature that involve no language also highlights the role of different these are ‘Literatures of South Asia’, ‘Comparative Literature (Africa/Asia)’ learning. Meanwhile, it is possible to kinds of readers - translators, per­ convened by Rachel Dwyer, which in­ For further details: convened elsewhere in the School. combine the study of any of our formers, audiences, etc. - and explores volves the study of literature in Eng­ DR MICHAEL HUTT In 1996 we established a single­ main languages with a range of un­ the way in which readers' interactions lish translation, and ‘Introduction to Dept, of Languages and Cultures subject BA degree in Hindi which ex­ dergraduate syllabuses in the Hu­ with texts lead to specific interpreta­ the Sikh Scriptures’, convened by of South Asia tends over four years and includes a manities and Social Sciences: San­ tions. This opens up perspectives on Christopher Shackle. School of Oriental and African Studies year in India. From 1997 onward, the skrit and Study of Religions, Urdu more general issues, such as the for­ Three further optional courses are Thornhaugh Street, Russel Square first year of all Hindi degrees will fea­ and Management, Hindi and Histo­ mation of communal and caste iden­ available. One involves the study of London WCIH OXG.UK ture an intensive 8-hour-per-week ry, and Nepali and Development tities, cultural and ethnic essentiali- the ‘Hindi’ film, taught by Rachel Fax: +44-171-4362664 course in Hindi language. The inten­ Studies are a few of the more popular zations, and the construction of gen­ Dwyer, another the study of the cul- E-mail: [email protected] tion is to augment student's active combination. der and nationhood. ‘Reading South

Summer 1997 • iias newsletter N913 • 1 5 SOUTH ASIA Why do Development Projects 'Stink' in Bangladesh?

he devel­ is going to get the job, clubs of ruling bodies, who can use By AMINUL HAQUE FARAIZI opment but the real game be­ it to their advantage to get the Development 'stinks’ in Bang- | industry 'Speed Money', gins at the backdoor. ‘speed money’. is very big in Usually a contractor ladesh and yet it does not flag. Bangladesh. The will try to find an insid­ The fam ily structure Despite the failure of most country receives Executive Culture er within the project and desire for ‘speed money’ over two billion US dollars implementation au­ In Bangladesh, the urban elite has development projects to achieve in foreign aid every year for thority who will be reli­ a growing desire to spend money on their stated objectives, like this industry. This amounts and Reproduction able and able to con­ conspicuous consumption. The dis­ to about ninety per cent of vince the project au­ play of wealth to the neighbours and poverty alleviation, employment the development budget of thority to give the job to relatives has reached a pinnacle. It is generation, empowering the poor the country. The flow of for­ of Corruption that contractor. This in­ quite common in the urban neigh­ eign aid continues as the sider works as a ‘jimmi’, bourhood that wives, brothers, sis­ and marginalized people, development industry is a hostage for the con­ ters, parents, and even more distant the development industry has successful in marketing the image of Conventionally most researchers tractor and the decision-making au­ relatives proudly tell others about Bangladesh as a disaster-prone na­ take it for granted that development thorities to transfer money from one the wealth of the family. The other grown even bigger than ever tion (a taxi driver in Amsterdam told is meant to alleviate poverty and im­ hand to another. Once a ‘jimmi’ is day I heard the wife of a middle-ran­ before. Why is this so? me the other day that Bangladesh is prove the quality of life. Conse­ found the rest of the job becomes ked bureaucrat saying in a gathering afflicted by a plague of floods, cy­ quently the questions raised in these very easy. The contractor pours that her husband had bought a Toy­ This project is an attempt to clones, famines and so on. It needs researches were directed to the prob­ money into the hole via the ‘jimmi’ ota Corolla car, although he was in­ explain this dilemma by help]. Bangladesh has a long history lem of access of the poor to develop­ and he gets the work. To complete a tending to buy a better car. This of being aid dependent. In the early ment activities, but poor people stay project a contractor is required to means they are wealthier than the examining the executive culture 1970s the former Secretary of State of poor. They rarely ask questions such find several ‘jimmis’ at several owner of a Toyota Corolla should be. and its appetite for ‘speed money’, the United States of America, as ‘is development meant to help the points. Once he is made an offer to A sister in the same gathering said, ‘I Dr Henry Kissinger, labelled Bangla­ poor?’. In reality development pro­ construct or execute the project, his bought this French perfume from the relationship between desh a bottomless basket. He was jects are initiated by the ruling bod­ work will be supervised by another Singapore, when I went there with the state and civil society, and ridiculed by many, including local ies and they are the first to line their group of bureaucrats and techno­ my brother and his wife for a holi­ and international academics, con­ own pockets. crats. If he does not satisfy them he day’. The stories of displaying wealth the family structure. It shows sultants, the elite, and bureaucrats Recently a district administrator, will not get the bill. If the project is is a way of showing power, both po­ that most development projects and governments, whose own survi­ who was responsible for the distri­ too large it involves a lot of money. litical and social to the other. It val depended on keeping the devel­ bution of relief goods to the flood The contractors will then have to brings a family prestige and status, ensure a huge amount of extra opment industry alive. They came victims of his area, offered me a can find a minister who can influence it enables them to establish new re­ legitimate sources of income for up with more ammunition to keep of processed meat ‘donated to the the bureaucrats to clear the bill. lationships, which are very impor­ the industry on track in Bangladesh. people of Bangladesh by Saudi Ara­ I have heard from a very reliable tant in urban elite life. Everyone at the politicians, contractors, They made every possible attempt to bia’. When I declined his offer polite­ source that normally a contractor such a gathering knows each other’s bureaucrats, and technocrats. construct a good image of the devel­ ly he told me that was of no use to spends more than half of the project legal income limit. They also know opment industry. The outcome has give it to the 'illiterate, uncultured costs in ‘speed money’. After paying that their legal income is just suffi­ This extra legal income is one of been an enormous expansion of the poor villagers’, who do not know the this, he is left with very little to cient to survive and not enough to the driving forces keeping government bureaucracy and the real value of it. make a profit. The result is that a buy a bottle of French perfume. proliferation of over one thousand flood protection development pro­ However, there is no shame in dis­ the development industry alive. local and international non-govern­ Executive culture and ject is never executed to a satisfacto­ playing wealth which is accumulat­ This paper also examines mental development organizations, 'Speed m oney’ ry level. The project area will be ed via ‘speed money’. The members commonly known as NGOs. A large-scale development related flooded again and the opportunity to of the families are socialized in the the legitimization process of At the time of conducting research infrastructure project, such as the ‘reconstruct’ the project will come way they that encourage the earning the ‘speed money’. The thesis is for this project, an international Flood Protection Plan or River Bank soon. members to get a share of ‘speed seminar on ‘development through Protection Project, involves several money’. The desire for ‘speed money’ that the ruling collective of micro-credit’ (a way of helping the stages between its conceptualization The state and is reproduced at the family level. As politicians, contractors, bureau­ poor!) was held in Washington to and implementation. It involves po­ civil society relations long as this continues, a develop­ boost the industry even further. The litical decisions, funding, feasibility One of the main reasons why a de­ ment project will never attain its crats, and technocrats use prime minister of Bangladesh and studies, project design, and the velopment project ‘stinks’ in Ban­ stated objectives. the Bangladeshi state to their the first lady of the United States nomination of contractors for im­ gladesh is that almost none of the Finally, the West, which provides were among the most prominent or­ plementation of the project. Once a parties, the contractors, officials, funds to development projects, has advantage in the reception of ganizers of the seminar. At the semi­ funding agency, such as the World people, and politicians, who are in­ its own logic. In addition to its guil­ foreign aid. It reveals that the nar the president of the United Sta­ Bank or the EU is found, the ‘risky volved in the project or affected by ty feelings about being so rich, it also tes appealed to the funding agencies business’ o f‘Speed money’ transac­ the project take any responsibility supports its development-related in­ family structure and to extend their support to the micro­ tions begins. for its implementation. ‘It is not our dustries by continually pouring money to the development projects expectations raised within credit programme, a development Although a formal procedure is money, the World Bank is too rich, model for making the poor ‘self de­ followed to nominate a qualified why should we bother about how that ultimately ‘stink’. ■ the family for consumer goods pendent’, which was conceived in contractor, unofficially the selection this money is spent?’, says an engi­ ultimately makes ‘speed money’ Bangladesh by The Gramin Bank. of a contractor is made long before neer. When I asked a villager about a However, a significant number of the formal invitation is published. flood protection project he said, an acceptable social norm. the elite, senior bureaucrats, and There is an informal club whose ‘You can see that the embankment is technocrats admit privately that ‘de­ membership is confined to the rich poorly constructed and it is also un­ velopment stinks’ in Bangladesh. contractors, consultants, senior bu­ finished. It will be washed away in a Currently about seventy per cent of reaucrats, and technocrats. They reg­ few years. I do not bother, because it the population live below the pover­ ularly meet in the bars and restau­ is not my money.’ The Bangladeshi ty line. Twenty-five years ago this rants of local five-star hotels, to state has grown up in some areas, figure was much smaller. If develop­ which ordinary Bangladeshis have but it remains very weak in convinc­ ment works, they say, how come no access. There the contractors find ing its people to be responsible for Bangladesh has become poorer? The out that a big project is underway. spending money borrowed from fact is that the more development The potential contractors start ex­ overseas. As a matter of fact the en­ aid Bangladesh receives the poorer it pending ‘speed money’. In the initial tire bureaucracy is largely financed Dr Aminul Haque Faraizi becomes, and as it becomes poorer it stage, when more than one contrac­ by foreign aid. There is a harsh ra­ ( [email protected] j is an Affiliate Fellow receives more aid. Privately they also tor wants to get the job, the offering tionality in it. Why should you care o f HAS. He teaches sociology at Central admit that Dr Kissinger was right. o f ‘speed money’ is confined to ex­ about spending other people’s Queensland University. He can be contacted Social scientists, who are doing re­ pensive dinners and cocktail parties. money if you feel that you do not at Central Queensland University. Faculty o f search on why development fails, The dinners and cocktail parties have to pay it back? The Bangladeshi Arts, Rockhampton Campus, Australia 4701. rarely venture beyond convention. work as base to test which contractor state is kept intact by the informal Tel: +61-79-309402, Fax +61-79-309501

1 6 • has newsletter TM? 13 • Summer 1 vg7 SOUTH ASIA

spect to the melodic structure of in­ dividual ragas and their interpreta­ tions at performance level. Most im­ portantly, this review has enabled us Raga: The Dynamic Melody to make some connections between the post-medieval and the modern guide: Joep Bor, Wim van der Meer, period in the history of ragas. It was Raga is the melodic basis of the classical music of India, Pakistan, Ban­ Over a decade ago, the Raga Project Jane Harvey, and Henri Tournier. interesting to note how quite a few gladesh and Nepal. It is the central and predominant concept in Indian was initiated with the guidance of During the six-month period of my of the ragas have already changed music. Raga as understood in contemporary musical parlance eludes a the well-known scholar musician stay in this country in 1995, I con­ since the time of these influential simple and concise definition. Broadly, it can be considered as a melod­ Dilip Chandra Vedi, when there was tributed primarily by researching reference works. ic mode or matrix that serves as a basic framework for composition and not a single available comprehensive work on ragas which also contained and writing the initial version of the The journey into the origin, his­ improvisation in Indian music (which is essentially melodic and mon­ torical evolution, and contemporary recorded examples of contemporary text for the main section in the book odie in nature). performing styles of seventy-four raga performance. To be published on raga descriptions, based on a model which had already been devel­ ragas has indeed been very fascinat­ raga was given by Matanga in his under the name The Raga Guide, the By SUVARNALATA RAO oped for the individual ragas. ing. More significantly, it recon­ Brihaddeshi (c. AD 500-800): project now consists of an audio and The specific objective of the final firms the need to trace the history of echnically, a raga ‘By the use and application of par­ literary production on the vast topic phase of our research project was to ragas through a detailed and com­ is a musical enti­ ticular melodious notes or by combi- of North Indian ragas. It has been further explore the major works parative study of both historical lit­ ty in which the nition of different sounds, a certain jointly produced by Nimbus Records written by well-known musicians erature and oral traditions. Only choice of notes, their type of “pigmentation” or “coloura­ Ltd. (U.K.) and the Rotterdam Con­ and musicologists in Indian lan­ through such a comprehensive tion” is arrived at, that is accepted as servatory, with assistance from the order and hierarchy, the study can we ever hope to under­ International Institute of Asian guages such as Sanskrit, Marathi and manner of intonation, “raga” by wise men’. stand the evolutionary development Studies, Leiden (the Netherlands) Hindi. During the past three relative duration and their specific and the National Centre for the Per­ months in 1997 that I have spent in of individual ragas. melodic approach, are clearly de­ The nucleus of raga as defined by the Netherlands, I have been in­ Inspired by the outcome of this fined. Aesthetically, a raga embodies Matanga and his followers can be forming Arts, Bombay (India). volved in examining the primary work we plan to undertake yet an­ found in the jati (mode), described a specific musical idea which can be other, more comprehensive study on Of the hundreds of ragas that exist, and secondary sources in these lan­ uniquely identified with it. by Bharata (200 BC - AD 200). Many guages, dating back to the early 19th ragas. Besides the musicological Largely due to the influence of scholars are also of the opinion that a selection has been made of those that are fairly well-established and century. Many of these sources focus sources in Sanskrit and in other Indi­ Vedic and Tantric philosophy, many the characteristic tunes of various on theoretical issues and the music- an languages, this study would also ragas have been inspired by local and commonly performed. The seventy- non- musical references and associa­ include the examination of writings four raga ‘sketches’ recorded by well- ological treatises in Sanskrit of the tions such as specific deity, colour, provincial melodies, and the folk known artists (instrumentalists Ha- pre-Muslim period, which refer to a on Indian music in Persian and Eu­ gender, poetic verse (dhyana, ‘con­ songs of various regions. performance tradition that has ropean languages. Various icono- templation formula’), time/season riprasad Chaurasia and Buddhadev largely vanished. The early 19th cen­ graphic and ethnographic sources for performance and aesthetic senti­ The Ra,ga Project DasGupta, and vocalists Shruti Sa- tury is of special significance in the will also be considered for evolving a Evolved over a period of two mil­ dolikar-Katkar and Vidyadhar Vyas) ment (rasa), were attached to raga in clearer understanding of changing lennia, ragas have not remained form the backbone of this anthology. history of north Indian music, since the past. During the late 16th and performance traditions of the ragas, The model the four musicians have it witnessed the birth of new genres, early 17th century, raga images were static. In the fascinating but com­ innovative styles, and musical in­ and the political and cultural con­ also portrayed in series of paintings, plex history of ragas, we see that used traces its origin to the brief 78 struments which had the potential texts that influenced such develop­ thus bringing poetry, painting and some can be traced back to ancient rpm discs which were recorded dur­ for new expression. ment. ■ music into a new relationship. Yet or medieval times; others originated ing the first half of this century, in Hence this examination was criti­ today, the only association that is (or were rediscovered or reinvented) which the great maestros were capa­ cal for supplementing our discus­ only a few centuries or even a few ble of bringing out the essence of the rigidly maintained is the specific Dr Suvarnalata Rao decades ago. Virtually all ragas, ragas in just a few minutes. sions related to the history and per­ time of day and/or season for the was an HAS Senior Visiting Fellow from however, have undergone transfor­ formance aspects of the various ragas raga performance. 10 March - 9 June 1997. He is a Research mations relating to their form, con­ Journey into the origin of raga which were included in the project. It has also been very significant in Scientist and Co-ordinator (Music) with the The word raga itself is derived tent and even nomenclature, and In March 1995, 1 joined the team of furthering our understanding of the National Centre for Performing Arts, India. from the root ranj, meaning ‘to co­ many of them have fallen into dis­ researchers that had already begun regional variances observed, with re­ E-mail: [email protected] lour’. The first known definition of use. the task of compiling the written

28 >- 30 DECEMBER 1998 logical aspects of the cult of Skanda- 26 >- 28 DECEMBER 1 997 CHENNAI (MADRAS), INDIA Murukan from earliest times up to THANE, INDIA the present. Multi-media presenta­ tions such as video (edited and less than one hour duration) and photo exhibits will be accepted, and the 1st International seminar will also host dramatic per­ The 2nd Brihan- formances of MurukanTimvilaiydtal in the Bharata Natyam genre. Seminar on Paper Submissions maharashtra The organizers invite proposals for original research which are to be writ­ ten in English or with English trans­ Skanda-Murukan lation provided and frilly documented Prachya Vidya with footnotes/illustrations. Please submit a 200-400 word synopsis of the p ince late Vedic times cember 1998. This event will bring to­ proposed research by 31 October in the Sanskritic tra- gether for the first time scholars of 1997. Papers accepted by the Seminar Parishad various disciplines from around the Committee will be published as part L / dition, and perhaps world sharing a common interest in of the First International Conference v l ^ar ear^er among Pr°to- the composite Aryan-Dravidian god Seminar’s proceedings, and authors rom Friday 26 De­ * 1 Dravidian and tribal peo­ Skanda-Murukan and will also fea­ will be invited to give their presenta­ cember to Sunday For more information: ples of the South, the vig­ ture presentations by English-articu­ tions when the Conference convenes 28 December 1997, DR V.V. BEDEKAR orous and complex deity Skanda or late devotees from India, Sri Lanka, in December 1998. There is no charge the Second Brihanmaha- Prachya Vidya Abhyas Sanstha Murukan has exerted a powerful in­ Malaysia and other countries. for registration; meals and accommo­ rashtra Prachya Vidya Maharshi Karve Path fluence upon Indian literature and re­ The conference aims to assemble in dation will also be provided free for Parishad will be held in Ghantali ligious thought. Even today, his cult a single forum leading scholars and presenters of papers. ■ Thane (near Bombay) under the aus­ Thane, Maharashtra continues to command the allegiance devotees for a wide-ranging exchange pices of the Institute for Oriental India of millions in South India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and wherever there are ex­ of findings and interpretations con­ Study, Thane. patriate Tamil communities. cerning the god and his cult. Papers For details, please contact presented as part of the proceedings of THE INTERNATIONAL MURUKAN Subjects of the conference are: The need exists for greater dialogue the conference will also be published SEMINAR COMMITTEE Veda and Avesta; Vedic Literature among scholars of Skanda-Murukan in a comprehensive volume of origi­ Institute of Asian Studies and Upanishads; Philosophical sys­ and the community of informed dev­ nal research articles. Sholinganallur, tems; Buddhism and Jainism; Law; otees. The Institute of Asian Studies, Chennai (Madras), is pleased to an­ The seminar organizers will accept Chennai 600 I 19, India Literature; Linguistics presentations concerning the histori­ Tel: + 91 -44-4961662 The last date for submission of pa­ nounce the First International Con­ cal, literary, religious, artistic, philo­ Fax:+91-44-4960959 pers, in Marathi, English or Sanskrit, ference Seminar on Skanda-Murukan, to be held in Chennai on 28-30 De­ sophical, anthropological, and socio­ E-mail: [email protected] is jx October 1997. ■

Summer 1997 • has newsletter N?i3 • 1 7 SOUTH ASIA

PHILOSOPHY AND PHILOLOGY EAST AND WEST (1): ated in the reality about which truth­ ful statements are attempted, the thing of which these statements speak starts to appear in a different light. We have no more a monolithic Towards a Global Reservoir relation in a simple and straightfor­ ward relation with a truthful state­ ment. Reality has become instead a landscape of which different persons of Idea-o-Diversity may have quite distinct but equally valid perceptions. Although one may try to arrive at a perception of the Whcncönsidcringdifferent approaches to reality, ‘Perspectivism’ has a A more specific example is the fol- a rational approach to truth makes it landscape which transcends the indi­ sohd background both in Western tradition and in South Asian tradi- lowing. Since the ancient Greeks, Epi- necessary. vidual difference, any concrete per­ tion. This fact has so far not received the attention it deserves. The ra- memdes, Philetas of Cos and others, In one approach to truth it can be tional philosophical basis for taking seriously the perspectives on real­ ception of the landscape needs a per- and J. Buridanus of the European said that whenever we have conclu­ ity which the past has so far conserved for us can be presented in a ceiver located at some point in or near Middle Ages, etc. the Western tradi­ sive arguments to arrive at the truth the landscape. three-step argument. In the present article, Jan Houben will briefly in­ tion of thought has attempted to cope on a certain issue, including argu­ troduce the first two steps (A and B); the third (C) will be discussed in This approach to reality, rationali­ with a family of paradoxes, of which ments for accepting certain interpre­ the next issue o f the HAS Newsletter. ty and truth can be called perspectiv- the so-called ‘Liar’ paradox is best- tations of traditional, e.g. Biblical, istic in that it acknowledges before­ known. This paradox arises from a statements as authorative, it is no hand the validity of different perspec­ important to remain open to differ- ■ By JAN E.M. HOUBEN statement like ‘everything I am say- longer necessary to listen to the pro­ tives on a given issue. It is true that ent perspectives on basic philosophi- ing is false’. These paradoxes have pre- ponents of opposing views. In this ap­ one may also be eager to know more n spite of all histori­ cal and human problems, and the R e s e a rc h sented crucial problems to Russel and proach our own ‘universally valid’ about different views and their back­ P ro je ct cal and contextual past - especially also the past of others attempting to establish a per­ truth is threatened by the deviating grounds on a purely polemical basis, Idifferences between South Asia - has conserved a great va­ fect language for logic and science. truth perceived by someone else. i.e. only in order to refute one’s oppo­ Western and ancient riety of powerful perspectives in seed Nowadays they play an important Even this person himself may be con­ nents. Moreover, the perspectivistic South Asian and other form for us. role in logic and semantics. As I have sidered a threat, an aberration which traditions, there are attitude may combine in certain ways pointed out in a recent publication, easily leads to verbal or even physical some universal of the human condi­ with the polemical motivation of The value of Philosophical the grammarian-philosopher Bhart- abuse. Unfortunately, it is all too easy tion: we perceive objects through our perspectives in the past wanting to show that one’s own per­ rhari solved the ‘Liar’ and related par­ to cite examples from centuries of Eu­ spective is finally the most valuable senses, we experience time, we com­ The value of taking past perspec­ adoxes in a way which is quite origi­ ropean history of Inquisition and se­ one. In any case, it is especially a per­ municate through impulses created tives - especially those of South India nal compared with the attempts the vere penalties for advocating deviat­ spectivistic approach which not only by our organs of action, especially th­ - into account can be demonstrated Western tradition has so far produced. ing doctrines, victimizing not only fosters but even necessitates the seri­ rough speech created from our vocal with the help of a few examples. Although Bhartrhari is concerned preachers and theologers, but also ous study of different perspectives. cords, tongue etc. Thus, language, Turning to the field of philosophi­ with fairly simple forms of the para­ philosophers and scientists like Roger Perspectivism in the above-men­ thought, and objective reality in cal ethics, we see that notions which dox, his work has interesting implica­ Bacon and Galileo Galilei. tioned general sense has a solid back­ their temporal and spatial dimen­ have nowadays acquired common tions for the more sophisticated para­ However, there is an aspect of truth ground both in the Western tradition sions are three factors with which currency are taken directly from the doxes of modem logic and semantics. which makes it not exclusively de­ (in spite of intolerant institutions any human being has- to deal. There­ South Asian tradition, either along Bhartrhari’s approach seems to come pendent on the thing-as-it-is and like the Inquisition) and in the South fore, statements on these factors have with the Sanskrit term for it - e.g., closer to an ‘Austinian approach’ to statements about it, but also on its Asian tradition (where it also had to a relevance to all human beings in karma, dharrna, ahimsa which have a; semantic paradoxes as proposed by acceptability to other ‘rational cope with attempts to establish sin­ any period in history. If such state­ found a place in the recent and com­ Barwise and Etchemendy (1987). agents'. This is the basis of a quite dif­ gle monolithic truths), a fact which ments implicitly or explicitly claim pact Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy These three examples, incidentally, ferent attitude to truth and rationali­ has so far not received the attention it universal validity, they should sur­ (Blackburn, 19514) as well as in the Ox- illustrate an important point hinted ty. The notion of truth does indeed deserves. Moreover, in both cases it is vive a confrontation with statements ford Paperback Dictionary of English - before: the past cannot be expected to presuppose a single reality about closely related to the discipline of on the same topic from different tra­ or with a caique of the Sanskrit term, provide us with complete instant so­ which some valid statements can be philology - and threatened by index­ ditions. Here, we are not just inter­ e.g. ‘non-violence’ (Eng/French), ‘Ge- lutions to modern problems. At the made, but it also presupposes interac­ ing and massive book-burnings. In a ested in data concerning various waltlosigkeit’ (German), ‘geweld­ most, the perspectives of the past can tion between those who are able to sequel to this article in the next issue fields of social and linguistic behavi­ loosheid’ (Dutch), etc. The consider something either of the IIAS Newsletter we will argue our, which we can use to build our fact that these notions and true or false. that both Western and South Asian own theories - though even in re­ terms which have a strong Here I would like to quote ‘perspectivism’ have an inner necessi­ spect of precisely these data South history in South Asian Julian Roberts, who re­ ty to take each other seriously al­ Asia has enormous contributions to thought, have found a well- The acceptance of imperfections marked in a penetrating though this has so far hardly hap­ make. established place in modern study of the ‘philosophy of pened. Moreover, both the Western It is very important to gain more English philosophical (and reflection’ and of German and the South Asian ‘perspectivism’ comprehensive knowledge of how even in common) discourse is in our own perceptions implies philosophers of the twenti­ have valuable concepts and tools to thinkers in the past collected and a testimony to their general eth century: offer which make their universaliza­ theorized the data available to them. value and relevance. tion and the development of global These thinkers of the past are not A quite different example a recognition of the value of ‘Knowledge “grows” in perspectivism possible. just providers of new data for our is provided by a book edited discontinuity and dialogical One of the basic conditions for the theories; they also become - perhaps by B.K. Matilal and A. Chak- confrontation with the unfa­ value and power of these perspecti- first of all - partners in a dialogue. As rabarti (1994). In this recent different perceptions miliar. Monologically, it visms is the careful preservation and in any sincere dialogue, the ‘Other’ publication the problem of merely consolidates itself... study of the rich heritage of textual may provide challenging new ideas how we know and under­ In this respect, the “interest” sources which the Western and South and insights for our own theorizing. stand from words is ad­ of knowledge... lies in the di­ Asian traditions have to offer. Of He may also give us insight into the dressed with references to alogue with other worlds ... these two, especially the South Asian strong points and basic condition of both Western and South Asian philo­ have an important catalyzing func­ "I” need to know whether “you” tradition still contains a large our own successes. Although the past sophical contributions. An enormous tion. problems in the modern world know things that can destroy my amount of never studied and never cannot be expected to provide us amount of our daily working knowl­ as well as in modern philosophy are in universal generalisations, or disrupt edited manuscript material, scattered with instant solutions to the prob­ edge is based on ‘linguistic input, i.e. the final analysis to be solved in the my implications ... we could say that over numerous libraries and institu­ lems accompanying our technologi­ verbal and written testimonies from present time. Even if ancient texts any interest in “truth” presupposes in­ tions in South Asia and elsewhere - cal and scientific successes (and authors who are removed from us in come close to directly addressing a teraction between a plurality o fknowledge the fragile and constantly endan­ blunders), and nowadays presenting time and/or space and who have or number of problems which occupy us bearers’ (Roberts 1992:286-287, aut- gered physical basis of a precious res­ themselves in unprecedented urgen­ had at their disposal perceptual at present (e.g. because universal of hor’s emphasis) ervoir of idea-o-diversity. ■ cy and in unexpected dimensions, it sources and/or intellectual skills not the human condition are involved), can suggest alternatives for and cor­ available to us. It becomes clear in there always remains a final step to be In this approach to truth and ra­ rectives to one-sided developments. this book that the Western philo­ made, namely that of adapting and tionality, attempts to state the truth Put differently: just as in order to (This is part o fa paper read at the semi­ sophical tradition has nevertheless applying the ancient answers to the which deviate from our own at­ be able to cope successfully with new nar ‘Past, Present, and Future o f Indo- dealt only very sparingly with prob­ modern context. tempts are no threat, but they help us biological, medical, and agricultural logy’, held at Poona, i y i 6January 1997. lems of knowledge based on spoken to refine and improve our own per­ challenges, it is important to main­ The full paper will appear in the proceed­ or written words. The South Asian R eality as a landscape ception. The acceptance of imperfec­ tain, and make use of, a rich reservoir ings o f this seminar, to be published by the tradition, on the other hand, has Which brings us to step B. It is not tions in our own perceptions and of bio-diversity, in the same way, in Sahi tya Akademy, New Delhi) dealt with this universal problem only because we can point out some statements implies a recognition of order to be able to deal successfully area in a systematic and profound ' _ _ i- occasional------instances-- where past per- the value of different perceptions. If with new challenges in philosophy way, and contains in this respect nu- spectives on certain problems are ob- the next step is to recognize that Dr Jan E.M. Houben is attached to the and the human sciences, it is impor­ merous challenges to and incentives viously still available that we should these different perceptions must Kern Institute (Leiden) as a Research Fellow tant to maintain and make use of, a for modern (Western and non-West- i take these past perspectives into ac- somehow be affected by the different o f the Foundation for Research in the field o f rich reservoir of idea-diversity. It is ern) philosophers. count. This we should also do because ways in which the perceivers are situ­ Philosophy and Theology.

• IIAS NEWSLETTER NS 13 • Summer 1997 SOUTH ASIA

3 > 9 JANUARY 1 997 the educative orientation of the host 13 >- 16 JANUARY 1997 BANGALORE, INDIA institution the social programme of­ PUNE, INDIA fered more recreative and popular applications of Sanskrit studies in the form of Sanskrit plays by profes­ sionals and by children, modern Tenth World Sanskrit songs, etc. Indology: The academic programme includ­ ed sessions on Agamas and Tantras; Art, Architecture and Archaeology; Sanskrit Buddhist Studies; Jaina Studies; Past, Present Modern Sanskrit Literature; Music and Performing Arts; Philosophy; Sanskrit Scientific Literature; San­ Conference skrit Medical Literature; Grammar and Future and Linguistics, etc. Most of the pa­ pers were presented in English, a This time the host institution was good number of them were in San­ corners of India, and further from By JAN E.M. HOUBEN By JAN E.M. HOUBEN the Taralabalu Kendra in Bangalore, skrit. The programme also included Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, China, t was only after capital of the South-Indian state, Pandit-Parisads, ‘meetings of tradi­ rom 13 - 16 Janu­ France, Mexico, the Netherlands, Po­ more than a century Karnataka. The Taralabalu Kendra is tional scholars’, with presentations ary 1997, the Uni­ land, Russia, Sweden, USA, and other Iof modern, interna­ not only a centre of learning but, in and discussions entirely in Sanskrit. versity of Pune countries. Among the highlights of ✓ tional Sanskrit Studies accordance with its name, also an ed­ The next, that is, Xlth World San­ hosted a seminar enti­ the seminar were the presentations that the then Indian ucational centre for children, and it skrit Conference is to take place, just tled ‘Indology: past, pre­ by some of the eminence grise of Government took the in­ is associated with the Lingayats or like the second one in 1975, in Turin, sent and future,’ which Pune-based Indology: A.M. Ghatage itiative of organizing the First World Virasaiva. The latter is an early Italy. ■ was jointly organized by the Univer­ discussing philosophical problems Sanskrit Conference in New Delhi, Hindu reform-movement, which sity of Pune, Department of Sanskrit with which he was confronted in his 1972. The next year the International originated c. 12th century AD in Kar­ and Prakrit Languages, the Indira lexicographical work, S.D. Joshi with Association of Sanskrit Studies (IASS) nataka, and which adhered to the Gandhi National Centre of the Arts an overview of trends of research in was founded at the Paris session of use of Sanskrit but did not want to (New Delhi), and the Sahitya Akade- Paninean grammar, and M.A. Me- the International Congress of Orien­ reserve its use and the accessibility of mi (New Delhi). The organizers had hendale with an overview of Mahab- talists. The Second World Sanskrit sacred texts in this language to lim­ invited papers addressing topics like harata research. The proceedings of Conference took place in Turin, 1975, ited groups and sections of society. the shift of the accent in Indology the seminar with the full papers of and from then on World Sanskrit The c. 1200 registered participants from ancient and medieval India to the participants will be published in Conferences have been held under and many more ‘last moment sub­ contemporary India, the ‘Western’ due course by the Sahitya Akademi the auspices of the IASS every two or scribers’ gave the organizers an versus ‘Indian’ discourse in Indolo­ (New Delhi). ■ three years in different parts of the enormous task of which they acquit­ gy, Neo-Hindu attempts to actualize world. Sanskrit has been taken in the ted themselves in a laudable way. ancient Indian teachings for the pre­ broad sense of the word, as the con­ The conference programme provided sent, etc. In addition, they invited ferences give room for discussions of ample opportunity to dive deep into Dr Jan E.M. Houben is attached to the papers dealing with the state of the Dr Jan E.M. Houben is attached to the research in Pali and Prakrit litera­ specific advanced topics of research Kern Institute (Leiden) as a Research Fellow art in Indology in different coun­ Kern Institute (Leiden) as a Research Fellow ture, art and architecture, and other in numerous fields (divided over 20 o f the Foundation for Research in the field o f tries. The thirty-five participants of o f the Foundation for Research in the field related areas. sessions), while in accordance with Philosophy and Theology. this seminar hailed from different o f Philosophy and Theology.

15 > 16 JANUARY 1 997 dynamics sustained as much by the The proceedings of this sympo­ PONDICHERRY, INDIA faculty of forgetting as of recall. sium will be published in one vol­ However, these traditions give way ume by the EFEO and the IFP in quite readily to anachronism, that is 1998. The symposium was organized to say, to a projection into the past of with assistance from the Office of In­ some desire of the present time, the ternational Congresses in the French The Resources of History easiest and the most common meth­ Department of Foreign Affairs, the od of creating a history that is useful French Ministry of Culture, the to the construction (of the image) if École pratique des Hautes Etudes, the individual, the group, the com­ the various services of the French Traditions: Transmission munity, the region, and the nation. Embassy in India as well as with the And the agents of history often do support of the Indian Council for So­ this by opposition or by comparison cial Sciences Research, the Centre with different forms of ‘otherness’, d’études de 1’Inde et de 1’Asie du Sud or Invention? notably that of the neighbouring (CNRS and EHESS), the French Con­ and/or distant ‘stranger’. sulate in Pondicherry and the Alli­ This enquiry into the fundamen­ ance Frangaise of Pondicherry. ■ A symposium on Indology and the Social Sciences was organized in argue are elements of tradition, in tal and multiple reality of cultural Pondicherry 11-16 January 1997 by the French School for the Far East order to ascribe meaning to the pre­ traditions in South Asia thus helps (EFEO) and the French Institute o f Pondicherry (IFP). The two themes sent world and to their own actions. to find an answer to the uncertain­ of the symposium were ‘Sources and Time. The Destiny o f Texts’ (11-13 Naturally, the social actors do this ties which arise in the destiny of a January) under the direction of Franqois Grimal and ‘The Resources of by recalling the past in an attitude society whose actors increasingly History. Traditions: Transmission or Invention?’ (15-16 January) under either of fascination or of revulsion; consider themselves as a part of a the direction o f Jackie Assayag. Below follows a short assessment of the and such uses are mostly pragmatic multi-cultural and multi-regional latter part of the symposium. and motivated by some specific in­ setup, and in an ever growing Asiatic terest in conformity with the needs configuration because of intra-na­ established idea that Asia, if not ac­ of that moment. But they always do tional movement and globalization. By JACKIE ASSAYAG tually immobile, is at least ‘retarded this with the help of traditions that For in the end these are indeed the he goal of the by its traditions’, in order to provide they re-invent in order to fulfil cer­ social and political questions raised symposium was some depth by assigning its rightful tain needs of a particular era which by the evolution, divergence and re­ to examine tradi­ place to the passage of time. In fact, today are focused on forms of identi­ versal of traditions: how far will this tion or the immemorial. whatever the nature of the extreme­ ty, ethnicity, and nationalism. A rise in new constructions of identity, This was not done by de­ ly varied ‘sources’ examined by the number of contributions offered an be they ethnic or nationalist, or the lineating in it the lines participants of the symposium may exploration of some examples of powerful emergence of various radi­ of resistance to change but, contrari­ be, the traditions appear to be com­ these general re-configurations of cal movements, success in destroy­ wise, to show its discontinuity, its plex, historical (re)constructions. the individual and the family, of the ing the historic heritage of a ‘secular’ disintegration, and even its reversal. They certainly do not constitute an group and the community, of re­ faith which has enabled India, de­ On the basis of some examples in unchanging heritage passed on from gions and the nation that are found spite the recurrent alarmist forecasts South Asia, the symposium also de­ generation to generation. in Hinduism, Islam, and Christiani­ since her Independence in 1947, to be scribed the constant modification In spite of the differences in deal­ ty in particular. an example of how socio-ideological and readjustment of these traditions ing with the material presented, the Therefore, these so-called ‘tradi­ pressures in the heart of a continent which are too often thought to be participants in the symposium tions’ appear today, and certainly can be handled without leading to Dr Jackie Assayag is the head of fixed in an eternal present. This was showed how the actors make use of more so than in the past, more as civil war or geographic fragmenta­ the Department o f Social Sciences, deemed essential, considering the these resources in situ which they processes than states; socio-cultural tion. French Institute o f Pondicherry, India.

Summer 1997 • iias newsletter W13 • l j j SOUTH ASIA

16 > 18 APRIL 1997 vice was greatly appreciated. In the LONDON, UK evenings there was considerable op­ ESF SEMINAR portunity for informal contact and interchange during dinners orga­ nized for the participants. If some complained that the conference room was at times overcrowded, we take The Place of the Past that as evidence of the interest which the topic generated among scholars of South Asia. For those who were un­ able to attend, it should be noted that The Uses ofHistory inSouth Asia plans are in place to publish the re­ vised papers as part of the Centre of South Asia's series on ‘Understand­ This workshop which was especially planned to take place in 1997, the about the past; and the related ques­ ings and Perspectives’, several of Daud Ali and Avril Powell, year which marks the 50th anniversary o f Independence in South Asia, tion, felt strongly by some, of the his­ which are either already published or Centre of South Asian Studies / was the eighth and last in a series which has been running since 1991 in torian’s responsibility (or not) to be in process of publication. ■ Department of History, SOAS, London the Centre o f South Asian Studies at the School o f Oriental and African concerned with the representation of Studies, University o f London on the theme’ Understandings and Per­ the past as a citizen or professional spectives: Comparative Studies o f Concepts’. Below is a report o f the scholar. If much of great value has seminar by its organizers, Daud Ah and Avnl Powell, followed by im­ emerged from this workshop about pressions of one of its participants, Majid Siddiqi. perceptions of the past, including IMPRESSIONS some significant new studies, based ' hile the pro­ sessions of the three-day workshop, on hitherto little-known texts, the ject was at one there were nineteen paper-givers, uses to which this has variously been T f level historio- drawn from a wide range of universi­ put remain difficult to capture in per­ > graphical, the underly- ties and study centres in Europe, suasive, all-embracing conclusions cy have drawn for succour on the ______I ing intention was to go South Asia, and the United States. which will hold both comparatively By MAJID SIDDIQI same mythic substances, such as the beyond merely retrospec­ Presentation and discussion of the pa­ and comprehensively. Quite the con­ his short review Aryan invasion of India, the number tive representations of South Asia’s pers was divided on broadly regional trary, the variety of strategies de­ cannot do justice one original myth. ‘past’ to try elicit how the ‘past’ was or thematic grounds into nine panels, ployed to represent the past in the to each and every Inevitably the discussions that fol­ both perceived and used at various but, as had been anticipated, issues narratives analysed in these papers presentation made and lowed the three opening papers re­ times and places within the Subcon­ first introduced in the early panels re- suggest that the structural and epis­ attempts to highlight viewed the processes of the cultural tinent’s ‘history’. To this end efforts emerged and were re-debated in the temological conditions which define those features that ap­ construction of mythic identities in were made to ensure participation context of subsequent papers. the past as an object of knowledge peared particularly outstanding to the above-mentioned light. Promi­ from scholars working in the pre- Problems which surfaced in many have themselves changed significant­ this discussant. nent were papers that reflected the modern period, and in geographically papers concerned, among other mat­ ly over time. In the three days of hectic discus­ historian’s concern with biography and culturally diverse regions within ters, disjunctures in conceptions of The organizers of the workshop sion there was, inevitably, as much and history in many different ways. South Asia. That this was successfully the past; the utility of the concept of wish to express their thanks to the self-revelation as there was scholastic The biography of a protonationalist achieved is reflected in the emphasis ‘memory’ in understanding the use of Asia Committee of the European Sci­ concern. Eventually the tenor of the Tipu Sultan could be recounted from in the papers on early and medieval, the past; problems, either ideological ence Foundation and to the Ford conference veered around to turning the bric-a-brac ofepisodic and highly as well as on modem topics, and on or pragmatic, of the use of the past for Foundation for their financial sup­ over again and again the theme of a tainted accounts in which the imagi­ South as well as North India. retrospective legitimation or the con­ port in making this event possible. A ‘contested past', especially in a con­ nary co-mingled effortlessly with the While approximately a 100 scholars ferral of authority; questions of the representative of the Asia Committee text of cultural significance. This was strictly historical images to produce and students attended the various institutional context of knowledge was also able to be present, whose ad­ done in a wide variety of ways, rang­ a lasting iconicity of representation - ing all the way between science and ‘Tiger Tipoo'. A leading communist polemic. 11 ► 13 APRIL 1997 theoretician and political worker, typical English restaurant where Dr Another dimension of the confer­ BATH, UK one of the papers argued, redeployed David Timms, the Assistant Director ence related to the different genres of his cultural moorings in the Brah- of the College, formally welcomed all historical articulation. Thus travel manic tradition not only to rational­ the participants. books, biographies, and memoirs fea­ ize the historicity of his own persona The Saturday sessions were divided tured strongly in the discussions to himself but also, in a simultane­ into six panels, beginning at nine in when scholars sought to pin down ous biographical moment, his un­ the morning. Several papers on sub­ International exactly how the form of historical derstanding of the social history of jects such as domestic politics, inter­ study in the past - outside the con­ the region to which he belonged. In state relations, defence and security, text of a university - determined the other papers, traditional practition­ arts and diaspora heard diverse pres­ ‘imaginary’ and the ‘real’ in the mak­ ers of medicine were seen to have ar­ Conference on entations and the inaugural lecture ing of social identities as well as of ticulated a history of past practices in was delivered by Dr David Wash- ‘territorial’ boundaries. an idiom and nationalist impulse brook, Reader in South Asian History Themes that surfaced again and while these very features that often at St. Antony’s College, University of again pertained to ‘race’, ‘class’, and determined the cognitive and the South Asia Oxford. An eminent historian of Brit­ ‘nation’. A specially illuminating dis­ conceptual in the region of social his­ ish India, Dr Washbrook presented a cussion centred on how the elements tory were seen in other, following, critique of South Asian historiogra­ of the same myth or myths about the Coinciding with the fiftieth anniversary of Indo-Pakistani indepen­ discussions to have blunted the edge phy, taking care to underline a greater past of a society might be used again dence, the International Conference on South Asia, held on 11-13 April of perception in universalistic ‘scien­ need for multiple intellectual and po­ and again both by those whose inter­ ce’ as represented in the context of 1997. turned out to be a representative, joyful, and inspiring event. The litical initiatives. In his remarks, Dr est such appropriations may have colonialism. preparations for the Conference were led by Iftikhar H. Malik, lecturer Terence Rodgers, on behalf of the Fa­ served in the first instance and since, in history at Bath College o f Higher Education. About sixty-five schol­ Towards the end of the conference culty of Humanities, welcomed the as well as by the opponents of such a ars participated in fourteen sessions interspersed with convenient the question of the effectiveness of academics to BCHE, preceded by a myth. In the case of India in the late short breaks and informal gatherings. rhetoric in the uses of the past came vote of thanks by Iftikhar Malik to all nineteenth and early twentieth cen­ up, in an engaging discussion of the concerned. In the evening, the dele­ turies the ‘original’ Aryan theory of layering of memory and history in al­ New Zealand, Australia, India, Ban­ By IFTIKHAR H. MALIK gates were entertained to a special race was revealed, it underlay not ternating and tantalizing combina­ gladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, South Asian dinner at a formal restau­ just the researches of the orientalists tions of the past and the present in he delegates were and Britain included a fair number of rant on the historic Pultney Bridge but equally of the conservative de­ the making of communalist and accommodated post-graduate students and visiting followed by informal get-togethers at fenders of a Brahmanical social order other identities. on Bath Universi­ fellows. The British Foreign Office, various pubs. and, as well, the protestations of As the participants of the confer­ ty campus and the pro­ the High Commissions for Bangla­ The Sunday sessions included pa­ those who have sought to oppose and ence rushed to the airport to catch ceedings and book dis­ desh and Sri Lanka, European Insti­ pers on electoral politics, literature, overthrow it. So, if in the many con­ plays took place at the their flights home, the organizers, tute for Asian Studies, and the British and gender followed by an open-air tested histories in South Asia’s past College itself The formal dinners for Dr Avril Powell and Dr Daud Ali Academy were also duly represented. picnic and photography session by higher caste groups underscored Friday and Saturday nights were held must have returned home happy in Following the registration on Fri­ the lake. The University of Manches­ fundamentalist cultural biases, in the town with a free coach service the knowledge that their fellow par­ day, the first panel heard five papers ter was selected as the venue for the lower caste groups asserted plying between the three points. new ticipants went back richer at least in on partition itself followed by six 1998 BASAS conference. ■ identities that have, since, dove-tail­ Luckily, during all the three days of memory if not in history. ■ presentations on leftist movements in ed into a continually changing kalei­ the Conference, the weather in south­ South Asia. The three papers in the doscope of the politics of affirmative western England remained sunny, third panel were devoted to historical Dr Iftikkhar Malik is a lecturer with the action in contemporary India. Para­ Dr Majid Siddiqi is Professor of balmy, and invigorating, making it a issues in modern Indian History. The School of History of Rath College of Higher doxically, and ironically, these strug­ Contemporary History at Jawaharlal Nehru pleasant experience. Scholars from Friday evening dinner was held at a Education, UK. gles for social and cultural suprema­ University, New Delhi

2 0 • HAS NEWSLETTER “N?13 • Summer 1997 SOUTH ASIA

21 >- 23 APRIL 1997 tion of knowledge and the knowl­ 7 MAY 1997 NEW DELHI, INDIA edge of communications, he ob­ PARIS, FRANCE served that strategic manipulation of knowledge meant in the end the disruption of rational information feedback systems arguably essential Culture to the partly consensual narrativiz- Literary and ing of the nation’. During discus­ sions, a parallel was drawn between the introduction of the telegraph in Communication India in the 19th century and the sat­ Oral Traditions ellite communications in the 20th century, which Choudhury lyrically labelled as ‘beyond the reach of and Power Monkeys and Men’ - a reference to in India the overhead telegraph wires. Two papers of the third session on The Centre de Sciences Humaines (CSH) of the French Embassy at New ‘Gesture, Speech and Image’ are of An invitation by Professor F. Mallison (École Pratique des Hautes Étu­ Delhi in collaboration with the Centre for Co-operative Research in So­ special interest. Marie Delpech (CSH) des, Paris) to present a lecture in a joint session of various équipe de re­ cial Sciences (CCRSS) at Pune held a three-day seminar entitled ‘Culture presented a paper on the Gallery be­ cherche, provided an interesting opportunity for Thomas de Bruijn to Communication and Power’ at the Convention Hall of Jamia Millia tween the Village and the City, and meet French specialists on medieval poetry and other scholars who are University, Hamdardnagar, New Delhi, on 21-23 April 1997. the Chaturvedies’ paper on Epheme­ working on literary and oral traditions in North and South India. His ra Communication and the Hindut- visit to Paris was made possible by an HAS Travel Grant. quality. Obviously, not all can be va. Delpech explored the perception By JAN BROUWER of arts and crafts in contemporary speculations (the wahdat al-wujud discussed here and I will restrict my­ By THOMAS DE BRUIJN he seminar was self to a few from each theme which India. Her starting point was the ex­ theories) is the background to the conceived by Dr throw new light on the central con­ hibitions of village crafts/arts in the he seminar, enti­ poetic art of the poet Muhammad Bruno Dorin and cern of the seminar. Lalitkala Academy, usually a gallery tled Regards Croises, Jayasi. His position as a Sufi poet for­ Dr Bernard Bel of the The first session opened with a re­ devoted to modern art. She carefully Figures emblema- ced him to mediate between both CSH and Dr Guy Poite- freshing paper on the emergence of a stated that the classical dichotomy tiques, identités, Oralitiés the local religious scene, in which vin of the CCRSS. Besides new paradigm in development com­ between high (classical) and low was held on Wednesday the pir had become a figure of relig­ members of the CSH and CCRSS, the munication by Ricardo Gomez (Cor­ (folk) art is replaced by a new, less 7 May and comprised six ious prestige for both Hindus and organizing committee included Dr nell University, USA). He emphasized political dichotomy of urban/rural presentations by tyro and more ad­ Muslims, local traditional Islam, Neshat Quaiser and Dr Biswajit Sad that the process of knowledge - epis­ culture. Although it seems that the vanced researchers. These scholars and the local courts as patrons of the both of the Jamia Millia University. temology - is now to be included ex­ new divide is blurred, the rural are attached to various research Sufi centres. The seminar which was an at­ plicitly in the description of social works continue to be regarded as groups: Les Constructions Indenti- In an interesting exposition Gilles tempt to bridge the gaps between phenomena, the new role of the devel­ ‘crafty’ or ‘folksy’ objects. Delpech taires en Asie du Sud (CEIAS-EHESS); Tarabout showed how the tradition the academic world and that of social opment sector in the widest sense is a has touched here on a most interest­ Inde Mediévale et Moderne, Texte et of the Teyyam performances in Kera­ actors concerned with structural two-way process taking into account ing topic: What does art, in particu­ Contextes (EPHE); and Centre de Re­ la is slowly being ‘nationalized’ and change, was attended by social scien­ indigenous knowledge, culture, and lar modern art, communicate in con­ cherche sur 1’Oralité (INALCO). converted from a living tradition tists, communication specialists, perceptions. In the new paradigm for temporary India? To which I would The contributions to the seminar, into a tourist attraction and a mark­ representatives of NGOs, and social development, he argued, locally and like to add: do the artistic expres­ which was chaired by Prof. J. Racine, er of regional identity. Martine van activists. contextually relevant programmes sions of the three Indian traditions dealt with various aspects of nation­ Woerkens concluded the seminar The presentations were centred on are implemented to improve the pe­ (scriptural, practices, and modern) al and regional identity in the con­ with a lecture on the representation three themes: (l) 'The Role of Com­ ople’s material and non-material merge or does an old divide reappear text of oral ‘texts’ and literary tradi­ of'national’ history through the me­ munication in Development Pro­ well-being and increase their partici­ in a new form? tions, mainly from the south of dium of the mythological film, such grammes: issues and challenges’; (2) pation in the construction of their The third session also included the India. Christiane Pilot-Raichoor dis­ as the film made on the story of the ‘Communication Technology: prob­ public cultural trust. The cultural re­ courageous papers by the Chaturve­ cussed the problems of determining ideal king Hariscandra. She showed lems and prospects’; and (3) ‘Gesture, newal model for participary develop­ dies analysing the Hindutva phe­ the linguistic and cultural boundar­ how the representation of the narra­ Speech, and Image: their status yes­ ment communication is a timely con­ nomenon in Utter Pradesh through ies and the foundations of the oral tive in the film aimed to present the terday and today’. Each theme was tribution to the debate about the rela­ a study of pictorial handbills and Badaga tradition in the Nilgiri dis­ modernity of national history. introduced by a perspective lecture. tionship between development, com­ pamphlets. The authors’ analysis trict. In her lecture she discussed re­ The encounter with many differ­ munication, and culture and offers which sees contemporary Hindu na­ marks on the composition of the ent approaches presented in. the lec­ The first theme was introduced by concrete avenues to help operational­ tionalism being communicated population and the formation of the tures and the contacts with the par­ Prof Dipankar Gupta (JNU, New ize programmes for alternative devel­ through such original sources as Badaga identity by writers such as P. ticipants and others attending from Delhi) who focused on the relation­ opments. iconographical handbills concludes Hocking. Claudine Le Blanc dis­ various disciplines was very inspir­ ship state-society and the role of civil The author of this article proposed that ‘the ephemera of Hindu Na­ cussed the problems of classifying ing and helpful in shaping my ideas society in the development process. a Five Knowledge Model as a new vista tionalists serves as a potent means of and using oral ‘historical’ narratives for future research projects. Dr Guy Poitevin’s perspective lecture for development workers and social communication’ with the people, in the form of epic stories that claim Besides the seminar on 7 May, I discussed the differences between so­ scientists in India, based on partici­ particularly in the rural areas and to describe the history and geogra­ had the opportunity to attend vari­ cial work and social action and the patory processes in the diagnostic, ‘serves to enhance the power of the phy of a certain region. The in the ous classes given by members of the role of marginalized people as partici- research, and action phases. This rightist Hindu forces’. The analysis sources she referred to were oral équipes such as Prof F. Mallison, on | pants in the development process. He model has the following dimen­ also showed how bardic narrative epics from Karnataka, in which the new meanings of the topos of the Last pointed out the rise of people’s par­ sions: (1) people’s participation, in forms of communication serves to struggle between two royal heroes Judgement in the context of Gujarati ticipation as ‘the greater the partici­ which the needs of the target groups create an ambience of renunciation, for the domination of the region is poetry, and Prof C. Champion, who pation, the smaller the co-operative are matched with the possibilities of affectively camouflaging the stark portrayed. discussed the cultural setting of oral democratic involvement’. In his view the projects; (2) local conditions, quest for power. Daniel Negers showed how ele­ epics in North India. These occasions participation should not be ‘dis­ which refers to the taking into ac­ In addition to the scientific ses­ ments from the rhetorical and nar­ allowed me to discuss my own re­ guised subservience’. count of the potential beneficiaries’ sions, there were a few visual ses­ rative structure of the tradition of search plans on medieval devotional The third perspective lecture, on health, self-confidence, social and sions in the evenings such as the the burrakatha in the Andhra region poetry by bhakti and Sufi poets. ‘Culture, Ideology and Contemporary economic backgrounds, etc.; (3) for­ outstanding documentary Wait until could be used to connect national The many contacts with South Contexts’, was delivered by Dr Kumk- mal development strategy, which Death by the young Indian filmmak­ and regional identities. He also de­ Asia scholars in and around the sem­ I um Sangari (Nehru Memorial Mu­ identifies the matching points be­ er Supriya Sen. The making of this scribed how this narrative was used, inar Regards Croisés have made this seum and Library). She proposed such tween the strategies’ tactical possi­ film began as inquiry into the trage­ by local rulers, such as the Nizam of visit to Paris a valuable experience. conventional pairs as nationalism/in­ bilities and the target groups’s sus­ dy of Chinchurgheria (Midnapur Hyderabad, to depict aspects of the The short but effective encounter ternationalism be questioned and ceptibility to intervention; (4) scien­ District in West Bengali), and is a relationships between Hindus and with the French ‘scene’ of South Asia made a strong claim to break open tific knowledge, for insight into the great achievement. Muslims. studies, where the study of medieval fixed notions in existing disciplines situation through surveys and feasi­ Those who are engaged in Indige­ In my own lecture, entitled The and modern languages is at the heart toward a new transdisciplinary ap­ bility studies; and (5) indigenous nous knowledge studies as well as worldly ruler and his spiritual opponent, of the academic study of Indian cul­ proach. She brilliantly illustrated her knowledge, a mapping out of the practitioners in development activi­ the pir, in Muhammedjayasi's poetry in ture, was refreshing and inspiring point by a discussion of three points: concepts behind the practices of the ties may look forward to the publica­ Avadhi: suprare^ional and local tradi­ and will prove to be of great benefit I the Disneylands, the Beauty Contests target group with relevance for the tion of the proceeding by the CSH, tions of Islam in North India, I tried to to my current and future research and Television News. We are looking project’s aim. New Delhi in early 1998. ■ show how the conceptual framework work. ■ forward to hearing more about Dr In the session on Political Econo­ of Islamic mysticism is translated to Sangari’s innovative interpretations. my and Communication, Deepakan- the local religious and political cir­ ta L. Choudhury (JNU, New Delhi) Dr )an Brouwer is the director of cumstances in the 16th-century More than forty papers were dis­ presented an interesting historical the Centre for Advanced Research on North India. This reformation of the Dr Thomas de Bruijn tributed over eight sessions. In gen­ paper on the telegraph in north Indigenous Knowledge Systems (CARIKS) meaning of the mystical concepts is a free-lance researcher on languages eral, the presentations were of high India. Discussing the communica­ in Mysore, India. from the tradition of monistic Sufi and literatures of India.

Summer 1997 • iias newsletter Tsci3 • 2.1 SOUTH ASIA

17 >- 21 MAY 1997 linked themeselves anew to those sive in the 19th century. Despite this GONDA ADVANCED BLAUBEUREN, GERMANY older traditions which they consid­ exclusivism, there were, as always, STUDY GRANTS ered their own. Though prompted by strong syncretic forces at work. The S h o rt H ew s The J. Gonda Founda­ contemporary concerns, an attempt various devotional, yogic and Sufi tion established by the was to be made not simply to carry traditions continued to interact and Royal Netherlands Acad­ present queries into the past, but in­ mingle. ia emy of Sciences in 1992 Charisma stead the present was to be viewed The early twentieth century was with the legacy of Prof ]. with past conflicts in mind. characterized by attempts to purify Gonda, the former San­ Charisma and canon were the two and homogenize religious tradition. skritist of Utrecht University who key terms which were to help in this This could be observed in Sikh tradi­ died in 1991, has as one of its main and Canon: analysis; not so much as absolute tion, and was also prominent in vari­ aims the financing ofIndological concepts defining what constitutes ous ways in Indian Islam, as an over­ publications. It also has some other religious tradition and individual view of the making of canons, cha­ objectives concerning the advance­ and collective religious identities, rismas, and identities in modern ment of Indological scholarship. The Formation but rather as often present constitu­ Islam made abundantly clear. Twen­ Its newest initiative aims at the ents and important points of refer­ tieth century concerns necessarily promotion of Indology in Central ence. They were to help by opening also coloured the evolution of Tibe­ and Eastern Europe, where in the ofReligious identity new perspectives on the specific po­ tan Buddhism, as a consideration of past, and even now, the lack of facil­ tential involved in the legitimation the Tibetan Tulku tradition and the ities (e.g. regarding the required ac­ of canonized traditions and of the problem of religious authenticity quisition of recent literature and in­ inSouthAsia authority of charismatic religious demonstrated. ternational contacts with col­ specialists. Questions of religious as Religious discourse was not to be leagues) has hampered progress in a well as social and political authority, kept out of politics. Yet, the contrast field of research which always has been linked to, if not rooted in, the By VASUDHA DALMIA of legitimation, of periodical renew­ between the two leaders, Gandhi and had some excellent participants. comparative study of religion since al, ofcontemporarization could thus Ambedkar, who for all their differ­ The new project is called Gonda n the nation-states the foundation of the chair of Indol- be directly addressed. ences are often lumped together, Advanced Study Grants. It will give In­ of South Asia, as ogy in 1848. The present symposium There could be no question of an could be observed clearly if they were dologists from Central and Eastern elsewhere in the I meritoriously continued this param- exhaustive survey, only exemplary viewed in the context of the nature Europe the opportunity to spend world, religion contin­ para tradition, and it paid ample at­ I case studies of some strands of relig­ of their charismastic appeal: Gandhi, time in rhe Netherlands Institute of ues to play a central role tention to the more recent discus­ ious traditions could be attempted. as a secular leader whose very title Advanced Study in the Humanities in public life and relig­ sions which found an initial forum It was hoped that juxtaposing these had religious dimensions, and Am­ and Social Sciences (the NIAS at Was­ ious movements of various hues and in the international symposium in given epochs could lead to an bedkar, as a religious leader who re­ senaar] for a period of 2 to 5 months. vintages continue to offer vital held in Tübingen in 1990. The ma­ analysis of the interdependence and mained secular in his appeal. During this short stay, projects cul­ sources of personal and collective jority of the papers presented at this interaction of these movements, of The final group of papers dealt minating in a publication may be identity. Recent academic discus­ symposium, published in the widely their overlapping, of their particular with present day Hinduism, with its set up or finished. NIAS will afford sions have concerned themseves discussed volume ‘Representing selection from the same storehouse hegemonic claims but also with re­ the visiting scholars all the facilities with the contemporary fundamen­ Hinduism, The Construction of Re­ of key-texts, of later appropriations sistances to it. The discourse of Rdm- required for this. The Gonda Foun­ talist trends which have come to ligious Traditions and National but also sharp demarcation from rajya, the relationship between dation will finance the programme dominate politics, but they have also Identity’ (1995], focused on the nine­ neighbouring traditions. At a given canon and the types of innovation is grateful for the opportunities of­ not neglected readings against the teenth and twentieth centuries. point in time, what constituted the that have occured within the Ra- fered by the NIAS. grain, that is, with the plurality of While retaining the multi-disci­ main stream, who was projected as mayana tradition in relation to Though no strict limits of age will religious traditions which have ex­ plinary approach, the present sym­ the Other? The exercise was some­ caste, gender, and regional identity, be imposed, applicants below the isted, even proliferated, on the Sub­ posium, organized as a Festsympo- what akin to finding and fitting to­ were some of the topics discussed. age of forty have a preference. There continent. It was in order to focus sium with and for Professor Heinrich gether some of the pieces of a giant The central organization of Hindu­ is a limited possibility of being ac­ analytically on the nature of this von Stietencron, set out with slightly jigsaw puzzle, spanning several cen­ ism as sought by the Vishwa Hindu companied by partners. plurality that the Institute for Indol- different aims and with the focus turies. Parishad was seen to be more effec­ The selection will be made by the ogy and the Comparative Study of widened to include the non-Hindu- In the course of discussions which tive in terms of popular mobiliza­ Gonda Foundation. The availability Religions at the Universtiy of Tübin­ istic religious traditions of the Sub­ followed, it became apparent that in tion than in actually penetrating of rooms depends on the planning gen organised a symposium on ‘Cha­ continent. Indologists and scholars fact it was difficult to regard even Hindu institutions. What then was of NIAS. Further information can be risma and Canon: The Formation of specialized in modern political, soci­ the Vaisnava, Saiva, Sakta tradi­ its appeal? The very notion of Hin- requested from, and applications Religious Identity in South Asia’ in ological, and cultural studies were tions as unitary strands, since the in­ dutva as secular modernist move­ with research proposals can be sent Blaubeuren from 17 to 21 May 1997. invited to collaborate in an attempt dividual sampradayas, who could in ment in which religion was seen as to: Indian Studies in Tübingen have to analyse how modern movements retrospect be seen to constitute these instrumentalized for political ends strands, in turn regarded themselves alone, could be questioned, were it THE GONDA FOUNDATION as exclusive. located within the larger processes of (Advertisement) Royal Netherlands Academy The first set of papers dealt with cultural and institutional transfor­ of Sciences the powerful sampradayas which mations within modern Hinduism. c/o G.W. Muller emerged in the early medieval peri­ The organizers hope to get this P.O.Box 19121 od. The tensions to be observed here rich crop of papers ready for publica­ 1000 GC Amsterdam were between the Agamic and Vedic tion soon. ■ The Netherlands C H A R B O ’S traditions, between questioning var- ANTIQUARIAAT nas'ramadharma and accepting it in modified form, while negotiating at the same time the relationship be­ INTERNATIONAL Specialising in antiquarian and old books on: tween the devotional and the ritual. JOURNAL OF HINDU history In considering the great North In­ S h o rt N ew s STUDIES ethnography dian devotional traditions of the fif­ The Internationaljoumal teenth to seventeenth centuries, topography of Hindu Studies which continue to attract strong af­ P (ISSN 1022-4556) pub- travel filiation even today, it became ap­ %3m i Iished three times a year maritime history parent that both charisma and through World Heritage canon could be kept alive by liturgy colonial history Press by the International Institute and festivals. Apart from key texts of India Studies (Canada) has culture and art such as the Bhqgavata Purana, whose been launched. The inaugural issue own authortitative stance was ana­ appeared in April 1997. For more in­ Our up-to-date catalogue of books on ASIA lysed in some detail, the one literary formation and orders, please con­ can be consulted on INTERNET: genre which at an early date came to tact: http://iias.leidenuniv.nl/books/charbo play an enormous role in the preser­ vation and recreation of charisma WORLD HERITAGE PRESS was the hagiography, which could in CHARBO’S Journals Division its turn often achieved canonical | ANTIQUARIAAT 1270 St-Jean, St-Hyacinthe status. A set of three papers consid­ Koninginneweg 79 Quebec, Canada J2S 8M2 ered the charimatic figure of the NL-1075 cj Amsterdam Tel: +1-514-7710213 acarya or guru of later tradition who, The Netherlands Fax: +1-514-7712776 thus hagiographically inscribed, Dr Vasudha Dalmia teaches Hindi Telephone: +31-20-67612 29 E-mail: could continue to forge and hold to­ literature and Modern Indian History and Telefax: +31-20-676 17 26 [email protected] gether community. Religion at the Seminars for Indology and Homepage: http:// The great Vaisnava, Saiva and Comparative Study of Religion, University www.clas.ufl.edu/users/gthursbyt/ijhs/ Smarta traditions were still exclu­ ofTiibingen, Germany.

2 2 • has newsletter W13 • Summer 1997 SOUTH ASIA / BENGAL STUDIES

NEW PUBLIC AT IONS Government. As a rule such material Bharater Svadhinata Andolane was proscribed and all the copies were ‘Yugantar’ Patrikar Dan, ba Shri seized and destroyed. Only a few cop­ Arabinda o Banglay Biplabbad. ies were kept for the police archives at (The Gift of the Paper Yugantar in Calcutta and a copy was sent to Lon­ the Indian Independence Movement, Armed Resistance in don. These Indian colonial police ar­ or, Shri Aurobindo and Revolutionary chives had been stored in the Writers’ Thought; in Bengali). Building in Calcutta for at least fifty Edited by Uma and years and were till recently regarded Haridas Mukhopadhyay. Colonial Bengal as confidential or secret (in spite of Calcutta: Firma KLM. 1996. 2nd ed. the fact that since 1947 much about ISBN: 8 1-7102-066-6. the revolutionaries was already pub­ Rs. 70. X + 202 pp. j timately, between the two world Terrorism in Bengal: lic knowledge). Dr Samanta thought ■ By VICTOR A. VAN BIJLERT I wars, moved into mass-action and A Collection of Documents. it important to rush this archival ma­ This book in Bengali is a long overdue reprint. The first edition, m a m / ° \ n 15 August 1997 final success. Compiled and edited terial through the press. Unfortu­ « M H I I it was fifty years by Amiya K. Samanta, nately the publication has had to be published in 1972, has been long un­ V » / ago that British The early militant phase - when director Intelligence Branch. prepared in great haste and therefore available. Bharater Svadhinata com­ * a 1 India dissolved its polit- the patriots were fewer and almost 6 Volumes. Calcutta: Government of the texts show quite a number of plements Terrorism in Bengal. In Bha­ g B 1 ical bands with Great- invariably recruited from the urban j West Bengal. 1995. Set Rs. 2000. printing errors which were not there rater Svadhinata the editors have col­ Britain. Independence middle classes - seems almost insig­ in the originals. But the historical lected the most important articles turned the British Indian empire nificant in comparison to Gandhi’s This important publication con­ importance of this publication of from the Bengali revolutionary peri­ into two independent republican ability to mobilize Indian masses. tains in six volumes (more than thou­ sources cannot be underestimated, odical Yugantar - started by Aurobin- nation states, viz. India and Paki­ Yet this early phase of Indian na­ sand pages each) most of the docu­ especially in view of the rarity and se­ do's younger brother and co-revolu­ stan. The fault lines along which tionalism already inspired some of ments that were compiled for the cret nature of the documents in­ tionary, Barin - which appeared be­ I these two nations broke up were pri­ the issues that were later adopted ‘Home Department Political’ of the volved and the fact that the originals tween 1906 and 1908. Shri Aurobindo marily political and cultural. The vi­ by the Gandhian movements: the Government of India between 1907 in time may get lost. This publication (1872-1950) was one of the ideological olent Partition was perhaps the need for uncompromising political and 1939. These documents were cir­ is of particular interest to disciplines forces behind it and many of the greatest tragedy in the final leap to­ action; striving for full indepen­ culated confidentially among high such as history, cultural studies, soci­ contributions were written by him. wards freedom. And yet the momen­ dence; pressing for social reform; police officials in order to inform ology, and political science. ■ Part of the material reprinted in tous political and social event of in- democracy. In hindsight the early them about the persons and organi­ this book has already been published I dependence itself was a cause for phase has been the hothouse of the zations in Bengal that were involved in 1906 as a revolutionary pamphlet pride too, as it was the outcome of many different approaches to Indi­ in revolutionary and militant nation­ Barindra Kumar Ghosh. by Abinash Chandra Bhattacharya more than half a century of antico­ an nationalism: secular Gandhism; alism. These volumes give a wealth of ATMAKATHA. (My story). (manager of Yugantar) under the title lonial struggle, a struggle in which Nehruvian socialism; bottom-up information on what the colonial se­ Calcutta: Papyrus. 1996. Rs. 40. 117 pp. Mukti Kon Pathe (Which Road leads to the Indian nation had continuously social movements; and also relig­ cret services and the police knew Freedom?). A publication which of tried to mould itself into its own ious fundamentalism; militancy; about Bengali revolutionaries and ‘My Story’ is an autobiography in course was proscribed by the Gov­ form of modernity. Nationalism in and exclusivism. This makes the in­ their influence on the other provinces Bengali by Barin Ghosh (1880-1959), ernment of India on the grounds of the colonial empire meant anticolo­ tellectual history of the early phase (such as the Punjab, the United Prov­ the younger brother of Shri Auro- inciting to sedition. This reprint is a nial activism and the coming into such a challenging intellectual en­ inces, and the Bombay Presidency). bindo. In this book which was first welcome addition to the stock of pri­ its own of the nation. In the nine­ terprise. This publication not only reveals published in 1931, Barin Ghosh de­ mary sources on early stages of revo­ teenth century, Indian nationalism The following recent publications many hitherto secret documents but scribes his life as a revolutionary. lutionary nationalism in Bengal and began as cultural self-definitions; are no more than a few (but fairly also a wealth of translations of articles This important personal document the way it was propagated in the ver­ I around the turn of the century, na­ indispensable) tools towards that that appeared in the Bengali press and has now been reprinted for the first nacular press. ■ tionalism became militant; and ul- end: were considered to be seditious by the time. ■

S hort INFORMATION REQUEST SOUTH ASIA RESEARCH S h H news The May 1997 issue ofSouth Asia Re­ Desperately Seeking Sources to Put search is specially devoted to Bengal BENGAL Studies. Three of the four papers W Bengali Terracotta Figurines into an Historical Perspective were presented to the ‘Bengali Sensi­ STUDIES bility’ panel at the Modern South Although the highly naturalistic Asian Studies conference in August GOONDAS terracotta models of people and i99d: Jeanne Openshaw, ‘The Radi­ Contributions to this Bengal ‘genre scenes’ of rural India, that calism ofTagore and the Bauls of Studies page as well as letters The Goondas: were produced in Krishnanagar and Bengal’; Mario Prayer, ‘Sadhana and with suggestions can be sent on Towards a Reconstruction o f elsewhere in Northern India Nationalism: yoga, sakti, and des paper, floppy or through e-mail the Calcutta Underworld. throughout the 19* * century, were seva in Subhas Chandra Bose’; and (ASCII format) with the name Suranjan Das and Jayanta K. Ray. extremely popular with European Arild Engelsen Ruud, 'OfNovels and and the address of the contribu­ Department of History: collectors of the late 19th century, Dramas; engaging with literature in tor to the following addresses: University of Calcutta, surprisingly little research has been Bengal and the making of a modern Monograph 12. done to investigate the cultural and village leader'. The fourth paper is V.A. VAN BIJLERT Calcutta: Firma KLM. 1996. historical implications of the sub­ by Dhruba Gupta: ‘Why Meer Mo- ISBN 81-7102-056-9. stantial collections at present held sharrafHossain?’ There is also an Work: Rs. 175.00. V + 105 pp. in many European museums. This extended review by Clinton B. Seely Instituut Kern study is an attempt to explain the of Sudipta Kaviraj’s distinguished P.O. Box 95 15 This book consists of overviews of significance of these collections of book on Bankim, and further re­ 2300 RA Leiden 123 confidential Calcutta Police ‘folk types' today, based on the as­ views of Jeffrey J. Kripal’s controver­ The Netherlands files on ‘Goondas’ compiled be­ sumption that their existence re­ sial book on Ramakrishna, David Fax:+31-71-5272615 tween 1946 and 1971. The term flects a more complex cultural phe­ Kopfs novel about Bengal (‘Scratch­ E-mail: [email protected] goonda loosely refers to all kinds of nomenon than the existing classifi­ es on Kali’s Mind’), the translations social deviants ranging from thie­ cation as ‘toys’ suggests. What needs ofTagore’s ‘The Post Office’ by Wil­ ves, smugglers, gamblers to drug to be investigated is the extent to Washerman liam Radice and Krishna Dutta / An­ dealers and even political activists. which 19th-century Bengal society drew Robinson, and Kalpana Bard- HAS In his introduction, Suranjan Das and culture are reflected in the col­ working on a similar topic, and han’s translation of'A River called c.o.Van Bijlert correspondent sketches the various social back­ lections; and how their history in I welcome any information that is Titash’. Finally there is a survey by P.O. Box 9515 grounds of goondas. He contends European museums is an expression useful in putting the Bengali terra­ William Radice of the publications 2300 RA Leiden that historical scholarship on this of the prevailing attitudes and as­ cotta figurines into an historical to date of the International Centre The Netherlands. phenomenon in India is still in its sumptions characterizing early perspective. for Bengal Studies. infancy. On the basis of the police ‘scholarly collecting’. Private: files themselves, Jayanta K. Ray Plagued by insufficient sources Information can be (E)mailed to: For orders and subscriptions, contact: Burg. Patijnlaan 1062 gives summaries of the actual cases. available at present, I hereby intro­ JULIANE BIERSCHENK THE JOURNALS SUBSCRIPTION 2585 CE Den Haag This preliminary ‘database’ is duce this problem to an audience of Englisches Seminar 2 DEPARTMENT, OUP The Netherlands meant for the reassessment of the specialists. In this way I hope to re­ Institut fiir Nordamerikastudien Great Clarendon Street relationship between crime and so- ceive some advice about where to Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Oxford 0X2 6DP, UK Please write on j ciety in modem Calcutta. The book look for further sources, e.g. archival 79085 Freiburg, Fax (0)1865 267773. the envelope or the fax offers a first tool for research into material, publications or exhibition Germany The personal rate for single issues is #10 ‘Bengal Studies' the social history of crime in an In­ documentation. I am also interested E-mail: in the UK and Europe and dian metropolis. ■ in corresponding with individuals [email protected] US$ I 7 elsewhere.

Summer 1997 • iias newsletter N913 • 2-3 INSULAR SOUTHWEST ASIA

MADAGASCAR • MALDIVES ties (descended from the ‘Zafirami- courts, and jails, and the instiga­ nia’) in many of the regions of Mad­ tion of an administration of unpaid MAURITIUS • RÉUNION agascar, particularly in the south civil servants: the ‘vadin-tany’ and and the west; ‘andriambaventy’ who were both SEYCHELLES - in the 13 th-14th centuries small governors and judges, transform­ kingdoms appeared on the High­ ing into military chiefs in wartime; lands; - establishing systems of taxation - in the I5th-i8th centuries the Betsi- and levies on capital and manpow­ leo, Sihanaka, and Tanosy king­ er, subjugating the inhabitants, doms emerged. forming them into citizens. His re- Structured royal complexes and ge­ forms gave rise to the ‘hasina/vola ographically vast kingdoms began to tsy vaky’, a kind of poll tax paid in adagascar was emerge in the 16th century. Some even homage to the ruler; the ‘isam- thought origi­ undertook attempts to achieve terri­ pangady’, land tax; the ‘fadin-tser- nally to have Formation and torial unification on a regional scale anana’, customs dues; the ‘haba’, been uninhabited by (the ‘Betsimisaraka Confederation’, trade tax; the ‘vola amidy basy’, na­ human beings. The island 18th century) or at the national level tional defence tax to enable the was gradually populated (Sakalava kingdoms, i6tfl-i8t*'1 cs.; Me- state to buy weapons. by people of both African and Asian or­ Development rina kingdom, 18th-19th c.). igin. The Afro-Indonesians, who origi­ When the French arrived in Mada­ The periods which followed saw the nally came from southeast Borneo gascar in 1895, only a few regions had consolidation of the ‘Kingdom of Ma­ [j1h-gth century), had probably spent not reached this stage of a politically dagascar’ strengthened by experience considerable time on the East African of the State in structured organization in the form and reinforced by the state machin­ coast, thereby initiating the perfect of a kingdom, e.g. the areas ofTsimi- ery, due to: symbiosis of Austronesian and East Af­ hety or Tandroy. - international recognition of the rican cultures now visible on Malagasy State formation in Madagascar was kingdom of Antananarivo (English- soil. More Indonesians came in the Madagascar the work of kings and their closest ad­ Merina Treaty of 1817 with Radama centuries that followed, and they too visors. From the second decade of the I [1810-1828], designated king of were influenced in varying degrees by 19th century, one of these many Mala­ Madagascar), Bantu civilization. From the 9th to the At the time of the French conquest (1895), Madagascar was already gasy kingdoms, the Merina kingdom, - adoption of the Latin alphabet and 13th centuries Islamized groups from a well-organized political state. When and how was this state born? which began in the region of Anta­ the use of printing press ensuring a the African continent also settled in What follows is an attempt to answer this question. nanarivo, acquired a national charac­ well-read administration, at once Madagascar. The most important of ter and little by little a structured more powerful and more efficient these groups were the ‘Antemoro-Ana- state emerged capable of sustaining (printed edicts, correspondence, kara’ (‘People of the Coast’) who knew ■ By DR RAFOLO AN D Rl A N Al VO A Rl VO N Y the nation. transcript of rules...), the Sorabe (Arabic) script and - the establishment of a professional used it to transcribe the Mala­ A Structured army with uniforms, bands, and in­ gasy language in Arabic let­ Modern State structors, ters before the adoption of the The expression ‘the King­ - territorial inspection and supervi­ Latin alphabet by King Rada- dom of Madagascar’ was one sion by means of regional garrisons ma 1 (1810-28) in 1820. which began to be used in and military posts. The newly established the second half of the 19th groups brought with them century. It was established in Under Ranavalona I (1828-1861), the their own perceptions on so­ the French-Malagasy treaty Malagasy State and its structure was cial and political organiza­ of 12 September 1862 and the brought up-to-date. It consisted of tion, but despite this did not English-Malagasy treaty of 5 the ruler (the queen) and the territory I develop an elaborate system One of the places of residence of M erina king Andrianampoimmerina December of the same year, (two-thirds of Madagascar) and its in­ of socio-political organiza­ and his successors: Am bohim anga which brought recognition habitants (the Malagasy). There also tion, choosing mainly to live of the Malagasy state by for­ was a prime minister (first Rainiharo, in small household units. It eign countries. But the em­ died in 1852, then his sons, Rainivoni- was only in the 12th and 13th bryonic form of this state nahitriniony [1852-1864] and Raini- centuries when the size of had already begun to take laiarivony [July 1864-September these groups had expanded to shape in the first decade of 1895]), a commander-in-chief, minis­ such an extent that it was the 18th century under An- ters, governors, a law court with judg­ I necessary to adopt an orga­ driamasinavalona, the first es, an army, taxes, an administration nized political system and a king, the unifier and orga­ run by civil servants, maintenance of I supra-ethnic authority. The nizer of Imerina (1575-1710?). law and order by a corps composed of concept of the state was prob- It was Andriamasinavalo- former soldiers: the ‘Sakaizam-bohi- | ably introduced by the Islam­ na who achieved the territo­ tra’ in 1878 and the ‘Antily’ (army vet­ ized migrants and by Indonesians. This group: so the ethnos evolves into an authority. Such families have left rial unity of the different regions erans reformed to control of the terri­ supra-ethnic organization of the dif­ ethnico-national group’ with certain their traces and many archaeological around Antananarivo and forged tory) in 1880 and, finally, the intro­ ferent groups first became visible in manifestations of unity, cultural fea­ sites, particularly in the Central them into a viable kingdom; he orga­ duction of public utilities such as hos­ the city-states of the northern coast tures, institutions, and specific areas. Highlands. nized the kingdom into the royal do­ pitals and health-centres, and free ed­ and in some of the early kingdoms. At this level - and it is still visible In the northeast and northwest main (the Menabe) and fiefs (the Me- ucation after June 1876. Under Raso- among the Malagasy today - the most city-states, which were firmly found­ nakely); he initiated a far-reaching re­ herina (1863-1868), until the French City-states important link is the place of resi­ ed on trading and which shared many structuring of the society by ordering annexation of August 1896, real power What could be called the period of dence i.e. one’s native soil. First and similarities with the Swahili-speak­ a reclassification of the nobility and was exercised by the prime minister kingdoms in Madagascar occurred be- foremost, people claim to come from a ing cultures of the East African coast instituting the ‘fokonolona’, i.e. as­ and by the commander in chief In | tween the 12th century and the end of particular region, the regional identi­ and the Comoros Islands, power was sembly of citizens managing their fact, the country was already a consti­ the 18th century. It was the period of ty, before being Malagasy, the nation­ exercised by a ‘king’, assisted by a di­ own domestic affairs, not as members tutional monarchy by then. From this the formation of stratified societies al identity. This enshrines the antique viner and a council (Verin 1992). The of the clan as in former days but as in­ period, Madagascar can be said to concomitant with the emergence of concept of ‘patria’, that is their fa­ political situation in the kingdoms habitants of the same area. According have already had something in com­ I hierarchies. In the course of time, a ther’s land, the territorial community was not radically different, except to P. Boiteau (1958) this organization mon with the nation-state which we group would settle down in a territo- which the Malagasy identify as their that the area administered was far of the nationals of the country is one find again with the return of inde­ [ ry which it made its own, giving rise native region, their ancestor’s land: greater. of the first characteristics of a state. pendence in 1961. to an individual ethnos and ethnicity. the ‘Tanindrazana’. This change in political organiza­ Finally King Andriamasinavalona or­ Today the state form is well and [ The self-identification of each group In the next stage of which the ori­ tion, i.e. the adoption of an elaborated ganized and developed economic ex­ truly entrenched (the Republic of was stimulated by their claim to hav­ gins can already be traced in the 11th system and structured power extend­ changes by creating ‘fihaonana’, i.e. Madagascar), but the island is experi­ ing a specific descent and living area, century, state structures including a ing beyond the narrow confines of the markets. encing quite a number of difficulties, this was underlined in their group defined ethnic group began to appear group, did not occur simultaneously The second stage of state construc­ coping with political disintegration names which referred to the environ­ in Madagascar. This was represented in all regions of Madagascar: tion was accomplished under Andria- and the growing number of inhabi­ ment they lived in: ‘those-^f-rocks’ by the Malagasy kingdoms and the - the n th-i2tl:l centuries were charac­ nampoinimerina (1787-1810), who tants living under the poverty line. (Antakarana), ‘those-of-thorns’ (An- city-states of Antalaotse. A very good terized by the rise of Islamized city- strengthened state power particularly The origins of these complex prob­ tandroy), ‘those-of-the-coast’ (Ante- introduction to the problem of the states in the northeast and north­ by: lems can be traced in both past and [ moro) etc. We can concur with P.-C. Malagasy kingdoms is that by F.V. west; - dividing up the inhabitants of his present, and merits future scientific Timbal (1979) who stated that the idea Esoavelomandroso (1985): some fami­ - the 12th century saw the emergence kingdom according to the territory attention. ■ [ of a nation appears first in an ethnic lies benefitting from a stratified soci­ of small kingdoms in the southeast. occupied, spread over six areas; group of which the members are con- ety with a hierarchy, seizing the op­ In the other regions of the country - establishing one system of policing Dr R. Andrianaivoarivony is attached to I scious that they belong to the same portunity to monopolize power and diviners founded powerful dynas­ by organizing the army, the law the University of Antananarivo, Madagascar

24 ■ HAS NEWSLETTER W13 • Summer 1997 INSULAR SOUTHWEST ASIA

7 APRIL 1 997 LEIDEN, THE NETHERLANDS T U

Rajaonarimanana, Narivelo. Les sept pilons de fer: Workshops on traditions orales du Manandriana (Madagascar) Études Océan Indien Madagascar No. 20. Inalco, Paris 1996. ISSN 0246-0092 To mark the visit o f Dr Rafolo Andrianaivoarivony to Leiden from 15 The participants were pleased January 1997 to 15 April 1997, Leiden University, the African Studies with the academic results of the Centre, and the International Institute for Asian Studies organized workshops since both Africanists three workshops on Malagasy history, linguistics, and anthropology on and Asianists became aware of their 7 April 1997. shared interest in Madagascar. Next year Leiden University, the African and the creation of bonded labour Studies Centre and the International By SANDRA EVERS ° * * h C O based on the reconstruction of the Institute for Asian Studies hope to r Rafolo Andria­ ideology and terminology of slavery. invite another scholar from Mada­ naivoarivony is The discussions that followed fo­ gascar. Moreover the co-operation ■ ->• a historian and cused on the current socio-economic programme with the University of The Seven ^ I archaeologist at the Uni­ situation of Madagascar, language Antananarivo includes the possibili­ versity of Antananarivo. issues and the legacy of the era of ty for Dutch scientists to teach and He was invited to the slavery and the French colonial peri­ elaborate on their own research in Netherlands by Leiden University, od (1896-1961) in the current social Madagascar. ■ Stampers the African Studies Centre, and the relations in Madagascar. HAS within the framework of the co­ operation programme that these (Advertisement) Leiden-based institutes concluded of Iron with the University of Antananarivo in Madagascar in 1994. During his ASIAN STUDIES ON MICROFICHE three months visit to Leiden Dr An­ of iron however was used during the drianaivoarivony elaborated on his THE EAST TIMOR QUESTION, 1975-1996 By SANDRA EVERS rites to stamp the earth invoking the research on the development of the LABOR ISSUES IN INDONESIA, 1979-1995 n ii November ancestors, who are buried in it, to state in Madagascar. POLITICAL REPORTS AND DISPATCHES, 1995, the Mada­ give their blessing to the unity of DUTCH EAST INDIES, 1898-1940 gascar specialist their descendants. Fer (iron) is the Dr Andrianaivoarivony presented SOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF COLONIAL INDONESIA IMAGES OF EAST AND WEST: MAPS, PLANS, and linguist Professor symbol of power in Betsileo ideolo­ the results of his scientific work in VIEWS AND DRAWINGS, 1583-1963 Otto Dahl died in Sta­ Leiden during the first workshop en­ gy- MEMORIES VAN OVERGAVE AND MAILRAPPORTEN, Rajoanarimanana concentrates on titled: ‘L’apparition de I'idee de nation vanger Norway in his DUTCH EAST INDIES, 1849-1962 et le développement de l’état a Madagas­ 92nd year. Recently the book Les sept the development of the Manandria­ THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN INDONESIA, 1807-1949 pilons defer: traditions orales du Ma­ na kingdom in the 18th century, its car’. In his contribution Dr Andria­ WAR AND DECOLONIZATION IN INDONESIA, 1940-1950 nandriana (Madagascar) by Dr Narive­ socio-political organization and its naivoarivony analysed the interac­ THE SARVODAYA MOVEMENT IN INDIA, 1950s lo Rajaonarimanana was published rulers. By the 19th century the Ma­ tions between the development of in homage to Professor Dahl who nandriana kingdom was well-estab­ the state and the nation in Madagas­ For more information, please contact was very important in putting Mad­ lished but nevertheless was unable car. This subject was dealt with from agascar on the scientific map. He had to resist the Merina who expanded a historical perspective but the cur­ MMF Publications devoted his time to studying the from the Northern Highlands in a rent situation was also discussed. PO Box 287 Malagasy language, which he spoke southerly direction. At the begin­ After his introduction the 21 partici­ 2160 AG Lisse The Netherlands fluently, in the context of other Aus- ning of the 19th century, around pants of the workshop had the op­ Tel +31 252 417250 tronesian languages. (1820), the Manandriana kingdom portunity to engage in discussions Fax + 31 252 418658 on ethnicity, identity, nation and Les sept pilons the fer is the 20th issue lost its independence and was an­ E-mail: [email protected] of the publication series called Étu­ nexed to the Merina kingdom. state formation but also comparative m des Ocean Indien of the Institut Na­ Nowadays statues of wood (see cases were brought before the foot- tional des Langues et Civilisations cover of the book) in the region light.. around Ambositra still remind the Orientales in Paris. The fieldwork for (Advertisement) this book had already been carried Betsileo of their history. They sym­ In the second workshop in the af­ out between 1974 and 1976 in the bolize the bond between the living ternoon Dr Andrianaivoarivony held Betsileo region, Manandriana near and the dead by visualizing the past a lecture accompanied by slides on Ambositra. It was the Erst research in the present: the wooden statues his favourite subject: the archaeolo­ Gert Jan Bestebreurtje that reconstructed the history of the are a homage to the Betsileo kings gy of religious legitimation of the state in Madagascar (19th century). region not by using archival materi­ and the ancestors of the people. ■ Antiquarian Bookseller and Print-dealer al but by interviewing Betsileo and He stresses the importance of the recording the oral tradition. Rajoa- Rova in Antananarivo, the palace of Brigittenstraat 2 narimanana introduces his book the Merina kings that dates from the (Corner Nieuwegracht 42) with a reflection on his research 17th century was almost completely methods and the importance of oral burned down on 6 November 1995. Opposite Rijksmuseum sources in the reconstruction of Mal­ In 1996 Dr Andrianaivoarivony was fiet Catharijneconvent agasy history today. The book is bi­ responsible for the archaeological Postbus 364 'i/rriQM* lingual: the oral tradition that was investigation of the remains of the 3500 aj Utrecht / Netherlands collected is presented in Malagasy Rova and advised national and inter­ and its French translation. national agencies about the recon­ Tel.: (0)30-23192 86/Fax: (0)30-23433 62 struction of the Merina palace and Manandriana was one of the Betsi­ the royal tombs, which were also Specialized in Old & Rare Books on Colonial History and Travel. leo kingdoms that flourished at the heavily damaged. end of the 18 century and the begin­ Catalogues of books on Asia are to be found as Short List on Internet: ning of the 19 century. The title sept The last workshop was given by http://iias.leidenuniv.nl/books/bestebr/ pilon defer refers to the rites that the anthropologist Sandra Evers who For more detailed information please fax or write. former kings performed in order to currently completes her PhD thesis unite the different population For information: on migration in relation to inter and We always enjoy meeting our customers personally in Utrecht (35 km from Amster­ groups and to stimulate their alli­ SERVICE DE PUBLICATIONS intra ethnic differentiation on the dam) from Monday through Friday, on Saturday by appointment only. ance to the king. Sept (seven) stands INALCO Southern Highlands in Madagascar. Orders for the book Haks & Maris, Lexicon o f foreign artists who visualized Her contribution highlighted the for prosperity. The pilon (stamper), 2, rue de Lille Indonesia (1600-1950), may be sent directly to the publisher, see address above. the wooden stamper is nowadays 75343 Paris Cedex socio-economic dynamics of migrant used to stamp the rice, the stamper France societies on the Southern Highlands

Summer 1997 • has newsletter 1x1213 • 2-5 SOUTHEAST ASIA The collections of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew support the institu­ BRUNEI • MYANMAR • CAMBODIA tion’s work into plants and botany, concentrating on the tropical and sub-tropical regions o f the world. Kew has a long-standing and on­ INDONESIA • LAOS • MALAYSIA going interest in the botanical region o f Malesia that covers insular Southeast Asia - the Malay Archipelago - including New Guinea. THE PHILIPPINES • SINGAPORE The Library & Archives is the more obvious source of information for THAILAND • VIETNAM researchers. The Main Library, including the Archives, is in one o f the wings of the Herbarium where more than seven million dried plant specimens are housed.

■ By NICHOLAS MARTLAND

he Main Library’s major holdings relate to plant taxonomy and classifica­ tion, including a large collection of floras ar­ Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew ranged by region, and notable early botanical works. In other collections and branch libraries there are works on travel, exploration, and anthropol­ ogy; on horticulture; and comprehen­ sive collections relating to economic botany, medicinal plants and ethno- botany. Nineteenth-century material, both published and archival, reflects Brit­ ish imperial concerns so that the Southeast Asian collections are par­ ticularly strong on the Malay Penin­ sula, including Singapore, although less comprehensive on Borneo. There SjjNph is a substantial quantity of material relating to India, including Burma. Long-standing ties with Buiten- zorg/Bogor have resulted in impor­ tant holdings on the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia. There is a large collection of miscellaneous reports for Malaya, Borneo and the other re­ gions of Southeast Asia. These reports are bound volumes of correspon­ dence, newspaper articles, govern­ ment reports, trade statistics and other material relating to their area of coverage. Although the Library’s holdings are predominantly botanical, and more particularly related to plant taxonomy and classification, there are resources in other fields of benefit to historians, biographers, and an­ thropologists. There are strong hold­ ings on ethnobotany; medicinal plants; economic botany - such as published and manuscript material relating to the rubber industry in Southeast Asia.

The Roxburgh collection The Archives is the approved Place shelves in the Centre /U ) Coat madefn aran (Artoc o f Deposit, under the Public Records elastica) bark from Sabah / k) Forest tree (Shorea) Roxburgh coll. / Act, for the Royal Botanic Gardens, (<$} a drum made from Diptorocarpus costatus from Pegu Kew’s own files, recording plant ex­ ploration, botanical research and gar­ den development over more than 150 1815) went to India in 1776, in the plant specimens and plant products, rector of Kew, began acquiring mate­ tion accompanying the items in the years. Diaries, field notes, and sketch­ service of the East India Company. and items associated with the manu­ rial for the collection in 1847. Indi­ collection is what makes it a particu­ es of plant collectors are also held in He made descriptions of Indian facture or use of plant products. vidual as well as institutions have larly valuable resource. ■ the Archives. In addition there are plants and had life-size paintings of There are 28,000 samples of wood in donated items to the collection: letters of botanists such as Sir Joseph many of the plants made by Indian the collection. Items range from rice Richard Spruce’s South American This article is based on a lecture given Banks, George Bentham, Sir William artists. The 2500 water-colours, pre­ grains to herbal toothpastes; betel collections were given by him to Kew on 17 February at the Southeast Asian and Sir Joseph Hooker, Charles Dar­ sented to Kew by the East India nut cutters to rattan baskets; wood between 18451 and 1866. Material was libraries Group Meeting in Hull, UK. win and also those with Southeast Company, include species found in' samples to poison darts; illustra­ donated by the various international Asian links such as H.N. Ridley, I.H. Southeast Asia. tions on leaves to fish-traps; quinine and colonial exhibitions held in Lon­ Burkill, and R. E. Holttum. barks to tea leaves; musical instru­ don and by Colonial and Indian fo­ Botanical illustrations, used to Centre for Economic Botany ments to articles of clothing; plant restry and agricultural departments. LIBRARY & ARCHIVES help identify specimens, form the C ollection dyes to herbal medicines. The collection of the Pharmaceutical Royal Botanic Gardens bulk of the prints and drawings col­ Perhaps one of the most fascinat­ Items are arranged by plant family Society of Great Britain was given to Kew, Richmond Surrey, TW9 3AE lections. Individual illustrations are ing of the collections at Kew that is and genus. There is a computerized Kew in 15183. Although the majority England arranged by plant family and genus, of interest not only to botanists but catalogue that allows for items to be of items in the collection were ac­ Tel:+44-181-3325414 as are the herbarium specimens, to also historians, anthropologists, searched by plant family, genus and quired before the 15130s, Kew still ac­ Fax: +44-181-3325278 rather than by geographical region. ethnographers and others, is the species; by common name; by geo­ quires material. The importance of The Library has some noteworthy Centre for Economic Botany collec­ graphical origin; by use and by the provenance notes, uses and any Nicholas Martland collections of original drawings in­ tion. Economic botany is that field of donor’s name. Descriptions of each other information known about the (e-mail: [email protected] ) cluding William Roxburgh’s Icottes botany covering plants, and plant item and other notes are also record­ plant or plant product is always is the Assistant Librarian (Enquiries & Roxburghianae, or drawings o f Indian products, that are of use to humans. ed on the database. stressed to staff who acquire materi­ Research Support) o f the Library & plants (17510-1812?). Roxburgh (1751- The Centre holds more than 70,000 Sir William J. Hooker, the first Di­ al for the collection. This informa­ Archives, Royal botanic Gardens in Kew.

2 6 has newsletter N?i3 • Summer 1^57 SOUTH EAST ASIA The Voyage of Harm Kamerlingh Onnes

Recently there has been a revival in interest in travel journals about the former Netherlands Indies. Last year, Peter van Zonneveld’s Naar de Oost appeared and we have also been witnessing a renewed interest in chronicles like Couperus’ Oostwaarts and Du Perron’s Scheepsjournaal 1 van Arthur Ducroo. In the same period, the young artist Harm Kamer­ lingh Onnes joined his Uncle Dolf, a businessman in Sumatra, on a voyage to Indonesia.

port of Medan, where Harm and Dolf By DIRK A. BUISKOOL disembarked. arm Kamer­ Dolf owned the well-known firm lingh Onnes ‘Administratie Kantoor Kamerlingh wrote long let­ Onnes’ in Medan. Besides managing H cJUl (>j C n -n r j ters to his family in Hol­ his own firm, Dolf was responsible for land illustrated by nu­ the business affairs ofthe lateTjongA merous sketches. These Fie, who had died two years earlier. letters afford us an insight into the Tjong A Fie, ‘doyen’ of the Chinese colonial world of Indonesia and East­ community and ‘one of the most re­ like Charlie Chaplin’s ‘The Idle Class’, they met Tjong A Foek (Queeny geverij Verloren in Hilversum. The re­ ern Asia at its apogee in the 1920s. The markable among the prominent ‘the Three Musketeers’ and other clas­ Chang), Tjong A Fie’s eldest daughter, search for this publication has been letters provide an added dimension names in these colonies’, employed sics of the twenties. They attended and her husband Lim King Yin (son of sponsored by the International Insti­ by the glimpse we are given of the over ten thousand people in his busi­ concerts, exhibitions, and social gath­ Lim Nee Kar). While in Peking Harm tute of Asian Studies, the Prins Bern- business empire of the famous ‘Ma­ ness empire, making him one of the erings in the city of Medan as well as made many side seeing trips to the hard Fonds, and the Dr Hendrik joor der Chineezen’, Tjong A Fie in wealthiest and most influential Chi­ elsewhere in the region. Forbidden Palace and other tourist at­ Muller Vaderlandsch Fonds, ■ Medan. nese in the whole of Sumatra. Dolf After having spent two months tractions of the city with A Foek. From In December 1922, Harm and his had been a partner in Tjong A Fie’s there Harm and Dolf left Medan for Peking Harm and Dolf left for Japan, References Uncle Dolf left Amsterdam for Genoa business and had been generously Penang. From there the two sailed via to meet other business contacts of x. The name of Kamerlingh Onnes is a well- where they boarded the liner ‘Vondel’ helped by the latter in his younger Singapore to Amoy on the south coast Tjong A Fie. After about three weeks known one. Its most famous bearer was bound for the Netherlands Indies. It years. of China where they met Mr. Lim Nee in Kyoto, Kobe, Tokyo, and Nagasaki Professor Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, was the first time that Harm had In Medan, Harm and Dolf met Kar, one of Tjong A Fie’s important they sailed back to Holland. Harm’s other uncle and elder brother of made the voyage, but Dolf had made Tjong A Fie’s widow and visited the business contacts. Although the Harm never returned to the Far Dolf who was awarded the Nobel prize for the journey fifteen times before. They late entrepreneurs’ plantations. The meeting was not very successful, East, nor did Dolf, who retired to War­ physics in 1913 after determining the fluid sailed via Port Said, through the Suez letters provide a good impression of Harm’s sketches leave us with a vivid mond where he lived until his death point of helium. Canal, Aden and Colombo to Sumatra. Dolfs business dealings, transactions, impression. In Swatow they visited in 1933. In the 1950s Harm became a 2. (Governor van der Plas, Mailrapport93/17, During the trip Harm wrote exten­ financial and legal problems. Harm the Tjong’s ancestral house, which painter and ceramist of some repute. Min. v. Kol. 1900-’63, Alg. Verbalen, nr. 1719) sively to his family about life on board described his uncle as a kind of busi­ had already fallen into a state ofdecay. He died in 1985. 3. Queeny Chang wrote Memories of a Nyonya ship, illustrated by remarkably accu­ ness tycoon who won all his cases, Harm and Dolf also inspected the in which she described her life as Tjong A rate sketches of his fellow passengers. which was by and large true. We meet poorly managed private railway be­ The publication of the illustrated Fie’s daughter. (Singapore Univ. Press, ’81) Harm himself was particularly im­ Uncle Dolf s social circle, his friends longing to the Tjong family which letters of Harm Kamerlingh Onnes is pressed by Mrs. Tip, enthraled by her and bridge partners, and become ac­ ran between Swatow and Chao Chow. planned for autumn 1998. The book delightful piano playing. Three weeks quainted with their drinking habits. From Swatow they sailed to Shang­ will be edited by the author of the Dirk A. Buiskool can be contacted later the ship arrived in Belawan, the Harm and Dolf went to many films, hai and from there to Peking, where present article and published by Uit­ at e-mail: [email protected]

Burma and the VOC If, in the end, the VOC manu­ scripts shed some light on this cru­ The Dutch factories in Burma cial Southeast Asian region and ex­ tract it from the seventeenth century murkiness that envelops it, that, in itself, will add greatly to the knowl­ in the Seventeenth Century edge we have about this specific trade route during the period in question. In April 1939, now almost 60 years ago, it was D.G.E. Hall who wrote: ‘Its The Burma trade route Dutch historians to justify a full- As to the intrinsic value of this [the Dutch factory in Burma] history seems never to have been written, One might wonder why the histo­ fledged research project resulting in particular research in the grand though the many references to it that lie buried in the published volumes ry of these factories was never writ­ a monograph of its own. However, it scheme of VOC studies, I might ven­ of the Daghregister of Batavia lead one to think that the Dutch archives ten. Not only has there been no sys­ is Burma’s pivotal position along ture to suggest that placing Burma, probably contain more than enough material for such a purpose.’ Wil Ra- tematic and thorough study of these ancient and crucial maritime and for the very first time, squarely with­ delaar examined the research possibilities in the VOC archives in Burma. VOC establishments but, unfortu­ overland trade routes that, in the in the vast and intricate network of nately, Burma is rarely, if ever, tou­ end, will decide the overall impor­ VOC trading posts in the East Indies about such diverse locations as ched upon in Dutch research. One tance and scholarly value of the might give us deeper insight into By WIL O. RADE LAAR- DIJ K Siam, Persia, Japan, and of course, could argue that the factories in the study I have embarked upon. Co­ how Batavia, in the seventeenth cen­ R esearch etting myself the Batavia itself. This test of endurance remote ‘Kingdom of Pegu’ were of no gently, the Dutch factories in Burma tury, reacted to certain critical Project target of finding has yielded a rich harvest indeed. importance whatsoever in the grand were stepping-stones along a trade events which occurred all along the s out just how For, from the murky depths of these design of VOC activities in the East. artery that ran from China to India arteries of its far-flung empire of much material pertain­ ancient writings has emerged a col­ After all, the Dutch came to the East and beyond. trade, and, furthermore, how these ing to those factories in ourful and highly fascinating kalei­ Indies in search of spices, and Burma very events forced the VOC trading Burma lie hidden with­ doscope of details that paints a vivid was not a producer. However, once From time immemorial to this activities to evolve over time. in the VOC archives at the Algemeen picture of how a distinct group of they reached the Spice Islands, the very day, Burma has been of critical The history of the Dutch factories Rijksarchief in The Hague, I com­ foreign traders functioned in seven­ Dutch discovered that the celebrated importance to the Chinese province in Burma deserves to be written. For menced my search in the summer of teenth-century Burma and what pungent condiments cum medica­ of Yunnan. From this remote part of all too long these remote trading 1994. In my naivety I judged a maxi­ was involved in their relationship ments could only be had in exchange China, Burma affords the nearest, posts have languished as a mere mum of six months to be sufficient with the Court of Ava, the capital for the equally celebrated textiles easiest, and most direct access to the footnote, if that, in Dutch historiog­ for this task. However, it is only city of what the Dutch always re­ from the Coromandel Coast. And sea. Through the ages and in all raphy. I do believe, and the results of now, three very long years on, that I ferred to as the ‘Kingdom of Pegu’. once there, they stumbled upon the manner of ways, the Burma-Yunnan my research bear me out, that the am finally nearing the end of my Furthermore, the VOC archives also ancient and hugely lucrative trade border has been a crossroads of some VOC lodges in seventeenth century quest. From the outset it became contain detailed eyewitness ac­ across the Bay of Bengal. Thus it was consequence to the inhabitants of Burma deserve to be brought out of clear that my search could not re­ counts of destructive internecine rumours of vast profits to be made both sides of this divide. Many a the shadows and given their rightful main limited to Burma itself and wars between Burma and both Siam across the Bay that in turn brought time it was the scene of bitter bat­ place in the sun. ■ the Coromandel Coast under whose and China in the seventeenth cen­ the ever-avaricious Dutch to the tles, however, in times of peace, it jurisdiction it fell, but that I would tury; a period in Burma's history shores of the ‘Kingdom of Pegu’. was and remains an essential corri­ also need to plough through vast suffering from a dearth of informa- Perhaps the Burma trade as such dor through which pass a wide va­ Wil O. Radelaar-Dijk (Leiden University) numbers of manuscripts from and tion. was not vast or important enough to riety of goods and people. is a free-lance researcher

Summer 1997 • HAS NEWSLETTER W I3 • 2 7 SOUTHEAST ASIA

19 >- 2 2 MARCH 1997 12 ► 13 MAY 1997 BARCELONA, SPAIN BIELEFELD, GERMANY The History of Lifestyling in the Philippines and Southeast Asia

The workshop ‘Lifestyling in Southeast Asia’ was held at the Sociology the Spanish Presence of Developments Research Centre (SDRC) o f the University o f Bielefeld on lz and 13 May 1997. The workshop was chaired by Prof Hans-Dieter Evers, Director o f SDRC and Alexander Horstmann, Research Fellow.

Western body in the tropics. Field­ in the Pacific ■ By ALEXANDER work becomes a matter of survival, HORSTMANN voyeurism, dislocation. In short, Manila, the attempts to expand al­ By FLORENTINO RODAO The final day started with the end n her paper ‘New Hobart sees a growth of ignorance of ternatively in China or other parts n of the Galleon, the alternative route Approaches to Life­ academics, consultants, and devel­ n March 1997, a Southeast Asia, and the difference in attempted by the ‘Compania de Fili­ Istyling, Consumer­ opers towards the unknown, overin­ small group of ✓ the way the natives were exploited pinas’ to form a direct link with the * ism and Social Inequali­ terpreted Other. He proposes an al­ ISpanish specialists through the ‘Encomienda’ in con­ Peninsula and the aims of the repre­ ty’ Dr Solvay Gerke ternative ethnography in which the / on the Philippines gath­ trast to the American colonies, a sentatives of the Philippines in the (SDRC, Bielefeld) high­ anthropologist learns to listen to ered together at the topic extensively researched by Pa­ Spanish Parliaments at the begin­ lighted some fundamental aspects the people and be sensitive to the is­ Universitat Pompeu tricio Hidalgo. The discussion cen­ ning of the 19th century. Again, the of her theory of Lifestyling as she ap­ sues the people talk about among Fabra in Barcelona for a three-day tred on the scanty number of Span­ comparison between the situation plied it to her studies on the new In­ themselves. conference on the History of the iards in Manila and the attempts in America (this time Cuba and donesian middle class. Globaliza­ In a paper entitled ‘Lifestyling as Philippines and Spanish Presence in they made to expand their presence. Puerto Rico) and the Philippines tion and mass consumption make Empowerment: Strategies of Social the Pacific. The discussions showed One participant suggested the idea emerged. The common view of a available a wide range of expensive, Actors in Time and Space', Alexander the different policies pursued by the that for a brief period (1580S-X605) rich Cuba and a poor Philippines but mass-produced consumer items. Horstmann (Bielefeld) introduced Spanish empire in relation to the Asia was an ‘Eldorado’ for Western has to be adjusted when analyzing Stressing the symbolic value of com­ his ethnography on the new rich in Philippine Archipelago and how adventurers (not only Spaniards). the last decades of the empire. Al­ modities, Gerke argues that the the deep south of the Thai Kingdom, this differed from the way matters This hypothesis was based on the though Cuba’s budget was bigger new, bureaucratic middle class in on the border with malaysia. Horst­ were run in the American colonies, idea that Manila was occupied as a than that of the government of Ma­ Indonesia is involved in symbolic mann provided an empirical exam­ first in Mexico and Peru and, after stepping stone towards Asia Main­ nila, Ines Roldan pointed out that consumption as a way of life. The ple which illustrated many theoreti­ 1820, Cuba. land and some contemporary refer­ Havana was ridden with debt (half lower middle classes, without the cal concepts raised during this There are three main groups in ences do indeed discuss the need to the income had to be spent for ser­ economic means to lead a middle workshop. However, his aim is to Spain engaged in research on the find occupations for the very large vicing payment of this debt) but class life, engage in what she calls make for an original contribution to former colony in Asia, each influ­ number of Spaniards in the Archi­ this was not the case with the Phi­ virtual consumption and lifestyling. the literature on globalization and enced by the documentation that is pelago who had come from America. lippines. Other researchers pointed Virtual middle classes have to buy lifestyle. The new rich are the life­ most readily accessible. The first is The recent publication of the book out the dynamism in the Philippine fakes to display the referentials nec­ style agents or culture builders who an Andalusian group founded by ‘Spaniards in Siam, 1540/1939’ economy and its relations with the essary for middle class membership. select specific building items from Lourdes Diaz-Tcechuelo and contin­ prompted a debate on the quantifi­ metropolis just before 1898. She clearly distinguishes lifestyle the social fields market and state ued at present by Professor Antonio cation of migration movements Professors Denys Lombart (École from ‘Lifestyling’. Lifestyle allows and mobilize various types of capital Garcia-Abasolo, from the University using the Manilla Galleon, the an­ Franchise d’Extrême Orient) and for social classification. Lifestyliza- in their social and economic behavi­ of Cordoba, whose research is based nual voyage between the Philip­ Peter Boomgaard (KITLV, the Neth­ tion is a process by which the new our. In southern Thailand, ethnicity on the Archivo General de Indias pines and Asia and America. Arturo erlands) also participated. Quite middle class is differentiating itself is a key strategic resource. Linking and deals with r6th-i8th century Giraldez pointed to the silverization apart from the history a conference from other, poorer groups. lifestyles to larger processes of bu­ Philippines. A second group which of the Chinese economy as a central was given on the project to micro­ In his paper ‘Consuming Asians: reaucratization and globalization, is based mainly in Madrid, usually point in the expansion into Asia by film documentation in the Philip­ Ideas and Issues’, Prof Chua Beng- Horstmann attempts to show the publishes in the Revista Espanola del Europeans. In his view, they mostly pines from the Spanish period, run Huat (National University of Singa­ way lifestyling will empower respec­ Pacijico and focuses on the 19th cen­ acted as middlemen between the by the Spanish Council for Research pore) drew on his book to be pub­ tive strategic groups in the social tury Philippines and its interna­ producers and end-purchasers. (CSIC) and the Philippine National lished in a series on the new rich in struggle carried out in southern tional context, using materials from The 17th and 18th centuries were Archives. Forty thousand bundles Asia. Chua made a number of crucial Thailand. the Archivo Historico Nacional, discussed the second day. Antonio are to be catalogued and when this clarifications on the concept and Dr Mark Hobart presented a sec­ Foreign Ministry Archives and Alonso, who is directing a research is compared to the mere two thou­ moral discourses of consumerism in ond exciting paper entitled ‘Con­ other documentation sources. group on ‘Costs and Profits in the sand that can be consulted in Ma­ Asia. First, improved material life suming Passions: Overinterpreting A third group is based in Barcelo­ Spanish Empire’ emphasized the drid or Mexico, historians can only increasingly constitutes the perfor­ Television-Viewing in Bali’ which na, at the Pompeu Fabra University importance of those annual silver dream: the history of the Philip­ mance criterion for political legiti­ constituted an attractive start to an and deals with two main topics. The remittances to the Philippines from pines will have to be rewritten. macy of less than democratic gov­ additional meeting on media and first topic, economic history, is cov­ Mexico, the ‘Situado’. Some data Next November there will be the ernments in Southeast Asia. Second, consumption, on 13 May 1997. Fo­ ered by a research group that used suggest that the quantity carried by Fourth Conference of the Spanish consumerism makes apparent the cusing on the notions of agency and to focus on Latin America, but has these galleons was three-quarters of Pacific Studies Association at Valla­ emergence of new class divisions in practice, Hobart stimulated a lively ‘jumped’ to the Philippines. The the total carried by English, Dutch, dolid, focusing on the Centenary of Southeast Asia. Third, consumerism debate on media and cultural stud­ members include Josep Maria Del­ and the Portuguese ‘Estada da 1898. There, we will have time to is seen as Westernization by the ies. He argues that while the beauty gado, Josep Maria Fradera, and An­ India’. Josep Maria Fradera under­ continue our discussion, joined by older generation. The moral debate of the media interpreter is repro­ tonio Alonso, with Arturo Giraldez lined the structural changes of scholars of many other nationali­ is a generational conflict between duced by media studies and anthro­ currently teaching in the US. The Spanish dominion after the British ties. ■ traditional parents and their ‘wes­ pologists risk becoming organic in­ second topic, under the leadership seizure of Manila (and Havana) in ternized’ children. tellectuals for business, audiences of Dolores Folch, focuses on rela­ the mid-eighteenth century. The Dr Mark Hobart (SOAS, London) are largely unknown. Mark Hobart tions between the Philippines and monetary core switched from taxes gave a most interesting lecture enti­ is currently interested in the prac­ China. They make extensive use of to focus on revenues from monopo­ tled ‘A Very Peculiar Practice or the tices of television viewing in Bali. the archives of the company that lies like tobacco or native liquors, Unimportance of Penguins’ which In summary, all participants was the largest in the Philippines and these changes prompted an ef­ dealt with the ignorance of anthro­ found the workshop enjoyable and until the 1950s, the Compama Gener­ fective occupation of the islands, pologists in the field and a new di­ plan to meet again at a later stage. al de Tabacs de Filipinas, based in Bar­ something that had not been un­ mension to research as Lifestyling. The papers are available on demand celona, but also do research outside dertaken before. These changes bore Hobart deconstructs the ethno­ at the address below. ■ their city. fruit at the time, but the indepen­ graphic approach as a practice. The dence of Latin American colonies For more information: practitioners see the other people as The organizer o f the conference and the subsequent end of the ‘Situ­ CMUNSA governable., solvable, translatable, was Josep Maria Fradera, therefore ado’ remittances meant the new in­ Avda Ramiro de Maeztu s/n transformable, manageable, and SOCIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT the discussions were biased toward comes remained in the Islands in­ 28040 Madrid saleable. Hobart described fieldwork RESEARCH CENTRE (SDRC) economic history. The first day was stead of being sent to Spain, which Spain as a confrontation of anthropolo­ University of Bielefeld dedicated to the earliest period, just was what the original idea had Fax: +34-I-5S4040I gists versus the people. He referred 33501 Bielefeld, after the arrival of the Spaniards in been. E-mail: [email protected] to a large stock of text about the Germany

28 • has newsletter W13 • Summer 1997 SOUTHEAST ASIA In Search of Banned Photographs

Fifty years ago saw the beginning of what became known as the first mi­ sible. I interviewed five veterans - Restoration Workshop) in Rotterdam. tions between the Dutch soldiers litary action (eerste politionele actie), the war in which the Netherlands most of the army photographers are Within a few years the entire negative equipped with by tanks and heavy attempted to restore its authority in the East Indies. Photographers cap­ now deceased - and confronted them collection will be preserved and trans­ armaments and their far more poorly tured these actions on film. Photos which showed the harsh reality of the with their photos. Some of them were posed on to a new carrier. My new re­ armed Indonesian opponents. The colonial war were never made available to the public. The historian of seeing this unpublished photograph­ search into this collection produced a Dutch military censors banned many photography Louis Zweers has rediscovered these censored photographs. ic material again for the first time in remarkable discovery of more than photos of the Dutch advance in East fifty years. They provided the essen­ two hundred so far unknown nitrate Sumatra during the first military ac­ attack mounted by Dutch paratroop­ tial information about the back­ negatives taken by army photogra­ tion in the summer of 1947, exactly By LOUIS ZWEERS ers on Yogyakarta, the Republican po­ ground to and how these action pho­ pher Sergeant B. Huisman. Some of fifty years ago. Huisman photo­ R e s e a rc h n January 1995 the ar­ litical centre. He captured on film the tos were taken. A pre-publication of this nitrate material has been spoiled graphed prisoners-of-war and Indo­ P ro je ct chivist H. de Graaff of arrest of Sukarno and his ministers at six pages of the censored photos of the or marred by small flecks and scratch­ nesian soldiers who had perished in Ithe General State Ar­ his residence in Yogyakarta and their military actions under the headline es, occasionally the photos are out of the struggle, burnt out business chives drew my attention departure from the airfield Maguwo ‘De vergeten beelden van operatie focus or overexposed. In the summer premises and the aftermath of the to a photograph collec­ near Yogyakarta on their way to their Kraai’ (The forgotten images of Oper­ of t947 the young war photographer fighting. His penetrating series of tion of the Dienst voor Le- exile in North Sumatra. Lieutenant T. ation Crow) appeared in the weekly recorded the fierce clashes in Deli on photographs shows a young Indone­ gercontacten (Army Contacts Service, Schilling photographed the rapid ad­ Vrij Nederland on t2 August r995, at the east coast of Sumatra (operation sian with his hands and feet bound DLC], part of the former Dutch mili­ vance of the Dutch tanks of the V Bri­ the time of the state visit to Indonesia Product/Agressi I). At the end of the held in a area which is very difficult tary intelligence service in the Neth­ gade on Solo, the second princely city by Queen Beatrix. In November 1995 fifties he emigrated to Australia, to pinpoint. Under close examina­ erlands East Indies. It transpired that in Central Java. the publisher SDU Uitgevers in The where he set himself up as a photog­ tion I perceived a wound on his right the largely ‘cleaned up’ photo collec­ The consecutive series of as yet un­ Hague brought out Agressi II: Operatie rapher. He died two years ago. I visit­ shin. A small trickle of blood also tion of this Service had been shipped known photos made by army photog­ Kraai, de verge ten beelden van de tweede ed his colleague, A.J.M. Loomans, who oozes from his mouth. Huisman to the Netherlands in a number of rapher Sergeant F.C. Kellenbach cov­ photographed the ar­ wooden packing cases on board the ering the action near the East Java­ rest and interrogation motor vessel ‘Heinselmans’ in March nese town of Magetan shows a Dutch of another young Indo­ 1950. According to De Graaff, when unit which arrested ten or so Indone­ nesian nationalist. In they were handed over to the General sian pemuda (freedom fighters) in the first shot the young State Archives by the Ministry of De­ March 1949. Most of the prisoners man with his hands fence in 2962 only the prints were ex­ have their hands bound behind their tied behind his back is amined. No attention was paid to the backs. Their arms, cartridge belts or being led away by KNIL negatives. There was no money to in­ pouches, captured during an attack, (the Dutch colonial ventorize and conserve the collection have been hung around their necks. r . ' ' . t, army) soldiers. In the of some six thousand nitrate nega­ They v/ere transported through the next shot he is sitting tives, ten thousand prints, and the small town of Magetan. Just after this r ,V -* . on the gorund near a documents pertaining to them. The the small group disappears into a jeep surrounded by twenty-five cardboard boxes in which wooded ravine where a Dutch soldier armed soldiers. Dutch the material was stored were never stands ready with his bren gun (a military men of the unpacked. kind of light machine gun). Another special unit, the Inlich­ In February 1995 I began to exam­ Dutch soldier on the edge of the ra­ tingen en Veiligheids- groep (Intelligence and ine the negatives and the documenta­ vine gives a sign with his raised hand. t Ê fM tion relating to them. I discovered Shortly afterwards the man with the ■' ;%r> Security Group) or IVG that the army photographer in the machine gun and his mate return begin the interroga­ Indies usually developed his own without their prisoners-of-war. Was tion. negatives on the spot. He then sent this a ‘Siciliian Vespers’, a summary Other unpublished this photographic material, includ­ execution? Or were there just some ëm ^ photos show two young ing any dud shots, in special DCL en­ warning shots fired over the heads of 1 Indonesian nationalists velops, to the headquarters in Batavia the prisoners? But where then are the 5 being forced to take off by army airmail. There the (minia­ prisoners-of-war on the last photo in 5 their clothes by KNIL ture format) negative films were cut the series? I had a number of blow­ 2 soldiers. A senseless ac- 5 tion which has no other into strips and inserted into sheets. ups of the photos made. In the ex­ Z The headquarters decided which treme right of one of them it is still V iV -, , . S purpose than to humil- films would be published. The pho­ quite possible to see the point of the 1 iate the prisoners. tographers themselves had no say violently agitated barrel of the bren “ These less than inspir- whatsoever in the matter. There was gun. Startled, two other Dutch sol­ 8 ing images of the for- a very strict control over the (photo­ diers look behind them in the direc­ 5 tunes of war were never graphic) reporting of the military ac­ tion of the bren gunner. Were they- .M - 5 passed for publication tions. An initial inventorization shocked by the loud clatter of the bren a at the time that they showed me that about one-third of gun or by something else? The groups I were taken. I compiled the original number of negatives has of prisoners, who initially stood bun­ i a selection of these un- disappeared. The more than three ched together, are now scattered out 1 •: , * 1 8 published negatives, hundred sheets, arranged according over a wider area. They are barely per­ ï This offers an unforget- to negative number, contain concise ceptible. Even on these enlargements I table and sometimes but esssential information like place, it is not possible to determine wheth­ gruesome picture of the date, subject, and usually the name of er they have actually been hit by bul­ Medan/Bmjai, east coast of Sumatra, 21 juli 1947. A captured extremist during the first situation in Sumatra the photographer. The captions lets. I confronted the photographer interrogation by Dutch soldiers of the Intelligence and Security Group. about which still so lit- which once accompanied them have Kellenbach, who now lives in Austra­ ______tie is known. These disappeared without trace. The nega­ lia, with his action photos. He can no politionele actie (Aggression II: Opera­ also worked as army photographer in photos provide the essential nuances tives cover the period from the begin­ longer recall the incident. He assumes tion Crow, the forgotten images of the Medan in Sumatra. He described the to the present picture of this painful ning of 1947 -the Dienst voor Leger- that if indeed there had been an exe­ second military action) (2nd edition conditions under which they had to colonial war. ■ contacten was set up in April 1947- to cution, he would certainly have 1997) to accompany the photographic work and what the war was like in re­ the withdrawl of the Dutch troops known about it. exhibition of the same name in the ality. This sort of background infor­ from the Indies at the end of 1949. Rotterdam Museum for Ethnology. mation is of the greatest importance - Louis Zweers Cover ups ‘Before a photograph can be accepted Strijd om Deli: Verboden fo to ’s van Execution? Among the DLC documents I come Deli as a document, it must itself be docu­ de eerste politionele actie op Sumatra I had the photographer at the Na­ across the correspondence of the head At the beginning of 1995 the archi­ mented’, is one of the standing dicta (T he Battle for Deli: forbidden photos tional State Archives, Ferry Wattjes, of the Dienst voor Legercontacten in vist of the General State Archives, laid down by the English photo histo­ of the first military action in Sumatra) make contact prints of the negatives Batavia, Lieutenant-Colonel W.C. A.M. Tempelaars, compiled an inven­ rian Beaumont Newhall. Through the 96 p.Walburg Pers covering the second military action. Koenders. His letters reveal that the tory of the photo collection and archi­ very nature of their material photo­ Not just the images themselves, but service not only peddled written val dcouments of the Dienst voor Le­ graphs provide detailed information. more particularly their sequence and propaganda, it also dealt in images: gercontacten Indonesië 1946-1950. They can add supplementary facts to Louis Zweers is a historian coherence provide special informa­ the reality was concealed in a very ef­ The National Archives also trans­ historical knowledge. of photography and a journalist tion. On Sunday morning 19 Decem­ fective manner. The Service made sure ferred the highly inflammable nitrate For the first time the photos taken ber 1948, the army photographer J. that real images of the war were made negatives to the National Fotorestaura- in Deli show the harsh reality of the (Translated from Dutch Zijlstra photographed the surprise air available to the public as little as pos­ tie Atelier (The National Photographic colonial war, the bitter confronta­ by Rosemary Robson)

Summer 1997 • iias newslette-r W13 • SOUTHEAST ASIA

20 >■ 22 MARCH 1997 ‘The Colonial Prison in Indochina: to injustice unpunished or perpe­ AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS Comparative and Methodological trated by predatory agents of capital Considerations’, follows north Viet­ and the state. Sidel argues that as namese scholarship in depicting the with the legend of Nardong Putik metamorphosis of colonial jails into and other supposedly Robin Hood­ revolutionary schools. Zinoman de­ like gangsters in the Cavite province, Crime and Punishment parts from the line and accounts for the myths propagated by and about the transformation of the colonial local politicians locate the source of goal being not solely due to the ‘iron power in the outlaws’ intrinsic per­ determination’ of the communist sonal qualities, obscuring the deriv­ Criminality in Southeast Asia party. He chooses to emphasize en­ ative nature of power - its origin in during institutional features of the the predatory state and its role in the prison system itself He explains that process of capital accumulation. A conference on Crime and Punishment: Criminality in Southeast Asia Anthropology, University ofAmster- outmoded architecture and surveil­ These and other conference papers was organized by the Joint Committee on Southeast Asia of the Ameri­ dam) and Margreet van Til (Centre lance, confused systems of penal la­ are now being prepared for publica­ can Council o f Learned Societies and the Social Science Research Coun­ for Asian Studies, University of Am­ bour and classification, allied with tion. cil from 20-22 March 1997 in Amsterdam. The conference was held at sterdam) who, in their paper entitled idiosyncratic methods of adminis­ the Centre for Asian Studies, University o f Amsterdam, with financial ‘Colonial Criminals on Java 1870- tration and provisioning are crucial Other conference participants in­ support from the International Institute for Asian Studies, Leiden. Pro­ 1910’, argue that although after 1830 structural components in any un­ cluded: Joshua Barker (Anthropolo­ fessors Vicente Rafael (University of California, San Diego) and Hendrik 'law and order’ were the corner­ derstanding of how the Indochinese gy, Cornell University); Daniel Lev Maier (Leiden University) were the conference organizers. stones of colonial ideology, in actual prisons served as training grounds (Political Science, University of practice Dutch colonial rule in Java for revolutionaries. Washington-Seattle); Rudolph Mra- cial order in Southeast Asian socie­ By SHAHBANO ALIANI was based on terror and intimida­ In 'A New Criminal Type in Jakar­ zek (History, University of Michi­ ties? tion. They contend that as part of its ta: Counter Revolution Today’ James gan); Hendrik Maier (Southeast The concept of criminality, the or­ own formation, the colonial state Siegel (Anthropology, Cornell Uni­ Asian Languages, Leiden University); he broad range of ganizers argued, furnishes the impe­ gave birth to criminals, though it versity) states that though criminal­ and John Pemberton (Anthropology, questions that the tus, both ideological and institu­ was capable of and interested in con­ ity generally takes its definition Columbia University). Itty Abraham conference sought tional, for legislating social location trolling only some of the criminality from the law, in Indonesia kriminali- (Social Science Research Council); address included: and the protocols of deference; sets it had helped to create. Carolyn Hau tas (criminality) exists without refer­ Benedict Anderson (Government, When was ‘crime’ in­ the occasion for re-citing, perform­ (Comparative Literature, Cornell ence to the law. This criminality, he Cornell University); Vicente Rafael vented in Southeast ing, and revising the law; legitimizes University) presented an essay ‘Who argues, is an effect of counter-revo­ (Communications, University of Asia? How has criminality been con­ disciplinary practices of modern po­ Will Save Us From The Law?: The lution, which is not the restoration California-San Diego); Laurie Sears ceived in the region? Who histori­ licing and the rationalization of Criminal Sate and Illegal Alien in of colonialism, but the continued re­ (Southeast Asian Languages, Univer­ cally have been cast as ‘criminals’? property, of ethnic, gender, and sex­ Post 1986 Philippines’. In her paper, pression of forces that would have sity of Washington-Seattle); and How do questions about criminality ual relations. Participants, who were Hau argues that the kidnapping of launched a class revolution had they Patsy Spyer (Anthropology, Universi­ open up to related inquiries regard­ drawn from a range of disciplines Chinese Filipinos is a manifestation been allowed to succeed. In his essay ty of Amsterdam) served as discuss­ ing the genealogy of legal systems and countries, were encouraged to of the discourse of the Chinese as entitled ‘The Usual Suspects: Nar- ants for the conference. ■ across various regimes? How do no­ explore the contingency and the alien ‘material men’ whose virtual dong Putik, Don Pepe Oyson, and tions of criminality furnish relays in ^malleability of the term ‘criminality’ nationality within the Philippine Robin Hood’ John Sidel (School of the production of modern subjectiv­ as it occurs in various historical mo­ post-colonial state remains a politi­ Oriental and African Studies, Uni­ ity? And, how do juridically deter­ ments and cultural settings. cally charged and contested issue. versity of London) questions the por­ Shahbano Aliani is attached to the mined ideas about self and Other Some presentations included: Peter Zinoman’s (History, Univer­ trayal of criminality in the Philip­ Southeast Asia Program o f the Social Science settle and unsettle the borders of so- Henk Schulte Nordholt (Cultural sity of California, Berkeley) paper pines as a form of societal ‘resistance’ Research Council, New York, USA

24 >- 27 MARCH 1 997 parison of communities in the interi­ canonical Malay literature, where SINGAPORE or of southern Thailand and in the common, ancient Austronesian the­ coastal islands of eastern Sumatra, mes provide a key to such texts. provided fresh glimpses of recent Even in the face of the massive envi­ fieldtrips. Other papers, like L. Len- ronmental destruction which is now hart’s and Tenas Effendi’s, dramati­ (literally) exploding in Batam and the Tribal Communities in cally sketched the symbolic and eco­ nearby Riau islands, C. Chou, Raja nomic relationships of a community Hamza, and V. Wee described tactics, to its territory, in the one case Orang training programmes, and strategies Laut maritime territory and in the to cope with this social and ecological the Malay World other Petalangan forests and stands of disaster. N. Maeda Tachimoto’s paper sialang trees. The impact of recent dealt with mechanisms and struc­ commercial exploitation of these ter­ tures to maintain diversity with har­ In the last decade of so, there have been numerous grand assemblies of ethnic groups in Borneo, that is Laha- ritories and their resources sparked mony among three ethnic groups on scholars and specialists who have gathered to discuss the Malay World. nan communities in Sarawak (Malay­ lively and concerned discussions. Selayar island between Lingga and Nonetheless, under the aegis of four sponsoring institutions - the sia) and various ‘Dayak’ groups in Kal­ Development and related socio-po­ Singkep islands. J. Edo described HAS (the Netherlands), Institute o f Southeast Asian Studies (Singapore), imantan Barat (Indonesia). litical issues were dominant in the strategies and patterns of harmony­ Centre for Environment, Gender and Development (Singapore) and The programme drawn up by the presentations of C. Nicholas on the building between the ruling family Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat (Germany), the International Con­ indefatigable convenors recognized tribal communities of Malaysia as and some Orang Asli families of Perak ference on Tribal Communities in the Malay World, held in Singapore, five categories of presentations: Eth­ well as Wan Zawawi Ibrahim’s reflec­ (Malaysia). Indeed, G. Benjamin’s 24-27 March, covered new ground and provided new perspectives. nology; Material Culture and Devel­ tions on Orang Asli art and culture in opening presentation emphasized the opment; World View; Ethnogenesis; an increasingly inhospitable social variety of typological relationships Laut, the so-called sea people of the By JAMES COLLINS and Inter-group Relations; and Histo­ milieu. Strikingly, S. Howell demon­ that can obtain between tribal and Riau-Lingga area and the islands of ry and Politics. However, as is often strated that development and culture Malay communities in Southeast y shifting the van­ Sumatra’s east coast. Moreover, there the case, many papers did not fit shift need not be irreversible; from Asia. The wide range of topics and tage point away were two papers which compared smoothly into these categories; over­ her two-decade perspective, the Che- concerns enunciated in these confer­ from the ‘canoni­ Orang Asli and Orang Laut groups. lap and interfit describes the confer­ wong of Central Pahang seem to have ence papers - only a small number of cal’ centre of the Malay Thus fifteen of the conference papers ence ambience. In fact, most of the pa­ flirted with motorcycles and steady which have been mentioned here - World, that is away from described or analysed tribal commu­ pers were anthropological, both de­ cash incomes but backed out of a full verifies Benjamin’s insistence on the Malay palaces and Malay nities in the Malay Peninsula or its scriptive and developmental. Excep­ betrothal in favour of re-creating diverse forms of relationships be­ ministries, the convenors of the con­ nearby islands. There were five addi­ tions to the anthropological emphasis their traditional lifestyles, their tradi­ tween tribal communities and the ference, Cynthia Chou and Geoffrey tional papers on three ethnic groups of the conference were the papers by tional selves. G. Persoon’s contribu­ ‘others’. Benjamin, succeeded in making the of Sumatra: the Petalangan commu­ Nik Hassan Shumaimi Nik Abdul tion on Siberut adjustments to com­ The participating scholars await participants hear other voices and un­ nities of the Kampar River basin of Rahman, which provided an archaeo­ merce and tourism also offered a ray the successful completion of the edit­ derstand different concerns. eastern Sumatra, the Siberut forest logical overview of the relationships of hope that inter-group relation­ ing process, now under way in Leiden. The twenty-three papers prepared dwellers of the Mentawai islands off between Malays and Orang Asli, and ships can even be beneficial to and A selection of the conference papers to for the Singapore conference com­ Sumatra’s west coast, and, somewhat by J. Collins, which looked at the lin­ supportive of traditional lifestyles, be edited by G. Benjamin and C. Chou prised an unusually large assemblage surprisingly, the Karo Batak farmers guistic evidence for distinguishing provided a deus ex machina (in this case will be published jointly by the Inter­ of quality papers related to the theme of northern Sumatra. (Surprisingly, between ‘Malays’ and ‘Dayaks’ in Kal­ the president of Indonesia) intervenes national Institute for Asian Studies, of tribal communities. Ten papers because the ‘tribal’ status of the Karo imantan Barat. Some papers, like R. to secure the survival of the tropical the Institute of Southeast Asian Stud­ discussed diverse Orang Asli (indige­ Bataks must be historical, rather than Dentan’s study of violence and Orang forest environment. The bipolarity ies and Keagan Paul (London). ■ nous) groups in the Malay Peninsula, contemporary, unless ‘tribal’ simply Asli religious beliefs, shared the distil­ and ambiguity of that environment both in Malaysia and Thailand. Three means indigenous but not Muslim). lation of decades of fieldwork and in the Siberut (Mentawai) culture led James Collins is attached to the Universiti papers concentrated on the Orang The remaining two papers were about analysis; others, like N.Porath’s com­ R. Schefold to new ways of looking at Kebangsaan Malaysia.

3 O • has newsletter N?t3 • Summer 1997 SOUTHEAST ASIA

- >■ * *vr* Web-site Tribal Communities• • in Southeast Asia

ment, please contact me at the ad­ By ANNETTE HAMILTON dress below (e-mail or fax for prefer­ M M 1 s one outcome of ence). All contributions will be fully f 1SB the Conference, acknowledged. Any other informa­ A‘Tribal Commu­ tion, suggestions or advice will like­ nities in the Malay wise be welcomed. ■ j j World’, it was decided to support the establish­

- ■' w ? ment of a site on the World Wide SITES WORTH VISITING Web. The Department of Anthro­ pology at Macquarie University in http//itas.leidemtniv.nl Sydney, Australia will host the site, This is a link to the International the graves of notable aristocrats of tentatively to be called, ‘Tribal and Institute for Asian Studies in Leiden, the Malay royal houses can be found Indigenous Communities in South the Netherlands, which offers facili­ Excursion to on this island. Famous examples in­ East Asia: Research and Information ties, resources, and institutional net­ cluding the graves of Raja Ali Haji Network’ (TICSEARIN). The site will working possibilities for research and Engku Putri Raja Hamidah, who include information arising directly not only in tribal and indigenous was given Penyengat as a wedding from the conference, including communities, but also for Asian the Riau gift in 1804. Another source ofattrac- names and contact numbers of par­ Studies in general. tion is the Sultan Mosque built ticipants, abstracts of papers, sum­ around 1844, and where numerous maries of relevant issues arising in http://www.hal9/0n.com/FWDP/ books of historical value are kept. discussions, and similar material, help.html Archipelago The mosque and many of the graves while over a longer term it will be This is the site for the Centre for looked well-maintained, shining developed to provide up-to date in­ World Indigenous Studies, which with fresh coats of paint. Elsewhere, formation on all aspects of current sponsors the Fourth World Docu­ The organizers of the workshop, ‘Tribal Communities in the Malay reconstruction work was still going research and developments among mentation Project. Although this World’, offered the participants an excursion to the Riau Archipelago on. Some of this work of renovation the many minority, tribal and in­ site is largely oriented towards in Indonesia on 28 March, following the four day international confer­ on Penyengat can certainly be attrib­ digenous groups in Southeast Asia. North American Indian issues, it is ence in Singapore. The whole idea behind the excursion was to become uted to the elaborate official October The site will also provide links to interesting for comparison. You can familiarized with various important historical sites in the Malay 1996 celebration on the island to other sites of interest to researchers find information about how to ac­ world. Gerard Persoon reports. commemorate Raja Ali Haji, who and teachers concerned with such cess the Fourth World Documenta­ had worked and ruled as viceroy on tion Project archives through: ield. Apart from the three temples the island in the 19th century. http://biocX.uthscsa.edu/itatnet/ By GERARD A. PERSOON there, known as Tsao, the complex is The potential for using internet archi ve/nl/9408/0011. h tm i fast ferry boat, re­ also an entertainment park depict­ This excursion not only provided linkages to further the aims of aca­ sembling an over- ing scenes and figures from Chinese us with insights into the history of demic and scholarly research is http://www.ics. be. ca/ica/ . sized speed boat, folklore stories and myths. the region, it also enabled us to gain huge, but still little developed. For membert.htmtd transported us from Sin­ a better understanding of the cur­ example, there is no data-base or This is the site for the Indonesia gapore to the fascinating V enycngat rent political and socio-economic single source of information about Canada Alliance NGO Partnerships. ‘water world’ of the Riau The highlight of the excursion was linkages between the Riau Archipel­ previous, current or planned re­ These projects focus on education, Islands. Dotting this part of the the next stage of our trip to the is­ ago and Singapore. We discovered search projects in the region. Much institution building, and people-to- maritime world were also boats and land of Penyengat, a site of great his­ that the region not only exports food needless duplication of effort, and people partnerships to improve the ships representing various marine torical importance in the Malay commodities to Singapore, but that frustrating overlaps, could be well-being of marginalized people in traditions ranging from tiny fish­ world. Upon arrival, we were wel­ it also literally transports islands to avoided if new (and recent) projects Indonesia and Canada. ing boats, small cargo vessels to comed into the house of Raja Ham- Singapore! Shiploads of rocks, sto­ were announcedin an open forum large container ships and oil tank­ zah, a local inhabitant. One of the nes, and sand extracted from little is­ where others interested could re­ http://www.pip.dknet.dk/~pip1917/ ers. The trip from Singapore to Riau workshop organizers, Dr Vivienne lands in the Riau waters are used to spond. Many other benefits to re­ publicat.html is a popular journey undertaken by Wee, provided us with a vivid and expand the total land mass of Singa­ search can arise from the kind of This is the site for the IWIGA (In­ many Singaporeans eager to experi­ detailed account of the intriguing pore. Changi Airport in Singapore, connections which electronic net­ ternational Work Group for Indige­ ence a different rhythm of social history of the region. She related sto­ for instance, was constructed using working can provide. nous Affairs) and links you to pub­ life. Shopping for shellfish at the ries about the various groups of set­ Indonesian soil. In the near future, It is intended that the site also lished documents, newsletters, the local market is yet another reason tlers and migrants to this area and Singapore has plans to build a dam provide a list of recent publications magazine ‘Indigenous Affairs’ and for Singaporeans to hop over to the relationship between the sulta­ on an island in the Bay ofBintan as a together with sources for purchase also provides the ability to download Riau. nates and kingdoms of Palembang, catchment area for fresh water to of these, and a list o f‘classic’ refer­ a database. The excursion itself consisted of Pagarrayung, and Langkat. In the meet the demands of the island ences on indigenous, tribal and mi­ visits to two settlements of histori­ ipih century, the island of Penyengat state. nority peoples in Southeast Asia to­ http://wcb.1cppgr.fao.0rg/lrnks/z.html cal significance. We first called at became of the centre of Malay cul­ Although there were relatively few gether with sources. This is the link-page for the site Senggarang, an island opposite Tan- ture. In the period before that, the ‘tribal’ elements in the excursion to The problem of access to this ma­ ‘Traditional and Indigenous Know­ jung Pinang. Senggarang, one of the Dutch had tried to defeat the Malay the Riau islands, the main focus on terial for those not linked to Inter­ ledge’ and provides you with a list of oldest overseas Chinese settlements king with the help of the Buginese. the historical interactions and clash­ net services was addressed briefly at 22 other sites which you can click in the world, first housed fishermen Later, the Buginese were incorporat­ es between the Malays, Buginese, the Conference in the final discus­ onto concerning aspects of indige­ from Southern China many centu­ ed into the Malay kingdom through Chinese, and Dutch in the region, sion session. Over time it is hoped nous peoples’ affairs. ries ago. Even now, Senggarang is instituting the position of a Bugi­ added an interesting dimension to a that the utility of such a network still a fishing village. Chinese boat­ nese viceroy under the Malay sultan. well organized and highly enjoyable will become established. The possi­ building and fishing remain impor­ When the kingdom of Riau-Lingga conference. ■ bility of providing hardware, soft­ tant income-generating activities was dissolved in 1913, the Malay ware, and training to people in their Please contact: for its inhabitants. The island is king left Penyengat as he no longer own communities will be explored PROF. ANNETTE HAMILTON now also noted for an important wanted to be ruled by the Dutch co­ in more detail as an aspect of the Anthropology complex of Chinese temples. It is lonial administration. Despite his new Network’s activities. School of Behavioural Sciences highly evident from all the ongoing departure, the island retained its rel­ Contributions and information Macquarie University construction work that this island evance as a focal point for the Malay to add to the Web-site will be grate­ Sydney NSW 2 109, Australia is not only of great importance to world. In spite of its limited area, fully received and acknowledged. If Tel:+61-2-9850-8079 the Chinese community in Sengga­ Penyengat remains a very important you have any material you would E-mail: rang, but also to the many visitors site for the Malays in the region. like to contribute now, when the [email protected] who come from much further af­ Many other historical sites, such as site is at its early stages of develop­ Fax:+61-2-9850-9391 or 9850-9955

Sum m er 1997 • iias newsletter n? 13 • 3 1 SOUTHEAST ASIA

The inseparability of phonological theory and phonetic realization is es­ Phonetics and Phonology sential to our research methodology, [figure 2 and 3]

The long-term goal of the present of Prosodic Systems in project is to provide a full specifica­ tion of all the languages in the Indo­ nesian area in terms of their prosodic properties. For the mid-term this the Languages of Indonesia ambitious goal will be narrowed down to a study of word prosodic properties in a small selection of lan­ On l September 1997 a research programme will begin to study prosod­ centration of theoretical linguists and ble of melodic, temporal, and dynam­ guages. For any language to be select­ ic systems ofthe languages o f Indonesia. The programme is a joint ven­ phoneticians have been working on ic properties of language and speech. ed for the sample, published descrip­ ture of the Leiden Department of Linguistics (including the Phonetics word prosodic phenomena, in both These comprise relatively slowly var­ tions must be available in the litera­ Laboratory] and the Centre for Non-Western Studies CNWS and, in Ja­ Western and Non-Western languages, ying properties of speech that are ture. Claims that have been made karta, Indonesia, the Fakultas Sastra ofthe Universitas Indonesia and in the latter case in close co-operation characteristic of linguistic units with respect to phonological struc­ the Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. The research pro­ with experts on Non-Western lan­ above the level ofthe segment (i.e. in­ ture will then be verified on the basis gramme aims to provide compact characterizations of melodic and guages in the Centre for Non-Western dividual vowel or consonant). The of examples encountered in the pub­ rhythmic structures of a representative sample of languages in the In­ Studies. Van der Hulst and his co- phonetic components of prosody are lications, and checked against the donesian area. Such structures include intonation, stress, and accent. workers have been an international judgment of native language consul­ Both the (abstract) phonological structure of these phenomena and centre of word prosodic studies, coor­ 20a tants. The resulting information will their manifestation in the acoustics and perception of the speech signal dinating an exhaustive survey of the be interpreted in terms of a number (phonetic aspects) will be researched. stress systems of European languages, of structural parameters, which have but diverging into Non-Western lan­ been selected such so the word pro­ guages on many occasions. The word ■ By VINCENT J. VAN HEUVEN & ELLEN VAN ZANTEN sodic system of any language can be prosodic characteristics of a large Time (s) characterized compactly and ade­ R e s e a rc h n the tradition oflin- Organization number of languages, both Western quately. This part of the research will P ro je c t guistic fieldwork and The research programme was ini­ and Non-Western, are specified in the Figure 2 - Lexical tone phenomena are be stored in the StressTyp database, a Idescriptive linguis- tiated in close collaboration with Prof so-called StressTyp database. widespread in the languages o f Irian Jaya. This computer-readable collection of data tics it has been custo­ W.A.L. Stokhof (Professor ofAustrone­ The main line of experimental pho­ figure shows the speed o f the vocal cord vibra­ that - eventually - specifies the pro­ mary to work in extenso. sian Linguistics/IIAS), Dr C. Odé (Sen­ netic work at the Leiden Phonetics La­ tion (the determinant of perceived pitch in sodic parameter settings for all the The output of a descrip­ ior Researcher ISIR Priority Pro­ boratory concerns the melodic and speech) for three isolated words Ibe/ in Mpur, world’s languages. This database will tive research project is usually a gramme on Irian Jaya languages), and temporal organization of Western a language o f the Bird's Head area.The differ­ be an important research tool for lan­ grammar of a language, covering its Dr H.G. van der Hulst (assoc, profes­ languages (predominantly Dutch and ence in pitch between high (H, ‘but’), mid (M, guage typology studies. To determine phonology, morphology and syntax, sor of phonology at the Linguistics English) and its function in accentua­ 'in’), and low (L, 'fruit') lexical tones is easily the perceptual adequacy of prosodic and often includes a representative Department). The programme will be tion and prosodic phrasing of sen­ observed in the figure. [Recordings made by descriptions testing tools will be de­ part of the lexicon plus sample texts. funded by the Royal Academy KNAW tences. Part of the experimental pho­ Dr Cecilia Odé] veloped which can be applied in field- Restricted by the breadth of coverage (Scientific Co-operation The Nether- netic research effort at Leiden has work situations. and the limited (time) resources avail­ lands-Indonesia). In Leiden, it is a been concentrated on the Non-West­ (i) variation in pitch, as determined able to the researcher, such studies do joint venture of the Dept, of Linguis­ ern languages since the late seventies. by the repetition rate of the vocal At the end of the project, the re­ not normally provide the results of tics (including the Phonetics Labora­ cord vibration, (ii) variation in loud­ search can and will be continued and acoustical measurements or con­ tory) and the Centre for Non-Western Indonesian partners ness, as determined by sound intensi­ extended to include as many of the trolled listening experiments. The re­ Studies CNWS. The latter research in­ The Indonesian partners are the Fa­ ty and spectral balance due to differ­ remaining languages as is felt neces­ search that we propose here aims to stitute represents a unique concentra­ kultas Sastra of Universitas Indonesia ences in vocal effort, (iii) variation in sary to map out the entire Indonesian supplement existing descriptions of tion of expertise on Non-Western lan­ (FSUI), Jakarta, and the Pusat Pembi­ quality (timbre) due to articulatory area prosodically. Bahasa Indonesia Indonesian languages with more de­ guages. The programme is directly in naan dan Pengembangan Bahasa precision, and (iv) timing variations has been introduced as the national tailed studies of one small (Pusat Bahasa, PPPB), the na­ part of the grammar, i.e. the tional institute responsible COMPUTER prosodic component. The for language planning. The analysis control values synthesis prosodic component of a Indonesian programme co­ for synthesis grammar characterizes the ordinator is M. Laksman, intensity melodies and rhythmic pat­ who took her PhD in experi­ noise source terns of a given language, mental phonetics at the Uni- voice/noise? and enables a principled versité Stendal, Grenoble, buzz source comparison with other lan­ France on the phonetic reali­ F5, B5 F4, B4 guages. One important task zation of Indonesian stress in LPC-spectral F3, B3 of the programme is there­ analysis F2, B2 isolated words and in phra- F1, B1 fore to provide detailed, ex­ sal/sentence context. Uni­ micro­ loud­ phone speaker plicit, and controlled de­ versitas Indonesia are in the scriptions of the prosody of process of setting up a pho­ user controlled parameter changes selected languages; a second netics laboratory, under the objective is to establish ex­ direction of Laksman. time(s) perimental techniques and The Pusat Bahasa is cur­ Figure 3 - Schematic representation of an analysis & resynthesis research tool based on Linear procedures that can be ap­ Figure I - An oscillogram is a graphical representation o f the varia­ rently involved in a large Predictive Coding o f the speech signal. The speech signal is digitized (10 kHz, 16 bits) and con­ plied efficiently in a field­ tion o f air pressure with time caused by the vocal organs during the scale linguistic survey, verted to parameters (one set for each I O-ms time slice), i.e. intensity (in decibels), pitch work situation. production o f speech. The waveforms allow highly accurate segmen­ whose primary purpose is to (in hertz, 0 Hz indicates voiceless speech), centre frequencies and bandwidths o f first five reso­ From the c. 800 languages tation of the stream of speech into the constituent vowels and conso­ document lexical relation­ nances ('formants’). The parameter values can be changed interactively by the researcher, and spoken in the Indonesian nants.The two oscillograms presented here show the duration o f the ships among the languages the result of the manipulations can be converted back to speech for perceptual evaluation. area (both Austronesian and morpheme ‘anok’ (child) os (the final) part o f a longer word 'anak- in the Indonesian area. The Non-Austronesian) 30 will anak’ (children) and as a single word by itself. The data show that survey is being carried out due to acceleration and deceleration. language, and is rapidly replacing re­ be selected such that opti­ sounds in longer words are pronounced faster - all else being equal for no fewer than 7,000 vil­ Linguistic distinctions that are con­ gional languages. From a linguistic mal geographic and linguis­ - than in a shorter word. Note that the temporal organization o f the lages across the entire area, tingent on these parameters include point of view, it is of the utmost im­ tic-genetic dispersion will preceding word 'kata’ (word) is unaffected by the length of the word and will be run between tone, intonation, accent, stress, and portance to document the disappear­ be secured. Languages will following it, indicating that the effect is a word-level rather than a 1992 and 2006. Pusat Bahasa rhythm, [figure 1] ing languages before they die out, only be selected if global lin­ phrase-level phenomenon. Note also that the sentence-final Ikl is not will be able to advise in lo­ and - to the extent that they do not - guistic descriptions are al­ exploded; earlier Ikl-sounds, however, do show clear explosions. cating suitable languages Melodic and rhythmic structure monitor their change under the in­ ready available in the litera­ and language varieties for can be studied, in terms of its organi­ fluence of the national language. The ture. The basic descriptive research line with the goals of the institute, our phonological and phonetic sur­ zational principles at an abstract present programme would then only will be carried out by a team ofyoung viz. the multidisciplinary studies of vey, and to provide from their files level, a task undertaken by phonolo- be the seed of a much larger, long­ researchers (five PhD candidates, two Non-Western areas from the vantage names of suitable language consul­ gists. In experimental phonetics, on term undertaking to be carried out in from The Netherlands, three from In­ point of various disciplines, including tants. the other hand, these properties are the next century. ■ donesia), aided by two part-time post­ - among other topics - linguistics (e.g. studied at. a rather more concrete docs, each of whom will also be re­ phonetics) and social sciences (e.g. Aims and methods (physical and/or psycholinguistic) sponsible for methodological back­ psychology and psycholinguistics). The present programme will study level, such that melodic and rhyth­ Dr Vincent van Heuven ground studies. The programme will In the Leiden Linguistics Depart­ word prosodic properties in a selec­ mic descriptions of a language can be ( [email protected]) and yield five doctoral dissertations: two ment, and in a wider sense the Hol­ tion of languages in the Indonesian converted into audible utterances, Dr Ellen van Zanten are both attached to in Leiden, three in Jakarta. land Institute of Linguistics, a con­ area. By prosody we mean the ensem­ and tested for perceptual adequacy. the Dept, o f Phonetics o f Leiden University.

3 2 • h a s n e w s l e t t e r W 13 • Summer 1997 SOUTHEAST ASIA

written in French or German. The past three issues amounted to an av­ International Review on erage of 150-200 pages each. Tai Culture is there to inform the Music of reader of recent results in scientific research as well as to draw attention Tai Culture to rediscovered sources and material ignored by past collectors. In 1998 Indonesia Tai Culture intends to edit a special Founded by the Southeast Asia Communication Centre SEACOM (Ber­ issue on the baan-muang system of lin) in June 1996, and issued twice a year under the general editor Oliver the Tai: Water Irrigation and tradi­ hilip Yampolski in­ Raendchen, the new journal Tai Culture International Review on Tai tional Tai administration. Other formed us that Cultural Studies (ISSN 1431-1240) represents the first forum for inter­ thematical issues will follow. new volumes have national and multilingual discussion on Tai Studies. Because translations of original appeared of the Music of Tai sources into Western languages Indonesia series issued rarely get published - although they by Smithsonian Folk­ By HEIKE LUU are important - primary sources for ways. They contain music from the EACOM was found- further research in different disci­ areas of Biak, Irian Jaya (number 10), ed in 1994 by con- plines - they will be considered more Sumatra and the Riau Islands (num­ L.S centrating the crea­ extensively in the following issues. ber u ) and Gongs and Vocal Music tive power of scholars Short reports about conferences or from Sumatra (number 12 specializing in Southeast reviews of recently published books Asian Studies, interpret­ or articles, especially concerning the ers of Asian languages, anthropolo­ forthcoming issue on the baan- O Snvchiopijn Folkways MUSIC OF INDONESIA gists and pedagogues who joined muang system are welcome. All fu­ M usic of Biak, Irian Jaya fieldworkers to form an innovative ture contributors are invited to send centre of scholarly exchange. Soon ders of the area today called Thai­ their articles to the editorial office to SEACOM became an important inter­ land, but also in certain parts of keep the discussion alive. ■ mediary between interpreters and ac­ Myanmar, China, Laos, Vietnam, and ademics. By giving courses on South­ even India, the geographical area EDITORIAL OFFICE east Asian Studies and languages, covered by this journal is very wide. SEACOM leading scientific colloquia, organiz­ The institutional aims are to provide Editor Tai Culture ing public presentations and cultural a forum for international and inter­ Torstrasse 40 events like intercultural children’s disciplinary communication, to en­ 101 19 Berlin, Germany days, SEACOM has risen to be an in­ courage plural viewpoints, and to es­ Tel/fax: +49-30-2479458 dispensable platform for scientific tablish fruitful co-operation be­ E-mail: [email protected] discourse, research, and understand­ tween institutions, scholars, and ing. field researchers. Moreover, Tai Cul­ ture should serve as a stepping-stone Thejournal allowing graduate students to pub­ SEA WORKING GROUP As a child of SEACOM, the Interna­ lish their excellent results in concise OF GERMAN tional Review on Tai Cultural Stud­ articles. Another point of special in­ GEOGRAPHERS For further information ies, TaiCulture, is devoted to estab­ terest is the linguistic aspect: be­ SMITHSONIAN FOLKWAYS lishing a platform for discussion and cause of the many interpreters con­ Short News At the end of 1996, a Center for Folklife Programs and encouraging deeper scientific in­ tributing to Tai Culture, the general Southeast Asia Wor- Cultural Studies sight into the different cultural pat­ editor has started a challenging dis­ kinggroup has been es- 95S L’Enfant Plaza, Suite 2600 terns between the Tai peoples. The cussion by proposing a general tran­ tablished within the Smithsonian Institution advisory board consists of scholars of scription system for all Tai languag­ German Geographical Washington DC 20560, USA high repute from Assam, Bangkok, es. Association (Deutsche Canberra, Chiang Mai, Hamburg, Every edition of Tai Culture in­ Gesellschaft fiir Geographic) in (Advertisement) Hong Kong, Hanoi, Moscow, and cludes illustrations, maps, and ex­ Bonn. About eighty members, Vientiane. clusive photographs taken at related working in all Southeast Asian As the Tai as an ethnic group have conferences or while doing research. countries, in various disciplines spread throughout Southeast Asia The principal language is English, (such as cartography, urban geogra­ and settled not only within the bor- although other contributions are phy, social economy, agricultural Südostasien geography, fishery, tourism, nature Institut fiir conservation, forest ecology, biolo­ Asienkunde 31 AUGUST >- 4 SEPTEMBER 1998 gy, soil science, and geomorpholo­ aktuell H am burg BERLIN, GERMANY gy) intend to co-ordinate their re­ search activities and to exchange their experiences. Informationsauswertung über Südostasien Chairpersons are Dr Frauke Dies erfordert, Informationen aus zaMreichen Quellen in mehreren Sprachen systematisch und kontinuierlich 7th International Kraas, Prof. Dieter Uthoff, and Prof. auszuwerten. Wolfgang Werner from the univer­ sities of Bonn, Mainz, and Heidel­ Dafur haben Sie keine Zeit! berg. In June a workshop on eco­ Wir lesen fur Sie nomic dynamics in Southeast asia Conference of und veröffentlichen die verarbeiteten Informationen über was held. Other planned workshops diese Lander fiir Interessierte in Politik, Medien und Wissenschaft leicht abfragbar in der alle zwei Monate are ‘ State and perspectives of geo­ erscheinenden Zeitschrift "Südostasien aktuell". graphical Research in Southeast Wir informieren Sie im jeweiligen Berichtszeitraum über Asia’ (9 October 1997 in Bonn), and zusammenhangende Ereignisse in Südostasien allgemein, EurASEAA in den ASEAN-Landern und über die Rolle Japans in der Region. ‘Forest Ecology and Economy in Danach folgen Landerinformationen über Thailand, Malaysia, Singapur, Indonesien, Brunei, die Philippinen, Myanmar Southeast Asia’ (May 1998 in (Birma) und Papua-Neuguinea sowie ein Informationsteil nir Laos, Kambodscha und Vietnam. he 7th internation­ the aims of the association, the pres­ Rauischholzhausen). ■ / ctudcrtten- Wichtige Entwicklungen und Zusammenhange werden / al conference of entation of recent research and the in speziellen Artikeln analysiert. Ein Anhang enthalt / QOOOn© ^ ^ the European As­ discussion of new data are particu­ wichtige Gesetze, Erklarungen usw. dm 6 0 .- plus porto sociation of Southeast larly welcome. The official language BeiVorloge der immotrikulohons- Asian Archaeologists will of the conference is English. ■ beschein'9un9 The correspondence address is: ■ ■ ______be held in Berlin from 31 (zuzügl. Porto): DM 106,- August to 4 September 1998. The Mu­ DR FRAUKE KRAAS Einzelheft (zuzügl. Porto): DM 18.-- Bitte fordern Sie ein Probeheft an. seum of Ethnology will host the con­ Geographisches Institut der Universitat Zu bestellen beim Herausgeber: ference. For further information and reply forms: Bonn Scholars are invited to participate DR WIBKELOBO Meckenheimer Allee 166 Institut fiir Asienkunde and contribute a paper on any aspect Museum ftirVölkerkunde 53115 Bonn, Germany Rothenbaumchaussee 32 - D-20148 Hamburg of Southeast Asian archaeology, in­ Arnimallee 23-27 Tel: +49-228-732096 Telefon (040) 44 30 01-03 - Fax (040) 410 79 45 cluding proto and early history, art 14195 Berlin, Fax: +49-228-737230 history, epigraphy, and traditional Germany E-mail: [email protected] or material culture. In accordance with Fax:+49-30-8315972 [email protected]

Summer 1997 • iias newsletter tsis 13 • 3 3 EAST ASIA

CHINA • HONGKONG ing and those which are harmful should be excluded from people’s JAPAN • KOREA field of vision. The Xingshi Principle I. has been widely adopted as a prevail­ MACAO • TAIWAN ing method for exterior space design in fengshui practice in large-scale (' ' 1 building groups in order to produce perfect visual perceptions. Usually roads, gates, doors, windows, and / ' V j i trees are all potential elements r which can be carefully designed to reach this goal. tributed to the damage they inflict­ For example, in a village in south­ ed to an ancient underground river, ern Anhui province, one of the fami­ which is regarded as the under­ lies ensured that their door purpose­ Fengshui ground dragon vein of Beijing (a very ly opened in the direction of a grace­ important part of the capital accord­ fully shaped peak on the far side of a ing to fengshui). The construction river. It was explained this was done Fieldwork carried out at imperial site is in such a position that the to keep a grotesque-shaped rock tombs, gardens and palaces of the and basement blocks the river. When he which used to stand on the opposite Qing Dynasty and several typical first heard about the coming project bank out of sight. At the same time, vernacular settlements in China in 1993, one of the experts had even they also set up a symbolic stone leads to the conclusion that the predicted that trouble would surely (which is called tai-shan-shi-gan- most interesting places in China Ancient Chinese befall anyone who destroyed this dang in Chinese) in front of the door have almost always been good fe n g ­ underground river, which is indeed to block the unlucky currents ema­ shui sites in their time. For instance, what happened. nating from that rock. Today, that the site of Qing East Tombs was The second reason for its current terrifying rock has been removed to chosen by several well-known fe n g - Landscape revival leads directly to the heart of another location by the villagers shui masters, employed by the em­ the subject - the public benefit, who wanted to make sure that it will perors, and the planning, design, which can best be learned from a pe­ never visit any ill-fortune on the and construction were all carried Fengshui, the name of an ancient form of Chinese geomancy, literally rusal of various kinds of classical people there. [Fig. 1] out according to certain fengshui means ‘wind and water’. It was first introduced to the West by the Ital­ Chinese landscapes. It is the great ar­ theories. In southern China, it is ian missionary Matteo Ricci at the beginning of the 17th century. In tistic achievement and harmonious easy to find that those villages with 1883, the first Western classic book on fengshui was published in Lon­ atmosphere produced by ancient good reputations are all recorded as don, making its author, Rev E.J. Eitel, the first European authority in fengshui masters in these surviving having been built under the guid­ this field. examples that fascinate planners, ar­ ance of local Jengshui practitioners. chitects and others, prompting them From a metropolis to a village, from One such story is based on a sensa­ to investigate their basic inclina­ a royal palace to an ordinary house, ■ By PAN HAOYUAN tional event which took place in tions to deliberated principles of the and even from a bed to a decoration, & ZHAO CHUNLAN 1995. It was reported that the former interaction between human society the entire spatial order of this an­ ecently this mys­ member of the Central Committee and nature, and the possible applica­ cient empire was astonishingly in­ terious old sub- and mayor of Beijing, Chen Xitong, tion of this traditional discipline in a fluenced in its dispositions and de­ ject seems to have was forced to leave his office because modern sense. signs by fengshui. (BL I attracted the interest of of bribery committed in some capi­ The common feature shared by all I more and more people, tal construction project. One of his Fengshui in practice these examples is that they are all achieving a modem revi­ vice-mayors committed suicide dur­ Mountains, rivers, and even rocks located in the ideal lay-out o ffe n g ­ val after being ignored for a long pe­ ing the investigation period. Accord­ of particular shapes are usually con­ shui where mountains meet rivers riod of time. The first reason for its ing to some experts on the history of sidered to be pregnant with special (the hub o fyin and ya n g ) [Fig. 6] - to new-found popularity may be at­ the planning and construction of the meanings, those which are beneficial form an inwardly enclosed place tributed to the legendary ability of capital, their bad fortune can be at­ should be introduced into the build­ embellished by its beautiful sur­ fengshui to bring individual benefit. roundings. The idea is to keep the As everyone knows, the great influx In imperial places, the same idea energetic qi within the building site of emigrants towards Europe and was introduced and carried out on a in order to maintain and promote America that began in the 1980s is grander scale, with even more atten­ the evolution of life. This ensures now turning into a wave of home- tion paid to design. The neatly sha­ that people are in the best possible buyers in the 1990s. Among them, ped and graceful mountain on the relationship with nature - which the Chinese are the most particular, southern side of the Qing East means that a sacred meaning can ever willing to consult certain fen g ­ Tombs, which is called Golden Star then be attached to this place. The shui practitioners to make sure that Hill in deference to its rounded most important part of this plan­ their houses have good fengshui. For shape corresponding to the Five Ele­ example, a house should not open ments, is obviously the focus of at­ onto anything with sharp angle and tention along the central axis [Fig. 2 should never open directly onto a and 3]. Similarly, the axis of another street if the house is right on the tomb points directly to the gap be­ street. tween a twin-peaked hill nearby [Fig. 4]. Among the Eight Outer Gaming attention Temples in Chengde, the Pu-le Tem­ Taking advantage of the reform ple was built especially with an or­ and open policy, in mainland China ientation towards a unique rock in fengshui is staging a comeback after the east which is suggestive of repro­ being officially banned for over forty '3. duction and prosperity [Fig. 5]. One years, The ever-resilient fengshui of the two main branches o ffengshui, practices are growing more common the Xingshi School, also known as the throughout the vast countryside; Earthly Forms School, is in fact the while in cities, a rising number of *4 s o * dominant principle adopted in these businessmen are beginning to take examples. This school stresses that fengshui factors into account when natural shapes in the landscape tend they build their office buildings or v to affect the characters and destinies ning is that architecture should be when they choose a real estate site. It of those living within the sight of matched to the environment as a is traditionally believed that good them. In addition to this, the more mediator between human beings luck could be coaxed into a person’s direct feeling one may receive is of and nature, so that the environ­ life, business, and even be inherited the balanced visual effect of the ge­ ment (the natural ecological sys­ by his descendants because of the nial design and the deep admiration tem) can be drawn into the build­ good fengshui of his house, which of nature shown by our ancestors, ings (the artificial ecological sys­ could be ensured by site selection through which the memorials and tem), and the two systems can work and adaption of buildings to natural the royal ambiance were produced together as an integrated whole, surroundings (p.e. orientation and harmoniously, transposing them through which the spirit of a dis­ lay-out). Bid fengshui could bring ca­ from a space of gods to a space of tinct place can be expressed and am­ tastrophes in its wake. plified.

3 4 ' IIAS newsletter n ?13 • Summer 1997 EAST ASIA

Mysticism or Science? tention on the relationship between and compensative to modern tech­ to follow the Order of Heaven (tian dao), the Order of Earth (di dao), and Interesting though it may be to Human, Architecture, and Nature. nique is expected to be found in these the Order of Humanity (ten dao), Westerners and most modern Chi­ Today, studies on fengshui are unique cultures with a traditional through which it was possible to ob­ nese, fengshui is probably still too based on another, quite different worship of nature, through which a tain a certain psychological balance much an equivocal matter to be background to those influenced by well-deserved respect and care to­ as a part of the organic whole com­ readily intelligible. Those abstract the religious belief of the age of Ricci wards nature can be re-instated. posed of men, buildings, and sur­ concepts such as qi, xue, and its eso­ and Eitel or by modern rationalism Here, we would prefer to regard roundings. It is also one way to pre­ teric methods - like combing out at the beginning of this century. fengshui as a system of people’s atti­ serve and ameliorate the living earth PAN HAOYUAN& dragon veins and watching for qi - Now we have to face the fact that one tude and beliefs towards the interac­ and all its inhabitants in the name of ZHAO CHUNLAN all seem to be too distant from our can no longer be assured of the over­ tion between themselves and their fengshui in the modern age. ■ Postgraduate '95 / world. What is more, the emphasis whelming ability or indeed the am­ surroundings. It is the deliberate Dept, of Architecture on man’s perception is a topic which bition of mankind to conquer nature. principles and methods of fengshui Tianjin University proves very hard to explain in terms Explorations and deeper studies of that helped people in ancient times Tianjin 300072 of modern sciences or to be verified the oriental world have already indi­ to solve problems like site selection P.R. China through experiments. As an inte­ cated that something compatible and construction, and directed them grated body, besides those acknowl­ edged parts that relate to astronomy, in East Asia. An Inter-Religio confer­ geography, ecology, and hydrology, NAGOYA, JAPAN ence is held every three years, the which mainly pay attention to the most recent being on the theme of physical relationship between man­ ‘Millenarian Movements in Asia’ in kind and nature, fengshui is more Kyoto in 1997. The Institute staff also likely to reflect the dynamic spiritu­ meets twice a year with related insti­ al relationship between man and a The Nanzan Institute for tutes in Japan as part of the Ecumen­ specific place. In fact, fengshui which ical Group for the Study of Interfaith has been closely related to human Dialogue (EGSID): the NCC Center in settlements and construction activi­ Kyoto, the Oriens Institute in Tokyo, ties should be regarded as a model in Religion and Culture and the Institute for Oriental Relig­ our pursuit of the eternal theme - ions of Sophia University in Tokyo. the ideal dwelling environment. The Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture was founded in 1975 for such as ‘The Legacy of Kuroda Tos- Among its past activities, the Insti­ the purpose of prom oting 1) the interdisciplinary study of the relation- hio’ (Fall 1996) and ‘The New Age in tute was instrumental in bringing ship between religion and culture, particularly in East Asia and more Japan’ (Fall 1995). TheJJRS is availa­ about a programme of monastic ex­ specifically in Japan; 2) mutual understanding between Christianity ble by annual subscription. change between Buddhist monks and other religions; and 3) the training of researchers in these areas. It The Institute also prepares annual and nuns in Japan and Catholic mo­ seeks to promote academic research and understanding that is interna­ Bulletins, one in English and one in nastics in Europe. The Institute also serves as the tional, ecumenical, and interdisciplinary. Japanese. The annual Bulletin o f the Nanzan Institute fo r Religion and Cul­ headquarters for the Tözai Shukyo ture reports on the activities of the Köryü Gakkai (affiliated with the So­ PAUL L. SWANSON nanzan Institute and contains short reports ciety for Buddhist-Christian Studies), here are current­ and research results on current re­ which holds an annual meeting ly four perma­ INSTITUTE ligious topics in Japan. Recent issues every July in Kyoto. Individual insti­ nent research fel­ For O have, for example, contained up-to- tute members are active in various lows at the Nanzan In­ date reports on the Aum Shinrikyö academic groups, such as serving as stitute: James Heisig, di­ affair. The Japanese-language bulle­ the Japanese representative on the rector (philosophy and tin also reports on the activities of board of the International Associa­ tion of Asian Philosophy and Relig­ psychology of religion), Paul Swan­ that year, as well as containing re­ son (Buddhist studies), Watanabe REUNION AND search articles by current residents. ion. Plans are underway to sponsor the annual conference of the Shukyo In Chinese historical literature, Manabu (psychology of religion), The Bulletins are available for free CULTURE Gakkai (Japanese Academy of Relig­ fengshui and fengshui masters are and Robert Kisala (sociology of relig­ upon request. ion) at Nanzan in 1999. sometimes assigned a place under ion). There is also a constantly shift­ The Institute members are also in­ the category of geography or certain ing mix of Japanese and internation­ General Editor) is a set of six books Academic Meetings volved in their own individual long­ technologies, and sometimes listed al researchers, part-time research published through Asian Humani­ The Institute sponsors an ongoing series of biennial symposia on inter­ term research projects: these include in the art section, which actually re­ fellows, and visiting scholars. ties Press, including Once Upon a Fu­ work on developing a long-term and flected one of its characteristics - an The activities of the Institute can be ture Time by Jan Nattier (No. 1,1991), religious themes, consisting of three ongoing survey on values in Japan integrated combination of art and categorized generally under the ru­ Rennyo, the Second Founder o f Shin Bud­ days on intensive presentations and (modelled on the European Value science. This feature makes it easy to bric of publications, academic meet­ dhism by Minor and Ann Rogers (No. discussions. The series began with a Buddhist-Christian encounter on Studies project), and the production discover and understand those ex­ ings, and co-operation with other 3,1991), and Rely ion & Society in Mod­ of an annotated translation of the amples that do not comply with sci­ scholars and academic organizations. em Japan, edited by Mark Mullins, the theme of ‘Religious Experience Mo-ho chih-kuan, a Chinese Bud­ entific laws but can be explained by Shimazono Susumu, and Paul L. and Language’ in 1976, continuing recently with a dialogue between dhist text. Institute members are also aesthetic principles. Publications Swanson (No. 5,1993). active in holding public seminars on ‘Mysterious space’ and ‘rational The Nanzan Institute is involved' A new series, ‘Nanzan Library of ‘Catholicism and Söka Gakkai’ (1995) topics related to their research. space’ have always been used as two in the publication of numerous Asian Religion and Culture,’ was ini­ and ‘What Does Christianity Have to opposite concepts parallel to ‘percep­ books and journals. The publication tiated recently with the University of Learn from Buddhism?’ (1997). The The Nanzan Institute is located on tion’ and ‘rational thought’, which of a book through Nanzan demands Hawai’i Press, and currently includes proceedings of the ten symposia are the campus of Nanzan University in ignores their co-existence in tradi­ a long and careful process, including two volumes: Rude Awakenings: Zen, published in Japanese. Nagoya, Japan. A residence that tional examples and denies their a period of time for the author to the Kyoto School, & the Question o f Na­ Colloquia are sponsored by the In­ houses five guests,; as well as up to possible juxtaposition in modern de­ work at the Institute on research tionalism, edited by James W. Heisig stitute whenever possible as a forum six full-time residents, is situated at signs. It is this premiss that makes leading up to publication. and John C. Maraldo (1995), and Prun­ for discussion with prominent Japa­ a five-minute’s walk from the Insti­ people suspect that fengshui is eccen­ The longest and largest series of ing the Bodhi Tree: The Storm Over Criti­ nese and non-Japanese scholars giv­ tute. ■ tric, even ridiculous, at first glance publications is ‘Nanzan Studies in cal Buddhism, (1997) edited by Jamie ing an open lecture. The Institute and this gets in the way of their ap­ Religion and Culture’ (James W. Hei­ Hubbard and Paul L. Swanson. also sponsors a quarterly meeting of preciation of its comprehensive at­ sig, General Editor), a list of almost A variety of other books, in Eng­ local scholars of religions to present twenty books made available lish and Japanese - on Japanese lan­ their recent research. The Institute through a variety of publishers. This guage study, Jungian psychology also provides facilities and help for THE NANZAN INSTITUTE FOR series includes Heinrich Dumoulin’s and religion, contemporary religion visiting scholars in various ways for RELIGION AND CULTURE two-volume Zen Buddhism: A Histoty and social ethics in Japan, and so longer or shorter periods. A research Nanzan University (Macmillan, 1988-1989); several books forth - have also been published by scholarship has been set up for es­ 18 Yamazato-chö related to the Kyoto school (studies members of the Institute. A cata­ tablished scholars from East Asia. Shöwa-ku, Nagoya 466 by and about Nishida Kitarö Nishi- logue of our complete publications is The Institute also supports one or Japan tani Keiji, Tanabe Hajime, and Ta- available upon request. two Japanese post-doctorate fellows Tel:+81-52-83231 I I keuchi Yoshinori); and other books The Japanese Journal o f Religious for up to two years each. Fax:+81-52-8336157 on Buddhism such as The Foundation­ Studies, an academic journal focusing Co-operation with related centres E-mail: [email protected] al Standpoint o f Madkyamika Philoso­ on Japanese religions, is edited and includes participation in Inter-Reli- Internet: http://www.ic.nanzan- phy by Nagao Gadjin (SUNY, 1989) published at the Institute. Recent gio, a network of organizations in­ u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/ and Mysticism Buddhist and Christian special issues have covered topics volved in inter-religious encounter by Paul Mommaers and Jan van Dr Paul L Swanson Bragt (Crossroad, 1995). ( [email protected] ) is Another series, ‘Nanzan Studies in a Research Fellow with the Nanzan Asian Religions’ (Paul L. Swanson, ïï ih^as: lb Institute for Religion and Culture. Sum m er 1997 • HAS NEWSLETTER 13 • 3 5 EAST ASIA

■*" n Europe of the six- The Japanese practice 3 teenth century, Gio- The above is a summary of Ma­ JL vanni Maffei (c. 1544 chiavelli’s guidelines. Nobunaga, it ■ L I - 1605) was one of the Oda Nobunaga [1534- 1582]: can be shown, exemplified these. In I first Western historians I the aftermath of the infamous Araki to write on Asia and he [ Rebellion, Nobunaga made one, ut­ was probably the very first to men­ terly cruel yet effective example. Late tion the Japanese warlord Oda Nob- 1578, the revolt of Araki Murashige unaga in a European work of history, A Japanese Tyrant (i535-i586), to whom Nobunaga had the Historiarum Indicarum libri XVI entrusted an important province, (Florence, 1588). Maffei, a much- suddenly presented a major threat to privileged historian pertaining to Nobunaga’s hold over Kyoto. Thanks the Jesuit mission in Asia and a re­ to the twisted loyalties of Takayama nowned Latinist, summarized No- Ukon, that paragon of Christian bunaga’s career as that of a ‘Japanese chivalry who surrendered one of tyrant’ (Japoni us Tyrannies). Araki’s key forts to Nobunaga, the For his information on Japan, direct danger of the rebellion was Maffei relied on the letters that had neutralized within a month. Araki been written and sent to Europe by Murashige held out for another year one of the prime chroniclers of the but finally fled his castle of Itami in early Jesuit mission in Asia, the Por­ tween Nobunaga and the ‘experience difficulty in autumn 1579. In order to save his tuguese Luis Fróis (1532-1597). Maf­ ideal Machiavellian Prin­ attaining power, but own skin, Murashige abandoned fei knew Fróis, or his letters at least, ce. once that is achieved, over 600 men, women, and children well and had high praise for him. In When one reads Fróis’ they keep it easily. The to be slaughtered by Nobunaga. The 1569, Fróis had been the first Europe­ depiction of Nobunaga, it difficulties encountered victims - including Murashige’s an to meet Oda Nobunaga (1534- is the image of the Machi­ in attaining power arise next of kin - were either crucified, 1582) in the capital city of Japan, avellian ‘new man’ that partly from the new insti­ shot or stabbed to death, or burned Kyoto, which had fallen into Nobu- springs to mind. However, tutions and laws they are alive. naga’s hands the year before. Shortly evidence for portraying forced to introduce in order Surely such an exemplary deed ful­ after meeting Nobunaga, Fróis Nobunaga as a ruler moti­ to establish their power and filled Machiavelli’s requirement for wrote the following characterization vated by amoral rationality make it secure.’ Machiavelli cruelty to be of such a kind to pre­ of the emerging hegemon on 1 June should not be drawn only from was respectful of Lady Fortune, empt any revenge strikes (The Prince, 1569. Western source material, but also but he did not think that she was Ch. III). In order to establish or save needs to be compiled from Japanese omnipotent. Fortune, he said, was his authority as feudal overlord, ‘This king of Owari, who would be sources. It may be true that the Jes­ crucial in assisting able men, for Nobunaga resorted to extraordinary about 37 years old, is of tall stature, uit pictures of Oda Nobunaga’s char­ without opportunity ‘the strength demonstrations of violence. At the lean, sparsely bearded, with an ex­ acter are more vivid than those of their spirit would have been sap­ same time, it was as if he kept in tremely sonorous voice, given to found in Japanese accounts, yet it ped;’ but without ability on their mind Machiavelli’s maxim that a m By JEROEN LAMERS military exercises, indefatigable, in­ would be a fallacy to speak of simi­ part, ‘the opportunity would have ruler should not make himself hated j clined to works of justice and com­ larities between Nobunaga and the been wasted’ (Niccoló Machiavelli, by wilful appropriation of his sub­ passion, arrogant, highly sensitive ideal prince if these resulted only Oda Nobunaga, the prime mover The Prince, Ch. VI, ed. Quentin Skin­ jects’ possessions. In October 1572, about his honour, very secretive in from a common conception of the ner and Russell Price; Cambridge, Nobunaga openly denounced Sho­ his decisions, a master of stratagems, hero shared by Machiavelli and o f Japan’s reunification, has long 1988). In Machiavelli’s sense, fortune gun Yoshiaki for his infamous and hardly or not at all susceptible to the Fróis; that would mean analogies in did favour Nobunaga in every possi­ unlawful behaviour. In particular, corrections or advice of his subordi­ description, rather than in the de­ had a reputation as a brutal ble way: the geographical location of Nobunaga blamed Yoshiaki for con­ nates, feared and venerated by all in scribed. his core domain, i.e., the fertile and fiscating the rightful belongings of the highest degree. He does not warlord. The present article aims strategic Nagoya region; the inertia temples and individuals. Such greed, drink wine, is brusque in his man­ The Machiavellian precepts of his enemies; the prevalent politi­ according to Nobunaga’s indict­ ner, looks down upon all the other Let us look at a few of Machiavelli’s to re-evaluate Nobunaga’s cal fragmentation - all contributed ment, was totally unbefitting a kings and princes of Japan and spe­ precepts for the prince and compare towards the initial goal he had set ruler; fittingly, it had earned Yoshia­ aks to them with disdain as if to his these to aspects of Nobunaga’s char­ policies, not by denying their himself, the reunification of Central ki the nickname of‘the evil shogun’ inferiors, is totally obeyed by all as acter, leadership, and policy. On the Japan under his aegis. Indubitably, amongst the common people. the absolute lord, has good under­ whole, I think, it is admissible to cruelty but by placing them in it was the mark of the ‘new ruler’ to A third comparison between Ma­ standing and sharp judgement, de­ draw parallels between the Machia­ seize the opportunity when it pre­ chiavelli’s work and Nobunaga can spises the gods, the Buddhas, and all vellian (ideal) prince of sixteenth- the comparative perspective of sented itself, as Nobunaga did. be made with regard to the question other kinds of idolatry and pagan su­ century Italy and a (real) Japanese Both Nobunaga and Machiavelli of military training, leadership, and perstition. Nominally he professes hegemon of the late sixteenth centu­ the Machiavellian Prince. have generated disgust among later strategy. As a young man, Nobunaga [ to belong to the Lotus Sect, but ry. Machiavelli himself based many critics: the former as the practitioner had already lived in accordance with openly declares that there is no crea­ of his observations on the political and the latter as the preacher of im­ Machiavelli’s prescript that a prince tor of the universe, no immortality history of antiquity and applied them morality. Few will argue that the ‘should have no other objective and of the soul, no life after death. His to the radically different politics of sixteenth century in Japan was a no other concern, nor occupy him­ buildings are very clean and refined, the Renaissance. A multitude of cul­ golden age for moralists, but even self with anything else except war always in perfect order. He hates de­ tural, political, and military differ­ Nobunaga considered in the light of contempo­ and its methods and practices, for lays and circumlocution and not ences existed between Renaissance rary ethical standards, Nobunaga’s this pertains only those who rule’ even a prince appears before him Italy and Azuchi Japan. The compari­ list of acts of barbarity is long and (The Prince, Ch. XIV). In his younger bearing a sword.’ son of Machiavelli’s ideal prince and practised horrifying. What is more of interest days - according to his earliest Japa­ Nobunaga dominated the political Nobunaga raises questions about the to us here is that Nobunaga has been nese biographer - ‘Nobunaga had j scene in Japan between 1568 and respective processes of general histor­ condemned for applying what Ma­ known no other pastime than to go 1582, as he gradually conquered the ical development in Renaissance Italy injapan chiavelli. advocated: rational cruelty out riding every morning and eve­ central part of the country and set in (or, Europe) and Sengoku (Warring in the service of government. Cruel­ ning, and to go swimming from motion a process of military and po­ States) Japan. However, it falls out­ what ty, says Machiavelli, is really a ques­ spring to autumn.’ (Öta Gyüichi, litical unification. The epithet at­ side the scope of the present short ar­ tion of how one applies it; it can be Shinchö Ko ki [Chronicle of Lord Nob­ tached to Nobunaga by most West­ ticle to deal with these complex ques­ used well, or badly. In the applica­ unaga, c. 1610], Introductory Chap­ ern historians of Japan is essentially tions. Nevertheless, il Principe is such Machiavelli tion of necessary and unavoidable ter, Sect. 7.) Nobunaga constantly that of Maffei. Nobunaga has been a pregnant analysis of power that it is evil the true prince distinguishes practised his skills with sword, described as ‘at bottom and essen­ a good tool for studying the Japanese himself Cruel punishments pour dé- spear, bow, and musket. To be sure, tially a magnificent savage,’ or as a man ofpower, Oda Nobunaga. Nobu­ preached courager les autres can serve to keep Machiavelli never suggested that the ‘cruel and callous brute.’ However, naga and Machiavelli both grappled the domain quiet and united. More prince be uncultured as well as amo­ one historian of Japan in the six­ with the problem of how to establish than anybody, the new ruler cannot ral. And indeed, Nobunaga had other teenth century, George Elison, has successful rulership. in escape a reputation for cruelty be­ interests besides war: he was an am­ likened Nobunaga to the Machiavel­ Essentially Machiavelli addressed cause he needs to secure his newly ateur of tea, dance, and popular lian Prince. Indeed, Nobunaga also himself to the new prince (principe Europe. acquired hegemony. As a prince can­ song. Other pastimes of his seem to carries a tragic aspect like one of Ma­ nuovo), i.e., the ruler who had had to not rule successfully and be loved at have been inspired by considerations chiavelli’s models, Cesare Borgia, as establish himself, one who rose the same time, he should aim to of prestige rather than enjoyment. he was murdered on the threshold of from modest beginnings and an in­ make himself feared yet avoid being Nobunaga, the warrior, playing true national dominance by one of secure base by means of his prowess hated. And therefore, the prince kickball (kemari) in a setting of high his ambitious generals. The present or good fortune. Men who gain must abstain from unpredictable noblemen seems somewhat out of article seeks to inquire into the ap­ dominance on account of their own and arbitrary use of violence, espe­ place. He must have considered such plicability of the comparison be- abilities, according to Machiavelli, cially against his own populace. meetings with exalted company

3 6 ■ has newsletter W13 • Summer 1997 GENERAL NEWS

in Ise came to rest in the hands of beneficial to his image, and it was various districts - emphatically state ‘pilgrim masters’, who acquired the indeed of crucial importance for a that: ‘You must treat the local pro- j monopoly to serve specific groups of new ruler to keep up a grand and prietors in a friendly manner.’ It was The Well-spring believers. These pilgrim masters majestic appearance - whether he be Nobunaga’s standard policy that no | were also the instigators of the sev­ in Japan or in Europe. new or unlawful taxes would be rai­ enteenth-century revival of Watarai Present though they were, Nobu- sed by his governors in provinces Shintb. naga’s cultural interests did not alter newly conquered. of Shinto the fact that his main trade was war; One key issue in Machiavelli’s eyes Downfall o f Watarai Shinto and just as Machiavelli had singled was whether a prince ought to hon­ Chapter three considers how in out hunting as the military pastime our his word, whatever the circum­ the mid-seventeenth century a new par excellence, Nobunaga too prac­ stances and consequences. Here the Thought: school emerges at the Outer Shrine. tised falconry with great enthu­ former Florentine secretary deferred Although Late Watarai Shintb was siasm. He took his ablest marksmen to ‘experience,’ which had shown based largely on the textual corpus with him on his frequent hawking ‘that in our times the rulers who produced in the thirteenth century, | expeditions and carefully monitored have done great things are those Watarai Shinto there were significant differences be­ the hunting activities of his vassals. who have set little store by keeping tween the early and late traditions. | Some of them would be allowed to their word, being skilful rather in The Buddhist ideas on which Early hunt with firearms, others ordered cunningly deceiving men, they have Teeuwen, Mark. Watarai theology had based itself to abstain altogether. Turning to got the better of those who have re­ Watarai Shinto were replaced by Neo-Confucian | leadership, Nobunaga adhered to lied on being trustworthy’ (The Prin­ An intellectual history of the Outer Shrine in Ise concepts in the Late Watarai move­ Machiavelli’s rule that a prince ce, Ch. XVIII]. Nobunaga managed Leiden: Research school CNWS, 1996. ment. This reflects a change in Japa­ should personally command his what Machiavelli thought to be ab­ ISBN 90-73782-79-1 (commercial edition) nese intellectual life in the early troops in the field (The Prince, Ch. solutely key to success: to be wholly ISBN 90-73782-78-3 (thesis) seventeenth century, when Bud­ | XII]. Even in the later days of his heg­ unreliable at times, but nevertheless dhism was replaced by Neo-Confu­ emony, Nobunaga would take over keep up an aura of compassion and Shinto, Japan’s indigenous religion, has never received the same atten­ cianism. command from one of his generals respectability. Deceit had earned tion from Western scholars on Japan as the other major religion in In Ise, unification with the deity of when a campaign reached its climax. Nobunaga a very bad name amongst Japan: Buddhism. That is even more true of Watarai Shinto, which is the Outer shrine now acquired the In fact, Nobunaga was on his way to his enemies, but he still ‘knew,’ as generally regarded as the wellspring of Shinto thought, and is the sub­ meaning of uniting with the ‘prin­ reinforce Hashiba (later Toyotomi) Frois put it, ‘how to dominate the ject of the thesis by Mark Teeuwen. ciple’ (lij in the ‘perfect human natu­ Hideyoshi (1537-1598] when he was minds of the Japanese.’ re’ [xmg), which is contained in the slain by Akechi Mitsuhide. In short, Nobunaga was every inch important factor in the emergence of By MARGARITA WINKEL human heart. The goal was no long­ Apart from training, harsh disci­ as crafty, calculating, and cruel as this new school. er enlightenment or salvation, but pline was another of Machiavelli’s Machiavelli might have wanted his he shrines of Ise The decline of the Imperial court R e s e a rc h the attainment of Confucian Sage- prescriptions for military success. prince, even if, as Frois would have P ro je ct have always been led to a loss of Imperial financial hood. ‘When a ruler is with his army, and it, his ‘works ofjustice’ were on well- Tregarded as the support, and this forced the shrine Nevertheless, the economic con­ commands a large force, he must not considered occasions tempered with most eminent Shinto priests to look for other patrons. The siderations of the pilgrimage re­ worry about being considered harsh, a modicum of compassion. Nobuna­ shrines in Japan because Ise priests adopted a new role: offer­ mained important. The pilgrim I because armies are never kept united ga knew when to be impetuous and Amaterasu, the ances­ ing and performing rituals for pri­ masters of the Outer Shrine stressed and prepared for military action un- when to be circumspect and thus tress of Japan's Imperial House, re­ vate individuals. Traditionally, the the fact that essentially the two shri­ | less their leader is thought to be embodied the Machiavellian idea of sides in the Inner Shrine. The posi­ offerings to the gods of Ise had been nes were one and claimed the right harsh’ (The Prince, Ch. XVII]. The fact statecraft by ‘recognising the force of tion of the complementary Outer an exclusively imperial privilege. to collect donations for both shrines. that Nobunaga once, personally and circumstances, accepting what ne­ Shrine, however, was less unequivo­ Theological renewal occurred in The pilgrim masters of the Inner j instantly, beheaded one of his sol­ cessity dictates, and harmonising cal, as the Outer Shrine is the resi­ two spheres: mythology and ritual. Shrine protested against this move diers whom he had seen troubling a one’s behaviour with the times.’ dence of a little known deity called The origin myths of the Ise shrines and even argued their case in front of noblewoman, betrays that Nobuna- The comparison between Nobuna­ Toyouke. Honouring two different were radically revised in order to the highest court in Edo. ga’s discipline was much like what ga and the Machiavellian prince is deities, the two shrines The bitter rivalry between I Machiavelli had in mind. The same appropriate and relevant because were also served by two the shrines and the taint­ I can be said about the measures Nob­ this sheds a more rational and so­ different priestly clans. ed image of financial gain unaga took to secure his hold over phisticated light on Nobunaga, who This combination of theo­ which came to be associat­ newly conquered territory. In the is normally discussed only in terms logical inequality and ed with the Ise pilgrimage course of his reunification wars, of barbarity and cruelty, especially professional rivalry be­ were two of the main Nobunaga saw himself confronted, by Western historians. It is, there­ tween the shrines was the causes of the downfall of amongst other threats, by religious fore, elucidating to show that Nobu­ key factor in the rise of a Watarai Shintb. institutions so sacrosanct or power­ naga was not as outrageous and, es­ distinct theology at the The most important ful that they practically formed what pecially, capricious a despot as he has Outer Shrine, called Wata­ cause of the final decline Machiavelli called states ‘accus­ often been made out to be. In any rai Shinto after the priest­ was a change in the Japa­ tomed to living under their own event, it can be shown that what ly family of the Outer nese intellectual climate laws and in freedom’ (The Prince, Ch. Nobunaga perpetrated was not just Shrine. Mark Teeuwen’s in the fifth decade of the V). The Enryakuji Temple on Mount oriental savagery, but was theoreti­ study is the first to follow eighteenth century. The Hiei to the north of Kyoto was one cally justified by someone with first- Watarai Shintb from its Neo-Confucianism inter­ such institution. Machiavelli advises hand experience and knowledge of birth in the thirteenth to pretation was attacked by a new that devastation is the surest way of contemporary European practices, in its demise in the nineteenth century. give the shrine a status which equal­ controlling areas used to indepen­ casu, Machiavelli. And if we put Nob­ He relates changes in Watarai theol­ led that of the Inner Shrine. The school of Ancient Studies, which dence. And indeed, Nobunaga’s unaga in this comparative perspec­ ogy throughout this period to per­ deity of the Outer Shrine was pro­ propagated a return to the ancient Confucian texts. The Neo-Confucian burning of the Enryakuji in 1571 tive, then it can be argued that the sonal religious explorations, and to a moted from being a food deity to the stress on individual spiritual perfec­ could have been used as an illustra­ charismatic statecraft of the Gewal- complex interplay of intellectual, so­ embodiment of the origin of the tion of Machiavelli’s teachings on therrscher as analysed by Machiavelli cial, political, and economic develop­ universe. Inspired by Buddhist ideas, tion was rejected by them as a form of ‘Buddhist syncretism’. This un­ this point. was not culturally bound, but rather ments at both the level of the Ise sh­ the priests came to consider the When it is a hereditary principali­ a universal phenomenon; Nobunaga rines and of Japanese society as a deepest significance of their rituals dermined the values of Late Watarai- ty that has been conquered, less practised in Japan what Machiavelli whole. The three chapters of which as an expression of the unity with Shintb and the movement never managed to recover from this assault drastic measures are called for. In preached in Europe. ■ the book is comprised describe the the deity, and thus of the attainment such a case, Machiavelli remarks, it process of rise and decline of Watarai of spiritual enlightenment and sal­ on its academic credibility. is normally sufficient to exterminate theology. vation. The Watarai ideas retained their function in the relation between the the previous prince’s family and to leave the country’s taxes and laws Secret Books Pilgrim masters believers and their pilgrim masters. - Only when the institution of pil­ untouched (The Prince, Ch. III]. That Chapter one begins by treating the Chapter two describes the period is just what Nobunaga normally did early history of the shrine, and the from the late fourteenth to the mid­ grim master was forbidden by law in the course of the reforms of 1871, did with domains that he had wrested theories which have so far been pro­ dle seventeenth century when Wata­ from other Sengoku daimyo, for in­ posed to explain the emergence of rai Shinto as gradually forgotten in the last remains of Watarai dogma stance in 1582 when he conquered Watarai Shinto in the thirteenth Ise itself but the ideas of the Watarai become completely obsolete. ■ the provinces Kai, Shinano, Suruga, century. Teeuwen argues that the Se­ tradition spread in intellectual and and Kbzuke. Their overlords, the Ta- cret Books, which constitute the core Shinto ircles. This process, apart keda, were wiped out, but all local of Watarai theology, show that rath­ from its intrinsic value in the history proprietors who were tractable were er than a Japanese national con­ of thought in Japan, was also an im­ left in place and confirmed in their Jeroen Lamers sciousness or a reaction against Bud­ portant factor in the eventual rise of Margarita Winkel possessions. Nobunaga’s Instruc­ ([email protected]) is a NWO dhism - the usual explanation - it a new form of Outer Shrine Shintb. ( [email protected]) is a CNWS tions for Kai and Shinano - a docu­ research assistant attached to the Centre was the change in the social and eco­ During the Middle Ages, the Ise research assistant attached to the Centre ment issued to his own vassals newly for Japanese and Korean Studies, Leiden nomic situation of the Ise shrines Shrines became a popular pilgrim­ for Japanese and Korean Studies, I entrusted with governance over the University that should be regarded as the most age destination. The religious power Leiden University

Summer 1997 • iias newsletter W13 • 3 7 EAST ASIA

1 6 ► 19 MARCH 1 998 ing symbols’, as it was recently adopt­ The central issue of this panel is goods, occasionally even with the BLAUBEUREN, GERMANY ed in Western studies on Chinese re­ the question of whether structures abandonment of life. Instead of glo­ ESF SEMINAR ligion, may be fruitfully addressed in of longue durée exist in the areas rifying sacrifice and making it the this panel. Finally, a special subject where there were connections be­ mysterious affair it is not, it war­ would be the religious thought and tween economy and religion. If indi­ rants the effort to probe into the activities of East Asian merchants in cations of such structures can be more down-to-earth meaning it may contrast to the Protestant ethic, at­ found, clarification has to be sought have been having in East Asia as Religion and tributed to specific groups of Western about whether they are reflecting much as it has had it elsewhere in merchants by Max Weber. real conditions or whether they are the world. simply labels or elements used for 3 Economic aspects of religious the construction of an ‘orthodox’ Scientific objectives Economy organizations tradition. It does not stop here as not The scientific objectives of this This panel will address economic only structures of longue durée but workshop are, first, to enhance and thought and activities of religious also developments and changes have systematize case studies concerning organizations, like monasteries, to be identified. Such developments the relationship between religion in East Asia temples, sects, and neighbourhood and changes are often indicative of and economy - both in thought and cult associations. How these relig­ corresponding developments and activities - in East Asia’s past and ious organizations finance their re­ changes in the social, economic, po­ present. Second, comparative ap­ ligious activities by means of dona­ litical, and cultural realms. Richard proaches focusing on the region of [China Japan, Korea tions and returns from landholdings von Glahn’s article (1991) on the god East Asia as a whole are envisaged. as well as through commercial and of wealth may provide an interesting And last, but not least, a sound theo­ financial ventures will be discussed. starting point. retical foundation based on results he International of religion.The results published so In how far economic thought was obtained in the social sciences and in Workshop 'Relig­ far have been obtained mainly in a part and parcel of religious practice 5 Sacrifice and its economic- the field of comparative history of ion and Economy Western context. will be addressed as well. The works religious meaning religions shall be provided, thus East Asia (China, by Gernet and Twitchett on econom­ Sacrifice as a subject of research forming the theoretical basis for the Japan, Korea)’ will be 2 Religious aspects of economic ic aspects of Chinese Buddhist mon­ appears to be a bit out of fashion. It case studies as well as for East-West­ held from 16-19 March organizations asteries in the fifth to tenth centu­ has never been much a theme in East ern comparative approaches. ■ 1998 at the Heinrich-Fabri-Institut in Economic organizations like guilds ries may serve as important starting Asian Studies, where the term has Blaubeuren, Germany. of merchants, artisans, shop-keepers, points. As religious organizations been used interchangeably with al­ The names of the initiators and the and native bankers are permeated by engaged in economic activities and, most any other term understood as organizing institutions are: Prof religious life. In this panel, religious therefore, were of fiscal importance meaning devotion or the making of For more information: Dieter Eikemeier and Dr Song-Jong thought, worship, rites, activities and to the government (both as tax-pay­ donations to the divine. By equating STEPHAN PETER BUMBACHER Paik (Seminar für Sinologie und Ko- their social, economic, political, and ers or as being exempt from paying sacrifice with ritual, the dramatic Sinologisches Seminar reanistik, Universitat Tübingen, Ger­ cultural functions will be explored. taxes), their relations with the state character of events and actions Universitat Tiibingen many); Prof Viktoria Eschbach-Szabo The evaluation of the religious as­ have to be elucidated. which require a great deal of moral Wilhelmstrasse 133 and Dr Gerhard Leinss (Seminar für pects of economic organizations is, fibre to sustain them has particular­ 72074 Tubingen Japanologie, Universitat Tübingen, for instance, a hotly debated issue in 4 Structures of longue durée in ly been missed. Sacrifice qualifies for German/ Germany); Prof Hans Ulrich Vogel present-day PRC historiography. economic-religious thought this because it has to do with the E-mail: stephan-peter.bumbacher and Dr Stephan Peter Bumbacher Moreover, the concept of‘superscrib­ and actions partition of all sorts of material @uni-tuebingen.de (Seminar für Sinologie und Koreanis- tik, Universitat Tübingen, Germany). there is normally some space in a Title and topics scripture to be filled up, so no won­ The workshop will set out to ex­ der that Legge thought Yinfu Jing plore the complex mutual influenc­ The Hidden Secrets was ‘in a fragmentary condition, es, both past and present, between with passages that are incapable of religion and economy in the three any satisfactory explanation.’ There­ East Asian regions of China, Japan, fore, Li Quan’s claim that his com­ and Korea. Rediscovered: mentary was faithfully based on the The aim is to establish a theoreti­ verbal explanations given by the cal framework to be provided by mythical Old Lady of Mt. Li may not scholars of the history of religions be untrue, though it seems to have specializing in theoretical aspects of A New English Translation of added little to its authority. the function of religion within socie­ Working on a new English trans­ ty and in comparative religious stud- J lation of Y infu Jing, I am trying to ies. Then - based on the theoretical Yinfu Jing in the Making place the book in different lights by framework - both religious and eco­ bringing together some important nomic organizations and activities as commentaries of contradictory well as patterns of thought will be viewpoints, e.g. those of Li Quan and investigated comparatively, looking The old Daoist scripture Yinfu Jing, or Book of the Hidden Concord has re­ Oral tradition Zhang Guo, so that the gaps be­ at different historical periods, and in j mained a riddle since it was first ‘discovered’ during the Tang Dynasty. There have been several transla­ tween the lines of the text may be different regions of East Asia. A new English translation attempts to shed new light on this old, mys­ tions of the classic into Western lan­ filled in with complementary expo­ terious text. guages, e.g. the French version by sitions. Based on a comparatively During the workshop, five special P.L.F. Philastre (1880), the English ‘standard’ edition out of the colla­ topics shall be addressed: commentaries ascribed to the Daoist ones by Frederic Henry Balfour By FU HA O tion of several versions, my transla­ and non-Daoist sages before Li Quan (1881) and James Legge (1891), and tion will be well annotated in addi­ 1 Theory of the function Research in/uJing, or Book o f come from? All these questions have the German ones by Franz Huebot- tion to a glossary concerning generic of religion P ro je ct the Hidden Concord, puzzled generations of scholars. ter (1936) and Alfred Forke (?). Baf­ terms used both in the treatise itself Scholars specializing in the theo­ I Y JL also known as The Doubtless a forgery as far as its au­ fled by the ambiguity of the mean­ and the commentaries. In the trans­ retical aspects of the function of re­ ( f ) 1 Yellow Emperor’s Yinfu thorship is concerned, the tiny book is ing of the original, these transla­ lator’s introduction, besides a textu­ ligion - particularly with regard to Jing, one of the many Da­ nevertheless generally acknowledged tions diverge from one another, fol­ al analysis and a critical evaluation, economic aspects of religion - and in oist scriptures attributed to be one of the major Daoist classics lowing the puzzlement of the many the story of the birth of the classic comparative history of religions are to that legendary father of the Chi­ containing ‘divine secrets’. Chinese commentaries, of which not will be told within a historical con­ asked to present papers on this topic. nese civilization (27th century BC), has Although very short, consisting all the translators had made thor­ text restored by the reasonable em­ The distribution of these papers well. remained a riddle since it was first only of 452 characters, the text proper ough use. ployment of relevant literatures, in in advance and the positioning of mystically ‘discovered’ in a rocky cre­ is pregnant with ambiguities, and Unlike Confucians, Daoists have an attempt to demystify what is hid­ this panel at the beginning of the vice in Mt. Song by the Daoist, Li therefore to this day has more than had a long tradition of oral trans­ den in the clouds of mystery. ■ workshop will guarantee that a sub­ Quan, during the reign of Tian Bao 100 different kinds of commentaries mission of their secret teachings, es­ stantial degree of theoretical reflec­ (AD 741-75 6) of the Tang Dynasty. Ac­ which usually diverge from and even pecially of those dealing with practi­ tion will find its way into the other cording to Li, the copy in the form of a contradict one another. For example, cal techniques. What they have writ­ Dr Fu Hao, associate professor at the contributions to this workshop. Tü­ scroll was hidden there by the famous Li Quan’s contemporary, the legen­ ten down are usually outlines of Institute o f Foreign Literature, the Chinese bingen University has a special de­ Daoist, Kou Qianzhi, of the Northern dary Daoist Zhang Guo, contemptu­ general principles that need more Academy o f Social Sciences in Beijing, was a partment concentrating on verglei- Wei Dynasty (AD 386-534), ‘for the ously criticized the former in his own elaborate explanations, as the com­ senior visiting fellow at the HAS from 3 April chende Religionsgeschichte (compara­ purpose of passing it to kindred spir­ commentary. However, almost all the mon word from the titles of many of to 3 July 1997. He is now a visiting professor tive history of religion). its in future generations’. This still commentaries date from before this their scriptures indicates. The Chi­ at Middlesex University, London until More cogently, this department leaves the question when was it writ­ century and few modern scholars nese character ‘jin g ’ (originally September 199 7, and after that a senior has established a research group spe­ ten? Who is its real author? What is its have paid the book any serious atten­ meaning ‘warp’) might as well be visiting fellow at Trinity College, Dublin, until cializing in the field of the economy real meaning? Where did the many tion. taken to mean ‘outline’. Implying September 1998.

3 8 • has newsletter N?13 • Summer 1997 EAST ASIA

kets on equal terms. Once China of rights to the duty-free import of of other aspects of national treat­ joins the World Trade Organization, their production materials and the ment, especially in the areas of the foreign goods will be pouring into export of their own products. This relaxation of the restrictions on the The National its domestic markets. At that time, if may be fine but FIEs are also obvi­ business scope to foreign financial the products of FIEs that have been ously in a vulnerable position when organizations and organizing fa­ restricted in China have been taxed they come to dealing with domestic vourable conditions for loans. More and created employment and foreign investment and loan issues. On the than 20,000 FIEs and several score Treatment in exchange,revenue cannot enter do­ other hand, although they benefit foreign banks have entered Shen­ mestic markets, it will be very unfor­ from domestic investment policies, zhen since the 1980s. However, none tunate. The new policy will allow Chinese enterprises seem to occupy a of them is allowed to deal in the FIEs more freedom in market choice precarious position in competition business of RMB at present. Most Shenzhen for their products, which will chan­ because they are now losing their medium and small-sized joint ven­ ge the current situation under preferences in the market share and tures and foreign-invested enter­ which FIEs have only limit­ prises are jointly facing ed access to Chinese domes­ problems of the lack of capi­ A Necessary Step Toward tic markets. tal. They are in urgent need China has a history of ap­ of financial assistance from plying different service pric­ China has a history the local government and Internationalization es to foreigners in the areas domestic banks (Bin, 1997, of transportation, hotel P-7)- rooms, and hospital costs. of applying different An official of the Policy In order to attract foreign capital, for a long time China has granted Foreigners have been re­ Research Office of the Shen­ foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) with preferential treatment in the quired to pay at least double zhen Municipal Party Com­ areas of import and export duties as well as tax relief denied to domes­ or triple the price than the service prices mittee revealed that Shen­ tic enterprises. Counterbalancing this, FIEs have been disadvantaged local citizens do for the same zhen will gradually imple­ by the preferences in market share and resources allocation that are ac­ service. Such treatment ment national treatment in corded only to domestic enterprises. This has been considered unfair by means that many foreigners to foreigners the other six fields. It is both FIEs and domestic enterprises. feel that they have been dis­ hoped that by implement­ criminated against as sec­ ing national treatment, Shenzhen as guinea-pig ond-class citizens in China. Shenzhen will be able to By CEN HUANG Taking into account that there are Therefore, the unification of open up even more to the ! ince January 1, 1997, comparatively poor industrial infra­ service prices is another important prices of service which they had pre­ outside world and to become a mem­ Shenzhen, the ‘Ex- structures, weak competitive power part of national treatment. The new viously enjoyed. National treatment ber of the internationalized econo­ ' perimental Ground’ of products, and uneven economic policy allows both FIEs and individ­ plays a role in promoting the com­ my. The Shenzhen experiment on petitive abilities of Chinese enter­ national treatment will provide ex­ ( f k I of reform and China’s development among the various dis­ ual foreigners to enjoy the same opening up, has once tricts in the country, it is impossible standard fees as their Chinese coun­ prises on the international market. perience for the future overall im­ again played a pioneering to carry out an immediate overall terparts. This move has been praised In other words, one of the important plementation of national treatment role in national treatment of its for­ national treatment throughout the by many foreign investors in Shen­ impacts of national treatment on in China. ■ eign-invested enterprises. The imple­ whole country. After 20 years of zhen. They think that the impor­ Chinese enterprises is an introduc­ mentation of national treatment in opening up, Shenzhen’s market tance of national treatment goes far tion to the competition mechanism References Shenzhen has been launched not only mechanism has been well developed beyond monetary issues. They are which has barely yet developed - Bin Yueguang (1997), ‘The National as a solution to the contradiction of and its legal system pertaining to glad that the government is able to under the current Chinese market treatment in Shenzhen’, Guangdong Great unequal treatment between FIEs and the market economy is now fairly treat them on equal terms with the system. In order to ensure that the Economy & Trade, vol. 107, no. 2, pp. 4-7. Chinese enterprises, but with an eye complete and ranked first in the local residents. This policy would products of Chinese enterprises are to making Shenzhen into an interna­ whole country. Therefore, Shenzhen help build up their confidence in fu­ competitive and continue to occupy - Shenzhen M unicipal City Government tionalized economic zone which is most favourably placed to be cho­ ture investments in China. their place on the existing market, (1997), On the national treatment to should attract more foreign investors. sen to be the guinea-pig for the na­ these enterprises must increase their Shenzhm'sfomgn invested enterprises and tional treatment in China. The im­ Consequences use of technology, enlarge their scale individual/orelgners. Government National treatment plementation of national treatment The implementation of national of production, reduce costs and raise Document. The term ‘national treatment’ first in Shenzhen is considered to cover treatment in Shenzhen has led to the quality and grade of their prod­ appeared in the General Agreement the following eight areas: 1) opening many issues being raised. The most ucts. This is a urgent task facing not - Shenzhen Municipal City Government on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It refers up domestic markets to the products obvious one focused on whether na­ only domestic but also foreign-in­ (1996), On the trail o f the national treatment to the fact that all contracted mem­ of FIEs; 2) opening up the import tional treatment can provide a fair vested enterprises in China. to Shenzhen's/oreyn invested enterprises and bers of GATT agreed that each party and export trade to foreign mer­ ground for competition for both Shenzhen's implementation of na­ individttal/oreigners. Government shall guarantee the other party equal chants; 3) opening up of overall busi­ FIEs and domestic, mainly state- tional treatment in market sales and Document. August 15. treatment for foreign enterprises, in­ ness fields to FIEs; 4) relaxing the owned, enterprises. In comparison service prices has been welcomed by dividuals, and ships inside its territo­ business range of foreign-invested with Chinese state-owned enterpris­ both FIEs and domestic enterprises. ry, the same as that accorded its own financial organizations; 5) establish­ es, FIEs appreciate the supranational Many foreign investors in Shenzhen Dr Cen Huang is an HAS Research Fellow citizens, enterprises, and ships. In ing trial foreign-invested tourism treatment they are given in the areas are hoping to speed up the adoption working within the Qiaoxing Ties programme. other words, national treatment agencies; 6) establishing foreign-in- means that the citizens and enterpris­ vested transportation agencies; 7) es of the contracted parties will enjoy further relaxing restrictions on the 2 3 > 24 JUNE 1998 treatment equal to that of the other entry into Shenzhen of foreign go- MOSCOW, RUSSIA party. between service agencies; 8} imple­ The contents and sphere involved menting national treatment of ser­ in national treatment are broad. They vice price of foreign citizens in Shen­ cover areas of politics, economics, the zhen (Shenzhen Municipal City Gov­ civil administration ofjustice and the ernment, 1996). The 9th International implementation of law, in which the Shenzhen is currently practising national treatment of FIEs is an essen­ the national treatment in only two tial item. At the moment, nearly all areas: domestic sales and unified ser­ countries have to deal with FIEs with vice prices (Shenzhen Municipal City Conference on national treatment of FIEs to a certain Government, 1997). In the past, extent and within certain limits. many FIEs have fostered ambitions However, no countries treat FIEs ab­ to open up their markets in China, solutely as they would treat their own but have been restricted by state pol­ Chinese Linguistics national enterprises. Compared with icy. These restrictions have formed that in developing countries, national obstacles to attracting foreign in­ treatment in developed countries vestment to Shenzhen. They have he Institute of guistics using any theoretical frame­ places fewer restrictions on FIEs than also created a unequal competition Linguistics of the work. Main topics of the Conference For more information, please contact that of their counterparts, especially ground for both domestic and for­ Russian Academy are current problems in phonetics, DR IRINA N. KOMAROVA in the fields of market share and in­ eign-invested enterprises. It was re­ of Sciences in Moscow is writing, grammar, lexicology, lan­ Dept, of East Asian Languages vestments. Adopting national treat­ ported that few foreign businessmen organizing the Ninth In­ guage history, Chinese dialects, soci­ Institute of Linguistics ment for FIEs and individual foreign­ have attended the Shenzhen Trade ternational Conference olinguistics, and linguodidactics. Bolshoi Kislovsky per. 1/12 ers is considered an important way to Exhibitions over the past ten years. on Chinese Linguistics on 23-24 June Please send two copies of your ab­ Moscow 103009 link China to the international eco­ One of the reasons that foreign busi­ 1998 in Moscow. The conference lan­ stract before the deadline of 1 Janu­ Russia nomic practice, an essential step to­ ness people have not been interested guage will be Russian and English. ary 1998. The volume must not ex­ Tel: +7-095-291 3448 (Tue and Thu) wards economic internationalization in participation is that their prod­ Abstracts are invited for 20-minutes ceed 5 pages. The abstracts will be Fax: +7-095-2900528 (Bin, 1997, p.6). ucts could not enter Chinese mar- talks on all aspects of Chinese lin­ published. ■

Summer 1997 • iias newsletter W13 • 39 EAST ASIA

24 ► 25 APRIL 1997 New Japanese ROSTOCK, GERMANY Library in Hong Kong and China Würzburg on the Eve of On 11 July 1997, the Hosoya Library at the Institute for Chinese Studies, the Pacific Century University o f Wiirzburg was officially opened by the President of the University, Prof Theodor Berchem. the gift o f books, worth over DM 100,000, was thus given an official place in the Japanese Studies library ish crown colony. The first of July, resulting from the modernization of section of the Institute. By MARTINA ZELLMER-BJIC K 1997, when Hong Kong was reinte­ China’s economy. n 24-25 April ’97, grated into China, will not be the A sceptical tone prevails among he Hosoya Bunko, Sökichi (1873-1961], one of the co­ the ‘Konrad-Ade- end of the city’s success story. This is China’s neighbours, too. Japan, comprising more founders of Japanese critical histori­ nauer-Stiftung’ due to Hong Kong’s role as an inter­ India, Taiwan, and most of the than 1400 volumes, ography, Watsuji Tetsurö (1889-1941], (Rostock), the ‘Institute national centre for trade and invest­ ASEAN members view China’s ongo­ is an outstanding collec­ whose has received notable attention for Asian Studies’ (Ham­ ment and its function as a bridge be­ ing economic and military moderni­ tion from the estate of in recent years in Germany because of burg), and two depart­ tween East and West. Well aware of zation with some concern. Although the philosopher, the late the translation of his work Fudb and ments of the University of Rostock this role China does not restrict its perceptions are changing, there are Professor Sadao Hosoya. Professor Ho­ his ethical reflections of human inter­ (‘Department of Political and Ad­ expectations to benefiting from more observers in the region who see soya (1920-1995] taught at the Tohoku relationships, and Kuki Shüzö (1888- ministrative Studies’ and ‘Depart­ ■Hong Kong’s external relations, it China as a potential hegemonic University at Sendai and at the Uni­ 1941], whose Structure o f the iki was a ment of Management, Banking and wants to profit as well from its inter­ power and threat rather than as a be­ versity of Okayama. He became well- best-seller in an Italian translation. Financial Studies’) organized a con­ nal development. One speaker indi­ nevolent neighbour who can be en­ known for, inter alia, his translation The Hosoya Bunko - a most gener­ ference on Hong Kong and China cated that Hong Kong’s legal system gaged by rules and preventive diplo­ into Japanese of Heidegger’s Sein und ous gift - has endowed the University entitled H ongkong und China auf dem is already serving as a model for macy. Russia is the only neighbour Zeit. As a token of Professor Hosoya’s of Würzburg with numerous works Weg in das pazifischejahrhundert. Fif­ China and that some lawyers from that has been successful so far in up- intellectual affinity with Germany, which are rare in German libraries teen speakers and more than one the People’s Republic are already grading its relations with China, his widow, Mrs Yoshie Hosoya, his and some of which are no longer hundred participants met in the being trained in common law by col­ leading to an increased rapproche­ son, Professor Akio Hosoya, and his available commercially. The collec­ Hanseatic city of Rostock. leagues from Hong Kong. ment and co-operation between the daughter, Mrs Nobue Mano, decided tion represents a significant addition The topics were presented and dis­ two countries. to present his private library in toto to to the Institute’s holdings in the field cussed in three blocs: ‘Hong Kong on The second message, suggested by All in all, the conference revealed a public institution for Japanese Stud­ of Japanese Studies, which will stimu­ the Eve of July 1st, 1997’, ‘China at the several speakers, concerned China that Europe and Germany are in­ ies in Germany. Through the kind late new departures in academic re­ Turn of the Century’, and ‘China’s and was far less optimistic. Although creasingly paying attention to the mediation of Dr Carow of the Tohoku search. Plans are currently being Neighbours - Attitudes towards the China’s growth rate of eight to nine Asia Pacific region as a whole and to University and Dr Sotomura, reader made to draw the attention of other Middle Kingdom’. A great diversity percent is likely to continue to be Hong Kong and China in particular. in Japanese Studies at the University institutions for Japanese Studies to of subjects was presented by aca­ stable in the near future, the country This is certainly due to the fact that of Würzburg, the collection was of­ the existence of this remarkable col­ demics and politicians from Hong faces serious problems: a population in the age of globalization, nations fered to the University of Würzburg. lection. ■ Kong, China, and different parts of growth rate of 13.5 million annually, are linked to one another more As head of the Institute, Professor Germany. But despite varying inter­ leading to serious bottlenecks in strongly than ever before, not only Dieter Kuhn guaranteed to make the pretations of Hong Kong’s future food supply; insufficient care for the economically but also politically and Hosoya collection of books institu­ THE HOSOYA LIBRARY and China’s economic and political growing number of the poor, ill, culturally. ■ tionally available and the University Institute for Sinology situation, there was agreement on aged, and un and underemployed; readily offered to pay the transporta­ University ofWürzburg important issues, which can be sum­ migration of too to 120 million Chi­ tion costs. These initial steps paved Philosophiegebaude marized as follows: nese who are leaving rural areas for Martina Zellmer-Bjick, MA the way for the collection to find new Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Most speakers sketched an opti­ the cities in their search for a liveli­ is attached to the Department of Political premises in Würzburg in the spring Germany mistic scenario for the former Brit­ hood; and environmental problems Science, University of Rostock, Germany. of 1997. The separate and self-contained availability of the library provides a 9 ► 12 MARCH 1998 2) the effects of the opening-up of a list of major publications in Eng­ unique insight into the intellectual BEIJING, PR CHINA local socio-economic structures to lish to the HAS, before 1 October understanding of a Japanese scholar national and foreign influences 1997. The conference Organizers will the cultural traditions of his native and markets, and integration into then make a selection of those par­ country. The majority of the collec­ the national or world economy. ticipants whose travel and stay in tion belongs to the category of com­ Beijing can be subsidized, or may be plete works editions. Sixty writers Modernization However, other themes may be pro­ accepted by Beijing University in from the 18th to the 20rtl century are posed as well. Suggestions for session some other way. You will be in­ represented, with an emphasis on topics include: formed about the decisions before 1 modern authors. Thus the complete - the relationship between foreign, November 1997. editions include the works of Nobel Processes in national, and indigenous modern­ Participants should submit their Prize winners Kawabata Yasunari izing forces; papers in English on floppy disk (1899-1972] and of Oe Kenzaburö - adoption and adaptation of West­ (Word or WordPerfect) and hard copy (b.1935]. The collection also reflects a ern ideas; before 31 December 1997, so that broad spectrum of Japanese writing, Asia and China - universalization of education; proper translations into Chinese such as the works of Ueda Akinari - the formation of representative may be made. Papers should be 8,000 (1734-1809] and Chikamatsu Monzae- governments at different levels; to to,000 words. mon (1653-1724]. Other famous writ- j - national armies as modernizing ers represented are Futabatei Shimei 1 8 6 0 -1 9 6 0 forces in society; CVs and lists of major publications (1864-1909], Higuchi Ichiyo (1872- - secularization; will be submitted to all participants 1896], Mori Ögai (1863-1922], Akuta- - the replacement of traditional so­ in advance, in order to facilitate ex­ gawa Ryünosuke (1892-1927], Dazai workshop on Mod­ have two discussants. The HAS will cial support systems' by state social changes between Chinese and West­ Osamu (1909-1948], Natsume Söseki ernization Process­ provide travel and accommodation policies; ern scholars before and during the (1867-1916], Mishima Yukio (1925- es in Asia and China subsidies for ten foreign scholars. A - the role of development-oriented workshop. ■ 1970], and Nogami Yaeko (1885-1985], 1860-1960 will take place selection of revised papers will be programmes by foreigners or new In addition, the collection contains on 9-12 March 1998 on published as a monograph in Eng­ governments. the writings of film director Kuro­ the Beijing University lish. Languages of the workshop are These phenomena have been stud­ For enquiries: sawa Akira (b. 1910]. Of special interest Campus. It is organized by Dong English and Chinese. ied in many Asian countries. It is ex­ DR E.B. VERMEER for research is the poetry section, Zhenghua (Beijing University) and Asian and Chinese modernization pected that comparisons will prove MAS which is well represented in the li­ Eduard B. Vermeer (International In­ will be treated around two main the­ fruitful and illuminative. P.O. Box 9500, 2300 RA Leiden brary. stitute for Asian Studies [HAS]). mes: The Netherlands In the field of philosophy and intel­ About 30 scholars from China, the i)the changes in conception of the All scholars who wish to partici­ Tel:+3 I-71-527 22 27 lectual history the following scholars Netherlands and other countries roles of the government and local pate are invited to send a type-writ­ Fax:+3 I-71-527 4 1 62 deserve to be mentioned: Tsuda will present papers. Each paper will elites; and ten abstract of max. 1 page, a c.v., and E-mail: [email protected]

4 0 • has newsletter N?t3 • Sum m er 1997 EAST ASIA

remnants of unspoiled tradition which he captures in beautiful pic­ tures and thereby brings a dream of The Scenic authenticity and mystery to his read­ Two books ers. Mystery is not what Frits Vos (1918), the founding father of Korean Studies on Buddhism Beauty of Korea at Leiden University has to offer. In­ stead, his contribution whets the ap­ petite of the reader for more informa­

Mark De Fraeye and Frits Vos Looking beyond the charm of De tion. His text is Korea minus the mys­ Korea Ftaeye’s skilful pictures, one discovers tery, but with all the more fascina­ in Korea tion. The text is well-structured, with Scenic beauty & religious landmarks a particular appreciation of Korea. De Antwerp: Pandora, 1996. I74p. Fraeye’s work seems to be pervaded by highly informative and very readable a sense of nostalgia for Korea’s lost introductory chapters on Korea’s lan­ Edited by Lewis R. Lancaster, Edited by Lewis R. Lancaster ISBN 90-5325-052-2 traditions. His interest lies with Kore­ guage and names, geography and Suh Kikun and Yu Chai-shin. and Yu Chai-shin. a’s countryside and what can still be people. More problematic is the gen­ Buddhism in Koryö: Buddhism in the Early Chosön: By KOEN DE CEUSTER found there of‘authentic’ Korean cul­ eral outline of Korea’s history. As this A Royal Religion. Suppression and Transformation. ture. Korea as an urbanized society in is an inevitably long drawn out chap­ (Berkeley, Ca.: Institute of East Asian (Berkeley, Ca.: Institute of East Asian ombining the ar­ flux where living traditions adapt to ter, it is too general to be of much use Studies Centre for Korean Studies, '96) Studies Centre for Korean Studies, '96) tistic skills of pho­ ever-changing circumstances is of less to the general reader and not balanced 21 Ip. bibliog. 222p. bibliog. tographer Mark De enough for the expert. Though (Korea Research Monographs, no.22) (Korea Research Monographs, no.23) Fraeye and the academic Vos partly succeeds in over­ ISBN l-55729-x053-9 (pb US$20) ISBN 1-55729-054-7 (pb US$20) erudition of Emeritus Professor Frits Vos, this is coming the tediousness of such a general outline by in­ wished to break this link, and the a book that will help to redress the ■ By J.E. HOARE terspersing his text with elo­ implication that kingship was the paucity of pictorial books on Korea. quent literary references, this ™ ™ r j - | h e s e two collec- result of karma (fate), preferring in­ The target audience for this publica­ outline becomes problematic I Lions of articles stead to encourage neo-Confucian tion is the interested reader who has when he turns to the colonial JL bring together Jap­ thought, with its emphasis on line­ no particular knowledge about Korea. period and beyond. He ignores anese and Korean schol­ age, as the underpinning of the state. The photos of Mark De Fraeye the role of the socialist move­ arship on Buddhism As a result, Buddhism, hitherto a (1949) are an ideal appetizer for lur­ ment in the independence during the Koryö dynas­ court and aristocratic linked relig­ ing people to turn to the text and struggle, and thereby fails to ty and on Buddhism’s role in Korea ion, became associated more with find out more about this beautiful explain the domestic origins of following the establishment of the the common people. It was not ‘de­ and, to the layman, enigmatic coun­ the Korean war. The Korean Yi dynasty in 1392. Both volumes based’, but developed new strengths try. De Fraeye’s infatuation with war is dealt with only from a benefit from a wide ranging intro­ and traditions which have allowed it Korea began nearly a decade ago military historical point of duction by Lewis Lancaster which to survive into the 20th century. when he visited the country for the view, just as the post-Korean make these publications accessible Though this volume is at times first rime in 1988. Since then he has war history is hardly more to the general reader. somewhat technical, Han U-gün’s been back to Korea on various occa­ than an enumeration of elec­ With Buddhism as state religion essay on the transformation from sions. He has exhibited widely, both interest to him. His photographic tions dates and names of presidents. during this period, Buddhism in Koryö, late Koryö to Chosön is highly infor­ in Korea, Europe, and the US, and has work responds in that respect to the Even if this one section has to be will not only appeal to Koreanists, mative and comprehensible to the contributed to numerous publica­ judged tedious, one does not read this but will be of interest to the student general reader. ■ tions. As is clear from the photos in demands of the tourist eager to trail book for its historical chapter. Vos of religion and of the use of religion this publication, his main interest in the path of exotic traditions, demand­ shows himself at his best in the final to bolster a particular form of mon­ Korea is with Buddhist monastic life ing the comfort of air-conditioned hotel rooms, but eager to see ‘authen­ two chapters on Korean mythology archy. and shamanist ritual. The beauty of and Korean religion and philosophy. Buddhism in the Early Chosön stud­ his photos bespeak his fondness for tic culture; in a sanitized environ­ The mythology sections gives the ies the fall from grace of Buddhism. J.E. Hoare the landscape and his enchantment ment of theme parks and other folk villages. On his trips to Korea, De Fra­ translations of and short comments Favoured by the court during the is a Research Analyst with the Foreign and with the rhythm of rural life in eye leaves the beaten track to trace the on different foundation myths which Koryö period, the Chosön monarchs Commonwealth Office, London, UK. Korea. were found on the Korean peninsula. The religion and philosophy chapter (Advertisement) (Advertisement) situates Korea’s respective traditions within the wider East-Asian context. Especially the section on Buddhism is captivating in its scope, and the text Japan - zvieitgröBte Induslrienation der \Afelt Japan - gröBter Konkurrent für Deulschland EU, USA maintains a high degree of readabili­

den Konkurrenten besser tennenlemen ty. Taoism and Christianity are tou­ seine Strategien erkennen ched upon briefly, while the panthe­ eigene Konzepte enlwicteln “ 111 on of shamanist deities is reviewed in Monatszeitschrift depth. Unfortunately, when Vos deals with Confucianism, he is so engrossed in an expert explanation of its philo­ Wirtschaft Politik Gesellschaft YR China Taiwan sophical intricacies that he has no bietet hierfür Hongkong more space left to deal with the re­ systematisch und lontinuierlich Macau markable development of neo-Confu- - verdichtete Information statt Unterhaltung Sie erhalten 12mal jahrlich eine umfassende cianism in sixteenth century Korea by - Informationen aus japanischen Darstellung der Entwicklung in Originalquellen such thinkers as Yulgok and T’oegye. AuBenpolitik This is a beautiful book which will Innenpolitik in Form von appeal to a wide audience. It has the - Daten Wirtschaft - Analysen AuBenwirtschaft potential to entice a general public - Perspektiven der beobachteten Lander im eben abgelaufenen into seeking deeper knowledge about Monat. Authentische Information ohne this still largely unknown country, zu den Berelchen ideologisches Beiwerk, aufbereitet in Form von - Binnenwirtschaft clenched between the dominant cul­ - AuBenwirtschaft Student®0' Meldungen obonnement tures of Japan and China as the pro­ - Innenpolitik Analysen Wir bieten: - AuBenpolitik DM 60.- P'us or verbial ‘shrimp among whales’. - Wissenschaft und Dokumenten Daten Technologie BeiVorlogede* Koreanists will be particularly in­ - Gesellschaft sowie einen Jahresindex. immotrikulooons- Analysen bescheifiigvn9 trigued by the handful of photos from Perspektiven the collection of the Erzabtei St. Otti- Jahresabonnement (zuziigl. Porto): DM 126.-- lien reproduced in this book. Hope­ Wir senden Ihnen gerne ein Probehett. Einzelheft (zuziigl. Porto): DM 12.-- Instftut fully Mark De Fraeye and his wife, the fur Bitte fordern Sie ein Probeheft an. Asierv Zu b estellen beim Herausgeber: potter Bie Van Gucht, will succeed in kunde IAPAN Hamburg Zu beziehen bei: _ 3 WlrtscWt Politik CMoHtdMlt gaining full access to this collection of Erscheint alle zwei Monate Institut für Asienkunde turn of century photographs made by Institut für Asienkunde Abonnement, 6 Hefte im Jahr, missionaries from St. Ottilien. This D-20148 Hamburg plus Index DM 120,- Rothenbaumchaussee 32 - D-20148 Hamburg Rothenbaumchaussee 32 Einzelheft DM 20,- Telefon (040) 44 30 01-03 - Fax (040) 410 79 45 Tel.: (040) 44 30 01-03 Studenten- collection would be a useful supple­ Fax: (040) 410 79 45 abonnement DM 80.- E-Mail: [email protected] jeweils zuzüglich ment to the all too scarce photograph­ e-m ail: Vtersandkosfenanteil [email protected] ic material on daily life in traditional Korea. ■

Summer 1997 • iias newsletter W13 • 4 1 EAST ASIA

They also highlight the gap between a MODERN CHINESE DIRECTORY OF KOREAN rigid political system and an open POETRY STUDIES IN EUROPE economy. Educators are at pains to S h o rt N ew s Recently a delayed special S h o rl N ew s For years the Korean Na­ Transformation provide Shanghai youngsters with ad­ issue of Modem Chinese tional Commission for equate moral values. Lam Kin-che and Literature (Vol. 9, No. 2: UNESCO has been in the Tao Shu deal with pollution, a major Fall 1996) appeared, edit­ forefront of the promo- issue of concern for Shanghai. The & ed by Howard Goldblatt tion of Korean studies as & Modernization current situation is appalling, even and, as special editor, Mi­ publisher of the aca­ though the municipality has started chelle Yeh. The bulk of the volume is demic quarterly Koreajoumal and to tackle environmental problems in constituted by selected papers from the French biannual Revue de la earnest. Only the removal of industri­ the HAS 'International Workshop on Coree. Responding to the increased of Shanghai al plants, the installation of modern Modem Chinese Poetry’, organized demand for and interest in Korean recycling equipment, and the adop­ by Dr Michel Hockx (HAS) and Prof studies abroad, and in particular in tion o f‘clean technology’ can im­ Michelle Yeh (UC Davis) in Septem­ Europe, the commission has taken Y.M.Yeung and SungYun-wing (eds.) more complex issue that the fiscal prove the conditions radically. So far, ber 1995. the initiative to compile a Directory Shanghai. Transformation and drain on the city’s resources. It also financial constraints have put severe o f Korean Studies in Europe, This Modernization under China’s shows that under the new tax system, limits to the actions of both govern­ For orders, contact: ‘Who’s Who in Korean Studies in Eu­ Open Policy Shanghai will have a definite advan­ ment and industries. HOWARD GOLDBLATT, DEPT. rope' should be completed by the Hongkong:The Chinese University Press 1996. tage if it develops its service sector. Kerrie L. MacPherson’s paper is a OF ASIAN STUDIES end of this year. 583 pp. /SBN 962-201-667-7 Sung Yung-wing offers the reader welcome contribution that sets the Languages and Literatures All those wishing to be listed in the only radically critical view of the urban development of Shanghai in a Campus Box 279 this directory are requested to con­ role of Shanghai as the ‘Dragon Head’ historical perspective. It emphasizes a University of Colorado at Boulder ■ By CHRISTIAN HENRIOT tact the Korea Journal, providing of the country, or even just of the certain continuity in the process of Boulder, CO 80309-0279, USA their professional affiliation and ac­ his volume is pre­ Yangzi region. It is a very useful and urban expansion since the mid-i920s, Fax: + 1-303-492 72 72 ademic degree, their field of interest, sented as the com­ thoughtful piece that runs against paying particular attention to urban C.V. and list of publications. panion to Guang­ conventional views put forward by design and master plans. This ap­ dong: Survey of a Province national and local leaders, as well as proach, however, has its weakness as CHINESE FOR ECONO­ THE KOREA JOURNAL Undergoing Rapid Change local and foreign academics. Sung’s it tends to overlook political history MISTS AT WÜRZBURG Korean National Commission for (Y.M. Yeung and David paper may be slightly biased some­ without which these plans, whatever S h o rt N ew s The Faculty of Econom­ UNESCO K.Y. Chu, eds., Hongkong: The Chi­ times, but there is no doubt that the their inner qualities, are given undue ics in collaboration with C.RO. Box 64 nese University Press 15194). It follows author is relying on hard figures to importance. The author’s emphasis the Institute for Chinese Seoul the same agenda: to provide the read­ construct a dynamic view of the pro­ on continuity leads her to twist the Studies of the University Korea 100-600 er with a broad coverage of a wide cesses under way, rather than just re­ reality. It is erroneous to establish a of Würzburg has set up a Fax: 82-2-568-7454 range of issues and topics related to iterating the common litany of im­ direct connection between Sun pilot project entitled: E-mail: kneu [email protected],co.kr the transformation of one place - pressive but meaningless statistics Chuanfang’s 1926 scheme and the city 'Chinese for economists’. The educa­ Shanghai in the present case - since (i.e. the huge population of Shang­ government established by the na­ tional goals of the project lie primar­ the reopening of China in 1978. The hai’s hinterland does not make sense tionalists in 1927. Excessive enthu­ ily in the field of language acquisi­ LC PUBLICATION FROM book is organized into four parts (po­ unless the city is well connected to the siasm for the Pudong project also tion. However, important historical, JAPANESE SECTION litical dimensions, economic develop­ most remote places by an efficient leads the author to attribute a ‘Great cultural, and geographical informa­ S h o rt N ew s The Library of Congress ment, urban and social infrastruc­ transportation network. Port o t Pudong’ to Sun Yat-sen. Sun tion as well as an introduction to the recently published ?re- ture, topical perspectives) with the never used any expression other than Chinese mentality are also provided. Meijt Works in the Libraiy goal of giving a coherence to this col­ Shanghai’s urban issues that of ‘Great Port of the Orient’ The students receive a thorough j jr ofCongress, a bibliogra­ lection of twenty papers. The quality The other contributors focus on (Dongfang dagang). grounding in modern Chinese which f i e phy of books in Japanese of the papers varies from one author more specific topics. Rupert Hodder’s The editors are to be commended is intended to enable them to read from the Library's Japa­ to the other. paper is a careful analysis of industrial for preparing such a volume. Never­ economic texts and understand spok­ nese section. The bibliography con­ location in the city and its conse­ theless, they should have been more en broadcasts. They are also intro­ tains works of literature, linguistics, Although most contributors em­ quences. It clearly demonstrates that selective so as to eliminate a few con­ duced to economic terminology. Par­ drama, and music dating from the phasize the numerous qualities of little has changed since 1978 in spite tributions that do little to provide ticular emphasis is put on the vocab­ early 17th century to 1867, the year Shanghai, they also point out its of the official policy of removing the anything substantial to our under­ ulary relevant to important areas of before the Meiji restoration. weaknesses. Wong Siu-lun convinc­ large, polluting industries from the standing of Shanghai. It is unfortu­ current Sino-German co-operation, The book’s entries include some of ingly argues that the entrepreneurial urban area. The move is made diffi­ nate that the only paper on Pudong is such as joint ventures for the open­ the Library’s most valuable Japanese spirit which made the success of cult by the lack of financial resources hardly more than a commentary on ing up and adaptation of the Chinese works, including special pieces previ­ Hong Kong is still lacking in Shang­ available among industrial plants to official documents. The organization market. The project involves a two- ously unknown to the public and to hai. Institutional and political obsta­ pay for the acquisition of new land of the volume is also problematic. The year period of study. many scholars. Among the many rare cles as well as thirty years of the ‘free­ and the cost of resettling the equip­ last section is not convincing. Kerrie items mentioned in the book are the zing’ of social autonomy form stum­ ment in a new location. K.I. Fung has MacPherson’s paper comes too late. For more information: Library’s edition of The Tale o fGenji, bling blocks to the emergence of an written a very clear and documented Many papers have the same kind of DIETER KUHN which is the only known complete enterprising Shanghai as a commu­ paper on the satellite towns of the introduction or review of the pre-1949 Institut für Sinologie, set of that particular edition and a nity’. Peter T.Y. Cheung examines the Shanghai municipality. Although or the pre-1978 period, some are mar- j Universitat Wurzburg, volume in The Tale o f Heike that indi­ fate of the city under its successive these places did not develop according red by unfortunate historical blun­ Philosophiegebaude cates the way in which the text mayors since 1949. He argues that al­ to the plans laid out in the late 1950s, ders. To avoid an impression of repeti­ Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg should be chanted during a perfor­ though the priority given to Shanghai they nevertheless contributed signifi­ tion, the general picture could have Germany mance. is not solely related to the rise of a cantly to the economic growth of been drawn once and for all in an in­ Tel:+49-931-8885571 Containing 628 entries arranged 'Shanghai bang’ in Peking, Shanghai’s Shanghai, and to a lesser extent to troductory chapter. alphabetically by their romanized ti­ position might be jeopardized should that of their adjacent areas. In spite of The editors have failed to check and tles, the bibliography also includes a there be a political realignment. Lam their limitations, they also helped re­ homogenize the figures cited in the I MODERN TAIWANESE glossary and name index. Each entry Tao-chiu’s original contribution lieve population pressure in the various papers of the volume. Some j POETRY consists of an entry number, title, studies the interaction between local urban districts. Rebecca L.H. Chiu’s authors provide contradictory statis­ S h o rt N ew s Sylvia Marijnissen stud­ author, and statement and is usually leaders and intellectuals in their com­ paper is well documented and pro­ tics (pp. 173 and 537, pp. 181 and 200). ied Sinology and General accompanied by an annotation. mon endeavour to articulate their ar­ vides a vivid picture of housing condi­ Moreover, many names of Chinese in­ Literature Studies in The book was compiled by Shojo guments towards the centre. Al­ tions in 1985 and 1993. She delineates stitutions, committees, etc. are cited Leiden. She has been very Honda, a former senior reference li­ though it brings to light the relative the geography of housing in terms of in English without a proper reference active in translating Chi­ brarian in the Japanese section from complicity between political elites density, housing types, and commu­ to their original name either in pin- nese poetry into Dutch. 10961 to 1992 and annotated by Jin’i- and intellectuals at the local level, it nity facilities. She also traces the tre­ yin or in Chinese. She has recently published ‘Als ik met chi Konishi, president emeritus of also shows the limits of this exercise: mendous pace of construction since These critiques notwithstanding, vuur denk’ (‘When I think with fire’), Tsukuba University and member of the role of intellectuals has been in- the early 1990s and the growing trend Y.M. Yeung and Sung Yun-wing’s and album of modern Taiwanese the Library’s Council of Scholars. strumentalized by a leadership which toward the commercialization of Shanghai is a very good volume that poetry. This brocade-covered album Pre-Meijt Works in the Libraiy o f Con­ does not respond to any constituency. housing. provides valuable information. It is contains over 20 poems by four Tai­ gress (ISSN 0731-3527) is available for Two papers offer more provocative Grace C.L. Mak and Leslie N.K. es­ indispensable for students, scholars, wanese poets, both in Chinese and US$ 16 and may be purchased from: views. Ho Lok-sang and Tsui Kai- tablish that Shanghai ranks first in and even entrepreneurs who wish to the Dutch translations. The album is yuen provide a balanced analysis of the field of education in terms of have a broad and accurate view of part of a series called the ‘Slibreeks’, THE US GOVERNMENT PRINTING fiscal relations between Shanghai and number and quality. Primary and Shanghai under reform. ■ published by the Stichting Kunstuit­ OFFICE Peking which should have inspired junior secondary schooling is almost leen Zeeland. ISBN 90-6354-084-1. Superintendent of Documents the other contributors to the volume. universal and 21 per cent of an age P.O.Box 371954 In the absence of truly reliable data, class go to university. Nevertheless, Christian Henriot is the Director o f For information contact: Pittsburgh PA 15250-7954, the analysis is partly tentative, but it the authors emphasize the contradic­ the Institut d ’Asie Orientales (Institute o f STICHTING KUNSTUITLEEN USA claims that on the whole Shanghai tion between the objectives of the East Asian Studies), Lyon, France and a ZEELAND Fax:+1-202-5122250. may not have suffered a net outflow municipality and the resources made fellow o f the Institut Universitaire de France. Kuiperspoort 22,4331 GS Middelburg Please cite stock number: of capital before 1978. This is a much 1 available to educational institutions. ( [email protected]) The Netherlands,Tel: +31-118-61 1443 030-001-00166-1

42. • has newsletter W13 • Summer 1997 ASIAN ART

THE GATE FOUNDATION THE GATE FOUNDATION IS AN INTERNATIONAL ART Keizersgracht 613 FOUNDATION DEVOTED TO PROMOTING 1017 DS Amsterdam The Netherlands INTERCULTURAL EXCHANGE OF CONTEMPORARY ART. P.O. Box 814 THE GATE FOUNDATION AIMS TO STIMULATE g e 1000 av Amsterdam X Tel: +31-20-620 80 57 KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING OF Foundation Fax: +31-20-639 07 62 CONTEMPORARY ART AND ARTISTS, EMPHASIZING E-mail: [email protected] NON-WESTERN AND MIGRANT CULTURES. Website: http://www.base.nl/gate

‘TextDe-Texted’, 24 OCTOBER 1 997 >■ 7 JANUARY 1998 , 1 ' byj. Swaminathan. SINGAPORE ART MUSEUM Mixed media ;TV - t I [m3] Tryst with Destiny - Art from Modern India * [1947-1997] %

-r n 1947, the year of Kumar was one of the artists who j Independence, came worked closely with the above. Fol­ X. a break with the co­ lowing the footsteps of these radicals lonial past. The Revival­ were young artists like Akbar Pa- ist Bengal School of damsee and Tyeb Mehta, who to­ Painting of the early 20th gether ushered in the modernist century, reflecting a national strug­ trends of the time. Having travelled gle against colonial bondage now widely in Mexico, Satish Gujral wor­ gave way to an art expressing a new ked independently to create his own new direction. Instead of westerniza­ are a few among the many artists socio-political order. As a result, a mural language. What is crucial in tion the above group began to work who played a dynamic role in shap­ generation of young artists probing this respect is the fact that many of towards a new set of values based on ing this period. towards modernity emerged. the above painters who travelled and indigenous identity, while G.R. San- trained abroad wearied of the ro­ tosh, Biren De, and K.C.S. Panniker Towards A Global Village The Threshold mantic, sentimental, and nationalis­ turned to more traditional Indian By the late 1970s the period of j The four prominent names which tic message of the Bengal Revivalist concepts and ideas of Tantra. These identity crisis was over. In a post- feature from the immediate Pre-In­ School and listened to the more dy­ artists collectively paved the way for Modern context, each artist in the dependence period are Jamini Roy, namic and forceful voice of the West the next decade which is perhaps one 80s strove to fulfil his own creative aspirations creating new and daring ‘Goddess on aTiger’, Ram Kinkar Baij, Binode Behari in their quest for directions. of the most dynamic phases of the visions. Vivan Sundaram explored by ManjitBawa. Mukherjee, and Sailoz Mookherjea. post-independent India. various mediums viz. installations, Oil on canvas [1993] All four played a crucial role in the The Quest for identity process of evolution of visual art in From the late 1950s, N.S. Bendre Modernist Eclecticism - while Mrinalini Mukherjee and Ra- post-Independence India. Jamini and Sankho Chowdhuri worked inde­ A New Pluralist Vision vinder Reddy turned to new indige­ Roy, based in Calcutta, found his in­ pendently to set up the Baroda School The 1960s marked an exciting nous expressions in the field of spiration in Folk Art of Bengal, while of Art in the western region of India. phase in contemporary Indian Art. sculpture. Prabhakar Kolte on the Ram Kinkar and Binode Behari wor­ Along with others of their generation, Young and more senior alike, by other hand, explored the world of ked from Santiniketan (near now accustomed to free­ abstraction. The 90s ushered in con­ Calcutta) under the inspira­ dom and firmly ensconced cepts of global vision. Full tribal and popular culture merged with high The exhibition Tryst with tion of the Nobel Leaureate in democratic ideals and Poet, Rabindranath Tagore. values, created a new iden­ art creating an exciting language as seen in the works of young artists Destiny - Art from Modern India Sailoz Mookherjea spent tity for themselves imbib­ most of his creative phase in ing the spirit of optimism namely Jayashree Charavarty, Paresh and boldness current in the Maity, Valsan Kolleri, N.N. Rimzon, (1947 - 1997) portrays the exciting New Delhi. Their impor­ Arpana Caur, and Sudarshan Shetty tance lay in their ability to air. From a closed captive and many others. experimentation that has evolved break away from the turn of mind they moved towards a the century Bengal Revival­ freer form of self expres­ The Curators in-charge of the ex­ during the last five decades and ist mould and create a dy­ sion. The creation of Ban­ namic modern vocabulary gladesh, the political up­ hibition are Ms Karen Lim (Assistant Curator, Singapore Art Museum); illustrates emergent trends of which paved the way for the heaval in Bengal, and the Mrs Rakhi Sarkar (Director, Centre of next generation of artists of effect of Nouvelle Indian International Modern Art); Mr Siva Indian Contemporary art against the 1940s. cinema added further im­ petus to the act of this peri­ Kumar (Reader, Department of Art History, Kala Bhavan Visva Bharati the backdrop of the art historical The M odem ist od. At the same time, keep­ Assertion ing abreast of changing University, Santiniketan Senior Art Historian) ■ perspective of post-independent Among the many groups times, the art colleges im­ of artists that emerged in proved their programmes India. The exhibition is co­ the 1940s was ‘The Calcutta and laid greater stress on Group’ which was formed technique, innovation, and organized by the Singapore Art j in 1943. Paritosh Sen who introspection. The upshot founded the group was one of all this change led to a Museum and the Centre of of its leading members. period of hectic exploration I There were many others who were ‘Indira Gandhi’ by Bikash such as had never been seen before. International Modern Art, part of this movement. Almost si- Bhattacharjee. Watercolour (1984) The search was finally over and a | multaneously in the late forties, an­ new vision emerged - a vision of Calcutta, in association with other group of painters who intro- namely Jeram Patel, K.G. Subraman- perfect balance between the East | duced themselves as the Progressive yan and J. Swaminathan, they formu­ and the West. Jyoti Bhatt, Ganesh THE SINGAPORE ART MUSEUM the National Gallery of group emerged in Bombay. Leading lated a new visual identity for the late Pyne, Gulammohommed Sheikh, I figures among them were F.N. 50s and 60s. Swaminathan later ini­ Jogen Chowdhury, Himmat Shah, Bras Basah Road Singapore 189555 Modern Art, New Delhi. Souza, M.F. Husain, S.H. Raza, V.S. tiated the famous group ‘1890’ which Bikash Bhattacharjee, Manjit Bawa, I Gaitonde, and Krishèn Khanna. Ram gave the contemporary Indian art a Arpita Singh, and Bhupen Khakhar Fax:+65-3347919

Summer 1997 • has newsletter N?i3' 4 3 ASIAN ART

Celadon cup and stand. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ETHNOLOGY, LEIDEN Koiyo dynasty 12th century. 26 SEPTEMBER 1997 - 3 AUGUST 1998 Into Tibet with Tin Tin THE BRITISH MUSEUM FROM 11 JULY 1997 The National Museum

o f Ethnology and n the book Tin Tin in receive their share of the limelight, Tibet the world-fa­ along with other topics like rural and the Belgian Foundation Hergé mous cartoon hero urban Tibet, the Tibetan house and Arts of Korea travels to the roof of the religious art. Photographs richly il­ have joined forces to present w orld and the reader lustrate the more recent history, in­ Arts of Korea will present an overview o f Korean art and archaeology, learns all about the fas­ cluding the invasion by Mao’s armies ranging from the Neolithic period to the 19th century, and will include the major exhibition cinating culture of Tibet. The exhi­ in 1950, the flight of the Dalai Lama, loans from the National Museum of Korea, the British Library, and sev­ bition will include some of the origi­ and the revolts. eral private collections. The exhibition will be a forerunner o f the Mu­ Into Tibet with Tintin. nal drawings by Hergé, the spiritual Contemporary Tibet is depicted by seum’s new permanent Korean Gallery scheduled to open in 2000, father of Tintin, and a collection of means of portraits: the faces of chil­ funded by the Korea Foundation of the Korean Foreign Ministry. For almost a year the entire objects which illustrate life in Tibet. dren, adults, and old people, looking Some of these exhibits are from the serious or happy, or showing the ne of the high­ Confucianism museum will be devoted Museum’s own collection and others characteristic Tibetan smile. An elec­ lights of the ex­ From the 15^ century onwards, have been borrowed from various in­ tronic newspaper gives information hibition is a Korea adopted a strict Confucianism, to the theme of Tibet. ternational museums. It is an exhi­ about current developments. royal gold crown from much stricter than that practised in bition that will appeal to both Tin- An extensive programme of activi­ the Silla kingdom dating China. Emphasis was placed on he­ The exhibition is based tin enthusiasts and people with an ties will accompany the exhibition to the century AD, redity and lineage, through the male interest in Tibetan culture. (including films and lectures). A spe­ on loan from the National Museum of line. The influence of Confucianism on the popular cartoon album Tintin is the guide (sherpa) on the cial museum newsletter containing Korea. It is the first of the six such can be seen in the art of the long Cho- visitor’s journey of discovery through background stories and many pho­ crowns known to have been found in sön (YiJ dynasty (1392-1910]. Bud­ Tintin in Tibet, Tibet. The first room contains the tographs will be available from Oc­ the Silla royal tombs in Kyöngju, pre­ dhism was persecuted and there was a original drawings by Hergé (pencil, tober. The catalogue Into Tibet with viously known as Kümsöng or City of great increase in the painting of offi­ published in i960. ink and colour). It is the first time Tintin is on sale in the museum Gold. Silla, in south east Korea, was fa­ cial portraits, mostly of high-ranking that these very special works have bookshop, which also has a selection mous for its sheet-gold and known by men. Landscape painting was rejuve­ been on public display. Tintin can be of Tibetan handcrafts and Tintin Arab travellers as a nated in the 18th cen­ seen again at various other places in merchandise. ■ land rich in precious tury by the Real Place the museum. Each room is intro­ metals. The tree and landscape movement INTO TIBET duced by an enlargement of a scene antler-shaped pro­ (the painting of real from the comic strip. The exhibition NATIONAL MUSEUM OF jections on the crown Korean landscapes as looks at several different facets of life ETHNOLOGY suggest influence opposed to idealized, in Tibet. For example, visitors will Steenstraat I from Scytho-Siberian Chinese-style ones) learn more about the landscape and 23 12 BS Leiden shamanism, whilst and by the genre history of Tibet, with its inaccessible The Netherlands the jade embryo-sha­ painting movement mountain peaks, heroic travellers, Tel:+31-71-SI 68800 ped hanging orna­ (paintings of the eve­ and fabulous wildlife. The intrepid Fax:+31-71-5128437 wi th ments are similar to ryday activities of or­ explorers whose footsteps were fol­ Tuesday to Friday 10pm - Spm, those found in early dinary people). Ce­ lowed by Tintin, such as Alexandra Saturday and Sunday 12 - 5pm, Japan. TIN ramics of the Chosön David Neel, Bacot, and Harrer, will closed on Monday Piety and devotion dynasty were techni­ to the Buddhist faith P o rtrait o f cally greatly in ad­ was all-important a Confucian scholar. vance of those pro­ during the Koryö dy­ Ink and colours on paper. duced in Japan at this nasty [918^392 AD]. Chosön dynasty, time and greatly ad­ Buddhism was intro­ late 18^-19™ mired by the Japa­ duced to Korea from century AD. nese who imported China and then car­ them for use in the ried from Korea across to Japan, tea ceremony. This exhibition shows where many of the early works of examples of rice bowls long treasured Buddhist art were made by immi­ in Japan and repaired with Japanese grant Korean artists and their descen­ lacquer compared with those in Kore­ dants. In this exhibition a 14th-cen­ an taste. Also included are a rare tury illuminated manuscript of the hand-painted, illustrated, royal ritual Amitabha Sutra, painted and written manuscript on loan from the British in gold and silver, demonstrates the Library together with other examples elegance of Koryö Buddhist painting, of early printed books, following the i t - J ê? most examples of which are now in development in Korea of metal mova­ Japanese temples and museums and ble type in 1234, the earliest in the rarely in the West.- The refined and world. ■ subtle shapes of Koryö ceramics are #l,r"kSaöi also evidence of the extravagant life­ style enjoyed by the court and aris­ THE BRITISH MUSEUM tocracy at this time. Celadon tea- Great Russelstreet bowls, wine ewers, cupstands, cos­ London WC I B 3DG metic boxes, pillows, pomade bottles, UK and vases were produced for Buddhist Tel:+44-171-41271 I I 2ft*. - ritual use. Fax: +44-171-3238614/8480 BafcS&:;

4 4 ‘ IIAS newsletter N?i3 • Summer 1997 ASIAN ART

Permanent collection British Museum / A rt and archaeology of China from the Uberring 45,50678 Cologne The Museum of Mankind neolithic to the 13th century AD Tel:+49-221-3369413 Great Russel Street Fax:+49-221-3369410 London WC 18 3DG 26 September 1997 - 4 January 1998 Daily 10am - 4pm, first Thursday in Tel:+44-1 71-6361555 Chinese Jades from the San Francisco the month 10am- 8pm, closed on Mon. Fax:+44-171-3238480 Asian Arts Museum. Jades from the Daily 10am - 5pm, Sun. 2.30pm - 6pm Avery Brundage collection Permanent collection Collections illustrating non-European Permanent collection 6 March 1998 - 22 June I 998 cultures. Antiques from Egypt, Western Asia, AGENDA Henri Cernuschi (1821-1896): Greece and Rome. Medieval, Renais­ traveller and collector Museum of East Asian A rt sance, Modern and Oriental collection, Universitatstrasse 100,50674 Cologne prints, drawings, coins and medals. Galerie nationale Tel:+49-221-9405180 du Jeu de Paum e Fax:+49-221-407290 Until 7 September 1997 AUGUST 1 9 9 7 >- AUGUST 1998 I, Place de la Concorde, 75001 Paris The Ceramic Art o f Sawada Chitojin I Tel:+33-1-47031250 24 September - 7 December 1997 Styles o f Japanese Pottery and Porcelain Masterpieces o f Japanese Coloured Wood- 13 November 1997 - 4 January 1998 block Prints: Until 13 September 1997 AUSTRIA Chinese Pavilion / Japanese Lee Ufan: sculptures and paintings The O tto Riese-Collection presents Far Eastern and Near Eastern Greenwares Pagoda Twenty-six paintings and five sculptures one of the most important European This exhibition is organized in co-oper­ Van Praetlaan 44 by Korean-born artist Lee Ufan Museum of the History of Art ation with the Oriental Ceramic Socie­ 1020 Brussels private collections of Japanese wood­ Maria-Theresien Platz Tel:+32-2-2681608 block prints on loan. ty. lOIOVienna Musée Guimet Daily: 10am - 5pm, closed on Mon. Place d'lena 6, 7 5 116 Paris Tel:+43-1-52177301 Kassel Documenta X 16 S e p te m b e r 1997- Dally I Oam - 6 pm, closed on Mon. Tel:+33-1-47236165 Friedrichsplatz 18, 3 4 1 1 7 Kassel 7 D e c e m b e r 1997 Permanent exhibition Fax:+33-1-47238399 From Persepolis to the Punjab Coins and Important collections of Chinese and Tel:+49-561-707270 Permanent collection the Exploration o f the East Japanese export porcelain Fax:+49-561-7282724 Egyptian and Oriental collection, paint­ Due to renovations the museum will be closed until the end of 1998. Part of ings, coins, and antiquities. 21 June - 28 September 1997 U n til 31 D e c e m b e r 1997 Until 7 September 1997 the collection will be presented in the Stairways to the Sky Samurai Documenta X Museum of Ethnology following places: Rice and Life in the Phillippines. (Mu­ Exhibition in the Japanese pagoda One of the objectives of this major art Heldenplatz, Neue Burg manifestation is to show the muliplicity seum of Mankind) featuring Samurai swords, The Bouddhist Pantheon 1014 Vienna of contemporary cultures. 19 Avenue d ’ lena Tel:+43-1-534300 U n til 31 D e c e m b e r 1997 75116 Paris Fax:+43-1-5355320 BRASIL China Gallery Pottery in the Making E-mail: [email protected] Tel:+33-1-40738811 Schwanderstrasse 46 W orld Ceramic Traditions. (Museum of Daily 10am-4pm, closed on Tuesday 90596 Schwonstetten Mankind) Visual Arts State Institute Permanent exposition of Japanese and Tel:+49-91 707454 Andradas 73613° CEP 90020-004 Chinese works of religious art U n til 2 November 1997 U n til 31 D e c e m b e r 1997 Porto Alegre Oleographic Gods Permanent Collection Striking tents Oleographies from 1890-1970 which Fax: +55-05-12210956/122 7442 7 Musee d’Ennery Modern heavy colour Chinese painting Central Asian Nomad felts from Kyr­ were made to popularize iconography 59 Avenue Foch (Yunnan school) by the artist Liu Shao gyzstan. (Museum of Mankind) 6 August - 14 September 1997 Paris in India. Hui (born 1940 in Changsa, Province Mapa Mundi Tel:+33-1-40738811 25 September 1997 - 4 January 1998 Asian artists are invited into the ‘cadav- Hunan), one of the founders of the Yunan School. Ogavvo Toshu AUSTRALIA re exquis' game. Permanent exposition of Asiatic an­ Modern Japanese calligraphy tiques from 18th and 19th centuries Linden Museum National Gallery ofVictoria CANADA Hege/p/atz /, 70174 Stuttgart Until end 1999 / 80 St Kilda Road GERMANY Tel:+49-711-1231242 Arts o f Korea Melbourne,Victoria 3004 Fax:+49-711-297047 A r t Beatus ----- — ------Tel:+61-3-92080222 Royal Academy of Arts M I 888 Nelson Street Daily 10am - 5pm, Wed. 10am - 8pm, Fax:+61-3 92080245 Museum of East Asian A rt closed on Mon. Burlington House Vancouver BCV6Z 2 H I Takustrasse 40 Picadilly London W / V ODS Tel:+ 1-604-6882633 Permanent exhibition 14195 Berlin (Dahlem) Permanent collection Tel:+44-1 71-4397438 The Asian Gallery features Chinese ce­ Fax: + 1-604-6882685 Tel:+49-30-8301383 World-wide ethnographical collections, ' Fox: +44-1 71-4340837 ramics and archaic bronzes, plus Hindu Fax:+49-30-8316384 Permanent collection Chinese and Japanese lacquerware. and Buddhist art from India, the Hima­ 3 July - 28 September 1997 Contemporary international art with a Permanent Collection layan region, China and Japan. Hiroshige special focus on Asian art. Fine and decorative art from China, GREAT BRITAIN Images of Mist, Rain, Moon and Snow Queensland A rt Gallery Japan, and Korea, emphasizing the genre of painting.The collection of Asian Queensland Cultural Centre CHINA University of Durham Victoria & Albert Museum graphic art, primarily Japanese wood­ South Bank, South Brisbane Oriental Museum South Kensington P.0. Box 3686 block prints, is one of the finest and Elvett Hill, Durham DH I 3TH London SW7 2RL Red Gate Gallery most important in Germany. Brisbane, Queensland 4101 Tel:+44-1 71-9388500 Level 3, China World Hotel Tel:+44-91-3747911 Tel:+61-7-3840 7333 Fax:+44-91-3743242 Fax:+44-171-9388264 I Jianguomen Wai 12 June - 2 November 1997 Fax:+61-7-38448865 Daily 10am -5.50pm, Mon, 12-5.50pm Peking 100600 Monday to Friday 9.30 - I pm Daily 10am - 5pm The White Gold o f the Far East and 2 - 5pm Tel:+86-10-65322286 The porcelain bridge between East-Asia Until 2 November 1997 Fax:+86-10-5324804 Saturday and Sunday 2 - 5pm Permanent Collection and Europe in 16th and 17th century. Easts Meets West The Kenneth andYasuko Myer Collec­ Daily 12 - 6pm Permanent collection Display examining the relationship be­ tion of Contemporary Asian A rt has 24 July -9 September 1997 A rt objects from among others ancient tween the arts of Asia and Europe, par- j some outstanding pieces of Asian art. 20 September - 8 October 1997 Ando Hiroshige ( I 797-1858) and Islamic Near East, India,Tibet, ticularly in the realm of metalwork. Zhang Yajie Oil Paintings Japanese coloured woodblock prints Southeast Asia, China, Korea and Japan. 27 August - 28 September 1997 Ashmolean Museum I I October - 29 October 1997 I 5 August - 26 October 1997 Living Culture Royal Museum of Scotland Beaumont Street Commemorating the 70th anniversary Qin Yifeng Paintings Nurimono Contemporary Japanese Lac- Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH I IJF Oxford O XI 2 PH of the Sogetsu school of Ikebana by q uerware Tel:+44-131-2257534 Tel:+44-865-278009/10 Sofu Teshigahara, the exhibition will ex­ I N o v e m b e r - 19 N o v e m b e r 1997 Nearly 100 objects from twelve artists Fax:+44-131-2204819 Fax:+44-1865-278018 Tan Ping Engravings give the visitor comprehensive informa­ amine evolving styles of modern Ikeba­ Tuesday to Saturday 10am - 4pm; Sunday tion on the high artistic and technical na schools. 18 April - I October 1997 2 - 4pm 22 N o v e m b e r - 10 D e c e m b e r 1997 standard of this traditional craft. Su Xinping in conjunction with Contempo­ S hibata Zeshin: Masterpieces o f Japanese I I October - I February 1998 Lacquer from the Khalili Collection Until 28 September 1997 rary Chinese Art Museum of Ethnology Recent International Photgraphy from the Indian block-printed Textiles in Egypt Lansstrasse 8 Collection The Burrell Collection Textiles from the Newberry Collection, D-14195 Berlin The Gallery's international photography FRANCE 2060 Pollokshaws Road Department of Eastern Art. Tel:+49-30-83011 collection will be the focus of this exhi­ Glasgow G43 I AT Fax:+49-30-8315972 bition, which will feature many works Tel:+44-41-6497151 by artists from the Asia-Pacific region. Museum of Fine A rt and Daily 9am - 5pm, SatJSun. 10am - 5pm HONG KONG Archaeology Fax: +44-41-6360086 Daily 10am -5pm, Sun. I lam -5pm Place de la Révolution (Place du Marche) Permanent collection Alisan Fine A rts BELGIUM 25000 Besanqon Studies of the cultures of the Pacific is­ Permanent collection 3 15 Prince’s Building Chater Road Tel:+33-81-814447 lands,Africa,America and Southeast A rt objects from the ancient civiliza­ Hong Kong Fax:+33-81-615099 Asia. ROYAL MUSEUMS OF ART & tions of Iraq, Egypt, Greece, Italy, the Tel:+852-25261091 Closed on public holidays. HISTORY * BRUSSELS Orient, and from Medieval Europe. Fax: +852-28453975 Museum of Indian Art Permanent collection Cinquantenaire Museum Lansstrasse 8 The British Library Fine art and archaeology from non- 8-20 September 1997 Jubelpark 10 D -I4 I9 5 Berlin 96 Euston Road Figures Western areas. Tel:+49-30-8301 361 1000 Brussels London N W I 2DB A group show of various Chinese art­ Fax:+49-30-8316 384 Tel:+32-2-741 7211 Tel: +44-1 71-412 7 111 ists depicting figures of women. Among Musée Cernuschi Daily 9am-5pm, Sat/Sun. I0am-5pm Fax:+32-2-7337735 Fax:+44-171-4127268 the artists are works by Mary Chuang, AvenueVélasquez 7 Daily 10am - 5pm, closed on Mon. and Chang Jin and Pun Yin. 75008 Paris Public Holidays Permanent Collection Permanent Collection Tel:+33-1-45635075 Archaeological objects from India; te r­ Items ranging from one of the earliest Fax:+33-1-45637816 Permanent exhibition racotta, stone sculptures and bronzes Japanese printed books (c. I 170) to ex­ Daily I Oam-5.40pm, closed Monday and Important collections regarding China, from India, the Himalayan countries and [ amples of early colour printing from public holidays TO BE CONTINUED Korea, India and Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia; miniature paintings. the mid-17th century onwards.

Summer 19517 • IIAS newsletter Tsei3 ‘ 4 5 ASIAN ART

Indonesië Museum PORTUGAL from November 1997 N usantara Calligraphy from the Tareq Rajab Museun Kuwait StAgathaplein 1,2611 HR Delft Museum of Ethnology Tel:+31-15-2602358 Avenida llha da Madeira-ao Restelo The National Museum Fax:+31-15-2138744 1400 Lisboa 6 / Stamford Road Daily 10am - 5pm, Sun. I pm - 5pm Tel:+351-1-301526415 # 02-01 Stamford Court Fax:+351-1-3013994 Singapore I 78892 Permanent exhibition on Daily 10.30am - 6pm, closed on Mon. Tel: +65-3309552 Indonesian cultures Fax: +65-3309568 Empire ofTreasures Nusantara (Schatten­ Permanent collection Daily: 9am - 5.30pm AGENDA rijk Nusantara), a presentation of cere­ Ethnological collections from Africa, monial objects, dance masks etcetera. America,Asia, and Europe. from January 1997 Groninger Museum Jade Gallery F ro m M a y 1997 This Gallery houses the Haw Par Jade AUGUST 1997 ► AUGUST 1998 Museumland I, P.0. Box 90 Stories o f Goa Collection comprising decorative carv­ 9700 Groningen Anthropological exhibition about Goa ings from the Qing Dynasty (1644- Tel:+31-50-3666555 (India) as a cultural area in which Chris- 191 I). Fax: + 3 1 -50-312 0 8 15 tianism and Hinduism are superposed. INDIA Tokyo Station Gallery Daily 10am - 5pm, closed on Mon. 19 S e p te m b e r 1997 - 5 A p ril 199-8 1-9-1 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku Myths and Legends Gallery Chemould Tokyo 100 Semi-permanent exhibition SINGAPORE Popular myths and legends of Jehangir Art Gallery, First floor Tel:+81-3-3212 2763 'Geldermalsen' porcelain from the the region. M. Gandhi Road Fax:+81-3-3212 2058 Far East in the Philippe Starck pavilion, National Heritage Bond Bombay 400023 es pecially relating to the period of (for general information) Singapore A rt Museum Tel:+91-22-2833640 Permanent collection theVOC (Dutch East Indies Company). 93 Stamford Road, Singapore I 78897 7 / Bras Basah Road Fax:+91-22-2836058 Photographs, poster art, architectural Tel: +65-3323573 Singapore 189555 design and Japanese modern artists. Museum The Princessehof Fax: +65-3343054 Fax:+65-2247919 Permanent collection Grote Kerkstraat 11 ,8 9 11 DZ Exchange between Indian and Australi­ Leeuwarden MALAYSIA Asian Civilisations Museum U n til 14 S e p te m b e r 1997 an artists entitled Fire and Life. Tel:+31-58-2127438 39 Armenian Street, Originals and Original Copies: Paintings Fax:+31-58-2122281 Singapore I 79939 in the Chinese Tradition N N G allery Daily 10am - 5pm, Sun. 2pm - 5pm Authentic and ‘fake’ scrolls of INDONESIA 23 Jalan Jati, 5 5 100 Kuala Lumpur Permanent Display traditional Chinese paintings from Tel: +60-3-2433630 Permanent collection This exhibition will introduce visitors the Song Dynasty to the present. Fax:+60-3-2413631 Cemara 6, Galeri Kafe Large exhibition of ceramics from to the world of Chinese beliefs, sym­ Jalan Cemara 6 Monday 10am - I pm, Tuesday to China, Japan, India,Vietnam etc. bolism, connoiseurship, and the Chi­ 24 September - 16 November 1997 Jakarta Pusat 10350 Saturday 10am - 6pm, Sunday 2 - 5pm nese scholar tradition. The Liu Kang Exhibition Tel:+62-21-324505 Museum of Ethnology Fifty works spanning the career of Fax:+62-21-325890 During September 1997 Steenstraat 1,2312 BS Leiden Until October 1997 Singaporean artist Liu Kang. A View from the Mountains Tel:+31-7 1-5168800 Ramayana, A Living Tradition Permanent Collection Works of the precursors of abstract Fax:+31-71-5128437 Ramayana in Asia through its manifesta­ 24 October - 7 January 1998 Paintings by more than 40 Indonesian expressionism in Malaya in the 40's Tuesday to Friday 10am - 5pm, SatJSun. tions in oral, written visual and per­ Tryst with Destiny:Art in Independent painters. with amongst others Cheong Laitong 12 - 5pm closed on Mon. forming traditions. India. (See article at page 43). and Jolly Koh. 26 September 1997 - 3 August 1998 JAPAN Into Tibet with Tintin THE NETHERLANDS HIGHLIGHT Exhibition, based on Tintin in Tibet . Hiroshima City Museum of (I960). Original drawings of Hergé C o n te m p o rary A r t Rijksmuseum alongside objects from the collection of l-l Hijiyama-koen Hobbemastraat 19, PO Box 74888 the Rijksmuseum are presented, (see Minami-ku 1070 DN Amsterdam highlight) Hiroshima Tel:+31-20-6732121 Tel:+81-82-264-1121 Fax:+31-20-6798146 Museum of Ethnology Fax:+81-82-264-1198 Daily 10am - 5pm R o tterd am Willemskade 25 2 August - 15 September 1997 Permanent collection 3016 DM Rotterdam Art in Southeast Asia: Glimpses into the fu­ The new South wing of the museum Tel:+31-10-4111055 ture houses a permanent exhibition Fax:+ 3 1-10-4118331 of Asiatic art. Daily 10am - 5pm, Sun. and public Museum of Contemporary holidays I lam - 5pm A r t Tokyo U n til 14 S e p te m b e r 1997 4-1-1 Miyoshi, Koto-ku Exotic Textiles in the Netherlands Until the end of 1999 Tokyo 135 Made in the Pacific Until 23 June 1998 Tel:+81-3-62454111 Top items from the internationally The Chinese porcelain collection o f Fax:+81-3-62451140/1 141 renowned Oceania collection of the the Rijksmuseum Large collection of Kangxi porecelain, Permanent collection Yonghzeng porcelain and Chine de The history of contemporary art in Moluks Historisch Museum Commande Japan and other countries after 1945. Kruisstraat 3 13 P.O.Box 13379 SetagayaArt Museum Tropenmuseum 3507 LJ Utrecht Fatima Khouar. Sand and mud on paper (1996) Linaeusstraat 2, 1092 CK Amsterdam I -2, Kinuta-koen Tel:+31-30-2367116 Tel:+31-20-5688418 Fax:+34-30-2328967 Setagaya-ku Fax:+31-20-5688331 Daily I pm - 5pm, closed on Mon. Tokyo 15 7 Tel: + 8 1 -3 -3415 6 0 11 Out o f In d ia Semi-permanent exhibitions about the Permanent exhibition Fax:+81-3-34156413 life of people in the tropics, including The lives of people of the Moluccas Museum de Stadshof, Zwolle a special Southeast Asia department. who came to the Netherlands in the Permanent Collection 3 May - 28 September 1997 1950s. Display of the Shioda Collection. Work Until 28 September 1997 by Kitaoji Rosanjin Pasar Gambir. A photo exhibition from Museum de Stadshof he exhibition ‘Out the historical files. (In the Gallery) Blijmarkt 18-20 of India has been U n til 31 A ug ust 1997 Zwolle organized by the Painting W hat the Eye Sees: U n til 19 O c to b e r 1997 Tel:+31-38-4232616 The human figure Foundation for Indian Irian Jaya Fax:+31-38-4231036 First exhibition of the permanent col­ Artists, Amsterdam, in Histrical photographs from the lection of figurative expression by a va­ museum’s colection and traditional 3 May - 28 September I 997 co-operation with Mu­ riety of artists from Japan and other wooden objects of animals made by Out o f India seum ‘De Stadshof. It is focused on Warli Linen countries. the Papuans from Irian Jaya A rtist Jangarh Singh Shyam (1962) and Jangarh Singh Shyam Shyam, who be­ Indian Folkart (see highlight) 6 September - 30 November 1997 longs to the tribe of the Gonds in Cen­ I November 1997 - 25 January 1998 Reading paintings Tradition and Change tral India. Works by several Indian tri­ their way to galleries, museums, and Exhibition of paintings that need An exhibition related to 50 years inde­ NORWAY bes are on view in the exhibition. to private buyers. The exhibition reading and interpreting. pendence of India: traditional art dedi­ Shyam still uses the figurations of presents paintings by members of cated to the Godess Kali and work by Ethnographic Museum his tribe but he has developed a style 30 A u g u st - 19 O c to b e r 1997 the Warli tribe, the Gonds, Madhu- Gogi Saroj Pal, Shambhavi, Mona Rai, Jay Frederiksgate 2 American StoriesiAmidst Displacement that is independant of the traditions bani, Santal, and the women of Ha- Ganguly and Madvi Parekh. 0164 Oslo and Transformation of festivals and rituals. He is inspired Tel: +47-22-859300 zaribagh. ■ This exhibition focuses on the current Museum Bronbeek Fax: +47-22-859960 by tribal gods, scenes from Hindu conditions of immigrants in the United Velperweg 147,6824 MB Arnhem Daily (September I5 ,h to May 14th) mythology and memories ' of his States. Contemporary self-expressions Tel:+31-26-3840840 12 - 3pm, (May 15th to September 14th) childhood.. MUSEUM DE STADSHOF of fifteen artists of diverse cultural Open:Tues-Sun, I lam - 5pm I lam - 3pm, closed on Mon. backgrounds. In former times such images were Blijmarkt 18-20 Zwolle Permanent exhibition Permanent collection painted on the walls and floors of the 29 October - 7 December 1997 Visualisation of the Dutch colonial past, A rt from East Asia, Africa, N orth Amer­ huts of the tribes. But since the art­ The Netherlands Toshio Yodoi emphasising the history o f the Dutch ica, South America, the Arctic, the sub- ists have been introduced to paper, Tel:+31-38-4232616 Modern Japanese sculpture. Colonial Army (KNIL). Arctic the paintings have been finding Fax:+31-38-4231036

4 6 • HAS NEWSLETTER NS 13 • Summer lg£7 ASIAN ART

Until 27 October 1997 Until 13 October 1997 Anderson Gallery The Ceramic tradition o f Asia King o f the world:A Mughal Manuscript Virgina Commonwealth University Highlights of the Honolulu Academy Forty-four paintings and two illumina­ 907 W Franklin Street of Arts collection. tions from the 'Pdshahnama' an imperial Richmond VA 23284-2519 manuscript of 17th century India that Tel:+ 1-804-3671522 Until 21 January 1998 chronicles the first decade of Shah- Fax: + 1-804-3670102 Hiroshige Tokaido: Steps on a modern Jahan reign. pilgrimage. Until 5 October 1997 A Tribute to Ando Hiroshige Freer Gallery of Art Hong Kong N o w ! (1797-1858). Smithsonian Institute In collaboration with HanartTZ Gal­ 1000 Jefferson Drive at 12th street SW lery Hong Kong. The Newark Museum Washington DC 20560 49 Washington Street Tel:+ 1-202-35 72104 Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Newark NJ 07101-0540 Fax: +1-202-3574911 2800 Grove Avenue Tel:+ 1-201-5966550 Daily 10am - 5.30pm Richmond, VA 23221-2466 Fax: + 1-201-6420459 Tel: + 1 804-3670844 Daily 12 - 5pm, from I March 1997 Fax: + 1-804-3679393 closed Mon./Tues. Korean Ceramics Daily I lam - 5pm, Sun. I pm - 5pm, Thirty works from the Three Kingdoms closed on Monday Permanently on view period (Ist- 7th century) to Authentic Tibetan Altar built in the the Choson period (1392-1910). 12 August - 9 N ovem ber 1997 Newark Museum from 1988 - 1991 Adornment for Eternity and consecrated by His Holiness the from I March 1997 Chinese jewelry through the ages SWITZERLAND ‘Raja BalwantSin^h relaxing in 14th Dalai Lama in 1990. Ancient Pottery and Bronze in China The Asia Society U ntil 4 January 1998 fron t of a fireplace'. Ascribed to 725 Park Avenue Until I February 1998 Museum der Kuituren God, Hero and Lover: Representations Nainsukh of Guler. c. 1755-60. New York, NY 10021 Chinese Gardens in the Painter’s Imagina­ Augustinergasse 2 o f Krisna in Indian Painting Tel:+ 1-212-2886400 tion CH 4001 Basel FROM THE EXHIBITION NAINSUKH OF GULER, RIETBERG MUSEUM, ZURICH, SWITSERLAND. Fax: +1-212-51783 19 Tel:+41-61-2665500 FOTO BY WETTSTEIN S KAUF. Daily I lam — 6pm,Thursday 6pm — Peabody Museum of Salem From 2 August 1997 Fax:+41-61-2665605 E. India Square 8pm, Sunday 12 — S pm. The Evolution o f Chinese Celadon Salem, M AO 1970 Barbier-Mueller Museum Tel: + 1 508 745187619500 The A rt Institute of Chicago 24 September 1997 - 4 January 1998 from 20 September 1997 10 Rue Calvin, 1204 Geneva Fax: + 1 508 744 6776 Michigan Av. & Adams Street Mandala: the architecture of enlightment Japanese Art in the Meiji Period Tel:+41-22-3120270 Daily I0am-5pm, Sun 12 - 5pm Chicago, IL 60603 Over fity mandalas drawn from the tra­ Fax:+41-22-3120190 Tel:+ 1-312-4433600 ditions ofTibet, Nepal, China, Japan, Continuing indefinitely Daily I Oam - 5pm Until 14 September 1997 Fax: + 1-312-4430849 Bhutan, and Indonesia Seto and Mino Ceramics: Views o f the Pearl River Delta: Macau, An invitation to Tea Permanent collection Canton and Hong Kong 2 August - 26 October 1997 Until 3 May 1998 African, Oceanic, Melanesian and Am er­ Drawings from the collections of the A collecting Odyssey Ancient cities o f the Indus Valley ican art. Peabody Essex Museum and the Hong VIETNAM Indian, Himalayan and southeast Asian Eighty objects from Indus Vally civiliza­ Kong Museum of Art. A rt from the James and Marilyn Alsdorf tion that flourished between 3000 and Collections Baur Collection. 1500 BCE in the area that is now Paki­ Red River Gallery 8, Rue Munier-Romilly, 1206 Geneva Asian A rt Museum stan. 71A Nguyen Du Street Tel:+41-22-3461 729 of San Francisco Dallas Museum of A rt Hanoi Fax:+41-22-7891845 Golden Gate Park, San Francisco 1717 N. Harwood China Institute Tel: +84-4-229064 California 94118 Dallas TX 75201 125 East 65 Street 15 November 1997 Tel:+ 1-415-3798800 Tel:+ 1-214-9221200 New York, NY 10021-7088 Permanent collection Reopening of the Baur Collection Fax: + 1-415-6688928 Fax: + 1-214-9540174 Tel:+ 1-212-7448181 W ork of such Vietnamese painters as Tuesday, Wednesday and Fax: + 1-212-6284159 Khuc Thanh Binh.Thah Chuong, Dao Rietberg Museum 28 June - 28 September I 997 Friday I lam - 4 pm.Thurs I lam-9pm; Tanh Dzuy, Pnam Minh Hai, Dang Xuan Gablerstrasse 15, CH-8002 Zurich India: a celebration Sat.Sun lla m -5 p m from October 1997 Hoa.Tran Luong, Pham Hong Thai, Boa Tel:+41-1-2024528 Kilns and Collections:A tour o f China for Toan,Truong Tan, Do Minh Tam. Fax:+41-I-2025201 Permanent collection connoisseurs 22 October 1997 - 25 January 1998 Daily I Oam - 5pm, closed on Mon. A rt from Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. Paintings by MasamiTeraoka Art Gallery Hien Minh Specifically mentioned are the Japanese Forty recent paintings by contempo­ The Metropolitan Ist Floor, 44 Dong Khoi Street, Distr. I Permanent collection rary Japanese artists Masami Teraoka. gallery, Chinese gallery, and the South Museum of Art Ho Chi Minh City Indian and Tibetan art, art from A fri­ Asian gallery. 5 * Avenue at g2nd Street Tel: +84-8-224590 ca and the Pacific, Eskimo and N o rth­ New York NY 10028 Until 28 September 1997 west American Indian and pre- Cooking for the Gods, The Art o f the Home Denver A rt Museum Tel:+ 1-212-8795500 Permanent collection Columbian art. Ritual in Bengal I0 0 W 14th Avenue, PKWY Fax: + 1-212-5703879 W ork of the Vietnamese painter Nguy­ (Part of the Asian A rt Museum’s India : Denver C080204 en Thi Hien. 24 October I 997 - 8 February 1998 Tel:+ 1-303-6402295 U ntil 5 O cto ber 1997 A Celebration festivities) Nainsukh o f Guler: Fax: + 1-303-6405627 No Ordinary Mortals:The Human or Galleria Vinh Loi Nainsukh (delight of the Eye) was Seattle A rt Museum Not So Human Figure in Japanese Art 49 Dhong Koi Street, Distr. I India's most appraised painter of the Until 14 December 1997 100 University Street Ho Chi Minh City 18th century. His new pahari style influ­ Tribal Metalwork o f Eastern India from 22 May I 997 Seattle WA 98122-9700 enced the art of the entire mountain Tel: +84-8-222006 Objects for the Home, Shrine and Chinese Galleries Reinstallation Tel:+ 1-206-6258900 region of Northern India. For the first Bazaar Fax: + 1-206-6543135 Permanent collection time ever excerpts of his oeuvre will Tues. - Sat. I lam - 5pm; Pacific Asia Museum Among other items the work of be presented. Honolulu Academy of Arts Thurs. I lam - 9pm; 46 North Los Robles Avenue the Vietnamese artist Bui Xuan Phai 900 S.Beretania Street Pasadena Sun. 12 - 5pm 23 N ovem ber ’97 - 8 February ’98 (1921 - 1988). Honolulu, HI 96814-1495 California 91101 Indian painting from Rajasthan Until 2 November 1997 Tel:+ 1-808-532 8700 Tel:+ 1-818-4492742 The most magnificent paintings from Fax: + 1-808-5328787 Fax: + 1-818-4492754 The Utterberg Collection the collection of the Maharaja of Kota. Korean Ceramics of the Koro Dynasty. The Art Agenda is produced Continuing exhibition Permanent Collection Völkerkunde Museum by The Gate Foundation Taisho chic Objects from the Lydman, Snukal and 14 August - 23 N ovem ber I 997 Pelikanstrasse 40, 8 0 0 1 Zurich Japanese works of art and everyday O tto Collections, which includes ce­ Kumi Yamashita in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Tel:+41-1-6349027 items which show modern design ramics from the Han,Tang, Song,Yuan, Please send all information Fax:+41-1-6349050 elements of the Taisho period Ming and Qing Dynasties. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Tuesday to Friday I Oam - 13pm (1912-1926). S mitsonian Institute w ith regard to activities and 14-1 7 pm 1050 Independence Avenue SW and events relating Saturday 14-17 pm Washington DC 20560 to Asian art to: Sunday I lam - I 7pm From the exhibition Tibetan Bardo Mandala. Tel:+ 1-202-3574880 Völkerkunde Museum, Zürich, Switserland. Fax:+1-202-3574911 Until 19 October 1997 Tibetan Bardo Mandala Continuing indefinitely New Address, New Website! A state of mind presented by The Arts o f China a three-dimensional Bardo- Mandala Metalwork and Ceramics from Ancient Iran in the shape of a Buddha. Sculpture o f South and Southeast Asia Luxury Arts o f the Silk Route Empires THE GATE FOUNDATION

U N IT E D STATES KEIZERSGRACHT 6 I 3 Until 31 December 1997 OF AMERICA Puja: Expressions o f Hindu Devotion 1017 DS AMSTERDAM Arthur M. Sackler Museum I From 5 April 1997 THE NETHERLANDS 2 Quincy Street Khmer Ceramics Cambridge, MA 02138 Eighty rare glazed ceramics from the TEL: +31-20-6208057 Tel:+ 1-61 7-4952397 9th-14th century Khmer empire. Fax: + 1-617-4964732 FAX: +31-20-6390762 Daily: I0am-5pm, closed on Sunday Until February 1998 E-MAIL: [email protected] The Jewel and the Rose: Until 14 September 1997 Art for Shah-Jahan WEBSITE: Rocks, Mountains, Landscapes, and Gar- Twenty paintings, textiles and objects, dens. The Essence o f East Asian Painting a sampling of the artistic splendor http://www.base.nl/gate created during the reign of Sha-Jahan.

Summer 1997 ■ h a s newsletter >4913 • 4 7 INDEX HAS NEWSLETTER 13

(Southeast Asia) FORUM - The Dutch factories in Burma in the 17th Century...... 27 AGENDA - In Search of Banned Photographs...... 29 - Phonetics and phonology of prosodic systems (Genera! News) in the languages of Indonesia...... 32 (EastAsia) - How International is the IIAS? Some observations...... 3 - Religion and Economy in East Asia: (China, Japan, Korea)... 38 -The Resurgence of Cultural Nationalism in Asia. (East Asia) In Search of the ‘Asian Way’ ...... 6 - The Hidden Secrets Rediscovered: (Asian Art) A New English Translation of Yinfu Jing in the Making .. 38 - Art Agenda...... 45-47 (South Asia) - The Well-spring of Shinto Thought: Watarai Shinto...... 37 - An Official Policy That Went Awry: (IIAS News) the WW II propaganda campaign against - IIAS Agenda...... 50 the Indian National Congress...... 14 - Why do Development Projects ‘Stink’ in Bangladesh? REPORTS (ESF Asia Committee News) 'Speed Money’, Executive Culture and Reproduction - Workshops receiving ESF Asia Committee funding...... 53 of Corruption...... 16 (Genera! News) (NVAPS News) (InsularSouthwestAsia) - Asia Meets Europe: Science and Technology...... 4 - NVAPS Congres: Mobiliteit in Azië en de Pacific ...58 - Formation and Development of the state in Madagascar.. 24 - 2nd Colloquium on Board Games in Academia...... 9 - Developments in the Co-ordination of Asian Collections .. 10 - International Conference Agenda...... 62-63 (East Asia) - The First Asia-Europe Young Leaders Symposium...... 8 - Fengshui and Ancient Chinese Landscape...... 34-35 - Indigenous Environmental Knowledge...... 10 - The National Treatment in Shenzhen: - Mass Media and the Transformation of Islamic Discourse .. 9 a necessary step toward Internationalization...... 39 PUBLICATIONS - 'Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582): (South Asia) a Japanese tyrant...... 36-37 - Charisma and Canon: the formation of religious identity in South Asia...... 22 (Genera! News) - Culture Communication and Power...... 21 - The Comparative Asian Studies Series...... 12 - Indology: past, present and future...... 19 - CURZON: The New Wave in Asian Studies Publishing— 11 INSTITUTIONAL NEWS - International Conference on South Asia...... 20 - Judicial Review Papers...... 12 - Literary and Oral Traditions in India...... 21 - Mandala and Landscape...... 11 - The Place of the Past. (General News) The Uses of History in South Asia...... 20 (Central Asia) - Information Resources Center at the ILCAA, Tokyo...... 5 - The Resources of History. - The Great Game: Russia’s Tibet File...... 13 - New Study Programme at the Hochschule Bremen...... 5 Traditions: Transmission or Invention?...... 19 - Tibet and the British Raj...... 13 - The Neys-Van Hoogstraten Foundation...... 5 - The Tenth World Sanskrit Conference...... 19 (South Asia) (South Asia) (Insular Southwest Asia) - Armed resistance in colonial Bengal...... 23 - Center for India Studies Opened at SUNY, Stony Brooks .. 15 - Workshops on Madagascar...... 25 - New MA degree at the South Asia Department, SOAS...... 15 (Insular Southwest Asia) (SoutheastAsia) - The Seven Stampers of Iron...... 25 (Southeast Asia) - Crime and Punishment. Criminality in Southeast Asia ...30 - Non-print Southeast Asian resources - Excursion to the Riau Archipelago...... 31 (Southeast Asia) at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew...... 26 - Lifestyling in Southeast Asia...... 28 - Music of Indonesia...... 33

- Web-site on tribal communities in Southeast Asia...... 31 - The History of the Philippines and the Spanish Presence - Tai Culture: in the Pacific...... 28 the International Review on Tai Cultural Studies...... 33 (EastAsia) - Tribal Communities in the Malay World...... 30 - The Voyage of Harm Kamerlingh O nnes...... 27 - The Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture, Nagoya .. 35 - New Japanese Library in Würzburg...... 40 (EastAsia) (EastAsia) - Hong Kong and China on the Eve of the Pacific Century .. 40 - The Scenic Beauty of Korea...... 41 (IIASNews) - Transformation and Modernization of Shanghai...... 42 - Dissertations on Asia Project...... 50 (EASASNews) - Two books on Buddhism in Korea...... 41 - The IIAS Branch Office in Amsterdam...... 51 - The First Meeting of the Board ofThe European - HAS Research Subsidy...... 5° Association for South Asian Studies...... 55 - Newsletters on Asia in Europe...... 64 - IIAS (Travel) Grants for Asia Researchers...... 50 - Research Fellows at the IIAS...... 49 (ASEASUKNews) - Staff of the IIAS...... 49 - The 17th Annual Conference of the ASEASUK: - Visiting Exchange Fellowships...... 51 Southeast Asia: between the Global and the Local 57 I S ! ASIAN ART

(ESF Asia Committee News) - European Associations for Asian Studies...... 53 (Asian Art) - Arts of Korea...... 44 - The ESF Asia Committee...... 52 CALL FOR PAPERS - The European Science Foundation...... 52 - Into Tibet with Tin T in...... 44 - New ESF Asia Committee fellows...... 54 - Tryst with Destiny - Art from Modern India (1947 -1997)... 43 - ESF Asia Committee N ew s...... 52 (General News) - Membership of the ESF Asia Committee (until mid-1997)... 53 - Islamic Development Management...... 10

(AKSE News) (South Asia) VACANCIES - Association for Korean Studies in Europe (AKSE)...... 54 - ist International Seminar on Skanda-Murukan...... 17 - The 2nd Brihanmaharashtra Prachya Vidya Parishad...... 17 61 (SEALGNews) - Vacancies - The Southeast Asia Library Group...... 56 j (SoutheastAsia) - The Seventh International Conference of EurASEAA...... 33

(East Asia) LIST OF ADVERTISERS - Modernization Processes in Asia and China 18150-1960 — 38 RESEARCH PROJECTS - The 9th International Conference on Chinese Linguistics... 39 - Asian Rare Books...... 5 (General News) ! (EUROSEAS News) - Gert Jan Bestebreurtje Antiquarian Bookseller ...... 25 - The Asian Autobiography...... 8 - Southeast Asia: Looking Forward, Looking Back...... 56 - Charbo’s Antiquariaat...... 22 - A deal for Security: - Curzon Press...... 11 New migrations in Asia-Pacific region...... 7 (ASEASUKNews) - Institut für Asienkunde...... 3 3 - 4 1 . 5 4 - The 1998 ASEASUK Conference...... 57 - Kegan Paul Publishers...... 4 (South Asia) - MMF...... 25 - Philosophy and Philology East and West (1): (ICASNews) - Routledge...... 12 Towards a Global Reservoir of Idea-o-Diversity...... 18 - International Convention of Asia Scholars...... 58-60 - VU University Press...... 12 - Raga: The Dynamic Melody...... 17

48 ■ IIAS NEWSLETTER W 13 • Summer 1997