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Por Encima De Su Cadáver Por encima de su cadáver La economía política de los derechos animales Bob Torres Edición original: Making a killing. The Political Economy of Animal Rights. 2007 AK Press (Oakland, Edinburgh, West Virginia) La primera tirada ve la luz en Madrid en Mayo de 2014. ochodoscuatro ediciones Traducido por Promoviendo el veganismo. Corrección de la traducción por Carlos Arillo. Ilustración de cubierta por Klara Fernández. Depósito Legal: M-14339-2014 ISBN: 978-84-695-9964-8 Todos los beneficios de este libro irán destinados a la liberación animal. Queda terminantemente recomendada la reproducción total o parcial de este texto únicamente para el debate y la difusión anticomercial. Para Jenna y para Emmy, Michy y Mole Índice Prólogo 7 Agradecimientos 13 I.- Tomando la igualdad en serio 19 II.- Cadenas de mercancías 41 III.- Propiedad, violencia y las raíces de la opresión 111 IV.- Los derechos de los animales y sus errores 159 V.- No puedes comprar la revolución 211 Referencias 259 Prólogo Pese a que hayan pasado ya más de siete años de la prime- ra edición inglesa de este ensayo (2007), nos hemos decidido a acercarlo al público de habla hispana ya que consideramos que las reflexiones y análisis que en él se desarrollan siguen totalmen- te vigentes y pueden aportar un granito de arena más a la hora de elaborar nuestras opiniones y estrategias en relación a nues- tro concepto y actitud frente a la explotación animal. Aun así, tanto el equipo de traducción como el equipo editorial creemos que es de utilidad añadir en este prólogo una aproximación al contenido del libro y una serie de reflexiones a tener en cuenta durante su lectura. Es importante recalcar que el libro fue escrito en un con- texto sociopolítico muy distinto al nuestro, planteamiento que hay que tener en cuenta a lo largo de todo el texto, tanto para entender los ejemplos directos como para analizar críticamente algunas de las opiniones propias del autor. Para poder profundizar en sus posteriores reflexiones, Bob Torres comienza definiendo un concepto como el de la “igual- dad” que puede parecer a primera vista como algo muy concreto, aunque nos ayuda a darnos cuenta de que realmente es una pa- labra muy ambigua y que responde a los intereses subjetivos de quien la utiliza. De ahí la trascendencia de concretar los signifi- cados de estos conceptos, ya que a través de la igualdad podemos determinar cuáles son las diferencias. Es en la importancia que se da a estas diferencias (o la no importancia de las mismas) donde el autor desarrolla el análisis central de sus reflexiones: cómo el capitalismo se aprovecha de ellas, convierte al resto de los anima- les en mercancías y los convierte en una propiedad más (y, como decía Proudhon, la propiedad es un robo). El capitalismo ha conseguido crear una dinámica terrorífi- ca de explotación en la que los animales son mano de obra y recursos, y donde el beneficio pesa más que cualquier otro ra- zonamiento. De ahí que Bob Torres considere a los animales “mercancías vivas superexplotadas” aproximándonos a todo lo que conlleva este nuevo análisis y a la idea, cada vez más gene- ralizada, de que los animales tienen unos derechos intrínsecos y que hay que respetar y defender. A partir aquí, y con esta dinámica capitalista de la explota- ción animal más clara, el autor nos presenta a un movimiento por los derechos de los animales en estrecha relación con esta dinámica, bien sea inconscientemente o bien muy consciente de ello. En este punto nos gustaría matizar que a lo largo del pre- sente libro se realiza una conceptualización del movimiento por los derechos animales un tanto laxa, y que no compartimos, en la medida de que incluye dentro del mismo a personas y grupos que ni siquiera creen o respetan tales derechos, y al realizar esa generalización achaca, injustamente, al movimiento las actitudes discriminatorias de estas personas o colectivos. Para finalizar, Bob Torres realiza, desde una perspectiva abiertamente antiautoritaria, un seguimiento por distintas es- trategias y rumbos y que toma el movimiento, sus implicaciones, sus errores y sus aciertos, para finalizar con una serie de reflexio- nes personales y propuestas dirigidas a plantear cuestiones inte- resantes y a invitar a quien lo lea a mantener una actitud reflexiva y crítica, a confiar en sus propias capacidades y a defender los derechos de los animales de manera diferente. No podemos terminar este prólogo sin mencionar las gran- des diferencias que tenemos con el autor a la hora de valorar éti- ca y estratégicamente la acción directa ilegal. El debate sobre la violencia como herramienta política es una constante en el seno de los movimientos que aspiran al cambio social, una polémica que lleva siglos abierta y sobre la cual no hay un consenso gene- ralizado. Lo que sí tenemos claro es que no todo lo que Torres califica como violencia lo es para quienes editamos este libro. Inutilizar y destruir instrumentos de tortura o sacar a los ani- males de sus jaulas y ponerlos a salvo de la explotación nunca las entenderemos como acciones que puedan ser catalogadas como terrorismo o violencia. Y respecto a la efectividad estratégica de “este tipo de acciones” (como si todas fueran iguales por el hecho de ser ilegales), creemos que hay información, datos y biblio- grafía suficientes como para formarse una opinión propia, más sólida y matizada que la que se vierte en este libro. Sin más que añadir, esperamos que las palabras que nos hace llegar Bob Torres os aporten lo mismo o más que nos han apor- tado a nosotras. Nota de traducción El presente texto fue traducido por un colectivo ajeno a la editorial, por lo que hemos respetado el estilo de la edición y tratamiento de las palabras y frases anglosajonas que con es- fuerzo han realizado. De este modo, el equipo de traducción ha decidido hacer uso del masculino genérico a la hora de referirse a la pluralidad de las personas (humanas y no humanas), si bien nos gustaría invitar a quien lea este libro a reflexionar sobre esta cuestión y sobre las posibles alternativas que se podrían plantear. Por otro lado, las referencias propias del libro, realizadas por el autor (comentarios, notas bibliográficas, etc), se encuentran al final del libro divididas por capítulos. De igual modo, se pueden encontrar al pie de cada página las notas de traducción, seña- lizadas con asteriscos, a fin de ayudar a la comprensión de los ejemplos y conceptos que se tratan a lo largo del texto. Agradecimientos Aunque este libro lleve mi nombre, no existiría siquiera de no ser por la generosidad y amistad de mucha gente. Estoy profundamente agradecido a mi amiga, amante, confidente y compañera en todas las cosas, Jenna Torres. Jenna y yo escribi- mos juntos nuestro primer libro sobre veganismo, y la forma que tiene ella de ver estas cuestiones ha influido profundamente en mi propio pensamiento. Su lectura cuidadosa, su atención por el detalle, y su disposición para amenizar mis divagaciones al- gunas veces rebuscadas, fueron de un valor incalculable en la realización de esta obra. Sin su apoyo este libro nunca habría sido escrito. Me considero realmente afortunado por tener una compañera de vida con la que puedo compartir y crecer en cada aspecto de mi vida. El Colectivo AK Press fue paciente, atento y eficaz en la di- rección del libro. Le debo al colectivo un enorme agradecimien- to por haber dado con el título para este libro, cuando todo lo que a mí se me podía ocurrir eran títulos bastante mediocres y probablemente invendibles (soy un académico y ser aburrido es un gaje del oficio). Aunque estoy profundamente agradecido a todo el colectivo, me gustaría hacer mención especial tanto a Ramsey Kanaan como a Zach Blue. El compromiso de Ramsey con los principios del anarquismo ha sido una inspiración, y sus ánimos para escribir este libro fue lo que definitivamente me empujó a proponer este manuscrito. La presentación con Ram- sey en la conferencia Renovación de la Tradición Anarquista también me ayudó a pensar sobre algunas de las ideas de este libro. Ramsey: “rock on!”. Trabajar con Zach Blue a lo largo de la escritura de este libro fue un auténtico placer. Zach es el tipo de editor con el que sueñan los escritores: no solo fue resolutivo, comprensivo y perspicaz, sino que también estuvo dispuesto a trabajar de una forma que mantenía mi voz. Este libro es mucho más fuerte gracias a Zach. Fui lo bastante afortunado como para contar con el apoyo de amigos que asumieron la tarea, en ocasiones dolorosa, de leer y comentar los borradores de este libro. En particular, me gustaría dar las gracias a Andy Sernatinger, Allison Dunlap, Deborah Durant, Joanne Carlebois y Vincent Guihan por sus comenta- rios, ideas y críticas. No pude incorporar todas vuestras críticas, pero el libro es indudablemente mejor por vuestras observacio- nes, y estoy muy agradecido a cada uno de vosotros por vuestro tiempo, ánimo y apoyo. Aunque suscito muchas críticas hacia el movimiento de los derechos animales en este libro, hay gente en el movimiento cuya energía y dedicación me inspiran. Entre esa gente está Sarah Kra- mer, quien fue tan amable de proporcionarme algunas citas so- bre mí al principio de este proyecto. Ciertamente, hago algunas declaraciones polémicas en este libro y espero que nadie piense que su respaldo implique que esté de acuerdo conmigo. Sarah es una activista auténtica e incansable, y si todos tuviéramos aun- que fuera una décima parte de su energía y talento, el mundo sería un lugar mucho mejor. Otro activista y erudito por el que siento una enorme admiración y respeto es el profesor Gary L.
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