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Introduction INTRODUCTION The resurgence of Hinduism during the last two decades has once again prompted the scholars to attend to the task of understanding and analysing the phenomenon seriously . Attempts are being made by the Indian as well as foreign scholars to study the Hinduist ideology, organisations as well as the doctrine of Hindutva, both in its historical and political context .The recent scholarly works like “ Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics - A study of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh ” by Bruce Graham, “ The Brotherhood in Saffron ” by Anderson and Damle, “ Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags ” by Tapan Basu and others, “ Hindu Nationalists in India ” by Yogendra Malik and V.B. Singh, “ The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India 1925 - 1992 ” by Christopher Jaflfrelot, “ Hindutva ” by Jayant Lele (i), speak for the increasing interest of the social scientists in Hinduism. As a result , the literature on Hinduism and its related aspects abounds. However, the students of political science hardly seem to have any concern for undertaking a systematic, thorough and dispassionate study of the first Hinduist organisation - the Hindu Mahasabha. It is true that the HMS which emerged basically as a socio > religjous organisation and transformed itself into a 9 political party, could hardly be said to be a political force to be reckoned with in post - Independent India . The Hindu Mahasabha as it exists ( ! ) today, no more attracts the Hindus as a viable platform for articulating their interest. That task has already been taken up by the other Hinduist organisations and parties like the Rashtriya Swayamseswak Sangh ( RSS ), the Vishwa Hindu Parishad ( VHP ) the Bajrang Dal , the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) and the Shiv Sena . But this cannot and should not be the excuse for ignoring the study of the Hindu Mahasabha. The growth and intensity of the Hindu consciousness as being witnessed by the present generation has long been nurtured by the Hindu Mahasabha since its inception. Any serious attempt to understand the idea of ‘ Hindutva ’ would therefore obviously have to start with the Hindu Mahasabha. The present study is a step forward in this direction. The task of undertaking the study of the Hindu Mahasabha is not as simple as it appears to be. The dearth of ofiBcial records pertaining to the Hindu Mahasabha and the relevant party documents is appall'mg. The files of the relevant newspaper clippings - either stored in Public Libraries or preserved privately, of course, constitute one of the major sources of information. But they are scattered all over the region. One, therefore, has to rely heavily on Archieval sources preserved by the State or National Archives. 10 The published literature on the Hindu Mahasabha is also sketchy and scanty. The earlier works have been written by the Party members of the Maharashtra branch of the Hindu Mahasabha are mostly in Marathi. The earliest work on the topic is “ Hindu Mahasabhecha Itihaas ” written by Shri R.G.Bhide, Secretary of the Pune Hindu Mahasabha branch, in 1943. It discusses the origin and development of the Hindu Mahasabha through^ the Annual conventions and states the stand of the party on issues like Cow protection , Hindu - Muslim unity etc. It also discusses the programme and achievements of the Hindu Mahasabha in the region . The book studies the impact of the ‘ Divide and Rule ’ policy of the British on the Hindu and Muslim communities. A more recent work in Marathi is ‘ Maharashtra Hindu Sabhechya Karyacha Itihaas ’ written in 1975 by Shri S.R.Date, who was also the President of the Maharashtra Hindu Mahasabha . This is a detailed account of the activities of the party during the last fifty years. Starting with the reasons for the origins of the Hindu Mahasabha , Shri Date has put forward the ideology of the party and stressed its relevance in the Post - Independence period also. He has also discussed in great detail the activities and agitations taken by the party to promote the cause of the Hindus. Both these works, no doubt, provide the relevant and significant information about the Hindu Mahasabha, but as they have been written by the Party 11 members, some bias is bound to creep in . One hardly expects them to be dispassionate, critical and academically profound . There have been a few works on the Hindu Mahasabha in Hini^ and English also. A Doctoral thesis by Dr. Anil Kumar Mishra from Gorakhpur University, written in Hindi, studies the origin and devtJopment of the party from 1906 - 1947 and discusses the reasons for its failure (2 ). However, it hardly offers any critical insi^^its. Similarly, Shri Indra Prakash’s book ‘ The Contribution o f the Hindu Mahasabha ’ is basically a glorification of the party ideology and activities, since the author was an active member of the jjarty ( 3 ). It is an attempt to put forward the contribution and importance of the party in a narrative form. Besides these works, one hardly comes across any scholarly liter ture on the Hindu Mahasabha. There are some good works on Hinju Nationalism or Hinduist Parties and Organisations wherein a few facets of the Hindu Mahasabha have been discussed. We have already referred to them in the beginning. However, the focus of thesi works is not on the Hindu Mahasabha and therefore, the discussion pertaining to it remains on the periphery . Considering the plight of the existing work related to the Hindu Mahasabha, the need! to undertake a systematic study of the organisation was greatly felt ^nd hence this study. 12 The Scope and Nature of the Study The Hindu Mahasabha is sought to be studied within the social, cultural, historical, religious, economic and political milieu of o Maharashtra and this focus needs to be explained a bit. Though the Hindu Mahasabha had its local origins in the Punjab in 1907, it soon emerged as an All India organisation . It transformed itself into a political party in the late 1930s and for at least two decades, it acted as an important pressure group voicing the interest of the Hindus. However, the nature of the Hindu Mahasabha or any of the All India organisations for that matter, cannot be understood properly unless its region - specific manifestations are taken into account . Different regions have contributed differently to the _ growth and ideology of the Hindu Mahasabha . The socio - cultural milieu in dlfFerent Indian regions determined the development o f the Hindu Mahasabha in its own way. The region of Maharashtra with its peculiar political legacy has considerably influenced the growth of the Hindu Mahasabha at the all India level. It provided the leadership as well as the organisational infi^tructure to the Hindu Mahasabha. The region also determined the political agenda for the — Hindu Mahasabha at the national level . Besides, the Hinduist leaders in Maharashtra have always remained in the forefront in providing the ideology of “ Hinduism ” for the Hindu Mahasabha. - 13 Thus, the region has played an important role in shaping the growth of the Hindu Mahasabha. It was, therefore, thought necessary to take into account the region - specific factors that conditioned this growth of the Hindu Mahasabha and that is why the scope of the work is primarily confined to Maharashtra. The present study analyses the conditions which led to the emergence of the Hindu Mahasabha in Maharashtra . It studies the development of the organisation and the programme and ideology of the Party under diflferent leaders. The politics o f the Hindu Mahasabha was more a reaction to the then existing political scenario in India. The Hindu Mahasabha reacted and responded to several political and social issues and movements of its time. For example, the Hindu Mahasabha reacted to the politics of the Indian National Congress as well as to the politics of the Muslim League. It responded to the Dalit movement launched by Dr.B.R.Ambedkar in its own way. It reacted to the burning issues such as reli^ous conversions, Hindu - Muslim riots, the Partition of India and several other problem. It joined the debates over the political reforms in India and participated in electoral politics. The present work mainly takes into account all these activities of the Hindu Mahasabha and tries to present a systematic understanding of the politics of the Hindu Mahasabha in the region. 14 For the proper understanding of the genesis and development of the Hindu Mahasabha , a historical - analytical approach has been adopted. The work therefore, heavily relies on primary as well as secondary sources. The primary data includes the original Party documents, papers, pamphlets, leaflets, handouts published by the party at different times to express its views on different issues. The secondary sources include English and Marathi Newspapers, Books, Periodicals, Magazines, the details of which have been provided in the end. In order to get first hand information about the Party viewpoint or clarify certain issues, many party members were interviewed personally. This helped to fill up the lacuna created by the lack of well - kept records of party activities. The study is divided into Six Chapters. The First chapter, that is, the emergence of the Hindu Mahasabha, deals with the conditions which led to the emergence of the Hindu Mahasabha in Punjab. Several factors accounted for the birth of the organisation. The British policy of ‘ , Divide and Rule the passage of controversial Bills such as the Land Alienation Act, the attitude of the Congress towards the Hindus, the partition of the Bengal, the attitude of the British rulers towards the Muslims in India and the subsequent formation of the Muslim League in 1906 were some of the major factors that caused the emergence of the Hindu 15 Mahasabha. The chapter discussess all these Actors and explains the socio - political context in which the Hindu Mahasabha in Punjab came into existence.
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