University Components and Activities
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Thomas Jefferson University Jefferson Digital Commons Thomas Jefferson University - tradition and heritage, edited by Frederick B. Wagner, Jr., MD, Jefferson History and Publications 1989 January 1989 Part IV: University Components and Activities --- Chapter 53: College of Graduate Studies; Chapter 54: Jefferson Affiliations; and Chapter 55: The Volunteer Faculty (pages 942-960) Follow this and additional works at: https://jdc.jefferson.edu/wagner2 Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Recommended Citation "Part IV: University Components and Activities --- Chapter 53: College of Graduate Studies; Chapter 54: Jefferson Affiliations; and Chapter 55: Theolunteer V Faculty (pages 942-960)" (1989). Thomas Jefferson University - tradition and heritage, edited by Frederick B. Wagner, Jr., MD, 1989. Paper 42. https://jdc.jefferson.edu/wagner2/42 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Jefferson Digital Commons. The Jefferson Digital Commons is a service of Thomas Jefferson University's Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL). The Commons is a showcase for Jefferson books and journals, peer-reviewed scholarly publications, unique historical collections from the University archives, and teaching tools. The Jefferson Digital Commons allows researchers and interested readers anywhere in the world to learn about and keep up to date with Jefferson scholarship. This article has been accepted for inclusion in Thomas Jefferson University - tradition and heritage, edited by Frederick B. Wagner, Jr., MD, 1989 by an authorized administrator of the Jefferson Digital Commons. For more information, please contact: [email protected]. CHAPTER fIfTY-THREE College of Graduate Studies JUSSI J. SAUKKONEN, M.D., HARRY L. SMITH, JR., PH.D., AND ANDREW J. RAMSAY, PH.D., Sc.D. "That man can interrogate as well as observe nature) was a lesson slowly learned in his evolution.)) -SIR WILLIAM OSLER (184-9-1919) RADUATE PROGRAMS leading to advanced degrees other than that of the Doctor of The First Period (1912-1923) G Medicine have a long history at Thomas Jefferson University. Since the early I900S, interest The first period of development was initiated by in other forms of postgraduate education went Philip Bovier Hawk, Ph.D. (Figure 53-I). On along with the interest of faculty members in succeeding James W. Holland, M.D. as Head of clinical and basic science research, and with the the Department of Physiological Chemistry in need to train interested people in these areas. 1.912, Dr. Hawk found the academic environment From an historical perspective, the development of to be devoted entirely to the education of medical the College of Graduate Studies proceeded students. No research of consequence was being through three periods. conducted in the basic sciences, as contrasted to 94-2 • Thomas Jefferson Univenity The document described the requirements for residency on the campus, tuition (matriculation fees only), and an examination by an appropriate committee before a degree could be conferred by the Board of Trustees. There was no mention about required course work, not unusual at the time, reflecting the traditions of the old European preceptor system. Hawk's experience at Illinois, University of The program appeared to start well. Fifteen Pennsylvania, and other places where he had been degrees (eight M.S., four Ph.D., and three SeD.) on the faculty. To address this matter, Dr. Hawk were awarded in the next ten years. In December, proposed to the faculty that a course of studies be 1923, however, the Administration of the Medical instituted that would lead to master and doctoral College received communications from alumni that degrees in Physiologic Chemistry. This was the good name of their alma mater and those of approved by the faculty and by the Board of some of its faculty were seen in advertisements for Trustees under the University charter granted to such products as Postum and Fleischman's Yeast. the institution in 1838. On December II, 1923, the Board of Trustees The rules and regulations for this program were requested an investigation into the matter by the established, stipulating the formation of a five Dean and faculty. Dr. Hawk was called before the member Committee of Postgraduate Education. Executive Faculty to give his side of the story before any action was taken. Dr. Hawk, under questioning, revealed that he had had a long association with certain food companies who provided monies to him in return for analyses of their products and a permission to use the results with the names of the faculty members in their advertisements. He used these funds to support the research in his Department, including that done by graduate students and other faculty members. No one else in the Department knew the source of d1e funds, for Dr. Hawk thought it would be w1ed1icaJ for them knowingly to do such work. Dr. Hawk felt that he had not done anything unethical and had not violated any College rules. The Faculty reacted that he had indeed violated general understanding and unwritten rules. On December 18, 1923, the Board of Trustees severed all ties of Jefferson Medical College willi Dr. Hawk. He departed immediately, and the graduate program ceased for d1e next 26 years. The Second Period (194-9-1967) The second period, represented by the Board for the Regulation of Graduate Studies, began in 1949. At the Executive Faculty meeting of the FIG. 53-1. Philip B. Hawk, Ph.D., Professor and Head of Jefferson Medical College on January 31, 1949, Dr. the Department of Physiological Chemistry (19I2-1923), Kenneth Goodner proposed the establishment of who first instituted courses leading to master and doctoral graduate courses leading to M.S. and Ph.D. degrees. degrees in Anatomy, Bacteriology-Immunology, College of Graduate Studies • 943 Biochemistry, Pathology, Pharmacology Toxicology (Figure 53-2) and Physiology. This proposal was promptly approved by the Faculty and the Board of Trustees. The Board for Regulation of Graduate Studies was created, composed of the Chairmen of Departments, namely: George Bennett (Anatomy), Kenneth Goodner (Bacteriology), Abraham Cantarow (Biochemistry), Peter Herbut (Pathology), Charles Dr. Goodner was elected first Chairman of the Gruber (Pharmacology), and Earl Thomas Board and Dr. William G. Sawitz was appointed (Physiology). In addition, the Dean of the Secretary. The first application was from Sonia Medical College, Dr. W. Harvey Perkins, was also Schorr, and the first Ph.D. was given to Russell appointed. Rules and regulations were formulated Miller in Bacteriology in 195I. and approved by the Faculty and the Board of The members of the Graduate Board were Trustees. They included not only the appointment strong personalities with unique characteristics, of the Medical College Dean to the Board but sharing the common characteristic of being regulating these programs, but also a limitation on short on patience. Dr. Sawirz, as Secretary for the the nwnber of students who could enroll in the Board, was responsible for maintaining records programs. A stipulation was also made that this and scheduling. Although not a voting member he was not an alternate route for a student to gain helped the Board in his quiet diplomatic manner admission to the Medical College. A $500 tuition to calm individual members when their pet was established. projects were threatened. Within an environment in which the conditions for improvement were not easily attained in these early years, much time was spent in debating programs and in experimenting with the educational process. The limitation on the nwnber of students permitted in the program was removed in 1959. Graduate students were recognized as giving more to the education of medical students than they were receiving. It appears that the Executive Faculty had first been concerned that graduate education might interfere with the prime responsibility of the school to educate medical students. With graduate students being teaching assistants in the basic science courses, however, they helped to improve the student-instructor ratio and thus facilitated a more individualized education for medical students. In addition, graduate instructors were of the same age as the medical students and a good rapport was easier to establish. The Third Period (1967-) Under the initiative of Dr. Peter A. Herbut in FIG. 53-2. Graduate students in the Department of Pharmacology (1951); standing, from lett to right: Mr. December, 1967, the third period of graduate Richard Matthews, Jr., Mr. Melvyn 1. Gluckman, and Mr. studies began. Although no Department of Physics Walter W. Baker. Sitting, from left to right: Dr. Thomas existed at the College, arrangements were made C. Aschner, Mr. M:u A. IIcinnch, Jr., and Mr. James with the Bartol Research Foundation of the lnashlma. hanklin Institute Department of Physics to have 94-4 • Thomas Jefferson University Michigan (1948), and a Ph.D. (Biological Chemistry) also from the latter institution (1951). Mter teaching biological chemistry at the University of Michigan (1951-1953), he transferred to Temple University School of Medicine (1953 1970) where he rose to Professor of Biochemistry and Associate Dean of the Graduate School (1966 1970). His Deanship at Jetferson in 1970 included it recognized as the Department of Physics at a Professorship in Biochemistry. Jefferson. This provided a mechanism for this Dean Baldridge undertook the responsibility of group to offer a graduate program, the degrees having the new