DOCSLIB.ORG

Effects of Nasal Obstruction on Maturation of the Jaw-Opening Reflex

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effects of Nasal Obstruction on Maturation of the Jaw-Opening Reflex a r c h i v e s o f o r a l b i o l o g y 5 9 ( 2 0 1 4 ) 5 3 0 – 5 3 8 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/aob Effects of nasal obstruction on maturation of the jaw-opening reflex in growing rats Yukiha Funaki, Maya Hiranuma, Mai Shibata, Satoshi Kokai *, Takashi Ono Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Objective: Nasal obstruction during growth changes craniofacial morphology and function. Accepted 24 February 2014 However, the etiological mechanisms of these changes are unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of nasal obstruction during growth on the maturation of Keywords: the jaw-opening reflex (JOR) using an electrophysiological technique. We focused on the oral Growth sensory receptors that regulate the activities and reflexes of the orofacial muscles. Design: Sixty 6-day-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control and experi- jaw-opening reflex mental groups (n = 30 each). The experimental group underwent unilateral nasal obstruc- Nasal obstruction tion at 8 days of age. The JOR was evoked by bilateral, low-intensity electrical stimulation of Oral sensory receptor Rat the inferior alveolar nerve. The electromyographic responses were recorded bilaterally from the digastric muscles at 5, 7, and 9 weeks of age. Results: The latency of the JOR was significantly longer and the peak-to-peak amplitude was significantly smaller in the experimental group than in the control group at each age, while the duration was not significantly different. Intragroup comparison of the latency, peak-to- peak amplitude, and duration at 5, 7, and 9 weeks of age revealed no significant differences in either the control or experimental groups. Conclusions: Unilateral nasal obstruction during growth may have significant effects on maturation of craniofacial function. # 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. harmonious craniofacial structures that allow for adequate 1. Introduction 3 interaction between mastication and swallowing. In orthodontic practice, patients often present with Normal craniofacial development and occlusion depend on maxillary protrusion or an anterior open bite, problems that various factors. For example, genetic factors influence the are frequently associated with nasal obstruction and mouth 1 4 constitution of the facial and occlusal pattern. Acquired breathing. Recent studies have indicated that the number of factors such as caries, oral habits, and nasopharyngeal patients with breathing problems caused by obstructive sleep conditions can also play important roles in craniofacial and apnea syndrome and allergic rhinitis is increasing, especially 2 occlusal development. Mammals, including humans, usually during the growth period of preadolescence and adoles- 5,6 breathe through the nose. Normal respiratory activity favors cence. A previous study in humans indicated that mouth * Corresponding author: Tel.: +81 3 5803 5528; fax: +81 3 5803 5528. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Kokai). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.02.013 0003–9969/# 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. a r c h i v e s o f o r a l b i o l o g y 5 9 ( 2 0 1 4 ) 5 3 0 – 5 3 8 531 breathing may be due to an anatomical predisposition, nostril, consequently occluding the orifice of the nostril without velopharyngeal insufficiency, habit, or interference of lip mechanical or chemical damage to the olfactory mucosa. After 7 closure. Many clinical studies have also elucidated relation- cauterization, the nostril was coated with 3% chlortetracycline 1 ships between nasal obstruction and craniofacial morphology. (Aureomycin Ointment; Pola Pharma, Tokyo, Japan) to prevent For example, a lower position of the mandible caused by infection. The pups were kept warm (37 8C) for 30 min and then 8 mouth breathing increases the lower facial height and returned to their mothers. The control group underwent a sham 9 adenoidal facies. Changes in the craniofacial pattern might operation in which the cauterizing instrument was placed induce simultaneous changes in occlusion, such as an anterior about 1–2 mm above the left nostril. The body weights were 8,10 10 10 open bite, maxillary protrusion, or posterior crossbite. measured throughout the experimental period. The JOR was On the other hand, some studies have elucidated the effects of then recorded from the Dig muscle in control and experimental nasal obstruction on masticatory function, such as inhibited groups when the rats were 5, 7, and 9 weeks old (n = 10 per group 11 masseter muscle activity and increased suprahyoid muscle per time point). 12 activity during mouth breathing. Moreover, hypotonia of the 13 lips, tongue, and buccinator muscle has been reported, while 2.2. Stimulation and recording mouth breathing was also shown to decrease masticatory 14,15 activities. For electrophysiological recordings, all rats were anesthetized 1 Biochemical studies in rats suggest that nasal obstruction with 60 mg/kg of thiamylal sodium (Isozol ; Yoshitomi is associated with reduced growth of the masseter muscle and Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan) administered intraperitoneally. 16 anterior digastric (Dig) muscle. In addition, fatigue-resistant Cannulae were then inserted into the tracheal and femoral myosin heavy chain (MHC) fiber types are increased in veins. The depth of anesthesia was carefully monitored 16 muscles in association with nasal obstruction. In terms of throughout the experiment by checking the pupil size, morphological changes, nasal obstruction results in a signifi- withdrawal and corneal reflexes, and heart rate. To maintain cant reduction in the vertical development of the nasomax- the same anesthetic level in all rats while performing the JOR illary complex and in the skull base along the longitudinal recording, a supplemental dose (5 mg/kg, intravenously) was 17 axis. Although alterations of craniofacial morphology and routinely given 15 min before the start of the recording process function during nasal obstruction have been thoroughly if a withdrawal reflex was elicited by pinching the paws. The investigated, little is known about the effects of nasal rectal temperature was maintained at 37 8C with a heating obstruction on the regulation of jaw movement. It is possible pad. Before an incision was made, the skin was injected with that alterations in jaw movements may modify craniofacial 2% lidocaine to prevent noxious stimulation that could inhibit sensory transmission to jaw motoneurons, since the activity the JOR. of jaw motoneurons is dependent on sensory feedback from To bilaterally stimulate the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), a 18 craniofacial structures. The jaw-opening reflex (JOR), a pair of stainless-steel wire electrodes (0.1 mm in diameter, 0.5 trigeminal brainstem reflex that can be evoked by both mm in tip exposure) was inserted bilaterally into the 19 nociceptive and non-nociceptive stimulation, plays an mandibular canal through the mental foramen at depths of important role in the regulation of jaw movement during 1 and 3 mm. The bipolar electrode was kept in place by fixing it 19 mastication. Thus, the JOR is a useful tool for investigating onto the adjacent mandibular bone with light-cured dental alterations of sensorimotor processing in masticatory perfor- resin. Expression of the JOR was recorded bilaterally from the mance. Dig muscles using paired stainless-steel wire electrodes with In the present study, we focused on the oral sensory 1-mm exposed tips implanted along the direction of the receptors that regulate the activity and reflexes of orofacial muscle fibers. The interpolar distance was set at 3 mm for muscles. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of these recording electrodes (Fig. 1A). To ensure consistent unilateral nasal obstruction during growth on JOR maturation reproduction of this distance, a two-keyhole index, with the using an electrophysiological technique. keyholes 3 mm apart, made of dental acrylic (UNIFAST II; GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) was used to lead the paired electrode-inserted needles, thus allowing for placement of 2. Materials and Methods the electrodes at the same interpolar distance for every recording. The animals were then transferred to a stereotaxic 2.1. Animal preparation apparatus (models SN-2 and SM-15 M; Narishige Scientific Instruments, Tokyo, Japan) with their bodies in prone position Sixty 6-day-old male Wistar albino rats were used in this (Fig. 1B). Before the stimulation, Dig electromyographic (EMG) experiment. The rats were weighed and then randomly divided baseline activity was captured for 1 min in each rat. into the control and experimental groups (n = 30 each). At 8 days Next, the right and left IAN were alternately stimulated of age, all rat pups were first anesthetized by hypothermia (10 electrically (single pulse, 0.2 ms in duration) once every 5 s to min at À18 8C). Left-sided nasal obstruction was performed in evoke the JOR. The stimulus intensity was applied gradually 17,20 the experimental group. The selected method involved in increasing in steps of 1 mA, and the lowest intensity that cauterization of the left external nostril, which is the most constantly elicited a Dig EMG response was determined as the common and simplest procedure allowing for the establish- JOR threshold (T). To attain comparable responses, the test ment of nasal obstruction in neonatal animals. The tissue stimulation current was adjusted to 1.5 times the threshold 21,22 surrounding the left external nostril was burned by placing a (1.5 T). An intensity of 2 T or less can be considered as 23 surgical cauterizing instrument (1 mm in diameter) on the non-nociceptive stimulation, which we expected in this 532 a r c h i v e s o f o r a l b i o l o g y 5 9 ( 2 0 1 4 ) 5 3 0 – 5 3 8 Figure 1 – Experimental design.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Comparison of Greater Palatine Nerve Block with Intravenous Fentanyl for Postoperative Analgesia Following Palatoplasty in Children
    Jemds.com Original Research Article Comparison of Greater Palatine Nerve Block with Intravenous Fentanyl for Postoperative Analgesia Following Palatoplasty in Children Amol Singam1, Saranya Rallabhandi2, Tapan Dhumey3 1Department of Anaesthesiology, JNMC, DMIMS, Sawangi Meghe, Wardha Maharashtra, India. 2Department of Anaesthesiology, JNMC, DMIMS, Sawangi Meghe, Wardha, Maharashtra, India. 3Department of Anaesthesiology, JNMC, DMIMS, Sawangi Meghe, Wardha, Maharashtra, India. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Good pain relief after palatoplasty is important as inadequate analgesia with vigorous Corresponding Author: cry leads to wound dehiscence, removal of sutures and extra nursing care. Decrease Dr. Saranya Rallabhandi, in oxygen requirement and cardio-respiratory demand occur with good pain relief Assisstant Professor, and also promotes early recovery. Preoperative opioids have concerns like sedation, Department of Anesthesiology, AVBRH, DMIMS (DU), Sawangi Meghe, respiratory depression and airway compromise. Greater palatine nerve block with Wardha- 442001, Maharashtra, India. bupivacaine is safe and effective without the risk of respiratory depression. The study E-mail: [email protected] was done to compare pain relief postoperatively with intravenous fentanyl and greater palatine nerve block in children following palatoplasty. DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2020/549 METHODS How to Cite This Article: 80 children of ASA I & II, between 1 to 7 years were included and allocated into two Singam A, Rallabhandi S, Dhumey T. Comparison of greater palatine nerve block groups of 40 each. Analgesic medication was given preoperatively after induction of with intravenous fentanyl for postoperative general anaesthesia, children in Group B received greater palatine nerve block with analgesia following palatoplasty in -1 2 mL 0.25% inj. Bupivacaine (1 mL on each side) and Group F received 2 μg Kg I.V.
    [Show full text]
  • Lab Manual Axial Skeleton Atla
    1 PRE-LAB EXERCISES When studying the skeletal system, the bones are often sorted into two broad categories: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. This lab focuses on the axial skeleton, which consists of the bones that form the axis of the body. The axial skeleton includes bones in the skull, vertebrae, and thoracic cage, as well as the auditory ossicles and hyoid bone. In addition to learning about all the bones of the axial skeleton, it is also important to identify some significant bone markings. Bone markings can have many shapes, including holes, round or sharp projections, and shallow or deep valleys, among others. These markings on the bones serve many purposes, including forming attachments to other bones or muscles and allowing passage of a blood vessel or nerve. It is helpful to understand the meanings of some of the more common bone marking terms. Before we get started, look up the definitions of these common bone marking terms: Canal: Condyle: Facet: Fissure: Foramen: (see Module 10.18 Foramina of Skull) Fossa: Margin: Process: Throughout this exercise, you will notice bold terms. This is meant to focus your attention on these important words. Make sure you pay attention to any bold words and know how to explain their definitions and/or where they are located. Use the following modules to guide your exploration of the axial skeleton. As you explore these bones in Visible Body’s app, also locate the bones and bone markings on any available charts, models, or specimens. You may also find it helpful to palpate bones on yourself or make drawings of the bones with the bone markings labeled.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphometric Analysis of Greater Palatine Canal Via Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
    DOI: 10.2478/bjdm-2018-0026 Y T E I C O S L BALKAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL MEDICINE A ISSN 2335-0245 IC G LO TO STOMA Morphometric Analysis of Greater Palatine Canal via Cone-Beam Computed Tomography SUMMARY Melih Özdede1, Elif Yıldızer Keriş2, Bülent Background/Aim: The morphology of the greater palatine canal (GPC) Altunkaynak3, İlkay Peker4 should be determined preoperatively to prevent possible complications in 1 Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, surgical procedures required maxillary nerve block anesthesia and reduction Pamukkale University Faculty of Dentistry, of descending palatine artery bleeding. The purpose of this investigation was Denizli, Turkey to evaluate the GPC morphology. Material and Methods: In this retrospective 2 Canakkale Dental Hospital, Çanakkale, Turkey cross-sectional study, cone-beam computed tomography images obtained for 3 Department of Statistics, Gazi University various causes of 200 patients (females, 55%; males, 45%) age ranged between Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 18 and 86 (mean age±standard deviation=47±13.6) were examined. The mean Ankara, Turkey 4 Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, length, mean angles of the GPC and anatomic routes of the GPC were evaluated. Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Results: The mean length of the GPC was found to be 31.07 mm and 32.01 mm Ankara, Turkey in sagittal and coronal sections, respectively. The mean angle of the GPC was measured as 156.16° and 169.23° in sagittal and coronal sections. The mean angle of the GPC with horizontal plane was measured as 113.76° in the sagittal sections and 92.94° in the coronal sections.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling the Jaw Mechanism of Pleuronichthys Verticalis: the Morphological Basis of Asymmetrical Jaw Movements in a Flatfish
    JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY 256:1–12 (2003) Modeling the Jaw Mechanism of Pleuronichthys verticalis: The Morphological Basis of Asymmetrical Jaw Movements in a Flatfish Alice Coulter Gibb* Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California ABSTRACT Several flatfish species exhibit the unusual water column for potential predators or prey. How- feature of bilateral asymmetry in prey capture kinemat- ever, the presence of both eyes on the same side of ics. One species, Pleuronichthys verticalis, produces lat- the head (i.e., the eyed side) also causes morpholog- eral flexion of the jaws during prey capture. This raises ical asymmetry of the skull and jaws (Yazdani, two questions: 1) How are asymmetrical movements gen- 1969). erated, and 2) How could this unusual jaw mechanism have evolved? In this study, specimens were dissected to Morphological asymmetry of the feeding appara- determine which cephalic structures might produce asym- tus creates the potential for another unusual verte- metrical jaw movements, hypotheses were formulated brate trait: asymmetry in jaw movements during about the specific function of these structures, physical prey capture. Two species of flatfish are known to models were built to test these hypotheses, and models exhibit asymmetrical jaw movements during prey were compared with prey capture kinematics to assess capture (Gibb, 1995, 1996), although the type of their accuracy. The results suggest that when the neuro- asymmetrical movement (i.e., kinematic asymme- cranium rotates dorsally the premaxillae slide off the try) is different in the two species examined. One smooth, rounded surface of the vomer (which is angled species, Xystreurys liolepis, produces limited kine- toward the blind, or eyeless, side) and are “launched” matic asymmetry during prey capture.
    [Show full text]
  • Mandibular Jaw Movement and Masticatory Muscle Activity During Dynamic Trunk Exercise
    dentistry journal Article Mandibular Jaw Movement and Masticatory Muscle Activity during Dynamic Trunk Exercise Daisuke Sugihara, Misao Kawara, Hiroshi Suzuki * , Takashi Asano, Akihiro Yasuda, Hiroki Takeuchi, Toshiyuki Nakayama, Toshikazu Kuroki and Osamu Komiyama Division of Oral Function and Rehabilitation, Department of Oral Health Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 870-1 Sakaecho, Nishi-2, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan; [email protected] (D.S.); [email protected] (M.K.); [email protected] (T.A.); [email protected] (A.Y.); [email protected] (H.T.); [email protected] (T.N.); [email protected] (T.K.); [email protected] (O.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-47-360-9642 Received: 16 October 2020; Accepted: 30 November 2020; Published: 2 December 2020 Abstract: The examination of jaw movement during exercise is essential for an improved understanding of jaw function. Currently, there is no unified view of the mechanism by which the mandible is fixed during physical exercise. We hypothesized that during strong skeletal muscle force exertion in dynamic exercises, the mandible is displaced to a position other than the maximal intercuspal position and that mouth-opening and mouth-closing muscles simultaneously contract to fix the displaced mandible. Therefore, we simultaneously recorded mandibular jaw movements and masticatory muscle activities during dynamic trunk muscle force exertion (deadlift exercise) in 24 healthy adult males (age, 27.3 2.58 years). The deadlift was divided into three steps: ± Ready (reference), Pull, and Down.
    [Show full text]
  • Pristipomoides Auricilla (Jordan, Evermann, and Tanaka, 1927) (Plate X, 67) Frequent Synonyms / Misidentifications: None / Other Species of Pristipomoides
    click for previous page Perciformes: Percoidei: Lutjanidae 2909 Pristipomoides auricilla (Jordan, Evermann, and Tanaka, 1927) (Plate X, 67) Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: None / Other species of Pristipomoides. FAO names: En - Goldflag jobfish; Fr - Colas drapeau; Sp - Panchito abanderado. Diagnostic characters: Body elongate, laterally compressed. Nostrils on each side of snout close together. Jaws about equal or lower jaw protruding slightly. Premaxillae protrusible. Maxilla extending to vertical through anterior part of eye or slightly beyond. Upper and lower jaws both with an outer row of conical and canine teeth and an inner band of villiform teeth; vomer and palatines with teeth, those on vomer in triangular patch; no teeth on tongue. Maxilla without scales or longitudinal ridges. Interorbital region flattened. First gill arch with 8 to 11 gill rakers on upper limb, 17 to 21 on lower limb (total 27 to 32). Dorsal fin continuous, not deeply incised near junction of spinous and soft portions. Last soft ray of both dorsal and anal fins well produced, longer than next to last ray. Caudal fin forked. Pectoral fins long, equal to or somewhat shorter than head length. Dorsal fin with X spines and 11 soft rays. Anal fin with III spines and 8 soft rays. Pectoral-fin rays 15 or 16. Membranes of dorsal and anal fins without scales. Tubed lateral-line scales 67 to 74. Colour: body purplish or brownish violet; sides with numerous yellow spots or faint yellow chevron-shaped bands; dorsal fin yellowish to yellowish brown; upper lobe of caudal fin yellow. Sexual dichromatism: males over 27 cm (fork length) with much yellow on lower lobe of caudal fin, usually forming a distinct blotch; females with or without yellowish colour on lower lobe of caudal fin, but if yellow present, not forming a distinct blotch.
    [Show full text]
  • Nasal Breathing No Tongue Habits Lip Seal Corruption of the “Big 3” Is the Root Cause of Nearly All Malocclusions
    Timothy Gross, DMD Part One In the Physiologic Orthodontics class at the Las Vegas Institute, we focus heavily on the “Big 3.” Orthodontic treatment and post treatment orthodontic stability necessitate management and correction of the “Big 3.” So, what is the “Big 3?” 1 2 3 Nasal Breathing No Tongue Habits Lip Seal Corruption of the “Big 3” is the root cause of nearly all malocclusions. That’s right. Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusions, crowding, deficient midfaces, cross bites, impacted teeth, high palatal arches, deep bites, open bites (and the list goes on) can all be explained by Enlow in his textbook, “The Essentials of Facial Growth.” That textbook is paramount for understanding normal facial growth and development and should be required reading for every dentist and dental specialist. Malocclusions, so predominant in our society, cannot be explained by genetics alone. Our phenotype, i.e. our genome in addition to environmental influences, is the result of corruption of the “Big 3.” The inability to breathe nasally, habitual mouth straight and make the upper and lower teeth couple breathing, and/or tongue habits lead to altered nicely. Unfortunately, the result is a skeletal and facial growth patterns which in turn lead to physiologic malocclusion with straight teeth, at observable dental and orthognathic malocclusions. the expense of the airway, the temporomandibular Orthodontic treatment is utilized to correct these joints and facial aesthetics. malocclusions, but the underlying pathophysiology must be addressed in order to achieve an optimal A Case Study… Me physiologic occlusion, balanced facial growth and As a 48 year old male, I had multiple issues: a facial beauty.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Origin for the Maxillary Jaw
    Developmental Biology 276 (2004) 207–224 www.elsevier.com/locate/ydbio A new origin for the maxillary jaw Sang-Hwy Leea, Olivier Be´dardb,1, Marcela Buchtova´b, Katherine Fub, Joy M. Richmanb,* aDepartment of Oral, Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Science Research Center, Medical Science and Engineering Research Center, BK 21 Project for Medical Science, College of Dentistry Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea bDepartment of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3 Received for publication 7 April 2004, revised 5 August 2004, accepted 31 August 2004 Available online 5 October 2004 Abstract One conserved feature of craniofacial development is that the first pharyngeal arch has two components, the maxillary and mandibular, which then form the upper and lower jaws, respectively. However, until now, there have been no tests of whether the maxillary cells originate entirely within the first pharyngeal arch or whether they originate in a separate condensation, cranial to the first arch. We therefore constructed a fate map of the pharyngeal arches and environs with a series of dye injections into stage 13–17 chicken embryos. We found that from the earliest stage examined, the major contribution to the maxillary bud is from post-optic mesenchyme with a relatively minor contribution from the maxillo-mandibular cleft. Cells labeled within the first pharyngeal arch contributed exclusively to the mandibular prominence. Gene expression data showed that there were different molecular codes for the cranial and caudal maxillary prominence. Two of the genes examined, Rarb (retinoic acid receptor b) and Bmp4 (bone morphogenetic protein) were expressed in the post-optic mesenchyme and epithelium prior to formation of the maxillary prominence and then were restricted to the cranial half of the maxillary prominence.
    [Show full text]
  • The Deep Structures of the Face
    Thomas Jefferson University Jefferson Digital Commons Regional anatomy McClellan, George 1896 Vol. 1 Jefferson Medical Books and Notebooks November 2009 The Deep Structures of the Face Follow this and additional works at: https://jdc.jefferson.edu/regional_anatomy Part of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Recommended Citation "The Deep Structures of the Face" (2009). Regional anatomy McClellan, George 1896 Vol. 1. Paper 8. https://jdc.jefferson.edu/regional_anatomy/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Jefferson Digital Commons. The Jefferson Digital Commons is a service of Thomas Jefferson University's Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL). The Commons is a showcase for Jefferson books and journals, peer-reviewed scholarly publications, unique historical collections from the University archives, and teaching tools. The Jefferson Digital Commons allows researchers and interested readers anywhere in the world to learn about and keep up to date with Jefferson scholarship. This article has been accepted for inclusion in Regional anatomy McClellan, George 1896 Vol. 1 by an authorized administrator of the Jefferson Digital Commons. For more information, please contact: [email protected]. 136 THE DEEP STRUOTURES OF THE FAOE. in to the back part of the cavity; and the internal carotid ar tery and intern al jugular vein, with the hypoglossal, glosso-pharyngeal, and pneu­ mogastric nerves, were at the bottom of the wound, covered by a thin layer of fascia. THE DEEP STRUOTURES OF THE FAOE. The deep structures of the face, included in the pterygo-maxillary and superior maxillary regions, are of great surgical interest, owing to the importance of their relations and connections.
    [Show full text]
  • Jaw Fracture Repair
    Jaw Fractures What is a jaw fracture? This is when one of the bones of the upper or lower jaw breaks. Most commonly the lower jaw (the mandible) is broken, though the upper jaw (maxilla) and other bones of the face and orbit (eye socket) can be broken as well. Depending on the nature of the injury, multiple bones may be involved. Causes of jaw fractures can include trauma- such as fighting with another animal, being hit by a car or falling out of a window. Sometimes we see pathologic jaw fractures (due to disease rather than trauma) as a result of very severe periodontal disease or tumor (see our website for more information on what periodontal disease is, and how to treat it). Regardless of the cause, jaw fractures are painful, and require careful treatment planning in order to successfully treat the broken bone. The main goal of the Sacramento Veterinary Dentistry Services doctors is to give your pet the best possible quality of life. This means that we are always looking for the best, least invasive and most effective treatments. In terms of repairing a broken jaw, this would ideally mean using a non-invasive technique to repair the broken jaw that allows our patients to return to normal activities as soon as possible. There are many different repair techniques, and we will choose the best technique based on the dental x-ray images and overall oral condition of your pet. In most cases, this will involve wires and an intraoral splint made of plastic that binds to the teeth to immobilize the fracture and allow the bones to heal.
    [Show full text]
  • Mandibulectomy/Resection of the Jaw
    Mandibulectomy/Resection of the Jaw Mandibulectomy A mandibulectomy is a surgery to remove all or part of your jaw. Fibula free flap After part of your jaw is removed, your jaw may be rebuilt using bone from another part of your body, usually your leg. The bone is taken from your fibula, which is the smaller of the two bones in your lower leg. An artery, vein, and soft tissue will also be removed with the bone. This is called a fibula free flap. Skin graft You may also need a skin graft to cover your donor site. A skin graft is made by taking the top layer of skin from one part of your body and moving it to the surgical site that needs to be covered. If a skin graft is needed, it will be removed from another area, usually the buttock or thigh. Your surgeon will talk with you about the plan for your surgery. Who will be involved in your surgery? It is possible that multiple surgeons will be involved in your surgery. These surgical teams include the head and neck team, reconstruction team, and/or dental team. What happens during your surgery? Removal of the Disease During the surgery, the diseased bone will be removed from your jaw and the soft tissue around it. The bone and surrounding tissue will be sent to the Pathology Department for testing. This can take 3-4-hours. Once your head and neck surgeon has completed his or her part of the surgery, the reconstruction can be done. Reconstruction Your surgeon will transfer the tissue from your donor site (usually lower leg) to reconstruct your jaw.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Commonly Used Dental Terms
    Glossary of Commonly Used Dental Terms A • Abutment: A tooth or implant used to support a prosthesis. A crown unit used as part of a fixed bridge. • Abscess: A localized inflammation due to a collection of pus in the bone or soft tissue, usually caused by an infection. • Amalgam: A dental filling material, composed of mercury and other minerals, used to fill decayed teeth. • Alveoloplasty: A surgical procedure used to recontour the supporting bone struc tures in preparation of a complete or partial denture. • Anesthetic: A class of drugs that eliminated of reduces pain. See local anesthetic. • Anterior: Refers to the teeth and tissues located towards the front of the mouth (upper or lower incisors and canines). • Apex: The tip end of a root. • Apexification: A method of inducing apical closure, or the continual apical develop ment of the root of an incompletely formed tooth, in which the pulp is no longer vital. B • Bicuspid: A two-cuspid tooth found between the molar and the cuspid also known as an eye tooth or canine tooth. • Biopsy: A process of removing tissue to determine the existence of pathology. • Bitewing x-ray: X-rays taken of the crowns of teeth to check for decay. • Bleaching: The technique of applying a chemical agent, usually hydrogen peroxide, to the teeth to whiten them. • Bondin: A process to chemically etch the tooth's enamel to better attach ( bond ) composite filling material, veneers, or plastic/acrylic. • Bone loss: The breakdown and loss of the bone that supports the teeth, usually caused by infection or long-term occlusal ( chewing areas of the teeth ) stress.
    [Show full text]