Norway: a Study of the Educational System of Norway and a Guide to the Academic Placement of Students in Educational Institutions in the United States

Home , 1947 in Norwegian music, 1959 in Norwegian music, Akademiet Norge, Bekkestua, Blaker, Blindern (station)

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 399 870 HE 029 505

AUTHOR Feagles, Shelley M.; Dickey, Karlene N. TITLE Norway: A Study of the Educational System of Norway and a Guide to the Academic Placement of Students in Educational Institutions in the United States. Country Report. PIER World Education Series. INSTITUTION American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, Washington, D.C.; NAFSA Association of International Educators, Washington, DC REPORT NO ISBN-0-929851-22-6 PUB DATE 94 NOTE 223p. AVAILABLE FROM PIER Publications, P.O. Box 231, Annapolis Junction, MD 20701 (members $35, non-members $50). PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) Guides Non-Classroom Use (055)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Academic Standards; Adult Education; Apprenticeships; Certification; College Admission; College Curriculum; Colleges; Correspondence Study; Curriculum Design; *Degrees (Academic); Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign Countries; Foreign Students; Governance; Grading; Higher Education; Institutional Characteristics; Intellectual Disciplines; International Educational Exchange; Language of Instruction; Records (Forms); *Student Placement; Student Records; Study Abroad; Universities IDENTIFIERS *Norway

ABSTRACT The guide describes the educational system of Norway, primarily to assist in placement of Norwegian students in U.S. schools and for transfer of credits. An introductory chapter gives background about Norway and its people, educational governance, and language of instruction. The second chapter outlines the system of preschool, primary, and lower secondary education, including curriculum design and grading practices, and the third chapter describes aspects of the secondary system, its curriculum, grading, college matriculation requirements, apprenticeship training, and international baccalaureate. The bulk of the report is devoted to higher education including information on the academic year, financial aid, student services, governance, and the dual university/college system listing the requirements and institutional characteristics of each. The curriculum and degrees of each major field of study are also detailed. Additional chapters provide information on adult and correspondence education, international exchange programs and study abroad opportunities, and advice for admissions officers concerning transfer of credits and evaluation of credentials, and placement. Sample records and forms are presented within the text. Lists of trades in which apprenticeshipsare offered, with program length, and institutions in the formal higher education system are appended. A Norwegian-English glossary is also included. (MSE) PIER World Education Series

4.1

American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers

1(/ NAFSA: BEST COPY. AVAILABLE Association of International "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS Educators rk. 4 MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Researchand Improvement AACRAO EDU ATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMAI1ON CENTER (ERIC) Thos document has beenreproduced as received from the person or organization originating It. O Minor changes have been reproduction quality. made to Improve TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." Points of view or opinions statedin this docu- men, do not necessarily representofficial OE RI position or policy. 2 Norway A Study of the Educational System of Norway and a Guide to the Academic Placement of Students in Educational Institutions in the United States

Shelley M. Feagles Senior Evaluator/Director of Communications Educational Credential Evaluators Inc.

Karlene N. Dickey Associate Dean of Graduate Studies Emerita Stanford University COUNTRY Scandinavian Project Director

REPORT A World Education Series Publication Sponsored by 1994 the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, NAFSA: Association of International Educators, and The College Board

Washington, DC

Placement Recommendations and Grade Equivalencies Approved by the National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Feagles, Shelley M. Norway : a study of the educational system of Norway and a guide to the academic placement of students in educational institutions in the United States / Shelley M. Feagles, Karlene N. Dickey. p. cm. (World education series) "Placement recommendations and grade equivalencies approved by the National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials." Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-929851-22-6 1. EducationNorwayEvaluation. 4. College creditsNorwayEvaluation. 5. School credits United States. 6. College creditsUnited States. 7. Norwegian studentsUnited States. I. Dickey, Karlene N. II. American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers. III. Title. IV. Series LA892.F43 1994 94-9985 370'.9481dc20 CIP

American Association of Collegiate Registrars MiM1a M1 and Admissions Officers 1=11 NMI NNW MOM/ One Dupont Circle, NW, Suite 330 III=1/ WM MI Washington, DC 20036-1171 E TEL: (202) 293-9161 FAX: (202) 872-8857 AACRAOImmo=

NAFSA: Association of International Educators 1875 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 1000, NW Washington, DC 20009-5728 TEL: (202) 462-4811 FAX: (202) 667-3419 NAFSA 41

The American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, founded in 1910, is a nonprofit, voluntary professional education association of degree-granting postsecondary institutions, government agencies, private educational organizations, and education-oriented businesses. Its goal is to promote higher education and further the professional development of members working in admissions, enrollment management, financial aid, institutional research, records, and registration.

NAFSA: Association of International Educators is a nonprofit membership association that provides training, information, and other educational services to professionals in the field of international educational exchange. Its 6,500 membersfrom the United States and more than 50 countriesmake it the largest professional membership association concerned with the advancement of effective international educational exchange in the world.

©1994 American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers and NAFSA: Association of International Educators. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from AACRAO or NAFSA.

Copies may be obtained from PIER Publications for $35 (members)/$50 (nonmembers). To order additional copies or to get more information on available volumes in the World Education Series, contact PIER Publications at (301) 317-6588. Projects for International Education Research

Projects for International Education Research (PIER) isan interassociational committee of appointed representatives from the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers (AACRAO), NAFSA: Association of International Educators, with the participation of The College Board. PIER is a 1990 merger of two committees of longstanding, the World Education Series Committee of AACRAO and the PIER Committee of AACRAO and NAFSA. PIER is charged with assessing the need for information on educationsystems throughout the world that can be used by college and university admissions officers in the admission and placement of foreign students and scholars in institutions of higher education in the United States, publishing reportson these systems, and developing workshops and seminars on the admission and placement of foreign students. Four types of publications make up the World Education Series: fullcountry studies, workshop reports, special reports, and working papers. Among the topics covered are the different levels of education, admission andprogram requirements, grading systems, credentials awarded, study abroadprograms, and institutions. Placement recommendations, when included,are approved by the National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials. The PIER Committee oversees the selection of topics, authors, and reviewers.

Projects for International Education Research Committee A Joint Committee of AACRAO and NAFSA

AACRAO Hits Chair: William H. Smart, Director of Sponsored Student Programs, International Education, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Margery J. Ismail, Director Emerita of International Student Services, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Sylvia K. Higashi, Assistant Dean, College of Continuing Education and Community Service, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI NAFSAMEMBERS Kathleen Sellew, Research and Professional Development, Office of International Education, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN Patricia Parker, Assistant Director of Admissions, Iowa State University, Ames, IA Cynthia Fish, Assistant Director of Admissions, CUNY-Baruch College, New York, NY THECOLLEGE BOARD MEMBER Sanford C. Jameson, Director, International Education Office, The College Board, Washington, DC Ex- OFFICIO MEMBERS WiTuirmiT VoTE AACRAOWayne E. Becraft, Executive Director, AACRAO, Washington, DC NAFSANaomi Collins, Executive Vice President & CEO; NAFSA: Association of International Educators, Washington, DC OBSERVERS Agency for International DevelopmentDale E. Gough, Director, AACRAO-AID/Office of International Education Services, Washington, DC United States Information AgencyMary Reeber, Chief, Advising and Student Services Branch, Office of Academic Programs, USIA, Washington, DC STAFF AACRAO--Henrianne K. Wakefield, Assistant Executive Director, Communications, AACRAO, Washington, DC NAFSALinda H. Callihan, Program Manager, Field Services; Jeanne-Marie Duval, Senior Director, Educational Programs; NAFSA: Association of International Educators, Washington, DC 5 iii National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials and the Placement Recommendations In This Full Country Study

The placement recommendations published in this PIER full country study have been approved by the National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials (the Council) in consultation with its authors. The Council was established to provide guidance on foreign educational credentials for US institutions of higher education. It is the only interassociational body in the United States specifically organized to perform this role. Membership of the Council reflects the diversity of US educational institutions for which recommendations are made. Member organizations are the American Association of Community Colleges (AACC), the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers (AACRAO), the American Council on Education (ACE), The College Board, the Council of Graduate Schools (CGS), the Institute of International Education (IIE), and NAFSA: Association of International Educators. Observers from US organizations interested in international education include the United States Information Agency (USIA), the Agency for International Development (AACRAO-AID), and the New York State Education Department. Their representatives for 1993-94 are listed below. See page 120 for a description of the Council's role, and a guide to the understanding of its placement recommendations for this volume.

Members of the National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials

Chair: Karen Lukas, Assistant Director of Admissions, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN (represents AACRAO) Past Chair: Caroline Aldrich-Langen, Associate Director, Admissions and Records, California State University-Chico, Chico, CA (represents AACRAO) REPRESENTATIVES OF MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS AACC James McKinney, Director, External Relations, AACC, Washington, DC AACRAOWilliam H. Smart, Director of Sponsored Student Programs, International Education, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Chair of PIER) ACEBarbara Turlington, Director, International Education, ACE, Washington, DC The College BoardMarcelle Heerschap, Director, Office of Admissions, The American University, Washington, DC; Sanford C. Jameson, Director, Office of International Education, The College Board, Washington, DC (business meetings only) CGSJames Siddens, Assistant Dean, Graduate School, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH IIENicole Morgenstern, Director, Placement and Special Services Division, 11E, New York, NY NAFSAMargarita Sianou, World Education Services, Inc., New York, NY; Ellen Silverman, University Admissions Processing Center/CUNY, Brooklyn, NY; Robert Watkins, Assistant Director of Admissions, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX REPRESENTATIVES FROM OBSERVER ORGANIZATIONS AACRAO-AIDDale Gough, Director, AACRAO-AID/Office of International Education Services, Washington, DC USIAMary Reeber, Chief, Advising and Student Services Branch, Office of Academic Programs, USIA, Washington, DC NY State Education Department .Susan Fuller, Credentials Assessment, State Education Department, Albany, NY AACRAOHenrianne K. Wakefield, Assistant Executive Director, Communications, AACRAO, Washington, DC

6 Contents Acknowledgements

Map of Norway

Diagram of the General Structure of the Educational System

Chapter I. Introduction 1

Norway and Its People 1

Introduction to the Educational System 1

Governance of Education 1 Language of Instruction 2

Chapter II. Preschool, Primary, and Lower Secondary Education 3 Preschool Education 3 Primary and Lower Secondary Education: The Grunnskole 3 Curriculum 3 Grading 3

Chapter III. Upper Secondary Education 5 Legal Basis 5 Admission to Upper Secondary School 6 Documentation and Grading 6 College and University Matriculation Requirements 7 Curricula 8 The Areas of Study 8 Apprenticeship Training 21 Teknisk Fagskole (Technical School) 22 Private Upper Secondary Schools 22 International Baccalaureate 22

Chapter IV. Higher Education 26 Overview of Higher Education 26 Academic Year 26 State Educational Loan Fund 26 Student Welfare Organizations 26 Supervision of Education 27 Overview of Legislation and Transfer Credit 27 A Dual System of Education: The University and College Sectors 28 Provisions for Academic Transfer Within Norway: The Candidatus /Candidata Magisterii (Cand. Mag.) Degree 28 The University Sector 29 Universities and Specialized University-Level Institutions 29 Admission Requirements and Procedures 29 Grading at the Tertiary Level 32

v Structure of Degree Programs 32 The Basic University Degree in Arts and Sciences 32 Faculties Offering the Basic University Degree in Arts and Sciences 34 Advanced University Degrees in Arts and Sciences 35 Professionally Oriented Degrees 35 Master's Degrees 36 Doctoral Degrees 36 The Universities 36 Universitetet i Bergen (University of Bergen) 38 Universitetet i Oslo (University of Oslo) 41 Universitetet i Tromso (University of Tromso) 42 Universitetet i Trondheim (University of Trondheim) 44 The College Sector 45 Admission Requirements 45 Grading at Colleges 46 Credentials Awarded by Colleges 46 Hfigskolekandidat (College Candidate) 46 Credentials for a Specific Profession 46 Advanced Degree Programs 48 The Hogskolesenter (College Center) 48 Distriktshgskolene (Regional Colleges) 53

Chapter V. Education by Fields of Study 56 Agriculture 56 Architecture 57 Business and Economics 57 Institutions Offering Business and Economics Programs 61 Education (Teacher Training) 65 College of Education Programs 65 Teacher Training Programs Offered at Other Colleges and Universities 70 Teaching Ranks 71 Engineering 71 The Professional Degree in Engineering 72 Doctoral Degrees in Engineering 76 The Degree of Ingenior (Engineer) 76 Opportunities for Further Education for the Ingenior 76 Other Programs for Engineers 77 Maritime Education 81 Safety Engineering 81 Fine Arts Education 82 Art and Design 82 Ballet and Dance 83 Music 84 Theater 86

vi Health Professions 86 Allied Health Sciences 86 Audiography 86 Bioengineering (Medical Laboratory Technology) 87 Interpreter's Education for the Hearing Impaired 87 Occupational Therapy 87 Physical Therapy and Mensendieck Physical Therapy 87 Prosthetics and Orthotics 89 Radiography 89 Dental Hygiene and Dentistry 89 Medicine 90 Nursing 91 Nutrition and Food Technology 94 Pharmacy and Prescriptionist Education 95 Public Health 96 Veterinary Medicine 96 Hotel and Restaurant Management and Training 97 Journalism 98 Law 98 Library Science 99 Military and Police Education 99 Physical Education and Sport 102 Psychology 102 Sociology; Social Work, Child Welfare, and Local Government Administration; and Social Education 103 Theology/Religious Studies 106

Chapter VI. Correspondence and Adult Education 111 Correspondence Education 111 Adult Education 111 Education in Norwegian Language and Culture 112

Chapter VII. Internationalization and Study Abroad Opportunities 113 Nordic Cooperation 113 International Programs 113 Study Abroad Programs for US Students 114

Chapter VIII. Advice for Admissions Officers 116 Upper Secondary School 116 Degrees and Diplomas 116 Grade Reports/Transcripts 116 Nasjonalt Koordinerende Utvalg/NKU (National Coordinating Commission) Recommendations 117 Role of the National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials 118

9 vii Guide to the Understanding of Placement Recommendations 118 Placement Recommendations 121

Appendix A. Trades in Which Apprenticeships Are Offered and the Length of Each Program 146

Appendix B. Institutions in the Formal System of Higher Education 151

Norwegian-English Glossary 155

Useful References 158

Index 159

Tables 2.1. Allocation of Teaching Periods per Week in theCrunnskok 4 3.1. Normal Allocation of 45-Minute Teaching Periods in the General Studies Area Introduced in 1990-91 12 4.1. Different Study Combinations Leading to the UniversityCand. Mag. in the Faculty of Arts 37 4.2. Professionally Oriented Degree Programs 37 4.3. Master's Degree Programs, 1993 38 4.4. Doctoral Degree Programs, 1993: "New" Type 39 4.5. Profession-Specific Qualifications Awarded by College Sector Institutions With Years of Study Required 49 5.1. Summary of Teacher Training Requirements 66 5.2. Colleges of Education, 1993 68 5.3. Mechanical Engineering Curriculum Offered at Norges Tekniske Hogskole, Heating and Refrigeration Option 75 5.4. Institutions Awarding the Degree ofIngenior,1993 78 5.5. General Framework of Engineering Programs Leading to the Degree ofIngenifir 79 5.6. Other Programs Offered by Engineering Colleges, 1993 80 5.7. Institutions Offering Education in the Allied Health Sciences, 1993 88 5.8. Nursing Colleges With Specialties Offered, 1993 92 5.9. Institutions Offering Education in Child Welfare, Local Government Administration, Social Education, and Social Work, 1993 105

10 viii Charts 3.1. Structure of Academic Programs in the Videregdende Skole 11 3.2. Area of Study for Hdndverks- og Industrifag (Technical and Industrial Subjects), Mechanics Branch 15 3.3. Tracks for Completion of Apprenticeship Programs 23 4.1. General Structure of University Degrees 40 5.1. Business and Economics Higher Education Institutions Offering Business and Economics Programs 62 5.2. Technical and Engineering Education 73

Sample Documents 3.1. Vitnemdl fra den Videregdende Skolen (Certificate from the Upper Secondary School) 7 3.2 Certificate of Upper Secondary Education, Area of Study for Commercial and Clerical Subjects: Advanced Course I-Office and Administration Branch (English Version) 14 3.3 Certificate Received at the End of Crunnkurs in the Technical and Industrial Subjects 16 3.4. Certificate Received at the End of Videregdende Kurs I in the Technical and Industrial Subjects 16 3.5. Certificate Received at the End of Videregdende Kurs II in Technical and Industrial Subjects 17 3.6. Certificate from tipper Secondary School, Apprentices' School 24 3.7. Certificate from a Teknisk Fagskole (Technical School) 25 4.1. Candidatusla Magisterii (Cand. Mag.) Degree Awarded by Regionale Hfigskoler (Regional Colleges) 30 4.2. Candidata /us Magisterii (Cand. Mag.) Degree Awarded by the University of Oslo (English Version) 31 4.3. Hogskolekandidat from a Two-Year Program of Study 47 4.4 Hogskokkandidat from a Three-Year Program of Study 47 5.1. Sivilingenifir Degree Awarded by the Norwegian Institute of Technology (English Version) 74 5.2 Sivilingeniffr Degree Awarded by the University of Tromso 74 5.3. Ingenifir (Engineer) Degree Awarded by Trondheim Engineering College 77 8.1. Certificate of Attendance, Official Transcript, Issued by the Faculty of Arts of the University of Oslo (English Version) 117

ix Acknowledgements

The opportunity to visit Norway to undertake the research for the PIER volume on the country's educational system was an exciting one. This truly beautiful country and its people welcomed us everywhere we went. We learned to use the trikk(trolley) to travel all around Olso. We saw Lillehammer in an early October snowstorm, explored Trondheim and its magnificent cathedral in the early morning, enjoyed a fascinating drive through Bodo on snow-covered streets and had a wonderful weekend in Tromso (300 miles north of the Arctic Circle) which was glistening with early snow fallen the week before. Later we received warm welcomes in Stavanger, before we headed on to Bergen, one of Norway's most interesting cities. Everywhere we went school administrators spent untold hours sharing their knowledge with us and patiently explaining their programs, their educational philosophy, and their country. We are most grateful to the Norwegian Ministry of Education, Research and Church Affairs which provided all the funding for the project. We are of course particularly appreciative of the support from Jean Nes land Olsen and others from the Department of International Relations of the University of Oslo who were charged with looking after us. Jean is a wonderful friend and did all she could to make our trip and the preparation of our manuscript a success. Olve Sorensen deserves particular thanks for making detailed arrangements for our visit, and, along with Sidsel AgArd Kaltenborn and Torhild Leer, for answering our numerous follow-up questions. Eva Tank-Nielsen of the Norwegian Information Service, New York, was a strong supporter of the project throughout. In the United States, Hanne Solna provided us with invaluable assistance with the Norwegian language. Linda Callihan of the NAFSA central office was very helpful in handling the details of the funding. The PIER Committee supplied us with a laptop and printer, which were a bit ornery at times, but invaluable, if heavy, travelling companions. Henrianne Wakefield of AACRAO took on the mammoth job of simultaneously preparing the three Scandinavian volumes for publishing. She served as a patient editor who was always helpful and supportive of our efforts.

Shelley M. Feagles Karlene N. Dickey Senior Evaluator! Associate Dean of Director of Communications Graduate Studies Email° Educational Credential Evaluators, Inc. Stanford University

12 x Map: Norway

0 o

00 NARVIK

STEINKJERI 0 LEVANGER TRONDHEIM MOLE ALESUND VOLDA FORDE S NDAL RENA -LILLEHAMMER GJOVIK BERGEN HONEFOSS OSLO KONGSBERG 0 HAUGESUND HORTEN SARPSBORG PROSGRUNN HALDEN STAVANGER

GRIMSTAD KRISTIANSAND

13 xi General Structure of the Educational System

College Sector, University Sector

doctoral degrees 2

2 cand. phllol. 1.5 cand. pollt. cand. sclent. 1 map. art.

7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 -4 regional cand. mag. I 3.5 embetsstudier hegskolekandidat 0z 3 cand. mag. (professionally oriented) 2 degrees Q hogskolekandidat (college candidate) 0 1 aD w u. 0 3 co videregaende skole cc 2 (upper secondary school) >- 1 i 9 I ungdomsskole 8 (lower secondary school) 7

6 5 4 bameskole 3 (primary school) 2

1 Age71 xii 14 Chapter ! INTRODUCTION

Norway and Its People branch includes the monarch, a prime minister, and the State Council (cabinet). There is a two-house The Land of the Midnight Sun, the Kingdom of parliament (Stoning) system: the upper house is the Norway (Kongeriket Norge), is one of the five Nor- Lagting and the lower house the Odelsting. dic countries (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Norway has been an independent country since and Iceland). Its total area is just over 125,000 square 1905, when it gained its independence from Swe- miles, slightly larger than the state of New Mexico. den. The constitution was declared on 17 May 1814. The extensive coastline including the fjords and May 17 (Constitution Day) remains a national holi- major offshore islands is about 12,500 miles long day. (equal to half the distance around the world). One- Norway maintains three branches of the mili- third of the country lies north of the Arctic Circle. tary: The Royal Norwegian Army, the Royal Norwe- At its greatest length it is 1,100 miles; its greatest gian Navy, and the Royal Norwegian Air Force. width measures only 270 miles. It is bordered by Compulsory military service for males lasts 12 to 15 Finland, Sweden, and Russia. Though only 3% of months. the land is arable, Norway is a prosperous nation The Norwegian currency is the Krone (NOK) mainly due to large crude oil and natural gas re- 100 ore. The exchange rate with the US dollar in serves. June 1993 was 6.7 NOK = US $1.00. Norway has 19 counties(fylke):Akershus, Aust- Agder, Buskerud, Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, Introduction to the Educational More og Romsdal, Nordland, Nord-Trondelag, Op- System pland, Oslo, Rogaland, Sogn og Fjordane, Sor-Tron- delag, Telemark, Troms, Vest-Agder, Vestfold, and The entire system of education in Norway, from Ost fold. primary education to higher education, is based on The capital city is Oslo with a population of the principle of education for all and equal access to 450,000. Other large cities include Bergen (220,000), education. The government ministry responsible Trondheim (190,000), Stavanger (99,000), and for education states that "One aim has primacy over Tromso (52,000). Seventy percent of the population all the others: that the education and training pro- of 4,247,000 (in 1990) live in urban areas. Although vided for everyone should be as equal and impartial a majority of the people are primarily Norwegian, as possible, independent of social and economic there is a racial-cultural minority of 20,000 Sarni background, residence, gender, age, functional- (Lapps). Ninety-four percent of the Norwegian skill, or ethnic background." people subscribe to the religion of the state church, Evangelical Lutheran. GOVERNANCE OF EDUCATION The two official languages are &km,/ ("book" Norwegian), which has its roots in the Danish lan- The parliament controls all educational matters guage, and nynorsk ("new" Norwegian) derived from through the Ministry of Education, Research and the synthesis of several Norwegian dialects. In ad- Church Affairs with two exceptions. The Agricul- dition, the Simi people speak Sarni. The country tural University of Norway and the Norwegian Col- enjoys a literacy rate of 100%. lege of Veterinary Medicine are the responsibility of Norway's government is a constitutional monar- the Ministry of Agriculture. Preschool education, chy. The present king is Harald V. The executive which is not part of the system of formal education,

15 1 Introduction

is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Child and LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION Family Affairs. The educational system in the 1990s under- Beginning with primary school, studentsare in- went a period of reorganization, from the composi- structed in the two official languages of Norway: tion of individual colleges to the national govern- bokmdl ("book" Norwegian) and nynorsk ("new" ment's educational administration. In 1992 a Central Norwegian). Local educational authorities decide Government Education Office was established in which language is the written language of instruc- each county. Most of the National Advisory Council, tion in the primary and lower secondary schools, but which represented various sectors of the educational students in the upper secondary schools normally system to the Ministry of Education, Research and are instructed in both. Textbooks are written simul- Church Affairs, including the National Council for taneously in bokmdl and nynorsk. Upper Secondary Education and the National The Sarni (Lapp) people may speak Simi as Council for Basic Education, was abolished. The their first or second language, and Norwegian as tasks they performed are now the responsibility of their first or second language. Instruction in Simi is the Ministry, the National Center for Educational available for students enrolled in primary and lower Resources, and the new Central Government Edu- secondary education, and students have the right to cation Offices of the counties. use Sarni in examinations through the upper secondary level. Compulsory study of English begins in grade 3 and continues through upper secondary school.

16 2 Chapter II PRESCHOOL, PRIMARY, AND LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION

Preschool Education resents the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth years in the usual pattern of education. Students may enroll in Preschool education is the responsibility of the this program to better prepare for upper secondary Ministry of Child and Family Affairs and is not part school or to complete additional studies if they do of the system of formal education. Optional pre- not intend to enroll in an upper secondary school school education for children aged 1 through 6 is program. Students may complete additional offered by barnehager (daycare centers or kindergar- grunnskole-level elective subjects, or repeat pre- tens). viously studied subjects.

Primary and Lower Secondary CURRICULUM Education: The Grunnskole The national curriculum forgrunnskok prepared Both primary education and lower secondary edu- by the Ministry of Education, Research and Church cation are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Affairs is provided in Table 2.1. Education, Research and Church Affairs. However, the day-to-day management of the schools is the GRADING responsibility of the local municipalities. Nine years of education have been compulsory Informal academic assessments are provided to for children aged 7 to 16 since 1969. Until then only parents or guardians at least twice per year for stu- seven years of education were compulsory. In 1989, dents in grades 1 through 6. Students in grades 7 100% of the age cohort was enrolled in compulsory through 9 are assigned grades for compulsory sub- education or the grunnskole (basic school). In 1994 jects and a final nationally prepared written exami- Parliament voted that compulsory education would nation is administered. Successful completion of begin at age 6 by 1997. This extends the compulsory compulsory education results in the award of a vit- education period to 10 years. nemdl fragrunnskolen (certificate from basic school). The nine years of grunnskole are divided into two The grading scale used in lower secondary segments: six years of primary school (barneskole) school is as follows: and three years of lower secondary school (ungdomsskole). Teaching follows a standardized national 6 sem godt sg excellent curriculum. Each class is kept together with the 5 meget godt mg very good same teacher throughout barneskole. In many cases, the class moves to another school at grade 7, but the 4 gods g good students are kept together as a class unit. Grades 3 noksd godt ng passable may not be repeated, so class teachers must ensure 2 lite godt barely passing that students are provided with instruction appro- Ig priate to their individual abilities. 1 ikke godt ig failure An additional tenth year of education is offered deltatt participated by some lower secondary schools. While this is chronologically a tenth year of education, it does not lead to exemptions from coursework in the videregdende skole (upper secondary school), which rep-

17 3 Prachool, Primary, and Lower Secondary Education

Table 2.1.Allocation of Teaching Periods per Week in the Grunnskole

Lower Subject Primary Stage Secondary Total Years 1-3 4-6 1-6 7-9 Religious Instruction 6 6 12 6 Norwegian 20 16 36 14 Mathematics 14 11 25 11 English° 3 7 10 9 Civics 6 15 21 Social Studies 9 Natural Science 8 Music 3 6 9 3 Arts and Crafts 4 12 16 5 Physical Education 4 6 10 8 Home Economics 3 3 Optional Subjects" 11 Subtotal 60 82 142 88 Course Determined by Local 5 Schools Total 60 82 147 88 Practical, Social and Cultural Work 50* 75* 125* 150* Pupil and Class Council 30* 60* 90* 2

Source: Ministry of Education, Research and Church Affairs, 1993. English as a foreign language is at present introduced in the third grade, or at the age of 9. second foreign language is no longer compulsory but is offered as an optional subject at the lower secondary stage. Although optional, aims and specifications for the second foreign language are indicated for Finnish, French, German, and Spanish. At present, about 40% of pupils in lower secondary school opt for a second language, mainly German or French. *Total number of weekly hours of weekly lessons in a three-year period. The activities are integrated into all subjects.

18 4 Chapter III UPPER SECONDARY EDUCATION,, ' we

Upper secondary education consists of both aca- international co-responsibility." (Upper Secondary demic and vocational studies, including apprentice- Education Act of 1974) ship training, which is offered beyond the nine years In 1976, following the Upper Secondary Educa- of compulsory education. It encompasses the tenth, tion Act of 1974, all academic secondary schools, eleventh, and twelfth years of formal education, trade schools, commercial schools, domestic science and, on occasion, a thirteenth year in vocational schools, schools of arts and crafts, and maritime fields. Typically students aged 16 to 19 attend, schools providing pretertiary education were com- although it is open to older students who wish to bined into one unitary school system--videregelende complete or continue their education. Some stu- skole educationfor students over 16 years of age dents also complete studies at this level while under who had completed compulsory education. In 1990 apprenticeship contract with a company. the schools ofagriculture were also incorporated into The academic calendar in upper secondary this structure. school consists of 190 days, or 38 five-day weeks. Students enrolled in videregdendeskole programs There are 30 to 35 forty-five minute periods per could prepare for admission to higher education or week, depending on the curriculum followed. fora vocational qualification. General and vocational courses were often offered in the same school and Legal Basis could in some cases even be combined within the same program. Until complete implementation of Programs offered in videregdendeskole (upper secon- the Upper Secondary Act of 1974, the examen arum dary school) are under the jurisdiction of the Minis- was awarded upon completion of university-pre- try of Education, Research and Church Affairs. The paratory upper secondary education; a variety of Ministry establishes basic policy, acts on entrance vocational credentials were awarded upon comple- requirements, establishes the fields to be taught, tion of vocational and technical education. determines teaching salaries and loads, and sets Upper secondary education reform, which was curriculum guidelines. implemented in the school year 1994-95, was Each county is responsible for providing upper prompted by the fact that many vocational study secondary education and following Ministry policies programs did not provide for sequential three-year and guidelines. The county government annually education; coordination between vocational schools lets each school know how many programs and how and employers was poor; the study of general sub- many student places the school will have in the jects in vocational programs was meager, and the coming year. many options offered were complicating and con- The aim of upper secondary education is to "... fusing the system. prepare students for work and for service in the The main points of the reform are: community, provide a basis for further education, 1.All young people, aged 16 to 19, have a statutory and support the individual student's personal devel- right to three years of upper secondary educa- opment .... [It] shall contribute to increased aware- tion. Young people who are disabled have the ness and understanding of fundamental Christian right to more than three years of training. The values, our national heritage, democratic ideals and counties must guarantee that sufficient school scientific thought and method....[It] shall promote places are available. Each county is required to equal rights and equal opportunities, intellectual establish a follow-up service for those aged 16 freedom and tolerance, ecological awareness and to 19 who are outside the normal educational

5 19 Upper Secondary Education

system (e.g., those who are unemployed, not in education. Students often opt to enter into appren- an apprenticeship, or left school mid-year). ticeships at this point. Students may also take an 2.During the first year of upper secondary school, unlimited number of first-year foundation courses students will choose from 13 foundation courses sequentially in several different study areas and rather than from the more than 100 previously branches. offered. 3.Coordination between vocational training in Documentation and Grading school and on the job will improve. The basic model of vocational training will include two The vitnemdl fra den videregdende skolen (certificate years of in-school training followed by up to two from upper secondary school) is awarded upon suc- years of specialized on-the-job training. cessful completion of upper secondary school. The 4.All areas of study will provide education leading examen artium formerly awarded by academic upper to a specific qualification: either college or uni- secondary school was discontinued in 1984. versity matriculation for students completing an The vitnemdl is common to all upper secondary academic program or a craft certificate for stu- schools. The certificateissued in Norwegian dents completing a vocational program. (either bokmdl or nynorsk), English, French, or Ger- manstates the area of study in which the student Admission to Upper Secondary was enrolled and lists all subjects studied and grades School received throughout the program. It also lists the required subjects (feller allmenne Upon completion of the nine years of compulsory fag) and electives (valgrag) (see sample document basic school (grunnskok), students are not guaran- 3.1). The student's name (navel) and national num- teed admission to any upper secondary program, ber (Fodselsnummer) are on the first line. The date of although 90% enter some program. Students must graduation is listed next, followed by fullfOrt (com- apply to one or more of the 10 areas of study, both pleted). Then a shaded box in which the words og general and vocational. They are admitted on the &sat or og greidd (and passed) must appear to indi- basis of grades received in compulsory school, plus cate the student has passed the full program. Stu- supplementary points given for age, practical expe- dents who attended and did not pass have the same rience, and further education. Beginning in 1994 all certificate, but the shaded box is either blank or has students have the legal right, but not obligation, to a diagonal line drawn through it. three years of upper secondary school; it is expected Hours per week are indicated in the column that 95% of all students will attend all three years. headed Uketimer for each of three years (I dr, 2 dr, 3 One to 5 supplementary points are given for the dr). The numbers below each year show the number 11 obligatory subjects, depending on the grade of hours per week required for the subject. A single achieved. Students who completed compulsory document listing enrollment in all three years is school in the current or previous year receive 4 used for the allmenne fag (general studies) curricu- points; those who finished two years ago receive 1 lum. Documents for each year of study are issued for point, three years ago 2 points, and four years ago 3 the handels- og kontorfag (commercial and clerical points. Extra points are given for up to three years subjects) curriculum. Documents from the other of practical experience, military or civilian service, areas of study appear in either format. or attendance at courses in folkehogskok (folk high The other column headings are Fag (Subject); school). (See Chapter VI.) A maximum of 6 supple- Standpunktkarakter (Grade in the School); Eksamens- mentary points from all sources can be granted. karakter (Grades from National Examination); and Those students admitted to the first year of a Proveform (Type of Examination), either muntlig/M vocational upper secondary program must reapply (oral), skriftligIS (written), or praktiskIP (practical). to continue in the second and third years of study The letter K for kombinert (combined) may be used and again compete for admission on the basis of for examinations that are both written and oral. Ar points for grades, practical experience in the voca- (Year) indicates the year that grade was given or the tional area, and satisfactory completion of prereq- examination was taken. uisites. Many vocational branches do not have The Ar (year) column is very important in un- enough places for all students to continue their derstanding the student record. After leaving upper 20 6 Upper. Secondary Education

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Document 3.1.%nem& fra den lidengliende Skolen (Certificate from the Upper Secondary School)

secondary school, students may improve their examinations, though all students must sit the na- grades and have their record changed by attending tional written examinations in both bokmdl and private tutoring schools and retaking the national nynorsk. Students usually sit for one additionalna- examination in any subject. When they present the tional examination in a general studies subject. national examination certificate to the school they Separate grades are given for overall achieve- attended, their new grades are entered and the ment in the class (standpunktkarakter), and for the original grades deleted. The only clue to this change national examinations (eksamenskarakter) taken. The in grades is the year in which the examinationwas national examinations are prepared and corrected by given. Sample document 3.1 shows the student a separate commission of examiners, who are usually started school in 1985 and completed studies in experienced teachers. Students who fail a subject 1988. The record shows grades given in three sub- must reapply to continue in the next year of study jects (English, German, and Natural Sciences) in and will only be admitted if there are extra spaces. 1991. These are from national examinations in those Information on grading appears on page 8. subjects taken three years after the completion of upper secondary studies. Normally when the new College and University Matriculation grades are entered, the standpunktkarakter is deleted Requirements (in this particular sample, it was not). National examinations are offered in all subjects To qualify for basic college and university matricu- in all three years of study. Not all students, however, lation, students must complete a certain number of take national examinations in all subjects. The Min- hours per week in specific subjects all three years of istry notifies the school of the number of students study. These are usually taken in a foundation who will take different subject examinations. course and advanced courses I and II, although other Groups of students are randomly assigned to sit the routes for matriculation exist.

21 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Upper Secondary Education

Under consideration is the proposal that the branches of specialization in 1994. See "The Areas following subjects be studied over three years for of Study" below. the number of weekly hours noted in parentheses: Some of these programs qualify a student to Norwegian (14), English (5), mathematics (5), social matriculate in tertiary-level institutions. Other pro- sciences (6), and natural sciences (5), plus one year grams provide training for a professional examina- of study in each of six other subjects, including a tion in a vocational field, which, if successfully com- second foreign language. The curricula in the areas pleted, permit the graduate to practice the specific of study that automatically fulfill these matricula- vocation or trade. A few programs provide both tion requirements are allmenne fag (general studies) matriculation and vocational training. and handels- og kontorfag (commercial and clerical subjects). Students completing educational programs in any of the other areas of study may qualify The Areas of Study for matriculation by taking additional coursework. Medical programs, for example, impose addi- The 10 areas of study offered in the videregdende tional entrance requirements in mathematics and skok (upper secondary school) through 1993-94 are: natural sciences; and some specialized programs in allmennefag (general studies);fiskerifag (fishing trade the tertiary sector require different matriculation subjects); handels- og kontorfag (commercial and requirements. Students who have completed an up- clerical subjects); hdndverks- og industrifag (technical per secondary program in a related field may qualify and industrial subjects); husflids- og estetirkefag (crafts for entrance into a program without satisfying all of and aesthetic subjects); husholdningsfag (home eco- the normal matriculation requirements. nomics subjects); idrettsfag (physical education subjects); landbruks- og naturfag (agricultural and rural Curricula subjects); sjeartsfag (maritime subjects); and sosial- og helslag (social studies and health subjects). Through the 1993-94 academic year, upper secon- Within the 10 areas of study, each of the more dary education was divided into 10 areas of study, than 100 specific training branches has its own foun- which were further divided into more than 100 dation course. A number of these branches do not branches of specialization. The system has been offer three-year programs. Instead they offer partial restructured for implementation in 1994. The 10 upper secondary education in one- and two-year areas of study will be divided into only 13 broader programs.

Grading Scale in Upper Secondary School

Suggested English % of US Norwegian Term AbbreviationTranslation Number Students Equivalent saerdeles tilfirdsstillende s.ff. excellent 6 seks 2.1 A+ meget tilfredsstillende m.ff. very good 5 fem 13.6 A

tilfredsstilknde ff. satisfactory 4 fire 24.3 B noenlunde tilfredsstillende ng.f passable 3 tre 27.3 C mdtelig mdt. barely passing 2 to 20.2 D

ikke tilfredsstillende ik.ff. failure 11 ett 9.6 F (no grade) 0 null 2.9 F deltatt deft. participated Satisfactory

1A grade of 1 was passing in either the B or C language in the samfunnsfaglinje (social sciences line) or naturfaglinje (natural sciences line) until 1986 (see Table 3.1).

8 22 Upper Secondary Education

With the reforms implemented in 1994, the general studies area with subjects from the chosen number of one-year foundation courses being of- vocational area, and increase their options for terti- fered has been reduced to 13, each leading to two ary academic study or specific vocational training. additional years of sequential upper secondary edu- Upon completion of a two-year foundation cation. The 13 new foundation courses are: course, students can proceed with either general or 1.allmenne- og okonomisk-administrativ fag (general vocational education, i.e., to advanced course I in the and business studies) vocational area of study or to a one-year course in 2.byggfag (building and commercial trades) general studies or an advanced course I in general 3.elektrofag (electrical trades) studies. Chart 3.1. shows the various videregdende 4.formgivingsfag (arts, crafts, and design studies) skole routes. 5.helse- og sosialfag (health and social studies) Specific requirements of each of the 10 areas of 6.hotel! -og naringsmiddelfag (cooking, waiting, and study offered through 1993 follow in alphabetic food processing trades) order according to the Norwegian terms. 7.idrettsfag (sports and physical education) 1.The allmenne fag (general studies) subject area 8.kjemi- og prosessfag (chemical and processing emphasizes the study of theoretical subjects, trades) and, in comparison to other areas of upper sec- 9.mekaniske fag (engineering and mechanical ondary education, best prepares students for trades) higher education in most academic fields. 10. musikk, dans ogdrama (music, dance, and drama) Twenty hours of common core subjects are 11. naturbruk (agriculture, fishing, and forestry completed over three years. All students follow studies) the same foundation course, which consists of 12. tekniske byggfag (service and technical building common core subjects: Norwegian, English, B- trades) or C-language (see Table 3.1 for an explanation 13. trearbeidsfag (carpentry) of B- or C-language), mathematics, physical In 1992, 40% of the students followed the gen- education, religion, social sciences and natural eral studies track. Twenty-four percent selected sciences. In advanced courses I and II, students technical and industrial subjects. A little over 18% elect an area of study (languages, natural sci- chose commercial and clerical subjects. The remain- ences, social sciences, or music) and choose ing 18% percent were divided among the other optional subjects in any of the areas, in addition seven areas of study. Social studies and health were to the compulsory common core subjects that the most popular, and the fishing trade the least continue from the foundation course. popular. Over three years, students spend a total of In most cases, the areas of study and their at least 20 hours per week on the area of study branches have the same basic structure. A one-year subjects. At least one of the area of study sub- foundation course program (grunnkurs) is followed jects is studied in both advanced courses I and by a two-year advanced course program, referred to II for 8 hours (minimally). Students complete at as advanced course I and II (videregdende kurs IIVK I least 90 hours over the three years. Successful and videregdende kurs II /VK II), for a total of three completion of the general studies area qualifies years of study. A two-year (todrig) foundation course the student for college or university matricula- is followed by a one-year advanced course (VK I), tion. Table 3.1 shows the allocation of teaching which may also be referred to as a pdbygningskurs periods in the general studies area. (supplementary course), also for a total of three years Sample contents of the mathematics and of study. In a few vocational areas an advanced III physics subjects follow: course program (videregdende kurs III or VK III) rep- Mathematics Year 1 (1MA) -1MA, compulsory for resents a fourth year of upper secondary education. all students in the general studies area, includes A few branches in the crafts and aesthetic sub- arithmetic, algebra, and theory of functions. jects area offer a half-year foundation course, which Mathematics Year 2 (2MN and 2MS)- 2MN does not give access to the advanced courses in the (mathematics for natural sciences) focuses on area of study. Many foundation courses in vocational topics important for chemistry, biology, and areas of study can be taken as two-year foundation physics. It is offered five periods per week and courses. Students can combine subjects from the covers algebra, theory of functions, vector calcu-

23 9 Upper Secondary Education

lus, and trigonometry. 2MS (mathematics for fish and shellfish and to further studies in the social studies) covers algebra, theory of func- area. tions, and descriptive statistics. It is offered The fishing industry branch qualifies students either for five periods per week in year 2, or for for employment in different areas of the fishing two hours per week in year 2 plus three hours industry and for work in other industries related per week in year 3. to food production. Mathematics Year 3 (3MN and 3MS) - 3MN is 3.The handels- og kontoffag (commercial and cleri- a continuation of 2MN. It covers geometry, the- cal subjects) area provides three years of educa- ory of functions, and algebra. 3MS is a continu- tion in administrative and economic subjects. ation of 2MS and includes theory of functions Each year forms a complete unit with its own and either probability or computing science. examination and separate diploma. See sample Elective specialized study in mathematics document 3.2. is available in years 2 and 3 in areas such as The foundation course is common to all stu- electronic data processing, differential equa- dents and is structured as follows, with periods tions, mathematical logic, projection drawing, per week noted in parentheses: Common Core probability calculation, series, complex num- SubjectsNorwegian (3), and Physical Educa- bers, matrices and determinants, history of tion (2); Area of Study SubjectsAccounting mathematics, theory of cones, history of relativ- (4), Mathematics (3), Civics and Business Study ity, and mathematics for economists. (3), Correspondence and Documentation (2), Physics Year 2 (2FY) - 2FY topics include me- Typing (4), and English (3); Optional Area of chanics, thermophysics, light and waves, atomic Study SubjectsPractical Clerical Skills or physics, nuclear physics, electricity, and prob- Practical Retailing Skills (5); and Optional Sub- ability. This subject may be taken either for five jects (3), for a total of 32 periods per week. periods per week in year 2 or over years 2 and 3 Advanced course I is divided into two branches: in three periods per week in one year and two Business and Economics, and Office and Ad- periods per week in the other year. ministration. (See course contents in sample Physics Year 3 (3FY) - 3FY topics include me- document 3.2.) chanics, radiation physics, relativity, quantum Advanced course II has five branches: Account- physics, astrophysics, and probability. This sub- ancy (bookkeeping), marketing, data and infor- ject is taken for five periods per week. Prereq- mation processing, tourism and languages, and uisites include 2MN and 2FY. public administration. The course has three 2.The fiskerilag (fishing trade subjects) area of components: Common Core SubjectsNorwe- study offers training for work in the fishing gian and Communication (4), Organization industry. All three branches can provide three Theory (3), English (3), Economics (3), Physical years of training, consisting of a foundation Education (2); Branch Subjects in the area of course and advanced courses I and II. There is specialization, usually built on advanced course also a coastal industry foundation course. Cer- I work (15); and Optional Subjects (2 or 3). tificates may be obtained at the end of each year Successful completion of advanced course of study. None of the branches satisfy university II qualifies the graduate for entrance to univer- matriculation requirements without further sity studies and other tertiary-level academic study. programs as well as a vocational qualification in The fish and fishing branch qualifies graduates the field. for employment both as a fisherman and as a 4.The hdndverks- og industrifag (technical and in- seaman. Students can take examinations that dustrial subjects) area of study provides practi- lead to afagbrev (vocational certificate). Practical cal and theoretical training for many occupa- experience is necessary for acceptance into ad- tions within the manufacturing and service in- vanced course II. dustries. A greater variety of courses is offered The aquaculture branch qualifies students for in this area of study than in any other area of employment in fish and shellfish production on study. completion of advanced course I. Advanced Up until the school year 1993-94, there were 60 course II leads to qualifications in marketing of to 70 foundation courses. A number of these

10 24 Upper Secondary Education

Chart 3.1.Structure of Academic Programs in the lideregaende Skole

2-Year Grunnkurs (Foundation Course) with 1-Year Pabygningskurs Allmenne Fag (Supplementary Yrkesfag (General Studies) Course) (Vocational Studies)

Videregaende Fourth kurs III Year (Advanced Course III)

Pabygningskurs or Videregaende Videregaende kurs I Videregaende Third kurs II kurs II Year (Advanced (Supplementary Course (Advanced Course II) Course II) or Advanced Course I)

I I I

Videregaende Videregaende Second kurs I kurs I Year (Advanced (Advanced Course I) Course I) Grunnkurs, toa 11 g I (Foundation Course, I 2-years) Grunnkurs, Grunnkurs, First ettafig ettarig Year (Foundation Course, (Foundation Course, 1-year) 1-year)

I I I

9-Year Grunnskole (Basic School) or Equivalent

25 11 Upper Secondary Education

Table 3.1. Normal Allocation of 45-Minute Teaching Periods in the General Studies Area Introduced in 1990-91

Common Core Subjects Year 1 2 3 Norwegian/Norsk 4 5 5 Religion/Religion 0 0 3 A-Language* 1A-sprelk 5 0 0 B-Language* IB-sprdk 4 4 0 C-Language* IC-sprdk 4 4 4 Social Stud iesaamfunnslare 2 0 0 Geography/Geografi 0 3 0 History up to 1850IEldre historic 0 3 0 Modern History/Nyere historic' 0 0 4 Science/Naturfag: Biology, Chemistry, 5 5 0 Physics Mathematics/Matematikk 5 0 0 Physical Education/Kroppoving 3 2 3 Total Core Subjects with B-Language 28 17 15 Total Core Subjects with C-Language 28 17 19 Optional Subjects/Study Area Subjects 2 13 15 with B-Language Optional Subjects/Study Area Subjects 2 13 11 with C-Language Total Teaching Periods per Week 30 30 30

*A-language= first foreign language (English); B-language = second foreign language based on introductory course taken in lower secondary school; C-language = foreign language for beginners. All students must study two foreign languages. The alternatives are either A-language English, 3 periods; B-language, 5 periods; or C-language, 4 periods. This requirement can be exempted if the student has taken elective study area subjects which, in combination with compulsory subjects, total at least 28 periods, e.g., mathematics (5+5); physics (5+5); and biology (5+3).

could be taken as two-year foundation courses course; therefore, the choice of advanced course that combine vocational subjects and general I is limited by the student's previous choice of studies. The most popular foundation courses foundation course. There are about 100 courses are in electricity and electronics, mechanical at advanced course I level and approximately 50 subjects, hairdressing, sewing, carpentry, build- courses at advanced course II level. A few sub- ing and construction, the graphic arts, and tech- jects also have courses at advanced course III nical drawing. A number of foundation courses level. Chart 3.2 shows the breakdown of study combine different subject areas, e.g., electron- in the mechanics branch and the options stu- ics and mechanical subjects. dents have over a three-year period. Because training is aimed at specific trades, Graduates of the technical and industrial specialization often begins in the foundation subjects study area are only qualified for univer- 2 6 12 Upper Secondary Education

sity matriculation if they take the general stud- periods per week in years 1 and 2, respec- ies advanced course I in their third year and tively. cover the required university prerequisites. If On completion of the two-year course, students take the advanced course I vocational students can further their education in the course, they may be eligible to enter an in- course in drawing, form, and color, or the geniorhogskole (engineering college). However, a general studies advanced course I, if they preparatory course in academic subjects may be have taken the requisite mathematics required. They are qualified for admission to course and a second language. The supple- tekniske fagskolen (technical schools), described mentary course in drawing, form, and color below. See sample documents 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5 comprises the following Art and Culture for certificates received at the end of each year History (4); Drama (3); Drawing, Form, of study in hdndverks- og industrifag (technical Color (11); Music/Rhythm (2); Norwegian and industrial subjects). (5); Physical Education (2); Religion (3); 5.The husflids- og estetiske fag (crafts and aesthetic Social Studies (4); and Electives (1) for a subjects) area was under extensive review in total of 35 periods per week. 1991-93. There was formerly a domestic handi- Completion of a two-year foundation craft branch offered in many schools, plus four course plus a supplementary course specialized branches: dance and ballet, drama, (pdbygningskurs) qualifies students for ad- crafts, and music. In 1992 the domestic handi- mission to university studies if the students craft branch was merged with the crafts branch. have taken the requisite mathematics The foundation course for crafts will become course, a second foreign language and one the same basic course offered to students in the additional subject from the general area of technical and industrial subjects study area. In studies in both advanced courses I and II. 1994 this study area was renamed formgivingsfag O Advanced course I is based on the founda- (arts, crafts and design studies). tion course, but offers more specialized There are several foundation courses. education. Courses are offered in the fol- The general foundation course prepares stu- lowing subjects: drawing, design, and color; dents for advanced courses in visual communi- sewing and textiles; weaving and knitting; cation, color analysis, and form. Weekly 45-min- woodcarving and metalwork; visual com- ute courses (with the number of periods noted munication (interior design and customer in parentheses) are: Art and Art History (2), guidance); and activity leadership. Color (4), Drawing (6), Form (4), Materials (6), O Advanced course II leads to full specializa- Norwegian (4), Physical Education (2), Social tion in the chosen area. There is also a Studies (2), and Electives (3) for a total of 33 one-year concentrated course in weaving periods per week for students who have completed the three 0 One-year foundation courses are also of- years of the general studies area. fered in sewing and textiles, drawing, forms Study in the branches of music, ballet and and color. These specialized foundation dance, and drama are offered at very few secon- courses prepare students for advanced work dary schools in Norway. Each branch has its own in related subjects. structure, described below. A two-year foundation course com- The Music Branch offers a two-year founda- bines drawing, form, and color with drama tion course which includes 45-minute periods of and music. The program is as follows (with study per week in years 1 and 2, as follows: periods in years 1 and 2, respectively, indi- Coaching Theory and Anatomy (1/1); Electives cated in parentheses): Art and Culture His- (9/4); English (5/5); Geography (3/0); History to tory (0/4); Civics (2/0); Drama (3/3); Draw- 1850 (0/3); Music (11/15); Norwegian (4/5); Sci- ing, Form, Color (6/6); English (5/0); Geog- ence (5/0); and Social Studies (2/0) for a total of raphy (0/3); History to 1850 (0/3); Mu- 40/33 periods per week in years 1 and 2, respec- sic/Rhythm (2/2); Norwegian (4/5); Physical tively. Education (2/2); Science and Materials The two-year foundation course in music (2/3); and Electives (9/4) for a total of 35/35 gives access to the supplementary music course

27 13 Upper Secondary Education

1 a .1-1 t 1 71 I Z 1 8 8 2 li a I I 1 11111

1 I 1 .bbliHill b 1 iilia- 1 1 v mil g I liuhil a 1 la IS 8 3 33,.111illirm4 0 I \ as I I k SI I

Document 3.2.Certificate of Upper Secondary School Education, Area of Study for Commercial and Clerical Subjects: Advanced Course IOffice and Administration Branch (English Version)

or the general studies advanced course II, pro- course I if the student has taken mathematics viding the student has taken mathematics and and a second foreign language. a second language. Students who complete the The supplementary ballet course prepares general studies advanced course II are qualified for admission to the Statens balletthogskole for admission to university study. Those who (National College of Ballet and Dance). Studies complete the supplementary music course are in addition to classical ballet, jazz ballet, and qualified for admission to the Norges mu- modern ballet include Norwegian (five 45-min- sikkhogskole (Norwegian State Academy of ute periods a week); History since 1850 (4); Music) in Oslo and to the music conservatories. Music (2); Religion (3); and English (5). For In theBallet Branchthe two-year founda- admission to the universities, students must tion course parallels the music branch, except have completed the supplementary ballet that the study of ballet is substituted. Students course plus the requisite mathematics course, a study classical ballet, jazz ballet, and modern second foreign language, and one additional ballet for 10-11 periods per week in the first year subject from the general area of studies in both and 14-15 periods in the second year. The foun- advanced course I and II. dation course gives access to the supplementary TheDrama Branchoffers a two-year foun- ballet course or to the general studies advanced dation course, followed by a one-year advanced

14 28 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Upper Secondary Education

Chart 3.2. Area of Study for Hantiverks- og Industrifag (Technical and Industrial Subjects), Mechanics Branch

Advanced Course I Advanced Course II

Automotive Mechanic Mechanic- Automotive Industry

Industrial Mechanic

Automation Fitter Automation Fitter

Tool Maker Tool Maker Machine Worker Machine Worker

Sheet and Welding Sheet and Welding Non-Destructive Material Testing

Surface and Surface and Corrosion Treatment Corrosion Treatment

Repairer of Light Vehicles

Automotive Mechanic Repairer of Heavy Vehicles

Auto Repairer

Foundation Course Engine Mechanic Engine Mechanic

Agriculture Mechanic Agriculture Mechanic

Construction Machine Construction Machine Mechanic Mechanic

Construction Driver

Transportation Business Adjustment Course

Vehicle Partsman

Precision Mechanic Precision Mechanic

Gunsmith Gunsmith

Freezer Electrician Freezer Electrician

Air Mechanic Air Mechanic

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Document 3.5.Certificate Received at the End of Vtdergelende Kan II in Technical and Industrial Subjects

course that combines drama and music, or a two-year foundation courses are offered in cook- one-year foundation course, followed by ad- ery; cookery, waiting and home economics; and vanced courses I and II that combine languages home economics (discontinued in 1991-92). with drama studies. Completion of the combined foundation An Activity Leader Program follows the foun- course in cookery, waiting and home economics dation course in crafts and is a two-year ad- qualifies students for admission to all the advanced course with the following curriculum vanced courses in home economics. The other (periods per week in years 1 and 2, respectively, foundation courses qualify students for admis- are in parentheses): Activities Training (16/7); sion only to related advanced courses in the Activity Room Management (1/3); Electives study area. A number of students also enter (2/2); Interaction with Others (4/9); Medical and apprenticeships in the field after the foundation Health Studies (4/5); Norwegian (2/2); Physical course year (see Apprenticeship Training). Education (2/2); Psychology, Ethics and Peda- Foundation courses include study in Nor- gogy (2/3); and Social Studies (2/2) for a total of wegian, Physical Education, Mathematics for 35/35 periods per week. the Trade, English, Hygiene, Health Care, and 6.The husholdningsfag (home economics) study specializations of the chosen field. area offers foundation and advanced course I Six subjects are offered at advanced course I courses. level: fresh foodstuffs, cookery, institutional One-year foundation courses are offered in five cookery, environment and maintenance, care of areas: combined health and environment; com- food, and waiting. All include the study of Nor- bined cookery, waiting and home economics; wegian, marketing economics, trade theory, home economics (discontinued in 1991-92); work technique, and specialization subjects. cookery (as a single subject); and waiting. Three This area of study offers a one-year general

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 17 32 Upper Secondary Education

studies course that builds on the two-year foun- (agricultural and rural subjects) which will fulfill dation courses. The general studies course com- college and university general matriculation re- bines common core subjects and home econom- quirements. ics with a specialization in dietary needs. A variety of spesialiseringskurs (specialization Students who follow the waiting, cookery courses) are available for those who have com- and institutional cookery branch may take craft pleted advanced course II A or B, referred to as skill examinations and receive a Craft Certifi- tekniker (technician) courses, in such areas as cate (Fagbrev) as a cook or waiter (Kokk or Ser- working with domestic animals, plant cultiva- vitor). They do not qualify for university mation and research methods, economics and ad- triculation without further study. ministration, etc. The periods of study per week 7.The idrettsfag (physical education) area offers in the agricultural and rural subjects area are one- and two-year foundation courses. Half the listed on page 19. time in the two-year foundation course is de- 9.The sjofartsfag (maritime subjects) area of study voted to general studies and half to physical trains personnel for seafaring and offshore work, education. On completion of the two-year foun- with particular emphasis on training to be a ship dation course, students can follow a one-year machinist. The several branches offer a three- general studies course that combines physical year course of study which, with relevant expe- education and common core subjects, which rience, leads to vocational certificates. qualifies them for university matriculation. The program gives an introduction into The 45-minute periods of study per week maintenance of machine technical equipment in the physical education area in years 1 through and is very practically oriented. The studies are 3 are as follows: Electives (0/0/3), English divided into four branches, each offering ad- (5/0/0), Geography (0/3/0), History to 1850 vanced programs in engine mechanics and ma- (0/3/0), Mathematics (5/0/0), Modern History chinery. These courses lead to the vocational (0/0/4), Norwegian (4/5/5), Religion (0/0/3), Sci- certificates listed below. ence (0/5/0), Second Foreign Language (4/4/4), Electro-automation branch, leading to the Social Studies (2/0/0), Sports History (2/2/0), Electro-Automation Technician Certificate Sports Instruction (8/8/8), Sports and Society Communications branch, leading to the (1/1/2), Sports Theory (0/0/4), and Training General Radio-Telegraphist Certificate Management (2/2/3) for a total of 33/33/36 peri- Engineering branch, leading to the Marine ods per week in years 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Engineering Certificate, Class 4 8.The landbruks- og naturfag (agricultural and rural Nautical branch, leading to the Deck Offi- subjects) area provides both practical and theo- cer Certificate, Class 4 retical training in agricultural science. Two 1-year courses at advanced course III The one-year foundation course is the same for level replaced former half-year courses and pro- all students, but individual schools emphasize vide a theoretical basis with the same content different subjects (care of domestic animals, for the qualifications noted below. These quali- forestry, gardening, plant production, and rural fications also require practical shipboard expe- studies). rience. Advanced courses I and II are offered in seven a. Marine Engineering branches of agricultural and rural subjects: gen- 1)Engineer Officer Certificate Class 2 (1st eral (agronomy), forestry, landscape gardening, Engineer) market gardening, organic agriculture, reindeer 2)Engineer Officer Certificate Class 1 management, and rural studies and environ- (Chief Engineer) mental conservation. In advanced course II, stu- b.Nautical branch dents choose between sections A and B. Section 1)Deck Officer Certificate Class 2 (1st A is more vocationally oriented, while B concen- Mate) trates more on general education. 2) Deck Officer Certificate Class 1 (Cap- A pelbygningskurs (supplementary course) is tain) available to those who have completed ad- 10. The sosial- og helsefag (social and health sub- vanced course II B in landbruks- og naturfag jects)also referred to as helse- og miljojag

18 33 Upper Secondary Education

(health and environment subjects)area of The two-year foundation course includes study prepares students for paramedical profes- the one-year foundation course listed above and sions. Admission to nursing assistant courses is one year of study in general studies area sub- very competitive. Most students will have had jects. The structure (with periods of study for substantial previous experience as an aide in the years 1 and 2, respectively, in parentheses) is as nursing care field. follows: Cost/Nutrition/Environment (7/4), The one-year foundation course concentrates Electives (9/4), English (5/3), Geography (0/3), on health and environmental subjects and is History (0/3), Norwegian (4/5), Physical Educa- composed of the following studies (periods per tion (2/2), Psychology (0/2), Science (2/3), Social week are noted in parentheses): Electives (2), and Health Studies (4/5), and Social Studies Environmental Studies (11), Norwegian (4), (2/0), for a total of 35/34 periods per week in Physical Education (2), Science (2), Social and years 1 and 2, respectively. Health Studies (9), and Social Science (2) for a Successful completion of the two-year total of 32 periods per week. foundation course qualifies students for the ad-

Agricultural and Rural Subjects Curriculum, 45-Minute Teaching Periodsper Week/Year

Subjects Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4° Sec. ASec. B A-Language (English) S B-Language 8 Biology 3 5 Chemistry 3t Early History 3 Economics 3 7 4 Mathematics 2 3 5t Norwegian 2 2 2 5 5

Optional Subjects 2 2 2 1 Physical Education 2 2 2 2 2 Production Subjects 17 17 18 10

Project Work 1 1 Recent History 4 Religious Education 2 Science 5 Social Studies 2 Technical Subjects 3 6 3 2 Periods per Week 35 35 35 35 35

Pelbygningskurs (supplementary course) tSubjects whichare not required for general matriculation, but which may be used to satisfy special matriculation requirements to the Norges landbrukshogskole (Norwegian Agricultural University) and the Norges veterinwrhogskole (Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine).

34 19 Upper Secondary Education

vanced course I in allmennefag(general studies), tion (76), cost/nutrition/environment (190), or to a supplementary course in health and en- pedagogical psychology and ethics (152), health vironment with general studies area subjects as instruction/physiology/nursing instruction part of the program. (304), microbiology/hygiene/social studies (38), The advanced course I in sosial- og helsefag is electives (0 or 13). When mathematics is taken offered in 10 branches which lead to employ- for 190 hours, it will be counted as an elective ment in the related field. The branches and subject. total hours in required subjects or the number Tanntekniker (dental assistant): A three-year of required periods taught per week are: course, which combines theory and practice. Apotektekniker (pharmacy technician): Nor- Prior to 1992-93, dental assistant training was wegian (190 hours), physical education (76), ba- not offered in the upper secondary school, but sic electronic data processing instruction (76), in a one-year tannlegesekretarskole (dental assis- field work (270), commodity study (340), com- tant school) program at the University of Oslo modity management (110), dispensing (110), (see "Dentistry" and "Dental Hygiene" in workplace and environment (44), electives (114). Chapter V). The upper secondary tanntekniker Barnepleier (nursery assistant): Norwegian program now includes a grunnkurs (foundation (5 weekly periods), physical education (2), work course) and videtvgdende kurs I og II (advanced theory and environment (11), practical experi- course I and II). ence (14), electives (3). A videregdende kurs II (advanced course II) is Fotterapeut (foot therapist): Norwegian (5 offered in each specialty as well as the two more weekly periods), physical education (2), work general supplementary courses listed below. theory (10), practical experience (18). A supplementary course (pdbygningskuts) in Helsesektrtar (health secretary): Norwegian health and environment is offered for those who (190 hours), English (190), mathematics (190, or have satisfactorily completed a two-year foun- 76 depending on subjects selected), physical dation course in the area of study. It includes education (76), practical accounting (266), sci- the following weekly periods of study: Norwe- ence (266), social and health studies (152), elec- gian (5), history (4), religion (3), physical educa- tives (0, or 114 depending on subjects selected). tion (4), social studies I (5), social knowledge (5), If mathematics is taken for 190 hours, a portion obligatory foreign language (3), and electives will count in the electives. (6). Graduates are eligible for university ma- Hjelptpleier (auxiliary nurse): Norwegian (5 triculation if they have studied one year of elec- weekly periods), physical education (2), work tive mathematics, a second foreign language, theory (8), practical experience and work tech- and one additional subject from the general area nique (17), electives (3). of studies. If they have not completed these Hjelpepleierutdanning for voksne (auxiliary studies, they are eligible for matriculation in nurse course for adults): Norwegian (2 weekly nonuniversity tertiary level institutions of nurs- periods); physical education (2); anatomy, ing, nursing for the mentally handicapped, so- physiology, nursing instruction (4); social and cial welfare, ergotherapy, preschool teaching, health studies (2); nursing (9); practical experi- child welfare, and general teaching (if they had ence (16). one year of elective mathematics). Hudpleier(skin care consultant): Norwegian In addition a supplementary course in gen- (5 weekly periods), physical education (2), work eral study subjects includes Norwegian (5), re- technique (18), professional theory (10). ligion (1), French or German (7), social studies Legesekretter(medical secretary): Norwegian (5), sociology (5), history of political thought (2), (5 weekly periods), physical education (2), work social economics (3), and physical education (2). theory (10), medical secretary work in a health Graduates of this course are qualified for ma- institution (7), medical secretary service in pri- triculation at a university or other tertiary level mary care service (8). institution if they have studied one year ofelec- Pleie- og omsorgsfag (nursing and care assis- tive mathematics, a second foreign language, tant course): Norwegian (190 hours), English and one additional subject from the general area (190), mathematics (190 or 76), physical educa- of study.

20 35 Upper Secondary Education

Apprenticeship Training course in a vocational area prior to entering an apprenticeship are exempt from the first and second stage of apprenticeship training. Those who have Many of the subjects offered in vocational areas of completed advanced course I have also covered the study can also be completed as part of apprentice- theoretical portion of apprenticeship training. Chart ship training. The conditions for this form of training 3.3 indicates the different tracks available for which are laid down in the Vocational Training Act of 1980, apprenticeship programs may be completed. which concerns apprenticeship training in the work- Students who entered apprenticeships directly place. In addition to outlining the provisions govern- from compulsory school may on completion of stage ing the rights and duties of apprentices and training two apply for admission to advanced course I, as- establishments, the Act establishes rules governing suming they have the required practical experience. the craft and journeyman's examinations and to Students who have completed the third stage of some extent the apprentices' school (larlingskole) apprenticeship may apply for admission to advanced and training. Appendix A lists all trades in which course II. apprenticeships are offered and the length of each On completion of the apprenticeship, a trade program. skills or journeyman's examination (svenneptove or Anyone who has completed compulsory educa- fagprove), set by the related trade union, is taken, tion, is under the age of 20, and is engaged in work leading to the award of a trade skills or journeyman's in a trade or craft is considered an apprentice and is certificate (svennebrev or fagbrev). A journeyman's subject to the provisions of this act. All apprentices certificate is also referred to as a craft certificate. The under the age of 20 who have not received advanced difference in these two terms is historical; there is instruction in the trade must attend apprentices' no practical difference in training. The fagbrev is schools at the upper secondary level. The Ministry- generally awarded in industrial and service fields, approved curriculum, laid down by the training the svennebrev in those areas formerly classified as council for the trade or craft in question, comprises crafts. both practical training, the principal elements and In a few subjects, the trade skills examination framework for theoretical training, as well as the can be taken on completion of advanced course II. examination regulations. Usually, however, an additional period of practical Apprenticeship training consists of a combina- training is required. The examination consists of a tion of formal vocational education in school and theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is practical theoretical training on the job. Students considered completed when the apprentice has attend school one day a week over a three- or four- passed a final examination at apprentices' school or year period, or the equivalent in short concentrated in an appropriate course at the upper secondary courses, and spend the remainder of their time in level. The practical part of the examination is carried on-the-job training. As of 1994 all apprentices are out in the work establishment. The contents of the required to complete two years of school work and examination are established by the appropriate one year of practical work. An apprenticeship can be trade union. entered into without any prior upper secondary vo- In addition to the vocational certificate, those cational training. Most students, however, take a who have completed a full apprenticeship program foundation course and possibly an advanced course of any type will receive a vita emdl fra den videregdende I in an upper secondary school program and then skolen (certificate from upper secondary school), enter an apprenticeship. which will list the larlingskolen (apprentice school) The on-the-job training portion of an appren- studies. The Iterlingskolen documentation provides ticeship program normally lasts from two to four information only on the in-school portion of the years, depending on the trade and the student's apprenticeship program. See sample document 3.6. previous education. There are four stages of theo- In practice, an apprentices' school is usually a special retical training. Periods of relevant vocational edu- section of a nearby upper secondary school, but cation at school reduce the length of the apprentice- there are some separate specialized apprentices' ship proportionately, i.e., a one-year foundation schools. course reduces the apprenticeship by ten months. Holders of a svennebrev can apply to the related Students who have completed the foundation trade union for a special master craftsman examina-

36 21 Upper Secondary Education tion after several years' experience. The certificate Private Upper Secondary awarded is the mesterbrev (master certificate). Schools

Teknisk Fagskole (Technical School) There are a few private secondary schools. Many offer evening courses. Students follow the same Technical schools are part ofupper secondary edu- academic programs as students in public schools. cation and offer two-year programs to students who The private schools may offer internal final exami- already have trade skills, practical experience in nations only if approved by the Council on Secon- employment, and/or upper secondary education. dary School Affairs. Students attending private Technical schools offer courses in civil construc- schools that do not have this approval must apply to tion, motor mechanics, drilling technology, produc- take the national examinations in every subject for tion technology, electrical power, electronics, house which they wish to have documented credit in order building, chemistry, machinery, foodstuffs technol- to pursue further education. Private school records ogy, process technology, welding technology and from schools without Council approval will only heating, ventilation, and sanitary technology. A vit- report grades for national examinations. nem& fra den videregdende skole (certificate from upper secondary school) from the teknisk fagskok is International Baccalaureate awarded upon completion. This is a vocational certificate, which also qualifies students for further Some upper secondary schools offering the general technical studies, usually in an ingenifirhogskole (en- studies area also offer the International Baccalaure- gineering college). Graduates are referred to as ate (IB) program. The IB program requires two years tekniker (technician). See sample document 3.7. of study and is taught entirely in English. It is Some technical schools also offer a one-year normally begun after the student has completed the course of additional studies in certain subjects. foundation year of the general studies area program.

22 37 Upper Secondary Education

Chart 3.3. Tracks for Completion of Apprenticeship Programs

Trades With Three Years' Apprenticeship

Apprenticeship with apprentices' school-36 months practical examination

*A completed course in a relevant subject is Foundation Apprenticeship with apprentices' school practical recognized as equivalent to a certain number course* 26 months examination of months of apprenticeship. Only one course at each stage is recognized.

Foundation Advanced Apprenticeship-16 months practical +In some trades additional theory is taught at course course I+ examination apprentices' school.

Foundation Advanced AdvancedWpprenticeship practical Course course I course II II 6 months examination

practical and All -round experience after 20 years of age-45 monthswith or without theoretical theory course examination

Trades With Four Years' Apprenticeship

Apprenticeship with apprentices' school-48 months practical examination

Foundation Apprenticeship with apprentices' school-38 months practical course examination

Foundation Advanced practical Apprenticeship, with or without apprentices' school-28 months course course II+ examination

Foundation Advanced Advanced practical Apprenticeship-18 months COMA course I course II examination

practical and Ail-round experience after 20 years of age-60 monthswith or without theory course theoretical examination

Source: The Ministry of Education, Research and Church Affairs, May 1992.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 38 23 Upper Secondary Education

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24 39 DEN VIDEREGAENDE SKOLEN VITNEMAL Pod, Fag- og thuefordelIngsplaut ELEKTRONIKKLINIETEKNISK FAGSKOLE 1. klasse 2 it heltid 2. klasse wvn Dag =KU Personnsmater FysikkMatematikkEngelskNorsk og samlunnskimnskap 462 42 har i 19 12 latent 2-irig 11010=11 Mekanikkl(roposavingBedriftshereKjemi 32 23 og has fan falgende ',ordering: ELEKTRONIKKLINJETEKNISK FAGSKOLE TeletelutikkElektriskeElektronikkEkktroteknikkTeknologi maskiner 62 86 I. id.Ukettmer 2 kl.2 2 Norsk og samtunnskunnskap Fag Standpunk, kankter Eksarnt. karakul' loanNow- Ar Merknader SumlEva/gsragLaboratorieovinger uketimer: . 35 4 42 (6) 6 4- MatematikkEngel.* II Skoleiret a 38 ulcer. 35 (37) 3 BedrifultereKjemiFksikk TalkaraktererVorderagsformer: hear folgende ruder: 623- - ElektroteknikkTeknologiMekanikk mundigeKaferdishacr.nor'Karakteren nn.=modenhes. 5:(*MAN Eleven/privatistenBide6: Eleveaprivatisten am muralistkunriskaper 61 selvaendis og ogskriftlige hat harferdigheta, vist &Meld.vist mega piestasjoner,serdela men ekegod godikke titkinks Minlogisk iiforth hike i k(iog ogresonnement Strayogforstbene uttryksmite former-be dl =anises av idleav skillet og slle deter logick deter ses av resmutemena klan ayherestoffet. Irrestoffet. ut. sour for karakteren og mega grundige halite kuonskaper og DCA:silks krav oreHan/huo bar via 6 Elektronikk ciksnetKarakterengodsKershaw6. Harahan laglige set 4: grunnleuende3:Eleven/privatinenutuykker kunnskaper Eleven/privatisten seg ogklankusinskaper fadigheter. has bide har vise aluirtlis vist god og Han/bunhoe ferdigheter,inusikt ogvuierende mmHg. iveer og forstkne menenUvula yin visa imodenhetav og roe hnveddelene forakne ujeashet i bebenkelsenin boveddelenci av beberskdaen lorestoffet. av 'soffits. ev stoffet. av lerestoffet. HanihunValkommende har har tit deli Karakuise.ferdisheir.Karakteron'i:snumleggentle'ikoskaperKarakteren n 2:-Sleva/privarisien 0:Elaver6privatisten Eleven har og ikke ferdigheter. hat barher piviselig 'Bevies vist Mask(Prestasjonene fastig I og utbytte forstlelse viser av undervisangen. usikkerbet, av boveddelene men Ved kenav prover Imestoffel faslis invokes og (ankh kasha= for den amen ikke I he oppnidd rilstraletlis pinnies for 1 erbeide videre i beget. seg lien inmikt 1 og rot:dent av lerestata Vella mil kunoskaper og og tilegnet kg en del passers. fesiis 2 Delturt.BetegnelsenDenverdilok sork besittkehar iiDeltatt. fittkarakteren og ode sirout ikke deleleven 2 leveretelleropplysning har bedre blinkdart I amakdvlItgoe besvarelse elevens hasi untietvisningen beak. fasllge eller ingenflirt meo besnalse. - bensundae:lake:akaKrautKra, eleven tll er ball& barbath &kart osdessom hors: e l is undervisningena mkankteren e n s k a r aa k 2 t &momellere r , erlattingeken bedre bele iskoleket. elle for fag bestAtt der derkurs gisoppfylt tallkarakter. &nom Derwin el:SaMensk Braintree cr 2 eller bedm. der i et fag a gin bide petveformerHvisDerNermere deterVilkket del e gilt toadyinga- vedforginstandpunktkankta beaktater:fewbare tfl eksamenkarakter,km vItnemilet: a oppfyls (og eventuelt dersom or stamen eksamenskarakter), karakteren ten into er priveriet. 1 I auppsoving.har eksaminandem vast tin i den vimemiscak ikejeu. 4 Skrifdig (S). Walls (M). Pralank Kornbloat (K). BEST COPY AVAILABLE 41 Chapter 4 HIGHER EDUCATION

Overview of Higher Education intended to be used for students' living expenses and books. Repayment of loans is not required as in 1993 the system of higher education underwent long as students are still studying; once students a comprehensive restructuring process. There were graduate, they repay the loan over a maximum pe- more than 100 public institutions and numerous riod of 20 years. The loan is interest free until private institutions (see Appendix B). These in- education is completed. If education is considerably cluded the university sector (four public universi- delayed, interest may be charged from the time ties; six public specialized university-level institu- education should have been completed. tions; and two private university-level institutions), To continue receiving scholarships and loans, and the public college sector (numerous multi-field students must demonstrate they are progressing in institutions, as well as single-field institutions). In their education at a rate established by the Loan addition, there were private colleges that offered Fund. The Loan Fund awards financial aid on the education in various fields, the majority in the area basis of the time it normally takes to complete one of business. academic program. Funding for advanced degree programs may be considered, but is not automatic. Students in private institutions have the same rights Academic Year to state scholarships and loans when the programs in which they are enrolled are recognized by the At most institutions of higher education, classes Ministry of Education, Research and Church Affairs. start in August and end in June. There are two For Norwegian students studying in the United semesters: the hostsemester (autumn semester) that States, loans are available for academic work at the lasts from August to December and the vdrsemester sophomore level or higher (in most cases) in four- (spring semester) that runs from January to June. year tertiary-level institutions. US programs must Summer terms are becoming more common. Ex- have programmatic accreditation and be offered by cluding examination periods, vacations, and sum- institutions which have regional academic accredi- mer terms, usually 28 weeks of teaching are pro- tation. Grants and loans are sent to the student twice vided per year at most institutions. a year, usually some weeks before the beginning of the term. The individual student is responsible to the school for the payment of fees. State Educational Loan Fund

The State Educational Loan Fund (Statens Student Welfare Organizations lanekasse for utdanning; Postboks 195 Okern, 1510 Oslo; Tel: +47 22 72 67-00) was established in 1947. National student welfare organization and individ- It is operated by the government for the benefit of ual college and university student welfare organiza- students attending secondary and tertiary educa- tions represent Norwegian students in a wide range tional programs. Financial aid is normally limited to of student welfare matters. For example, student those enrolled in fulltime studies, but certain cate- housing, financed in part by public funding, is ad- gories of part-time students are eligible. Tuition at ministered by student welfare organizations that public institutions is not required in Norway; schol- also oversee student nursery schools, student cafe- arships and loans awarded by the Loan Fund are terias, and student health services.

26 42 Higher Education

Supervision of Education that studies from the public or private colleges (nonuniversity tertiary-level institutions) were The Ministry of Education, Research and Church either fully credited, partially credited, or were com- Affairs has ultimate responsibility for public higher pletely refused. education in Norway, except for the Norges land- In 1977 the Ministry of Education, Research brukshogskole (The Agricultural University of Nor- and Church Affairs was entitled by Parliament to way) and the Norges veterinxrhogskole (Norwe- extend the application of the 1970 Act of Examina- gian College of Veterinary Medicine) which are the tions and Degrees to include colleges. This was put responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture. into effect in 1981 and was linked to the introduction The Ministry of Education, Research and of a regional candidatus magisterii (regional cond. mag.) Church Affairs regulates which programs of study degree. Since 1981, then, studies completed at the are offered, funds a specified number of student majority of nonuniversity tertiary-level institutions places per institution and faculty in relation to ad- have received full transfer credit in university de- mission capacities, and specifies which degrees and gree programs. Universities have the right to temper diplomas may be awarded by each institution. In the amount of transfer credit. For the most part, addition, it prepares national curricula which indi- however, the NKU recommendations are followed. cate the general nature and duration of study pro- Nonuniversity tertiary-level institutions in- grams. Individual institutions, however, have sub- clude the following: stantial autonomy in determining how the programs 1.distriktshfigskolene (regional colleges) will be implemented. Universities and specialized 2.ingeniohfigskolene (engineering colleges) university-level institutions are accorded more in- 3.kommunal- og sosialhfigskolene (local government dependence in terms of course content than other administration and social work colleges) higher education institutions. 4.pedagogiske hfigskolene (colleges of education) Approximately 90% of students in higher edu- 5.Norges musikkhogskole (Norwegian State cation programs are enrolled in public institutions. Academy of Music) The various private institutions of higher education 6.Norsk journalisthogskole (Norwegian College receive between 10% and 100% of their budgets of Journalism) through public funding. 7.Statens bibliotek- og informasjonshogskole (Norwegian School of Library and Information Science) Overview of Legislation and Throughout the 1980s, the college system ex- Transfer Credit panded. Colleges of nursing and other health sciences were transferred from municipal to national In 1970 the Act of Examinations and Degreeswas jurisdiction or from the jurisdiction of the Ministry passed to regulate the tertiary education sector. The of Social Affairs to the Ministry of Education, Re- Act made it formally possible to combine education search and Church Affairs. These colleges sought from different university faculties, other universi- the same rights for transfer of credit that other col- ties, and university-level institutions. The institu- leges enjoyed. It was decided that nursing and tion.: coordinated their decisions through recom- health sciences programs with a substantial practical mendations made by the Nasjonalt Koordinerende component would receive partial transfer credit. Utvalg/NKU (National Coordinating Commission) The University Act of 1989 replaced the 1970 of the Norwegian Council of Universities. The Act of Examinations and Degrees and subsequent NKU was established in 1973 to ensure that each acts pertaining to individual universities, though the university and university-level institution was se- structure and logic remained the same. Chapter 11 curing equal credit for the same examinations taken of the University Act of 1989 regulates the transfer at other institutions. credit practices of virtually all public tertiary-level In addition, the Act specified that examinations institutions, leaving the NKU to recommend the from other universities or university-level institu- transfer of credit between private institutions tions receive full transfer credit as long as the studies (which in 1991 enrolled approximately 10,000 stu- were compatible with the degree to be pursued and dents) and public institutions twice each year.

43 27 Ilidier Education

A Dual System of Education: 4.hsioterapihrigskole (physical therapy college) The University and College Sectors 5.helsefagskole (health professions college) 6.hogskolesenter (college center) Norway has a dual system of formal higher educa- 7.ingeniorhogskole (engineering college) tion: the university sector and the college sector. 8.journalisthogskok (journalism college) The university sector includes 10 public institutions 9.larerhogskoleorpedagogisk hogskole (teachers' col- and two private institutions. These institutions carry lege or college of education) out research, and all but one offer instruction to the 10. maritim hogskok (maritime college) level of the doctorate. In 1993 approximately 72,000 11. musikkonsetvatorium (music conservatory) students were enrolled in university sector institu- 12. neeringsmiddelteknisk hogskole (food technology tions. college) Det norske universitetsrad (The Norwegian 13. reseptarhogskole (pharmacy technician's college) Council of Universities, Harald HArfagresgt 17, 5007 14. sosialhogskok (social work college) Bergen) was established by the 10 public university- 15. sykepleierhogskok (nursing college) sector institutions in 1976 to coordinate the views of 16. vernepleierhogskok (social educator college) the institutions. The National Coordinating Com- 17. okoaomisk hogskole (business college) mission or NKU is one committee of the Council. Appendix B lists the new hfigskoler as of 1994, The Council represents the interests of the in-titu- and the names of the colleges that are being consoli- tions to, and is supported by, the Ministry of Educa- dated to form them. It also lists eight public institution, Research and Church Affairs. The Council's tions offering education in art and design plus one main objectives are 1) to develop strategies for college under municipal jurisdiction (0konomisk higher education and research in the university sys- College) which are not part of the reorganization. In tem, 2) to improve national coordination, and 3) to addition, 20 private college-sector institutions that be a joint contact point to the international network receive government funding are included as are of universities. public and private institutions with programs par- The public college sector has been reorganized. tially or fully recognized by the NKU that are not The number of colleges was reduced from 98 to 26. government funded. Including the universities, only 17 of the 98 higher education institutions enrolled at least 1000 students in 1992. Because of the large number of small PROVISIONS FOR ACADEMIC institutions in the college sector, the Ministry of TRANSFER WITHIN NORWAY: Education, Research and Church Affairs was author- THE CANDIDATUS /CANDIDATA MAGISTERII ized by Parliament to reduce the number of institu- (CAND. MAC.) DEGREE tions. As of August 1994, the colleges will be reorganized into larger units by mergers of the colleges Progression through the levels of higher educa- in the same local vicinity and, in some cases, within tion and within the levels of higher education in larger areas such as counties. There will be 26 new Norway is based on a system of building blocks and hfigskoler (colleges). Many of the colleges will com- ease of transfer from one institution to another. In plete their merging gradually throughout 1994, many fields, this is accomplished by students study- though some of the colleges may keep their individ- ing one subject at a time in depth and, once com- ual identities for a longer period of time. pleted, moving on to another subject, whether at the The public colleges offer two-, three- and four- same institution or another institution. This system year programs in many fields. Approximately 65,000 depends on regulations regarding transfer to and students were enrolled in these institutions in 1993. from public colleges and universities. Since private The types of colleges reorganized into the 26 larger institutions offer institution-specific programs and hrigskoler are listed below: award their own credentials for the most part, trans- 1.barneuernsakademiet (preschool teachers' col- fer from private to public institutions is dependent lege) upon recommendations made by the Nasjonalt 2.bibliotek- og informasjonshogskok (library and in- Koordinerende Utvalg/NKU (National Coordinat- formation science college) ing Commission). These procedures are described 3.dirtriktshOgskole (regional college) in the section above.

28 44 Higher Education

Most of the public colleges are authorized to Six public institutions and two private institu- award the regional (regional) candidatus /a magisterii tions are classified as specialized university-level (cand. mag.) degree candidatus for males, and can- institutions. They each offer instruction in one main didata for females. This four-year degree requires academic area. All but one institution award their that at least one subject be studied for three semes- own degrees up to the level of the doctorate. These ters, another subject for two semesters, and addi- institutions offer professional degree programs that tional elective subjects for the remaining three se- are described in the appropriate sections by field of mesters. Unless the student transfers to a university study. They are: and completes all university degree requirements, 1.Arkitekthogskolen i Oslo (Oslo School of Archi- including the examen philosophicum, the regional tecture) cand. mag. degree will be awarded by the college- 2.I-landelshoyskolen BI (Norwegian School of sector institution the student attended at least one Management) - private year of the four years of required study. While most 3.Norges handelshoyskole (Norwegian School of colleges do not offer integrated programs longer Economics and Business Administration) than three years in length, additional academic pro- 4.Norges idrettshogskole (Norwegian University grams at least one semester in length completed at of Physical Education and Sport) any public college, university, or university-level 5.Norges musikkhogskole (Norwegian State institution may apply to the four-year requirement Academy of Music) [no doctorate] for the regional cand. mag (See also the section 6.Norges landbrukshogskole (The Agricultural entitled "The College Sector" later in this chapter.) University of Norway) This degree is considered in Norway to be at the 7.Norges veterinxrhogskole (Norwegian College same level as a university-awarded cand. mag de- of Veterinary Medicine) gree, which is the basic university degree (see 8.Det teologiske menighetsfakultet (Free Fac- "Structure of Degree Programs" below). Individu- ulty of Theology)-private als holding a regional cand. mag. degree are entitled to all of the same rights as those with a cand. mag ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS AND degree awarded by a university, including eligibility PROCEDURES for admission to an advanced degree program offered by a university. Sample documents 4.1 and 4.2 Admission to the universities and the special- are examples of a regional cand. mag. degree and a ized university-level institutions requires successful university-awarded cand. mag degree. completion of three years of upper secondary school study in specified subjects. Competition for places in the institutions is based on numerical informa- The University Sector tion, rather than on a student's individual characteristics. Points are based on the grades obtained on UNIVERSITIES AND SPECIALIZED the vitnemdl fra den videregdende skolen (certificate UNIVERSITY-LEVEL INSTITUTIONS from the upper secondary school) and on supplementary points. The final score that determines Norway's four universities, the University of Ber- admission is made up of three sets of points: a) gen, University of Oslo, University of Tromso, and karakterpoeng, which is the upper secondary school the University of Trondheim, offer a variety of de- average of all grades received multiplied by 10; b) gree studies in the arts, mathematics and natural fordypningspoeng, which are extra points given for sciences, social sciences and psychology; and profes- advanced courses taken in the upper secondary sional degree programs in dentistry, engineering school general subjects area only; and c) tilleggspoeng, and architecture, law, medicine, pharmacy, and the- which are supplementary points given either for ology. Degrees are awarded by a specific faculty, previous college or university study, age, and/or except in the case of special inter-faculty degrees practical experience. Applicants are ranked accord- which are comprised of subjects from several facul- ing to the total number of points obtained. ties, or, in some cases, from other institutions. The As of 1993, most public higher education insti- degree is then awarded by the university rather than tutions use the same admission criteria with some by an individual faculty. exceptions in medicine and mathematics and natu-

45 29 Hig /ler Education

Nan

Fedsolube

fearfajort mdanning son mad vbferdng fra gir nett tit Itttefas

candidatus magisterii

t I I

..1111/1 TM Of

Document 4.1.Candidatusla Magisterii (Cand Mag.) Degree Awarded by Regionale Hogskoler (Regional Colleges)

30 46 BEST COPY AVALABLF Higier Education

The cand.mag. degree at The Faculty of Social Sciences University of Oslo

The sand. mag. degree is a first degree ha the social sciences. It Is the basis for advanced studies In the social sciences at the univemity level.

Admission to the degree course requires meeting general university ttinalnet laanUnO names and completing the preliminary ezaminatke (seamen philosopblcum) In the histn ry of philosophy, logic & communication, and the philosophy of science.

length at the delvee course Is seven semesters fulielme study after examen pbaa **Means Zr is normally awarded after completing examinations in three subject areas. The following combinations lead to a card. mag. degree:

1. One nredomfag araermediate mune) and 2 grumfag (Foundanon courses)' 2 Two mace** Om:mediae courses) and I sersartennena (Semester course) 3. One mallonlag (Intermediate course), 1 gnantiag (Pourdation course), and 2 anrarstwerenar (Semester courses)

Examination's Candidates must pass examinations at the end of semesterentne, rums- fag, and mellontrag mums. These examinations consist of one or more written examinations and an oral exarnindion. Semester reports, project work and group wait can also faro pan of the course work.

Grades, The grading sale for the majority of exams tenses from 1.0 (highest) to 4.0 THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (lowest pass mark) with the following categories: Isudabills case cadets 1.0- 1.5 Lusiabilis 1.6- 2.5 Haud illaudabdis 2.6- 3.2 UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Noe contemns:netts 3.3- 4.0 The grade Laudabilis peas muds (1.0 - 1.5) is very rarely obtained by students at this THE DEGREE level. In most subjects, the average gnmnfag mark Is 2.7. CANDIDATA/CANDIDATUS MAGISTERII Some ommlnation use s Pam/Pall (Godkjenteikke godkent) grading scale. Degrees. A and. meg. degree in social sciences requires that at lout two of the sub- HAS BEEN AWARDED TO jects must be in the social sciences. A minimum at one Foundation comae must have been taken in the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Oslo.

Examinations from ocher higher education institutions an be used as pen of the caner. meg. degree if they meet the academic requirements of the Faculty.

getant(ag (Foundation course) requires 2 semesters full-tlme work in 1 subject madosr(ag (Intermediate course) requires 3 semesters fug -time work In 1 subject semesteremmt (Semester course) requires I semester full -time wort In 1 subject

UNIVERSITY OF OSLO THE FACULTY OP SOCIAL SCIENCES

The outdate wand the laikeelne edditionel ateellnetlone r the Uebvereay dada

naardonfral Doe Grade

Nom

Document 4.2.andidatuda Magisterii (and Mag.) Degree Awarded by the University of Oslo (English Version)

31 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 47 Hipier Education ral sciences. The university matriculation require- University Suggested US ments may be met in a variety of upper secondary Grading Equivalent school programs. See Chapter III for details. 1.0-2.3 A Universities and university-level institutions do not have a centralized application processing center. 2.4-2.7 B Each faculty processes applications for admission 2.8-3.2 B-,C+ independently, so when students wish to change 3.3-4.0 C faculties within an institution, they must reapply. 4.1-6.0

GRADING AT THE TERTIARY LEVEL STRUCTURE OF DEGREE PROGRAMS

Grading in Norway is somewhat uniform at the After completion of upper secondary school, tertiary-level. Most universities and specialized uni- students may choose to study in the fields of arts and versity-level institutions use the 1.0 to 6.0 scale sciences, or they may elect to study in a profession- described below. Grading practices for university ally oriented degree program. faculties and certain specialized university-level in- Class attendance at universities is, in some stitutions that use other grading practices are noted cases, not obligatory; students may attend any num- in the institutional profiles or in the appropriate ber of lectures to prepare for examinations. Success- sections of Chapter V, "Education by Fields of ful completion of examinations results in the stu- Study." dent's earning Norwegian credit units, or vekttall. The 1.0 to 6.0 scale defines 1.0 as the best Fulltime study for one semester is defined as enroll- possible grade and 4.0 as the minimum passing ment in coursework representing 10 vekttall. Degree grade. Grades of 4.1 to 6.0 do not appear on the programs are made up of specified numbers of transcript. Some courses are graded on a bestdttlikke vekttall in specified subjects. bestdtt (pass/fail) basis. Degrees are classified according to the following scale: The Basic University Degree laudabilis prae ceteris or scerelelets tilfredsstillende in Arts and Sciences (excellent)-1.0 to 1.5 laudabilis or meget tilfredsstillende (very good) - The basic university degree in the arts and 1.6 to 2.5 sciences is the candidatus / candidata magisterii (cand. haud illaudabilis or tilfredsstillende (satisfac- mag.)the candidatus for male students and the tory)-2.6 to 3.2 candidata for female students. Only the Faculties of non contemnendus or noenlunde tilfredsstillende Arts, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, and Social (passable)-3.3 to 4.0 Sciences award the university cand. mag. degree. contemnendus or ikke tilfredsstillende (failure)-4.1 The cand. mag. is composed of a number of vekttall to 6.0 completed over 31/2 to four years of study in speci- Very rarely does a student achieve a degree fied subjects; or the introductory program known as classification of laudabilis prae ceteris. Until very re- the examen philosophicum (philosophical examina- cently, students achieving this classification were tion) plus blocks of study known as the grunnfag presented to the Norwegian king. (foundation subject), mellomfag (intermediate sub- Students earning the minimum grade of 4.0 are ject), storfag (major subject), semesteremne (semester eligible for graduation. They are theoretically ad- course) or delfag (partial subject), or halvsemesteremne missible to an advanced degree program. Due to (half-semester course). Many university faculties limited capacity, however, admission to many ad- report completed coursework in terms of these vanced degree programs requires a grade of 2.5 to blocks of study. Each block, however, represents a 2.7 in the subject studied in the basic degree pro- specified amount of vekttall. gram that the student wishes to study at an advanced The minimum requirements for the university- level. In light of this information, grading practices awarded cand. mag. include the following: 1) one used at most universities and specialized university- year of residency at the university awarding the level institutions are supplied below. degree; 2) examen philosophicum; 3) grunnfag com-

32 48 HiDier Education pleted at any university or college; 4) mellomfag exams are usually taken during the same semes- completed at one of the four universities; and 5) ter as the ex. phil. Preparation for them is part of approved elective subjects completed at the college the degree programs. If required, they must be or university which make up the balance of the passed before additional faculty examinations 3V2 or four-year program. are attempted. Examen Philosophicum (Philosophical Examina- For example, the general course in phonet- tion). The examen philosophicum (ex. phil.) is a ics and linguistics is required of students wish- preliminary examination required by the major- ing to complete a basic degree in languages. ity of Norwegian university faculties. (Univer- The University of Oslo and the University of sity degree programs not requiring this exami- Tromso do not assign a specific amount of nation are noted in the institutional profiles.) It vekttall to this examination; the Universities of is usually taken upon completion of an introduc- Bergen and Trondheim assign 5 and 4 vekttall, tory program studied during the first semester respectively. of enrollment. In most faculties it must be In addition, the University of Bergen re- passed before further examinations can be at- quires of all other students in the Faculty of Arts tempted. The universities have different ar- a 5-vekttall examination in the history and objec- rangements for administering the cc. phil. In tives and functions of the humanities. Similarly, some cases, students are able to choose between students pursuing basic degrees in the Faculties a written examination based on study of re- of Social Sciences and Mathematics and Natural quired topics (thilstudiumsvarianten) and an oral Sciences of the University of Bergen are re- examination based on a research paper (normal- quired to complete a 5-vekttall course in either varianten). methodology of the social sciences or basic The curriculum for the University of Oslo's mathematics. ex. phil., for example, consists of two parts: 1) Grunnfag (Foundation Subject). The grunnfag history of philosophy and history of science consists of two semesters of study in a single (eight philosophersPlato, Aristotle, Galileo, subject area and represents the equivalent of 20 Descartes, Hume, Kant, Hegel, and Wittgen- vekttall. The grunnfag is not considered com- steinare studied in detail); and 2) logic and plete and will not be noted on the student's philosophy of science (theory of knowledge, record until the final grunnfag examination is conception of the world, ethics, and social-po- passed. Normally, no partial credit is awarded. litical theory). Lectures and seminars are offered but no spe- Each university prepares its own ex. phil. cific course examinations are given. curriculum. The curriculum is the same for all The grunnfag in psychology, for example, students regardless of the faculty in which the aims to give students a basic understanding of student enrolls. The ex. phil. represents comple- modern psychology. There are lectures and tion of the equivalent of different numbers of seminars. The syllabus covers an introduction vekttall depending on which faculty and univer- to psychology, cognitive psychology, human de- sity the student attends. The University of Oslo velopment, social psychology, abnormal psy- does not assign vekttall for the ex. phil. The chology, and the history of psychology. Stu- University of Bergen assigns 5 vekttall for the ex. dents are encouraged to read beyond the recom- phit for all students, and the University of mended reading list. The exam consists of two Trondheim assigns 7 vekttall. At the University 8-hour exams and an oral exam (University of of Tromso, the ex. phit represents completion Oslo Catalog). of the equivalent of 10 vekttall. The Norwegian Mellomfag (Intermediate Subject). The mellom- State Educational Loan Fund considers enroll- fag consists of a total of three semesters of study ment in the semester leading to the ex. phit to in a single subject and represents the equivalent be fulltime study. of 30 vekttall. It includes the 20-vekttallgrunnfag. Forberedende Prover (Preparatory Examina- Students may choose to take the final mellomfag tions). Preparatory examinations specific to the examination at the completion of the three se- selected field of study are required of students mesters of study (skipping the grunnfag exami- enrolled in some cand. mag. programs. These nation), or they may take agrunnfagexamination

49 33 Higier Education

after two semesters, and the mellomfagexamina- Faculties Offering the Basic University Degree tion after the third semester. The mellomfag is in Arts and Sciences not considered complete and will not be noted on the student's record until the final examina- Historisk-Filosofisk Fakultet (Faculty of Arts) tion is passed. An example of subject matter included in a mellomfag that builds on the cur- The faculties of arts of each of the universities riculum for the grunnfag follows. utilize the same structure for the cand. mag. degree. In the mellomfag in psychology, students Stated combinations of grunnfag, mellomfag, etc. specialize in either social psychology or devel- must be completed to earn the degree of cand. mag. opmental psychology. Students submit a se- However, the University of Trondheim is unique. It mester report of 15-20 pages that are related to assigns credit values, or vekttall, to smaller course their area of specialization. The mellomfag also units. covers methodology, psychology as a discipline, At all four universities, the cand. mag. degree in applications of psychology, and psychology as a the Faculty of Arts requires a minimum of four years teaching subject. The exam consists of an 8- of fulltime study or its equivalent, including the hour written exam and an oral exam. The se- examen philosophicum and study in at least two sub- mester report counts two-thirds of the final jects within the subject area of the Faculty of Arts mark, and the exams (mainly the written) make (one studied for at least three semesters [mellomfag/ up the remaining one-third (University of Oslo and the other for at least two semesters [ grunnfag/). Catalog). The remaining three semesters of study are com- Storfag (Major Subject). The stotfag consists of prised of elective subjects. four semesters of study in a single subject and The combinations of examinations listed on represents the equivalent of 40 vekttall, includ- page 37 make up the minimum requirements for a ing the 30-vekttall for the mellomfagandgrunnfag. cand. mag. degree. All combinations comprise the ex. The stotfag may be completed according to phit plus study representing 70 vekttall. The exami- one of three models: nations may be taken in any order, although the ex. 1) one examination after four semesters of phil. is normally taken first. study; 2) a grunnfag examination after two semes- Samfunnsvitenskaplig Fakultet ters, plus a mellomfag examination after one (Faculty of Social Sciences) additional semester, plus the storfag examination after the fourth and final semesters; The cand. mag. degree offered by university Or faculties of social sciences follows the same basic 3) a grunnfag examination after two semes- structure as cand. mag. degrees offered by faculties ters of study, plus the stotfag examination of arts. It represents completion of the ex. phil. plus after an additional two semesters. The stor- study representing 70 vekttall, or four years of fag is not considered complete and will not fulltime study. Three subjects are studied, two of be noted on the student's record until the which must be in the Faculty of Social Sciences. final examination is passed. One social science subject must be studied for at Semesteremne (Semester Course) or Delfag (Par- least three semesters, and the other for at least two tial Subject). A semesteremne or delfag is a one-se- semesters. The third subject may be taken from any mester program in a single subject in a field faculty. different from the subject studied in the To obtain the clef:-ofeand. mag. in the Faculty grunnfag or mellomfag. It is the equivalent of 10 of Social Sciences, the student must complete one vekttall. of the following combinations of study blocks (pre- Halvsemestetrmne (Half-Semester Course). A sented in Table 4.1, items 4, 6, and 7): halvsemesteremne is a half-semester program in a 1.ex. phil. + 2 mellomfag + 1 semesteremne single subject in a different field than that stud- 2.ex. phil. + 2 grunnfag + 1 mellomfag ied in thegrunnfagormellomfag.lt represents the 3.ex. phi/. + 1 grunnfag + 1 mellomfag + equivalent of 5 vekttall. 2 semesteremner

34 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 512 Higher Education

Of the four universities, only the Faculty of The hovedfag in the Faculties of Arts and Social Social Sciences of the University of Oslo also offers Sciences requires four semesters of advanced study a basic degree program in economics, known as the in the main subject (the same subject studied for the degree of examen oeconomiae (exam. oecon.). This de- mellomfagexamination in the cand. mag. degree) and gree includes the ex. phil. plus six semesters of study, represents the equivalent of 40 vekttall. It normally or 60 vekttall, all completed in the economics depart- includes an examination and a hovedoppgave (thesis) ment. based on supervised independent research, the ex- Holders of the exam. oecon. may further their amination, and thesis, each worth the equivalent of education to the second-level professionally ori- 20 vekttall. ented degree of candidatus /candidate oeconomiae The hovedfag in the Faculty of Mathematics and (candidate in economics) after completion of an Natural Sciences requires three semesters of ad- additional two years of economics study. vanced study in the main subject and represents the equivalent of 30 vekttall. It normally includes a 10- Matematisk-Natumitenskaplig Fakultet vekttall examination plus a 20-vekttall hovedoppgave (Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences) based on supervised independent research. Advanced degrees of this type, and the faculties The faculties of mathematics and natural sci- through which they may be earned are listed below: ences at the four universities organize their cand. 1.Faculty of Artscandidatus /a philologiae (cand. mag. degree program according to vekttall (credits) philol.). rather than by study blocks (e.g., grunnfag, mellom- 2.Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences fag). candidatus/a scientiarum (cand. scient.). The cand. The cand. mag. degree is earned through com- scient. replaced the degree of candidatus realium pletion of the ex. Phil., plus completion of courses (cand. real.), which was awarded through 1985. totalling at least 65 vekttall in approved combina- 3.Faculty of Social Sciencescandidatus /a mum tions of subjects. Of the 65 vekttall, 20 must be in politicarum (cand. polit.). one subject and 30 in another subject. The remain- More common in past years, faculties of arts and ing 15 may be in several different subjects. social sciences also award the degree of magister artium (mag. art.) in a limited number of subject Advanced University Degrees in areas. This degree is considered in Norway to be at Arts and Sciences the same level as the three degrees listed above, but is more specialized. It has a fixed curriculum, but no Completion of advanced university degrees in obligatory coursework. The main requirement is a arts and sciences represents the accumulation of a thesis equivalent to 40 vekttall that must be de- higher, specialized body of knowledge beyond the fended in two public lectures. Admission to a mag. level of the basic university degree. Advanced de- art. program is based on a cand. mag. degree with grees generally include coursework, examinations, minimum grades of 2.5 in the mellomfag and support- supervised independent research, and a thesis. ing subjects, such as twogrunnfag. A minimum grade Completion of an advanced degree qualifies gradu- of 2.5 must be achieved in the mag. art. thesis and ates to apply to doctoral programs in Norway. public lectures. Advanced university degrees in arts and sciences are offered only by the faculties of arts, mathe- Professionally Oriented Degrees matics and natural sciences, and social sciences. These degrees are based on the cand. mag. degree Embetsstudier, or professionally oriented de- and may be earned as a result of extension of study grees, lead to qualification for a specific profession. in the subject that was studied to at least the level Study is completed mainly in one department of mellomfag (three semesters of study) for the cand. throughout the student's university academic ca- mag. degree. Advanced study of 11/2 or two years, reer. The degree of cand. mag. is seldom awarded at examinations, and independent research and a the- an intermediate step during the completion of this sis culminate in a hovedfag (main subject) examina- type of degree program. tion with the award of either a cand. philol., cand. Embetsstudier programs offered and degrees be- scient., or cand. polit. degree. ing awarded as of 1993 are listed in Table 4.2.

35 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 51 Higher Education

Master's Degrees degree is at the level of the current doctorates being issued. A relatively new addition to Norway's higher The "new" doctoral degree programs were first education system is the master's degree. Since the authorized in 1975. Admission to doctoral study is later 1980s, the Ministry of Education, Research and based on completion of an advanced university de- Church Affairs has authorized the Norwegian gree or a professionally oriented degree or other School of Management (Handelshoyskolen BI), the faculty-approved educational qualifications, plus a Norwegian School of Economics and Business Ad- description of the project that includes a plan for ministration (Norges handelshoyskole), The Agri- training, a time schedule, a funding plan, and a cultural University of Norway (Norges landbruk- proposal for supervision by one or more professors. shogskole), and the four universities to award vari- Since 1991 training for a doctoral degree is ex- ous master's degrees. pected to require a three-year period of research Master's degrees provide education with an in- training culminating in the submission of a disserta- ternational orientation. Instruction is in English for tion. Of this period, at least one semester is devoted the required one to two years of study. Admission to organized coursework. Doctoral programs operat- generally requires a bachelor's degree or equivalent ing from 1975 to 1990 required 21/2 years of research from British or US educational systems for interna- training, including coursework. tional students, or the cand. mag. degree for Norwe- The dissertation must reflect independent sci- gian students (in most cases) or its equivalent. Con- entific work at a high academic level that contrib- tent and structure of master's degrees vary; most utes new knowledge to the subject and is suitable include coursework and a thesis. for publication as part of the academic literature in The master's degrees listed in Table 4.3 are the subject. No work will be accepted that has been presently authorized; several more are in the plan- used to complete the thesis requirements in any ning stages. previously earned degrees, unless the previous work is a minor part of a dissertation that consists of several connected works. Dissertations may be writ- Doctoral Degrees ten in Danish, English, French, German, Norwe- gian, or Swedish. The highest degree awarded by universities and Doctoral degrees of this type and the fields in specialized university institutions is the degree of which they are awarded are listed in Table 4.4. doctor. Two types of doctor degrees, referred to here The general structure of university studies, ex- as "traditional" and "new," exist in Norway. cluding master's degrees, is presented in Chart 4.1. Traditional doctor degrees include the doctor agricolae (dr agric.) in agriculture, the doctorphiloso- phiae (dr. philos.) awarded in many fields, the doctor THE UNIVERSITIES technicae (dr. tech.) awarded primarily in engineering- related areas, and the doaormedicinaeveterinariae(dr The four universities in Norway are public in- med. vet.) in veterinary medicine. This type of doc- stitutions that enjoy a large degree of autonomy. toral degree, earned after many years of indepen- Each university is governed by a Senate chaired by dent research, culminates in a dissertation. Research an elected Rector who acts as spokesperson for the for the dissertation is conducted outside of univer- institution. The Council of the Senate is the Sen- sity enrollment. Few people pursue traditional doc- ate's advisory body in questions of major university toral degrees today, though they are still offered. policy. The degree of licentiate (lic.) was offered from The faculties are an intermediate level between 1953 on. However, only the University of Oslo still the Senate and the departments. They carry out awards this degree. Most institutions discontinued university policy and planning in teaching and re- this degree in the 1970s. The lic. included one year search. In most cases, they are made up of depart- of coursework in a major subject and in a minor ments which offer instruction in various fields. subject, plus a thesis for another year. Those with a Profiles of the four universities follow Vari- lic. may apply to the university that awarded the ations in translations and Norwegian spelling are degree to request documentation stating the lic. institution-specific.

36 52 Higfier Education

Table 4.1.Different Study Combinations Leading to University and. Mag. in the Faculty of Arts

Sem. 1 Sem. 2 Sem. 3 Sem. 4 Sem. 5 Sem. 6 Sem. 7 Sem. 8 1.ex. phit mellomfag storfag 2.ex. phil. grunnfag storfag semesteremne 3.ex. phil. storfag grunnfag Isakt-sem.lhalv-saw. 4.ex. phil. mellomfag mellomfag semesteremne 5.ex. phit mellomfag mellomfag 4a/v.-Nothialv-semr. 6.ex. phil. grunnfag grunnfag mellomfag 7.ex. phit grunnfag mellomfag semesteremnesemesteremne

Table 4.2.Professionally Oriented Degree Programs

Field Names of Degrees Length Agriculture Candidatusla agriculturae (Cand. agric.) 5 years Architecture Sivilingenior (Siv. ing.) in architecture 5 years Sivilarkitekt (Siv. ark.) 5 years Dentistry Candidatus/a odontologiae (Cand. odont.) *5 years Economics Candidatus/a oeconomiae (Cand. oecon.) 2 years" Sivilokonom (Siv. ok.) 4 years Education Candidatusla paedagogiae (Cond. paed.)* 6 V2 years Candidatusla paedagogiae specials (Cand. paed. spec)* 5 years@ Engineering Sivilingenior (Siv. jag)* 4 V2 - 5 years Law Candidatusla juris (Cond. juris)* 5 V2 - 6 years Medicine Candidatus/a medicinae (Cand. med.)* 6 or 6 V2 years Music Candidatus/a musicae (Cand. musicae) 2 years# Pharmacy Candidatusla pharmaciae (Cand. pharm.)* 5 years Physical Education andSport Idrettskandidat 2 years# Psychology Candidatus psychologiae (Cand. psycho!.)* 5 - 7 years Sociology Candidatus /a sociologiae (Cand. soda)* 6 years Theology Candidatusla theologiae (Cand. theol)* 6 years Veterinary Medicine Candidatus/a medicinae veterinariae (Cand. med. vet.) 5 V 2 - 6 years

Note: The degrees with an asterisk are awarded by at least one of the four universities. The other degrees are awarded only by one of the specialized university-level institutions. The length of the degree programs includes one semester of study for the ex. phit when it is a program requirement. Admission to the program marked with a caret (A) is based on a 3 V 2-year examen oeconomiae degree. Admission to the program marked with the @ symbol is based on 1 V2 to three years of previous tertiary-level education. Admission to those marked with a # symbol are based on a four-year candidatusla magisterii degree.

53 37 Higher Education

Table 4.3.Master' s Degree Programs, 1993

Awarding Institution Name of Master's Degree Duration Handelshoyskolen BI Master of Business Administration (MBA) 11 months (Norwegian School of Master of Science (MSc) 1 or 2 years Management) Norges handelshoyskole Master of International Business (MiB) 1 V 2 years (Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration) Norges landbrukshogskoleMaster of Science (MSc) in Management of Natural 2 years (The Agricultural Resources and Sustainable Agriculture University of Norway) Universitetet i Bergen Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in Fish Resources and 2 years (University of Bergen) Fishery Management Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in History 2 years Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in Histopathology 2 years Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in the Medicine of 2 years Developing Countries Master of Science (MSc) in Dentistry 2 years Master of Science (MSc) in Health Promotion 2 years Universitetet i Oslo Master of Arts (MA) in Society, Science and Technology1-1 V2 years (University of Oslo) Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in Special Education 2 years Master of Science (MSc) in Dentistry 2 years Universitetet i Tromso Master of Public Health (Kandidat i folkehelsevitenskap) 1 year (University of Troms0) Universitetet i Trondheim,Master of Science (MSc) in Marine Technology 1 or 2 years Norges tekniske hogskole Master of Science (MSc) in Petroleum Exploration depending on (University of Trondheim previous Institute of Technology) Master of Science (MSc) in Hydropower Development education

One additional university operated in Norway Universitetet i Bergen (University of Bergen), until 1992: Maharishi International University was Langesgate 1, 5020 Bergen; Tel: +47 55 21 21 13; affiliated with, but not officially part of, Maharishi Fax: +47 55 32 04 45. International University located in Fairfield, Iowa (United States). The institution in Iowa is a region- The University of Bergen is the second largest ally accredited academic institution in the United university in Norway. It was founded in 1946 as the States, but the institution in Norway was never country's second university, but its history dates recognized by educational authorities in Norway back to 1825 with the founding of the Bergen Mu- and closed in 1992. seum, now part of the university. The university's

38 54 Hipier Education

Table 4.4.Doctoral Degree Programs, 1993: "New" Type

Name of Credential Fields in Which Awarded Doctor artium (dr. art.) Arts Doctor ingenior (dr. ing.) Engineering and Architecture Doctorjuris (dr. juds) Law (known at some institutions as dr. legis. through 1993) Doctor medidnae (dr. med.) Medicine Doctor odontologiae (dr. odont.) Dental Medicine Doctor oeconomiae (dr. oecon.) Business Administration, Economics, or Management Doctor psychologiae (dr. psycho!.) Psychology Doctor rerun: politicarum (dr. pofit.) Social Sciences Doctor sdenfiarum (dr. scent.) Mathematics, Agriculture, and Natural Sciences Doctor theologiae (dr. theol.) Theology

seven faculties plus the Institutt for praktisk-peda- Technology Center, Nansen Environmental and gogikk (Institute of Teacher Training) offer instruc- Remote Sensing Center, Norwegian Computing tion in over 80 subjects. The university today is Center for the Humanities, Norwegian Social Sci- concentrating resources in marine sciences, sustain- ence Data Services, Norwegian Research Center in able development, ecology, and international Organization and Management, Bergen Scientific health. It also operates one of the largest university Center IBM, Christian Michelsen Institute, and the clinics in Scandinavia with its connection to a 1400- Norwegian Term Bank (national center for language bed regional hospital and emphasis on medical re- and terminology). search. The University of Bergen Office of Interna- Academic staff (1992): 1158 tional Relations coordinates approximately 30 faculty and student international exchange agreements Enrollment (1992): 14,900; 5% foreign at such institutions as Memorial University of New- foundland (Canada); Rutgers State University, Uni- Faculties, departments and degrees awarded: versity of California-Los Angeles, University of Minnesota, University of California-Berkeley, Uni- Det historisk-filosofiske fakultet (Faculty of versity of Oregon, University of Washington-Seattle Arts) (United States); Universidad de Costa Rica (Costa Departments: Engelsk (English), Etno-folk- Rica); University of Khartoum (Sudan); University loristisk (Ethno-Folklore Studies), Filosofisk of Dar es Salaam (Tanzania); Universite de Caen (Philosophy), Germanistisk (Germanic), His- (France); Christian Albrechts Universitat zu Kiel torisk (History), Historisk Museum (History (Germany); University of York (England); and Trib- Museum), Fonetikk og lingvistikk (Phonetics huvan University (Nepal). and Linguistics), Kristensdomskunnskap Research, development, and advanced educa- (Christian Religion Studies), Masse-kommuni- tion may be completed through attached research kasjon (Mass Communication), Religionsvit- centers and through a number of more independent skap (Religious Sciences), Klassisk (Classics), national and regional research centers with links to Kunsthistorisk (Art History), Litteraturvit- the university: Center for Development Studies, skapleg (Literature Sciences), Nordisk (Nor- Center for International Health, International Cen- dic), Romansk (Romance), Russisk (Russian), ter for Monitoring Fetal Defects, Bergen High Teatervitskapleg (Theater Sciences)

55 39 Nigher Education

Chart 4.1. General Structure of University Degrees

DOCTORAL DEGREES 3 years

ADVANCED DEGREES IN PROFESSIONALLY ARTS AND SCIENCES ORIENTED DEGREES 1.5 - 2 years 4 - 7 years

cand. philot cand. agric.

cand. polit cand. furls

cand. scient cand. med.

mag. art. rand. med. vet.

cand. musicae

cand. oecon.

cand. odont

cand. paed.

cand. paed. spec.

cand. pharm. BASIC DEGREES IN cand. psychol. ARTS AND SCIENCES 3.5 - 4 years cand. socioL cand. mag. cand. theot

idrettskandidat

siv. ark.

siv. ing.

siv. 0k.

40 56 Higher Education

Degrees awarded: candidatusla magisterii; can- Geografi (Geography), Informasjonsvitskap didatusla philologiae; doaor artium; doctor philoso- (Information Science), Massekommunikasjon phiae, Master of Philosophy in History (Mass Communication), Samanliknande poli- tikk (Comparative Politics), Sosialantropologi Det juridiske fakultet (Faculty of Law) (Social Anthropology), Okonomi (Economics), Departments: Offentleg rett (Public Law), Pri- Sosiologisk (Sociology) vatt (Civil Law) Degrees awarded: candidatus /a magisterii; can- Degrees awarded: candidatus/a juris; doctorju- didatusla rerum politicarum; doctor rerum politi- ds, doctor philosophiae carum; Master of Philosophy in Public Admini- stration (planned); doctor philosophiae, Master of Det matematisk-naturvitskaplege fakultet Philosophy in Social Anthropology (being (Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences) planned); Diploma in Social Anthropology Departments: Botanisk (Botanical), Fysisk (Physics), Fiskeri- og marinbiologi (Fisheries Det psykologiske fakultet (Faculty of Psychol- and Marine Biology), Geofysisk (Geophysics), ogy) Geologisk, avd. A, avd. B (Geological, Division Departments: 5 in various areas A and B), Faste jords fysikk (Solid Earth Phys- Degrees awarded: candidatus/a psychologiae; ics), Informatikk (Informatics), Mikrobiologi og doctor psychologiae, doctor philosophiae, Master of plantefysiologi (Microbiology and Plant Physi- Science in Health Promotion ology), Kjemisk (Chemistry), Matematisk (Mathematics), Zoologisk laboratorium (Zoo- Institutt for praktisk-pedagogikk (Department logical Laboratory), Zoologisk museum (Zoo- of Teacher Training) logical Museum) Program offered: praktisk-pedagogisk eksamen Degrees awarded: candidatus/a magisterii; can- (practical-pedagogical examination) didatus /a scientiarum; sivilingenior; doctor scientiarum; doctor philosophiae; Master of Science in Environmental Engineering (being planned); Universitetet i Oslo (University of Oslo), Master of Science in Solid Earth Physics (being Postboks 1081 Blindern, 0317 Oslo; Tel: +47 22 85 planned) 0 50; Fax: +47 22 85 88 88.

Det medisinske fakultet (Faculty of Medicine) Founded in 1811, the University of Oslo is the Departments: 30 in various medical fields oldest Norwegian university. It was known as the Degrees awarded: candidatusla medicine, can- Royal Frederick University until 1939, and is the didatusla sanitatus (being planned); doctormedici- largest university in the country. It consists of seven nae, Master of Philosophy in Histopathology; faculties and, since 1991, the Institutt for Master of Philosophy in the Medicine of Devel- spesialpedagogikk (Institute of Special Education). oping Countries The Nordisk hogskole for husholdsvitenskap (Nor- dic School of Nutritional and Textile Sciences), Det odontologiske fakultet (Faculty of Den- which includes two additional divisions in Sweden, tistry) is located at the University of Oslo. In addition, the Departments: 14 in various fields of dentistry university includes a number of separate institu- Degrees awarded: tannpleiereksamen (dental tions and centers: 17 museums, 4 hospitals, a biology hygienist examination); candidatusla odontolo- station, field stations, and the Rosendal Barony es- giae; licentiate odontologiae (last awarded in 1992); tates. doctor odontologiae; doctor philosophiae, Master of The University of Oslo has traditionally empha- Science (Dentistry) sized internationalization. Over the last five to ten years, international activities have expanded consid- Det samfunnsvitskaplege fakultet (Faculty of erably, and the university now takes an active part Social Sciences) in most areas of international academic cooperation Departments: Administrasjon og organisajons- through participation in the ERASMUS and vitskap (Administration and Organization), NORDPLUS networks (see Chapter VII for more

5 7 41 Higher Education information), bilateral exchange agreements, and Dec matematisk-naturvitenskapelige fakultet faculty exchange and joint research projects. The (Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences) university enjoys special relationships with the Departments: Teoretisk astrofysikk (Theo- Scandinavian studies departments of a number of retical Astrophysics), Biologisk (Biology), Far- US universities through the Scandinavian Urban masoytisk (Pharmaceutics), Fysisk (Physics), Studies Term and the International Summer School. Geophysikk (Geophysics), Geografisk (Geogra- The university is also engaged in an Eastern Euro- phy), Geologi (Geology), Informatikk (Infor- pean university network program with particular matics or Computer Science), Kjemisk (Chem- focus on the Baltic states, and participates in devel- istry), Matematisk (Mathematics) opment aid programs with universities all over the Degrees awarded:candidatusla magisterii; can- world. didatusla pharmaciae; candidatusla scientiarum; The university maintains a number of advanced sivilingenifir;doctorscientiarum;doaorphilosophiae research facilities which attract international re- searchers and graduate students. Advanced pro- Det medisinske fakultet (Faculty of Medicine) grams in fields such as materials research, biotech- Degrees awarded:candidatusla medicine; doc- nology, Nordic medieval studies, Ibsen studies, de- tor medicine, doctor philosophiae velopment and environment, climate research, car- diology research, medical ethics with technology Det odontologiske fakultet (Faculty of Den- and human values, etc. are offered. tistry) Degreesawarded: candidatusla odontologiae, Academic staff (1992): 1600 Master of Science in Dentistry;doctor odontologiae, doctor philosophiae Enrollment (1992): 31,500; 7% foreign Det samfunnsvitenskapelige fakultet (Faculty Faculties, departments and degrees awarded: of Social Sciences) Departments: Pedagogisk forskningsinstitutt Det historisk-filosofiske fakultet (Faculty of (Educational Research Institute), Psykologisk Arts) (Psychology), Institutt og museum for antro- Departments: Arkeologi, kunsthistorie og nu- pologi (Department and Museum of Anthropol- mismatikk (Archeology, Art History and Nu- ogy), Sosialokonomisk (Economics), Sosiologi mismatics), Britiske og amerikanske studier (Sociology) (British and American Studies), Filosofisk (Phi- Degrees awarded:candidatusla magisterii;ex- losophy), Germanistisk (Germanistics), Klas- amen oeconomiae; candidatusla oeconomiae; candi- sisk og romansk (Classics and Romance), Kul- datusla paedagogiae; candidatusla psychologiae; tur- og samfunnsfag (Culture and Social Stud- candidatusla sociologiae; candidatusla rerumpoliti- ies), Linguistiske fag (Linguistics), Medier og carum; magister artium; doctor rerum politicarum; kommunikasjon (Media and Communication), doctor psychologiae; doctor philosophiae Musikk og teater (Music and Theater), Nordis- tikk og litteraturvitenskap (Nordic and Litera- Det teologiske fakultet (Faculty of Theology) ture Studies), Det norske institutt i Roma (The Degrees awarded:candidatusla theologiae, doc- Norwegian Institute in Rome), Osteuropeiske tor theologiae, doctor philosophiae og orietalske studier (Eastern European and Oriental Studies) Institutt for spesialpedagogikk (Institute of Degrees awarded:candidatusla magisterii; can- Special Education) didatusla philologice; magister artium;Master of Degreesawarded: candidatusla pedagogiae Arts in Society, Science and Technology;doctor spesialis;Master of Philosophy in Special Edu- artium, doctor philosophiae cation

Det juridiske fakultet (Faculty of Law) Universitetet i Tromso (University of Tromso), Degrees awarded:candidatusla juris, doctorju- Breivika 9037 Tromso; Tel: +47 77 64 40 00; Fax: Hs; doctor philosophiae +47 77 64 49 00.

42 58 Nigher Education

The university was founded in 1968 and offi- pedagogical examination for vocational subject cially opened in 1972. It is Norway's youngest and teachers) smallest university, and the world's northern-most university. It was created to strengthen education Fagomradet medisin (Faculty of Medicine) offered to those living in the north of Norway and Degrees awarded: candidatusla magisterii;can- provides the region with highly qualified profes- didatusla scientiarum; sivilingenior; candidatus/a sionals. Because of its small size, the university does medicine; kandidat ifolkehelsevitenskap (Master of not strive to offer education in all fields; rather it Public Health); kandidat i sykepleievitenskap offers new and experimental ways of teaching and (Candidate in Nursing Science); Diploma in learning and close relationships between students Health Economics; doctor philosophiae; doctor and teachers. medicine; doctor scientiarum Many of the university's research units devote resources to questions of importance to the northern Institutt for biologi og geologi (Department of region, and to the arctic region in particular. Re- Biology and Geology) search units include the Roald Amundsen Center of Degrees awarded: candidatusla magisterii;can- Arctic Research, Center for Sarni Studies, and the didatusla scientiarum; sivilingenifir; doctor philoso- Center for Environment and Development Studies phiae; doctor scientiarum of Tromso. The University of Tromso has faculty andstu- Institutt for matematiske realfag (Department dent exchange agreements with the Technische of Mathematical Sciences) Universitat Hamburg-Harburg (Germany); Degrees awarded: candidatus/a magisterii;can- Uniwersytet im Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu didatusla scientiarum; sivilingenifir; doctor scien- (Poland); and Bowman Grey School of Medicine of tiarum; doctor philosophiae Wake Forest University, University of Wisconsin- Madison (United States); etc. Institutt for rettvitenskap (School of Law) Even though the term "faculty" may be used in Degrees awarded: candidatusla juris; doctorju- the name of the university's academic units, the ris (doaor legis discontinued in 1993); doaor phi- faculty model is not used at the University of losophiae Tromso. Departments (institutes), schools, and faculties are equal units, except for the Norwegian Institutt for samfunnsvitenskap (Department College of Fishery Science which isa semi-autono- of Social Sciences) mous unit founded in 1972. It was integrated into Degrees awarded: candidatusla magisterii;can- the University of Tromso in 1988 and is considered didatusla philologiae; candidatuslarerum politi- the major national center for fisheries research and carum; candidatusla psychologiae; doctor atrium; education. doctor philosophiae; doctor psychologiae; doctortr- rum politicarum Academic staff (1992): 500 plus 100 part-time teaching faculty Institutt for sprak og litteratur (School of Lan- guages and Literature) Enrollment (1992): 5,409 students; 5% foreign. Degrees awarded: candidatusla magisterii;can- Students from northern Norway receive special didatusla philologiae; doctor artium; doctorphiloso- preference for admission to certain studies, suchas phiae law, medicine, and psychology. Norges fiskerihogskole (Norwegian College of Faculties, departments, and degrees awarded: Fishery Science) Degrees awarded: candidatus /a magisterii;can - Avdeling for praktisk-pedagogisk utdanning didatus/a rerum politicarum; candidatus/a scien- (Department of Practical Teacher Training) tiarum; doctor philosophiae; doctor rerum politi- Programs offered: praktisk-pedagogisk eksamen carum; doctor scientiarum. In addition, a unique (practical-pedagogical examination); praktisk- five-year fakerikandidat (fishery science candi- pedagogisk eksamen for yrkesfagleerere (practical- date) credential is awarded. The first three years

59 43 Higher Education

of this program concentrate on physical and (Religious Studies), Romansk (Romance Lan- natural sciences, the fourth year on the chosen guages), Sosialantropologisk (Social Anthropol- area of specialization, and the fifth year consists ogy) of research and thesis preparation. Degrees awarded: candidatusla magisterii; candidatusla philologiae; magister artium (discontin- Tromso Museum, Institutt for museumsvirk- ued for new students as of 1992); doctor artium; somhet (Department for Museum Operations) doctor philosophiae

Universitetet i Trondheim (University of Det matematisk-naturvitenskapelige fakultet Trondheim), 7034 Trondheim; Tel: +47 73 59 80 (Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 00; Fax: +47 73 59 80 90. also known as the Faculty of Science) Departments: Botanisk (Botany), Fysisk Established in 1968, the university acts as a (Physics), Informatikk (Informatics or Com- coordinating body for four separate academic and puter Science), Matematikk og statistikk scientific units: the Museum, the College of Arts (Mathematics and Statistics), Kjemisk (Chem- and Science, the Norwegian Institute of Technol- istry), Zoologisk (Zoology) ogy, and the Faculty of Medicine. Each institution Degrees awarded: candidatusla magisterii; can- functions as a separate administrative unit, awarding didatusla scientiarum; doctor scientiarum; doctor its own degrees and managing separate budgets. philosophiae Students apply to the separate units rather than to the university as a whole. Except for the Museum, Det samfunnsvitenskapelige fakultet (Faculty the three units are described separately, below. of Social Sciences) Departments: Geografisk (Geography), Den allmennvitenskapelige hogskolen/AVH Idrettshogskolen (Physical Education College), (College of Arts and Sciences); University Center, Okonomi (Economics), Sosiologi og sam- 7055 Dragvoll, Trondheim; Tel: +47 73 59 65 00; funnskunnskap (Sociology), Sosialt arbeid (So- Fax: +47 73 59 66 28. cial Work), Pedagogisk (Pedagogical), Psykolo- gisk (Psychology) AVH was founded in 1922. It is comprised of the Degrees awarded: candidatusla magisterii; can- Faculties of Arts, Mathematics and Natural Sci- didatusla socionomiae (discontinued 1993); candi- ences, and Social Sciences which are further divided datusla rerum politicarum; doctor rerum politi- into 26 departments plus the Institute of Teacher carum; doctor philosophiae Training. AVH does not officially use the terms grunnfag, mellomfag, etc. It uses vekttall, except for Pedagogisk seminar (Institute of Teacher some advanced degree programs. Training) Program offered: praktisk-pedagogisk eksamen Academic staff (1992): 300 (practical-pedagogical examination)

Enrollment (1992): 7,087; foreign 3.5% Norges tekniske hogskole/NTH (Norwegian Faculties, departments, and degrees awarded: Institute of Technology); 7034 Trondheim; Tel: +47 73 59 40 00; Fax: +47 73 59 52 37. Det historisk-filosofiske fakultet (Faculty of Arts) Founded in 1910, NTH was incorporated into Departments: Engelsk (English), Filosofisk the University of Trondheim in 1968. It is the largest (Philosophy), Germanistisk (Germanic), His- academic unit of the University with nine faculties torisk (History), Anvendt sprakvitenskap (Ap- offering instruction in 48 departments. In 1950 plied Linguistics), Drama, film og teater NTH founded a research institution, SINTEF (Drama, Film and Theater), Lingvistisk (Lin- (Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research), guistics), Musikkvitenskapelig (Music Stud- with which exchanges of specialist staff are made, ies), Nordisk (Nordic), Religionsvitenskapelig and laboratories and equipment are shared.

44 60 Higher Education

NTH has established close international rela- the integrated medical program which uses the tionships with the Katholieke Universiteit te Leu- Problem-Based Learning teaching method. ven (Belgium); Ecole des Mines; Ecole Superieure du Petro le (France); Universitat Karlsruhe (Ger- Academic staff (1992): 69 many); Technische Universiteit Delft (Nether- lands); Georgia Institute of Technology; Massachu- Enrollment (1992): 160 setts Institute of Technology; University of Califor- nia-Santa Barbara; University of Washington Degrees awarded: candidatusla medicinae; doctor (United States). medicine; doctor philosophiae

Academic staff (1992): 807 The College Sector

Enrollment (1992): 7,500; 6% foreign The college sector included until August 1994 over 100 institutions that offer education in a variety of Faculties: Berg-, petroleums- og metallurgifag (Ap- fields. As of that date, there will be only 26 merged plied Earth Sciences and Metallurgy); Arkitektur institutions. It is differentiated from the university (Architecture); Kjemi og kjemisk teknologi (Chem- sector in that the vast majority of colleges do not istry and Chemical Technology); Bygningsingenior- have authority to award degrees higher than the fag (Civil Engineering); Okonomi og arbeidslivs- basic degree of candidatusla magisterii (cand. mag.). vitenskap (Economics and Industrial Manage- College-sector institutions offer programs one ment); Electro- og datateknikk (Electrical Engi- semester to four years in length. They offergrunnut- neering and Computer Science); Mann teknikk donning (basic education) in vocation-specific fields, (Marine Technology); Maskinteknikk (Mechanical and award academic credentials referred to as either Engineering); Fysikk og matematikk (Physics and the hogskolekandidat (college candidate) or as creden- Mathematics) tials of a specific profession (e.g., allmenakerrr [general subjects teacher], ingenior [engineer], or syke- Degrees awarded: sivilarkitekt; sivilingenior, Di- pleier [nurse]). ploma in various fields (1 year program for students In addition, they offer single subject programs from developing countries; admission requires a requiring study for one to three semesters. Some of bachelor's degree or equivalent); Master of Science these programs are videreutdanning (further educa- in Marine Technology; Petroleum Exploration; Hy- tion) in the same field or field related to the program dropower Development (1 year for above diploma in which the basic education was completed. Others, holders, 2 years for students with a bachelor's degree such as grunnfag (foundation course) or mellomfag or equivalent); Master of Science in Technology (intermediate course), may be used in combination Management (first students expected in 1994; 1V 2 with other educational programs to fulfill the re- years offered in cooperation with Norges handel- quirements for a regional cand. mag. degree. shoyskole; admission based on sivilingenior degree); Many college-sector institutions provide in- doctor technicae; doctor ingenifir struction for advanced degrees. Since most colleges are not authorized to award degrees higher than the can!. mag., cooperating university-sector institutions Det medisinske fakultet (Faculty of Medicine); oversee the instruction and award the actual ad- Medisinsk teknisk senter 7005 Trondheim; Tel: + vanced degrees. 47 73 59 88 59; Fax: +47 73 59 88 65. ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS The Faculty of Medicine was established in 1975. Between 1975 and 1993, it offered clinical Admission to colleges and universities requires medical education to students who completed pre- the same qualifications: successful completion of clinical studies at other universities. Since 1993 it three years of upper secondary school study in speci- has offered complete preclinical and clinical studies fied subjects. See "The University Sector," earlier, in a program requiring a minimum of 5V2 years. for details on the numerical methods used to select The faculty admits 60 new students per year into students for admission.

6i 45 Htkher Education

GRADING AT COLLEGES awarded after the second year, and one awarded after the third year. Sample document 4.3 is a Most colleges use the same grading system as hfigskolekandidat from a two-year program of study; the universities: 1.0 as the best passing grade, 4.0 as 4.4. is from a three-year program of study. Terminol- the minimum passing grade, and 4.1 to 6.0 as failure. ogy for the three-year programs varies widely. (See Some colleges require a minimum grade aver- sample document 4.4 which states that the program age of 3.5 for graduation. At least one college (0k- is an etarigpaygingsstudium [one-year supplemen- onomisk College) requires an average of 3.5 for tary study] leading to a hogskolekandidat med 3 tirs students to proceed beyond the first year of educa- Okonomiskladministrativ hOgskoleutdanning [college tion. The following US equivalent grading scale is candidate with 3 years of economic/administrative suggested for college sector institutions. The grade college education]). of 4.1 to 6.0 will not appear on the transcript. Credentials for a Specific Profession College Suggested US Grading Equivalent Three types of colleges are multi-field: the hogskole (college), the hogskolesenter (college center), 1.0-2.0 A and the distriktshogskole (regional colleges). The 2.1-2.5 B hogskolesenter and distriktshogskok are described be- 2.6-3.0 B-/C+ low. Other colleges offer programs only in specific 3.1-3.5 C professional fields, such as sosialhogskolen (social work colleges). These programs and their institu- 3.6-4.0 D tions are discussed in Chapter V. 4.1-6.0 F Table 4.5 lists the profession-specific qualifications awarded by the three types of multi-field, CREDENTIALS AWARDED BY COLLEGES college-sector institutions and the number of years of fulltime study required to earn them. The Only colleges award the degree of hfigskokkan- hogskolene (colleges), new institutions to be fully didat (college candidate) and the regional cond. mag. formed by,1994, are discussed earlier in this chapter degree. A few colleges, particularly in fine arts, under "Overview of Higher Education." award institution-specific degrees or certificates. In Candidatus /Candidata Magisterii (Cond. Mag.) addition, some award the degrees of sivilokonom Degree Awarded by Regionale Hogskoler (Re- (business economist) and sivilingenifir (civilian engi- gional Colleges) neer). Most colleges offer supplementary academic Between 1981 and 1991, most colleges were programs which usually do not lead to a specific authorized to award the degree of regional cand. degree. These are often termed pdbyggingsstudium mag. The various colleges of arts and performing (supplementary studies) or videreutdanning (further arts, military colleges, and the Okonomisk Col- education). lege do not award this degree. This credential is considered equivalent to university-awarded Hogskolekandidat (College Candidate) cand. mag. degrees. Only public colleges may award the regional cand. mag. The regulations Unified programs concentrating in one field of for this procedure and the institutions author- study, such as economics and business administra- ized to award the regional cand. mag. are pro- tion, lead to the hogskolekandidat (college candidate). vided earlier in "Overview of Higher Educa- These programs prepare students for direct en- tion." trance into the labor market or for further academic The regional cand. mag. represents comple- studies at colleges or universities. tion of four years (80 vekttall) of higher educa- The hogskolekandidat degree represents completion with one subject being studied for a mini- tion of two years of study, or 40 vekttall, unless the mum of three semesters (mellomfag), and an- degree clearly states it is from a three-year, or 60- other subject being studied for a minimum of vekttall, program. Students completing a three-year two semesters (grunnfag), plus three additional program will have two hogskolekandidat degrees: one semesters of study in elective subjects. Over-

46 62 INSTITUTT FOR OKONOMISKE/ADMINISTRATIVE FAG ved OKONOMISKE/ADMINISTRATIVE FAG INSTITUTT FOR ved HOGSKOLESENTERET I NORDLAND kunngjer at HOGSKOLESENTERET I NORDLAND a. F.nr kunngjer at F.nr. IO har (unfelt Maria pabyggingsstudlum I okonomi og plenlegging og har real di tittelen har (Wert og har red dl tittelen hied 3 an ipkonomisk/adminietrativ hegskoleutdannIng. HOGSKOLEKANDIDAT HOGSKOLEKANDIDAT Bode Qo 5O Faglig leder 63 StudiesJef 64 Higher Education

lapping subjects will receive a reduction in the A variety of supplementary study amount of vekttall which may apply to the de- (pdbyggingsstudium) and further education gree, as will study programs with substantial (videreutdanning) programs usually lead to for- amounts of practical study, such as nursing or mal examinations for additional qualification in physical therapy. a field related to the previous educational pro- Students pursuing a regional cand. mag. de- gram completed. Because these programs usu- gree are not required to take the one-semester ally do not represent study in a new academic introductory program leading to the examen phi- area, they do not usually satisfy the cand. mag. losophicum (philosophical examination), or ex. degree requirement of one year of study in a phil., as is required for students pursuing a uni- subject other than the subject studied for three versity-awarded cand. mag. degree. A few col- semesters. leges offer programs leading to the ex. phit Sivilokonom (Business Economist) and Sivilin- which may be used in partial satisfaction of the genior (Civilian Engineer) requirements for college- or university-awarded Some colleges are authorized to award de- cand. mag. degrees. grees which have until recently been awarded Many college-sector institutions offer pro- only by universities. Agder distriktshogskole grams in the arts, sciences, and social sciences (Agder Regional College) and Hogskolesen- which may be used to satisfy requirements of teret i Nordland (Nordland College) award the both university-awarded and regional cand. mag. degree of sivilokonom; Hogskolesenteret i Ro- degrees. One-year programs corresponding to galand (Rogaland College), Narvik in- grunnfag (foundation studies) and three-semes- geniorhogskole (Narvik Engineering College), ter programs corresponding to mellomfag (inter- and Telemark ingeniorhogskole award the de- mediate studies) may be completed at colleges. gree of sivilingenifir. These programs are dis- One example of how the regional cand. mag. cussed in Chapter V. degree may be earned is as follows: a student completes a two-year hfigskolekandidat (college Advanced Degree Programs candidate) program in economics and administrative studies which satisfies the mellomfag re- Some colleges offer instruction which leads to quirement and two years of the four-year re- university-prepared examinations and university- quirement, then completes two 1-year programs awarded advanced degrees. For example, Oppland in unrelated fields, such as history and geogra- distriktshogskole (Oppland Regional College) pro- phy. These two additional years of study satisfy vides hovedfag (main subject) studies in education the grunnfag and the two final years of the four- and special education. These programs require a year requirement. cond. mag. degree for admission, and lead to the The regional cand. mag. degree is awarded degree of candidatus serum POlitiCarliM awarded by by the college the student attended for at least the University of Oslo in the area of education and one year of education. Sample document 4.1 is by the University of Trondheim in the area of special the standardized form for the regional cand. mag. education. degree used by all regional colleges awarding this degree. (University sector institutions have THE HOGSKOLESENTER separate forms; see sample document 42.) (COLLEGE CENTER) The regional cand. mag. is filled out in hand- writing and signed by the rektor (president) of Within the college system in 1993, four mul- the college. Each college decides who else tidisciplinary institutions or college centers existed, countersigns the diploma. The diploma is not which consisted of a consolidation of several smaller valid without the stamp of the college in the institutions located within an area. These institu- space provided above the signatures. On page 3 tions were formed in the late 1980s and early 1990s, of the form, a slanted line runs from left to right and will be further consolidated with other institu- across the lines that are not filled with text. tions by 1994 as part of the "Network Norway" Pabyggingstudium (Supplementary Study) and reorganization (see earlier discussion in "Overview Videreutdanning (Further Education) Programs of Higher Education").

48 Hiefier Education

Table 4.5.Profession-Specific Qualifications Awarded by College Sector Institutions With Years of Study Required

Qualification Years of Study Required allmennlarer (general subjects teacher) 4; 3 through 1992 audiograf (audiographer) 2 barnevernspedagog (child welfare worker) 3 bibliotekar (librarian) 3 bioingenior (bioengineer) 3 datahogskokkandidat (data college candidate) 2 designkandidat (design candidate) 1 1/2 following 3-year hogskolekandidat eldreomsorg (geriatric nurse) 1 following sykepleier ergoterapeut (occupational therapist) 3 faglarer (specialized subject teacher) varies fysioterapeut (physiotherapist) 3 forskolekerer (preschool teacher) 3 ingenior (engineer) 2 and 3 jordmor (midwife) 1 following sykepleier kommunalkandidat (local government adminstration 3 candidate) kun4agkandidat (art candidate) 1 1/2 following 3-year hogskolekandidat neeringsmiddelteknolog (food technologist) 3 ortopediingenior (orthopedic engineer) 3 psykiatrisk sykepleier (psychiatric nurse) 1 following sykepleier radiograf (radiographer) 3 reseptar (prescriptionist) 2 1/2 sosionom (social worker) 3 spesiallarer (special education teacher) 1 for previously qualified teachers sykepleier (nurse) 3 sykepleier (advanced training nurse) 1 following sykepleier tolk (sign language interpreter) 1 vernepleier (social educator) 3 yrkeslarer (vocational subject teacher) 1; 1/2 through 1992

66 49 Hioier Education

The profiles of Bislet hogskolesenter (Bislet Mensendieck Therapy Institute: +47 22 45 College), Hogskolesenteret i Nordland (Nordland 41 10 College), Hogskolesenteret i Rogaland (Rogaland Institute of Radiography +47 22 45 41 30 College), and Hogskolesenteret i Vestfold (Vestfold Programs and their length in years are: College) are based on information available in 1993. allmennelarer (general subject teacher) 4 With the further reorganizations of 1994, changes in bioingenior (bioengineer, also known as these four institutions are expected. medical laboratory technologist). -3 Bislet Flogskolesenter (Bislet College), Piles- agoterapeut (occupational therapist)-3 tredet 52, 0167 Oslo; Tel: +47 22 45 40 00; Fax fysioterapeut (physiotherapist)-3 plus one +47 22 45 40 05. year practical work Bislet College was founded in October 1991 Mensendieckutdanning (Mensendieck physi- when the Ergoterapihogskolen (College of Oc- cal therapy education)-3 cupational Therapy) and the Fysioterapi- ortopediingenior (orthopedic engineer)-3 hogskole i Oslo (Oslo College of Physiotherapy) radiograf (radiographer)-3 were moved to Pilestredet 56. In 1994 the insti- Further Education (Videreutdanning): Various tution will be renamed Hogskolen i Oslo (Oslo one- and two-semester programs within the College) and will incorporate 13 additional in- fields of teacher education and health care edu- stitutions. See Appendix B. Since August 1992, cation are available. Bislet College has settled at its present address Hogskolesenteret i Nordland (Nordland Col- and has merged the original institutions with lege), Postboks 6003, 8002 Bodo; Tel: +47 75 51 the following: 72 00; Fax: +47 75 51 74 57. Bioingeniorhogskolen-Rikshospitalet Established in 1969 as Nordland dis- (College of Bioengineering of University triktshogskole (Nordland Regional College), it Hospital) became the Hogskolesenter in Nordland in Ulleval bioingeniorhogskole (UllevAl Col- 1985. In 1994 the institution will be renamed lege of Bioengineering) the Hogskolen i Bodo (Bodo College) and will Mensendieck-skolen i Oslo hoyskole for absorb Nordland sykepleierhogskole (Nord- fysioterapi (Oslo Mensendieck College for land College of Nursing) and Bod0 Physiotherapy) Ixrerhogskole (Bodo College of Education). Oslo Ixrerhogskole (Oslo College of Edu- Academic units which were formerly known as cation) the Institutt for okonomisk/administrative fag Radiografhogskolen-Rikshospitalet (Col- (School of Business Administration) and the lege of Radiography of University Hospital) Sivilokonomutdanningen i Bodo-SiB (Bodo Ulleval radioingeniorhogskole (UllevAl Graduate School of Business) were consoli- College of Radiography) dated into the Business College of Northern Sagene Imrerhogskole (Sagene College of Norway in January 1993. This College has only Education) an English name. Statens hogskole i ortopediteknikk (Nor- Academic staff (1992): 110 wegian College of Orthotics and Prosthet- Enrollment (1992): 1650 FT; 400 PT ics) Programs: Those offered by the college or Detailed information about each institute, also department follow with the length in years referred to as department, of Bislet College and noted in parentheses. One-year programs gen- the programs each offers may be obtained di- erally represent grunnfag (foundation course) reedy from the institute. Provided below are studies; two-year and three-year programs gen- their telephone numbers: erally result in a hogskokkandidat degree, except Institute of Teacher Education: +47 22 45 where noted in italics: 23 00 Business College of Northern Norway Institute of Medical Laboratory Technol- accountingbased on economics and ad- ogy (bioengineering): +47 22 45 41 40 ministrative studies (1) Institute of Physical Therapy and Prosthet- business administration teacher training ics/Orthotics: +47 22 45 42 10 based on economics and administrative

50 67 Hs her Education

studies, offered in conjunction with Bodo personnel management and development College of Education (1) (1) business economics (1) public politics and administration (1) economics and administrative studies (2) social work (sosionom) (3) economics and planning--based oneco- social security administration (1) nomics and administrative studies (1) social security administration-advanced electronic data processing, and economics course (1) (3) welfare sociology (1) first-year study for The Agricultural Uni- Flogskolesenteret i Rogaland (Rogaland Col- versity of Norway (1) lege); Postboks 2557, 4004 Stavanger; Tel: +47 information technologybased oneco- 51 87 41 00; Fax: +47 51 87 43 00. nomics and administrative studies (1) Founded in 1969 as the Distriktshogskolen i business economist degree (sivilokonom)-- Rogaland (Regional College in Rogaland), in based on two years of previous education in January 1986 it merged with Stavanger Engi- economics and administrative studies. The neering College. The institution translates its institution translates this credential as Mas- name as Rogaland University. In 1994 the insti- ter of Science in Business. (2) tution's name will change to Hogskolen i OInstitutt for Fiskeri og Akvakultur (Depart- Stavanger (Stavanger College) and will absorb ment of Fisheries and Aquaculture) six additional institutions. See Appendix B. aquaculture (3, or 2 years following fisheries Rogaland Research Academy, the result of and aquaculture foundation) a cooperative arrangement between the Acad- biologysupplementary education based emy and Rogaland College, organizes doctoral on 1-year program in biology and chemistry programs in areas of applied engineering, but (1) does not have authorization to award Norwegian biology and chemistry (1) doctoral degrees. The Academy hasan arrange- export marketing of fish productsbased ment with Aalborg University in Denmark to on 2 years of previous education (1) award a Danish Doctor of Philosophy degree fisheries and aquaculture foundationyear upon completion of academic work at Rogaland (1) Research Academy. The degree is issued in fisheries technology (3, or 2 years following English under Danish law. The names of both fisheries and aquaculture foundation) institutions appear on the degree. Rogaland fisheries economics (3, or 2 years following College is in the process ofestablishinga similar fisheries and aquaculture foundation) program with Robert Gordon University in Ab- natural sciences (1) erdeen, Scotland. OInstitutt for Samfunnsvitenskap (Depart- Academic staff (1992): 140 ment of Social Sciences) Enrollment (1992): 2,990 FT; 651 PT (44.6% child social work (barnevernspedagog) (3) female; 118 foreign students) health and social administration (1) Programs: Those offered, with the length in health and social politics hovedfag (leads to years noted in parentheses, follow. One-year a candidates rerum politicarum awarded by programs generally represent grunnfag (founda- University of Tromso, although coursework tion course) studies; two- and three-yearpro- is completed at Nordland College) (2) grams generally result in a hogskokkandidat de- history (1) gree, except where noted in italics: historybased on 1 year of previous educa- O Department of Humanities tion in history (V2) Norwegian (1) journalism (2) Norwegianbased on 1 year of previous management for municipal employees (1) education in Norwegian (V2) media, part-time program offered in con- English (1) junction with Bodo College of Education Englishbased on 1 year of previous edu- (1) cation in English (V2) organization and administration (2) French (1) 68 51 Higher Education

Frenchbased on 1 year of previous edu- proval to award the degree in 1987 for pro- cation in French (V2) grams in petroleum engineering, offshore German (1) engineering, and data processing. Begin- history (1) ning in 1993, English is the language of historybased on 1 year of previous educa- instruction (2). tion in History (V2) Candidatus technicae (candidate in technol- O Department of Culture and Social Sciences ogy), offered 1982-1987; not governmen- (Other programs, in addition to those listed tally authorized. The program requires below, are awaiting approval.) 1V2 years for graduates of a 3-year ingeniOr cultural analysisbased on 2 years of pre- program. Previous graduates of this pro- vious education (1) gram may return to Rogaland College for 1 culture and media (2) additional semester of study and convert culture administrationbased on 1 year of the card. tech. to a sivilingenifir degree. previous education in social sciences (1) 0 Economics and Administrative Area examen philosophicum (V 2) accounting and auditingbased on eco- journalism (2) nomics and administrative studies (1) environmental workbased on 1 year of business economics (1) previous education in social sciences (1) contract administrationadditional com- organization and managementbased on 3 petence for graduates of an ingenior program years of previous education (1). (The insti- (1) tution is seeking approval of this program to economics and administrative studies (2) count toward 1 year of a hovedfag program, economics and informaticsbased on eco- and also to expand it to a 2-year complete nomics and administrative studies (1) hovedfag program. [See Chapter IV, "Struc- innovationbased on economics and ad- ture of Degree Programs. "]) ministrative studies (1) personnel administrationbased on 1 year personnel administrationadditional com- of previous education in society (1) petence for graduates of an ingenior program social sciences (1) (1) television productionbased on 2 years of production managementbased on eco- previous education in journalism or culture nomics and administrative studies (1) and media (1) safety administrationadditional compe- 0 College of Engineering and Natural Sci- tence for graduates of an ingenior program (1) ences Hogskolesenteret i Vestfold (Vestfold Col- Programs leading to the tide of ingenior in- lege), PO Box 500, 3193, Horten; Tel: +47 33 38 clude: building and construction engineer- 26 00; Fax: +47 33 38 29 71. ing (3, or 2 years for graduates of a teknisk Vestfold College was founded in August 1991. fagskole); electroengineering and data proc- Former institutions which have been consoli- essing (3); mechanical engineering and ma- dated into this institution are Tonsberg mari- terials technology (3); media engineering time hogskole (Tonsberg Maritime College) (3); petroleum engineering (3). and Horten ingeniorhogskole (Horten College One-year programs for additional compe- of Engineering). The institution will be re- tence in the following subjects are open to named Hogskolen i Vestfold (Vestfold College) those with the title of ingeniorwho have not in 1994 and will absorb Eik lxrerhogskole and previously specialized in these areas in their Vestfold sykepleierhogskole. See Appendix B. ingenior programs: land use planning, medi- Academic staff (1992): approximately 100 cal engineering, petroleum engineering, Enrollment (1992): 787 safety administration, climate technology, Programs: Those offered, with the length in and mathematics. years in parentheses, follow. One-year programs Sivilingenie (civilian engineer) for gradu- generally represent grunnfag (foundation ates of an ingenifir program. First offered in course) studies; 2-year programs result in a 1977; the school gained parliamentary ap- hogskolekandidat degree, except where noted:

52 69 Higher Education

O Programs leading to the ingenior title are: teret i Rogaland) are still classified as regional col- mechanical engineering (3) leges, although they have already undergone some mechanical engineeringfor graduates of reorganization. teknisk fagskok (2) The distriktshogskoler offer programs lasting electronics engineering (3) from one semester to four years in both profession- electronics engineeringfor graduates of specific programs and programs in the humanities, teknisk fagskole (2) social sciences, and sciences. Regional colleges were power (3) authorized to award the degree of regional candi- powerfor graduates of teknisk fagskok (2) datusla magisterii in 1981 (see "Overview of Higher O Additional Programs Education"). administration and management-advanced The formal admission requirements to regional course (1) colleges are the same as the admission requirements aspirant course in nautical studies (1) to universities and other college sector institutions: aspirant course in technical marine opera- completion of the college and university matriculation (1) tion requirements. Admission to regional colleges is economics (2) competitive, especially in some fields. Certain pro- fire protection and safety administration- grams impose selective admission requirements in advanced course (1) addition to the normal matriculation requirements. maintenance and safety technology-ad- The Okonomisk College (Economics College, vanced education (1) also translated as Oslo College of Business and Eco- nautical studies (2) nomics) is often grouped with distriktshfigskokne, but organizational development (V2-year pro- it differs in the following ways: it is under municipal gram completed part-time over 1 year) rather than regional jurisdiction; it is the only public personnel management for the private and institution in Norway that offers both secondary and public sectors (V 2-year program completed tertiary-level programs; and it does not have the part-time over 1 year) authority to award the regional candidatusla magis- school administration (V2-year program terii degree. completed part-time over 1 year) Sixteen institutions in Norway are presently sociology (1) classified as distriktshogskokr (regional colleges). technical marine operation (2) Most of them have a particular niche and offer technology and industrial development-ad- programs unique to their institution, as well as nu- vanced education (1) merous others offered by several of the other regional colleges. For example, Oppland dis- DISTRIKTSHOGSKOLENE triktshogskole specializes in film and television edu- (REGIONAL COLLEGES) cation, and travel and tourism education. When the 1994 Olympic Winter Games were being conducted Regional colleges were established as a part of in its home, Lillehammer, the college was the post- the Norwegian system of higher education in 1%9 game user of the large Radio and Television Center as alternatives to universities and university-level that made it one of the leading institutions for dis- institutions which offered only long programs of tance teaching and allowed it to concentrate on study. They are multi-field, public colleges in Nor- developing part-time and decentralized programs way's regional college system that also includes col- needed in a country with Norway's geographical leges for basic studies in engineering, nursing and characteristics. health professions, social work, teacher training, etc. The regional colleges as of 1992 are listed below. As part of the reorganization of the college sec- The Hogskolesenteret i Nordland and the tor, these institutions are presently evolving. By Hogskolesenteret i Rogaland are not listed, al- 1994 each will become part of a larger institution though they are presently classified as regional col- within a locality which represents a consolidation of leges. These institutions are described in the pre- several institutions. Two institutions profiled in the vious section. Below the listings for Agder dis- previous hogskolesenter (college center) section triktshogskole and Okonomisk College are the pro- (Hogskolesenteret i Nordland and Hogskolesen- grams which were offered there in 1992. This pro-

70 53 Higher Education vides examples of the types and variety of programs +47 37 04 17 11. To become part of Hogskolen offered by regional colleges. i Agder in 1994. Finnmark distriktshogskole (Finnmark Re- Agder distriktshogskole (Agder Regional Col- gional College); Follumsvei, 9500 Alta; Tel: +47 lege); 4604 Kristiansand S; Tel: +47 53 74 27 95 84 37 600; Fax: +47 84 34 438. To become part 00; Fax: +47 53 74 27 95 01. To become part of of Hogskolen i Finmark in 1994. Hogskolen i Agder in 1994. Hogskolen i Harstad (Regional College of One-year programs generally representgrunnfag Harstad); Postboks 2130, Kanebogen; Tel: +47 (foundation course) studies; 2-year and 3-year 77 07 02 33; Fax: +47 77 07 43 05. programs generally result in a hogskolekandidat Hedmark distriktshogskole (Hedmark Re- degree, except where noted in italics in which gional College); Postboks 104, 2450 Rena; Tel: case the other credentials awarded are noted. +47 62 44 08 00; Fax: +47 62 44 08 07. To analytical chemistry (2) become part of Hogskolen i Hedmark in 1994. auditing-builds upon economics-adminis- Operates three campuses located in Blmstad, trative studies (1) Evenstad, and Rena. chemical economics (3) More og Romsdal distriktshogskole (More data processing-supplementary education and Romsdal Regional College); Postboks 308, (2) Molde; Tel: +47 71 25 10 77; Fax: +47 71 21 51 developing countries (1) 51. To become part of Hogskolen i Molde in economics-administrative studies (2) 1994. economist-builds upon economics-admin- More og Romsdal distriktshogskole (More istrative studies (2) and Romsdal Regional College); Postboks 188, English (1, 1 V2, or 3) 6101 Volda; Tel: +47 70 07 70 66; Fax: +47 70 examen philosophicum (V 2) 21 51 51. To become part of Hogskolen i Volda French (1) in 1994. health and social administration (1) Nord-Trondelag distriktshogskole (Nord- history (1) Trondelag Regional College); Postboks 145, informatics and mathematical methods (3) 7701 Steinkjer; Tel: +47 74 16 66 11; Fax: +47 management for government employees- 74 75 23 72. To become part of Hogskolen i advanced administrative education (part- Nord-Trondelag in 1994. time study over one year) Okonomisk College (Oslo College of Business mathematics (1) and Economics); Postboks 2474 Solli, 0201 Oslo Norwegian (1-2) 2; Tel: +47 22 43 46 21. phonetics and language knowledge pre- Founded in 1970 as a branch of the Oslo han- liminary test (noncredit) delsgymnasium (Oslo Business Upper Secon- public administration (2) dary School), it is the only public institution public administration and economics-sup- offering both tertiary-level and upper secondary plementary education (2) school (videregdende skole) programs. In addition scientific studies in mathematics, electronic to offering the upper secondary programs in the data processing, and chemistry (1-4) General Area of Study and the Commercial and social work (sosionom) (3) Clerical Area of Study (see Chapter III), the systems and data processing (2) handelsgymnasium offers one year of fulltime televised-advanced administrative educa- programs to upper secondary school graduates tion (2) in the areas of accounting, business administra- social security-advanced administrative tion, management information systems, inter- education (1) national marketing with French or German, and social security-supplementary education executive secretarial. These programs are con- (1) sidered to be secondary study, and are not rec- Agder ingenior- og distriktshogskole (Adger ognized for transfer credit into tertiary-level Engineering and Regional College); Postboks programs in Norway. 94, 4801 Grimstad; Tel: +47 37 04 18 11; Fax: accountancy (2)

54 71 Higher Education

accountancy and auditing (3) Telemark distriktshogskole (TelemarkRe- administration (2) gional College); 3800 Bo i Telemark; Tel:+47 Bachelor of International Business (3) 35 95 25 00. To become part of Hogskolei economics (2) Telemark in 1994. Opp land distriktshogskole (Opp landRe- Trondheim okonomiske hogskole (Trond- gional College); Postboks 1004, 2601 Lilleham- heim Economics College); 7005 Trondheim; mer; Tel: +47 61 28 80 00; Fax: +47 61 26 07 50. Tel: +47 73 93 04 00; Fax: +47 73 94 42 90.To Known as Hogskolen in Lille hammer in 1994. become part of Hogskolen i Sor-Trondelag in Sogn og Fjordane distriktshogskole(Sogn 1994. and Fjordane Regional College); Postboks 39, Ostfold distriktshogskole (Ostfold Regional 5801 Sogndal; Tel: +47 57 67 6100; Fax+ 47 576 College); 1757 Halden; Tel: +47 69 18 54 00; 76 100. To become part of Hogskolen i Sognog Fax: +47 99 18 63 41. To becomepart of Fjordane in 1994. Hogskole i Ostfold in 1994.

72 55 Chapter V EDUCATION BY FIELDS OF STUDY

wou.. NneeeTe...k,. e e vn.envtmoOtleve weeeenOnnen. I AA'

The procedures for earning credentials in the gen- 3.Master of Science in Management of Natural eral areas of arts, sciences, and social sciences are Resources and Sustainable Agriculture: Two- discussed in Chapter IV, "The University Sector." year program. First year (20 vekttall) is com- The following are specifics of selected professional pleted at the institution; research and thesis are fields. done in the home country. English is the language of instruction. Of 25-30 students admit- Agriculture ted annually, four to five are Norwegians. Ad- mission is based on a bachelor's degree for for- Professional degree programs in agriculture are of- eign students or a cand. mag. for Norwegian fered only by the Norges landbrukshogskole (Agri- students. cultural University of Norway; also known as the 4.Doctor scientiarum (dr. scient.) and doctor agricolae Norwegian College of Agricultural Science); Post- (dr. agric.). The dr. scient. degree consists of boks 3, 1432 As; Tel: +47 64 94 75 00; Fax: +47 64 examinations, a thesis, and a public lecture com- 94 75 05. The institution was founded in 1859 as an pleted over three years. The dr. agric. is a tradi- educational institution and reorganized in 1897 as a tional doctoral degree based on independent research and educational institution. research leading to a dissertation.

Academic staff (1991): 241 This institution uses the 1.0 to 6.0 scale with 4.0 as the minimum passing grade for individual Enrollment (1992): 1,600 (50% female); 341 new courses. However, an overall grade average of 3.25 students. Of entering students 96% complete their is required for graduation. Based on this information studies. and on data covering a five-year period of recent final overall grade averages received by Norges The College awards the degree of candidatusla landbrukshogskole students, the following scale is agriculturae (cand. agric.) and the degree of sivilin- recommended: genifir (civilian engineer) in cartography and engineering. Both degrees require five years of study Norges landbrukshogskoleSuggested US and 100 vekttall. The first two years of study are Grading Equivalent comprised of mainly basic subjects. Years 3 and 4 1.00-1.99 A consist of applied subjects in the student's chosen 2.00-2.39 B area of specialization. Year 5 focuses on the thesis 2.40-3.25 C project. The College also offers the following pro- 3.26-4.00 D grams: F 1. Candidatus magisterii (cand. mag.): 70 vekttall pro- 4.01-6.00 gram. Authorization to award this degree was granted in 1990. Students complete the five-year cand. agric. pro- 2.Praktisk-pedagogisk eksamen (practical-pedagogi- grams in one of the following areas of specialization: cal examination): Through spring 1992, this was agricultural economics and general agriculture, ani- a one-semester program to train secondary mal science, food science, forestry, horticulture, school agriculture teachers (see "Education landscape architecture, land-use planning and land [Teacher Training] later in this chapter). Since tenure, natural resource conservation and manage- fall 1992, the program requires one year of study. ment, and soil and crop science.

56 73 Education by Fields of Study

Architecture institutions. These translations are not the official names of the degrees and should not be confused The study of architecturemay be undertaken at with the actual master's degrees (see Table 4.3). three institutions: The Bergen School of Architec- Following these descriptions is information on the ture, also known as the Bergen College of Architec- public institution that offers education in the area of ture (Bergen arkitektskole), Postboks 2650, 5026 business: Norges handelshoyskole (Norwegian Bergen, Tel: +47 05 31 46 920; the Oslo School of School of Economics and Business Administration), Architecture, also known as the Oslo College of a university-level public institution located in Ber- Architecture (Arkitekthogskolen i Oslo), Postboks gen; and information on the private business col- 6768, St. Olays plass, 0130 Oslo, Tel: +47 22 20 8316; leges that offer recognized academic programs, in Fax: +47 22 11 1970; and the Norwegian Institute of particular the Handelshoyskolen BI (Norwegian Technology (see the University of Trondheim in School of Management), Oslo. The programs de- Chapter IV for a complete description). All programs scribed have received recognition from the Ministry in architecture lead to the degree of sivilarkitekt or of Education, Research and Church Affairs, or the siv. ark. (architect). NKU for purposes of transfer credit (see Chapter IV, The Bergen School of Architecture offers a five- "Tertiary-Level Credentials"). year program divided into two parts: Part 1 is com- 1.Bednftsokonomeksamen (Business Economics prised of three years of obligatory coursework with Examination): This examination is adminis- an examination after the third year. Entrance into tered upon completion of a one-year, 20-vethall Part 2 requires success on the Part 1 examination. introductory program in okonomiskladministra- Part 2 is composed of two years of additional study tivt studium (economics and administrative that includes a thesis project. study). The program generally includes course- The Oslo School of Architecture offers a 5V2- work in accounting, mathematics, finance, eco- year program comprised of four foundation semes- nomics, marketing, computer science, and or- ters, plus six specialized semesters, plus a one se- ganizational theory. Students completing the mester final project. one-year program, and those planning to com- The Faculty of Architecture of the Norwegian plete a two- or three-year program in business Institute of Technology offers a five-year program. and economics are awarded this credential after A final project is normally completed during the the first year of study. This examination is of- tenth semester. fered by a number of distriktshogskokr, the Nor- Graduates of sivilarkitekt programs are eligible ges handelshoyskole through its extension de- to apply for advanced programs in architecture lead- partment, and the Handelshoyskolen BI. ing to the degree of dr ingenior (doctor engineer). 2.Foretaksokonom (Enterprise Economics) pro- Doctoral programs are offered by both the Oslo gram: A one-year, 20-vekttall program for gradu- School of Architecture and the Norwegian Institute ates of the bedriftsokonom program offered by of Technology. Norges handelshoyskole. 3.Eiendomsmegler (Real Estate Broker): A one- year, 20-vekttall program begun in 1990, it Business and Economics builds on the bedriftsokonom. Following completion of the program and two years of approved The subjects of business and economicsmay be practical experience, graduates may apply for a studied at the upper secondary school level in the real estate broker's authorization from the commercial and clerical subjects area and in the Banking, Insurance, and Securities Commis- general studies area (see Chapter III), and at the sion. The title granted is the Statsautorisert college and university levels in both public and (Authorized) Real Estate Broker. This program private institutions. Tertiary credentials range from is offered by the Handelshoyskolen BI. short programs of one year in length to a doctoral 4.Markedskandidat (Market Candidate): This two- degree in the field. year, 40-vekttaprogram in marketing is offered The programs in business and economics are by the Norges markedshoyskole, which is part described below. Several of the credentials awarded of the Handelshoyskolen BI. The tide has been are translated as "master's" degrees by the awarding replaced by the hoyskolekandidat.

7 4 57 Education by Fiekk of Study

5.Diplomeksportokonom (Diploma in Export Mar- 9.Diplommarkedsokonom (Diploma in Marketing): keting): This 3 V2-year program is offered by This one-year, 20-vekttall program is based on the Norges markedshoyskole which is part of the markedskandidat program or the equivalent. the Handelshoyskolen BI. One and one-half As of 1994, the diploma will include the speciali- years are spent at a cooperating institution in zation in marketing, public relations or market England, Germany, France or Spain. Total communication. It is offered by the Norges vekttall is 60 for the program with Germany and markedshoyskolen which is part of the Handel- 70 vekttall for the others. shoyskolen BI. 6.Hogskokkandidat (College Candidate) in None- 10. Pdbyggningsstudium (Supplementary Studies): miskladministrativt fag (Economics and Admin- These programs are offered by a number of istrative Subject): This is a two-year, 40 -vekttall distriktshogskoler which generally require one- program. When it builds on the bedriftsok- year, 20-vekttall of study in a number of busi- onomeksamen, as is usually the case, the college ness-related areas including business econom- candidate program represents one additional ics analysis, economic administration, informat- year of study. Studies in general business and ics and economics, information processing, in- economics are required, as well as elective stud- ternational economics, management and organ- ies in a variety of business-related fields such as izational development for insurance personnel, accounting and auditing, data processing and marketing and internationalization, materials systems, marketing, organization and admini- administration, organization and management, stration, and tourism. This degree is awarded by personnel management and administration, numerous distriktshOgskoler, the Handelshoysk- personnel management and competence devel- olen BI, and by Norges markedshoyskole in opment, and tourism. various fields of marketing. Admission requirements to supplementary 7.Hogskokkandidat (College Candidate) from a studies vary from related work experience to Three-Year Program of Study: A third year in one or two years of previous tertiary-level study. business and economics is available at some The credential awarded, whether it is a vitnemdl distriktshogskoler. It is based upon completion of (certificate) or hogskokkandidat (college candi- a two-year hogskokkandidat program and repre- date), is dependent upon the combination of sents specialized study in a particular field. Stu- programs and the total years completed. dents may concentrate in areas such as account- 11. Revisor (Auditor/Accountant Program, Lower ing, administration and management, auditing, Level): This three-year, 60-vekttall program economics, electronic data processing and eco- may include the bedrIftsokonom and the nomics, and public administration and econom- hogskokkandidat. The program is divided into ics. The third year of study may be referred to two parts. Part I (40 vekttall) includes introduc- as ettdrig pdbyggingsstudium (one-year supple- tory study in economics, business administra- mentary study) or similar wording. Terminology tion, management, and auditing. Part II consists on the hogskokkandidat will attest to the fact that of 20 additional vekttall in fiscal law, general law, it represents completion of a three-year program. and auditing. 8.DiplomOkonom (Diploma in Business Admini- Following completion of the program plus stration). This is a one-year, 20-vekttall program two years of practical experience in auditing and in business administration for foretaksokonom completion of a professional examination graduates of the Norges handelshoyskole kurs- known as the revisoreksamen (auditor examina- virksomhet (Extension Department). It is also tion), graduates will receive the title of registirrt awarded by the Handelshoyskolen BI in a one- revisor (registered auditor). The program is of- year, 20-vekttall program which builds on the fered by numerous distriktshogskolen and at the bedriftsokonom and the hogskokkandidat, and is Handelshoyskolen BI. translated as Bachelor of Management. In this 12. Hoyere revisorstudium (Chartered Accountant final year students may specialize in logistics, Program, Higher Level): Completion of this accounting and taxes, personnel management, three-semester program in accounting, audit- marketing, economics, or European Union pol- ing, law, and tax law and two years of related icy and economics. work experience qualifies students to apply to

58 75 Education by Fields of Study

the Ministry of Trade as a statsautorisert revisor ganization management, statistics, strategy, and (authorized accountant). supplementary courses (C languages [English, Admission may be gained through gradu- French, German, Japanese and Spanish], law, ation from a professional degree program in mathematics, computer science, economic his- economics (sivilokonom or candidatus /a oe- tory and economic geography). The school re- conomiae) or law (candidatus /a juris); or gradu- fers to completion of the first part as completion ation from a hogskolekandidat (college candidate) of a Bachelor of Business Administration degree program and passage of an examination for program. A Norwegian degree is not awarded qualification as a revisor (accountant program, after the third year. Students do not conclude lower level). It is offered by the Norges handel- their education after part one, but continue shoyskole. through part two of the program. 13. Sivilokonom (Business Economist): This profes- The second part requires completion of 26 sionally oriented degree in the area of business NHH credits or one additional year of study that and economics is awarded by two dis-- includes courses in a chosen specialization, sup- triktshogsko len e (regional colleges), a specialized plementary courses, and a thesis. Students may university-level institution (Norges handel- specialize in accounting, economics, economics shoyskole), and a private, university-level col- in developing countries, finance and financial lege (Handelshoyskolen BI). It represents com- economics, information systems, internationali- pletion of four years of tertiary-level study with zation and the international economy, manage- all or most subjects in or related to business or rial economics, marketing management, organi- economics. The four institutions awarding this zation management, or strategic analysis. Com- degree structure the programs differently. pletion of part two results in the sivilokonom DistriktshogskoknePrograms:Agderdis- degree, translated by NHH as Master of Science triktshogskole (Agder Regional College) and in Business. the Hogskolesenteret i Nordland (Nordland Handelshoyskolen BI (Norwegian School of College) have recently been authorized to Management) Sivilokonom Program: This is a award the degree. In 1994, these became four-year, 80-vekttall program. The institution Hogskolen i Agder (Agder College) and translates it as Master of Business and Econom- Hogskolen i Bodo (Bodo College), respectively. ics since 1993, and as Master of Management Both admit graduates of the two-year through 1992. Government authorization to hfigskolekandidat in business and economics, or award the sivilfikonom was granted to this private those with equivalent education, into a two-year institution in 1985. Prior to 1985, the credential supplementary program leading to the sivilok- granted for this program was known as the onom. The Hogskolesenteret i Nordland offers dip/omokonom, a different program than the its sivilokonom program through its Business dip/omokonom (diploma in business administra- College of Northern Norway, formed in January tion) program offered by this institution since 1993 as a consolidation of its Institutt for okono- 1985. Those holding the dip/omokonom awarded misk-administrative fag (School of Business Ad- from 1972 to 1985 may apply to the Handel- ministration) and Sivilokonomutdanningen i shoyskolen BIs to have a sivilfikonom degree Bodo (Bodo Graduate School of Business) units. issued in its place. The Hogskolesenteret i Nordland translates its The program was divided into two 2-year sivilokonom degree as Master of Science in Busi- parts. Part I includes mandatory courses total- ness. ling 40 vekttall. Part II includes 20 vekttall of The Norges handelshoyskole/NHH (Norwe- mandatory courses, 12 vekttall of elective gian School of Economics and Business Ad- courses, and an 8-vekttall thesis. Part II students ministration) Program: Part one of the two-part may specialize in one of the following areas: program includes 82 NHH credits completed accounting, applied organizational and opera- over three years in accounting, business admini- tions development; finance; international busi- stration, computer sciences, economics, fi- ness administration; management and effi- nance, information system management, mar- ciency; marketing; shipping management, so- keting, mathematics, operations research, or- cial economics; and tax planning and economic

7 6 59 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Education by Fiehic of Study

management. The program was changed in ters of elective study. The cand. mag. is dis- 1993 to one 3-year and one 1-year part. In the cussed in detail in Chapter IV. last part students specialize in areas listed 18. Candidatus /a rerum polificarum (cand. pofit.) Pro- above, plus logistics, entrepreneurship, man- gram: The universities of Bergen, Oslo, and agement information systems, business strategy Trondheim offer the cand. pofit. in economics or organization psychology. through their faculties of social sciences. Be- After completing the third year, students cause of the historical development of the study may elect to complete the fourth year or transfer of economics in northern Norway, the Univer- into the Master of Science program described sity of Tromso offers a cand. polit. degree pro- below. gram in economics through its Norges fiskeri- 14. Sivilmarkedsforer (Marketing): The one-year, 20 hogskole (Norwegian College of Fishery Sci- vekaall program, which builds on the diplom- ence). The cand. pofit. degree is discussed in markeekokonom, is offered by the Norges Chapter IV. markedshoyskole which is part of the Handel- 19. Examen oeconomiae (exam. oecon.) and candi- shoyskolen BI. The school refers to this creden- datus/a oeconomiae (cand. oecon.) Programs: The tial as the Master of Science in Marketing. Department of Economics of the Faculty of 15. Handelsokonom (Business Administration): A Social Sciences of the University of Oslo offers four-year program offered by the former Oslo a professionally oriented degree program in eco- handelshoyskole (Oslo Business School). The nomics which leads to cand. oecon. school refers to the degree as the Bachelor of The curriculum is divided into three divi- Business Administration (BBA)-Honors. After sions. Division I includes the ex. phil, three completion of the third year, students may ap- semesters of study in economics, plus one se- ply for admission to the Master of Business mester of study in mathematics, statistics, and Administration program (see below). data processing, for a total of five semesters of 16. Pedagogisk Utdanning (Teachers' Training Pro- study. Division II includes two semesters of gram): Through spring 1992, this program, ofstudy in economics, specifically microeconom- fered by Norges handelshoyskole, represented ics, macroeconomics, and empirical methods. one semester of study for graduates of the Students choosing to conclude their university sivilfikonom program. Beginning in fall 1993, stu- studies after division II are eligible for the de- dents may complete the requirements for this gree of examen oeconomiae. Division III requires program during the sivilokonom program, ex- four additional semesters of study and includes tending the program to a total of 4V2 years. advanced coursework in micro- and macroeco- Completion of the teachers' training pro- nomics, electives, and a thesis. gram qualifies the graduate as an adjunkt (ad- 20. Master of International Business/MiB Program: junct) in business. Also, in cooperation with Offered by the Norges handelshoyskole/NHH, Bodo Imrerhogskole (Bodo College of Educa- it is taught entirely in English. It admitted its tion), the Hogskolesenteret i Nordland (Nord- first students in 1986. The program focuses on land College) offers a teacher training program applied international business and prepares stu- in business economics. Teacher qualifications dents for international experience. are discussed later in this chapter. Until 1993 the MiB program required two 17. Candidatus/candidata magisterii (cand. mag.) in an years of study including 30 NHH credits in Okonomick-administrativ studieretning (Econom- compulsory subjects, 6 credits of electives, 3 ics-Administrative Area of Study) Program: The credits for a summer internship or an additional University of Bergen offers a cand. mag. degree elective, plus a 9-credit thesis. Beginning in program specifically in an economics-adminis- 1993, the program has been restructured into a trative study program through its Faculty of three-semester program: 27 NHH credits in Social Sciences. It is a four-year first-level de- compulsory subjects, 6 credits of electives, and gree which includes the ex. phil., one semester 6 credits for the thesis. of study in information science, two semesters Admission for foreign students is based on in administration and organization science, two a bachelor's degree or the equivalent. Norwe- semesters in social economics, and two semes- gian students must have a cand. mag. degree,

60 77 Education by Fields of Study

sivilokonom, or the equivalent for admission. In specialization, and four supplementary courses. addition to academic background, GMAT During the fourth semester, students write a scores, letters of recommendation, and work research paper which serves as a dissertation experience, etc. are considered for admission. proposal. 21. Master of Science Program: Offered by the Students "graduate" from the ABD pro- Handelshoyskolen BI, this program is taught gram, but receive no tide. Admission is based entirely in English. It utilizes an academic cal- on the sivilokonom degree or the equivalent. endar comprised of fall, winter, and spring quar- The coursework for the ABD program is in- ters (September to June). cluded in the doctor oeconomiae program. It ex- The master's requires two years of study for pands the research paper begun in the ABD those who have completed either the diplom- program to the scope of a doctoral dissertation okonom (representing a total of three years of which requires two additional years for prepara- tertiary study) or three years of the sivilokonom tion. NHH is the only institution awarding this program. It requires one year of study for sivilfik- degree. onom graduates or those with approved previous A diagram of tertiary-level credentials in busi- education in related areas. This program was ness and economics and the institutions which launched in 1990 with the specialization in en- award these credentials is provided in Chart 5.1. ergy management. Additional specializations have been added INSTITUTIONS OFFERING BUSINESS in decision support systems, environmental AND ECONOMICS PROGRAMS management, Euromanagement, financial economics, and international marketing. The pro- Norges Handelshoyskole/NHH (Norwegian gram uses a 4-point, A through F grading scale. School of Economics and Business Administra- An overall grade average of 3.0 (B) is required tion); Helleveien 30, 5035 Bergen-Sandviken; Tel: for graduation. +47 55 95 92 00; Fax: +47 55 95 95 65. 22. Master of Business Administration/MBA Pro- gram: This is an 11-month program, offered by This specialized university-level institution of- Handelshoyskolen BI, which follows an aca- fers education primarily in business and economics. demic calendar of four quarters. The program is NHH offers public education through its Main taught in Norwegian and English. Admission School, and privately funded education through calls for GMAT scores, a four-year tertiary-level three foundations. The four (described below) are degree program, and at least three years of work collectively known as the NHH-Group. experience. NHH is engaged in many international ex- A part-time version of the MBA is offered change agreements and has been selected as the to employees of company affiliates of the insti- Norwegian academic institution in the Community tution and may be completed in 2V2 years. At of European Management Schools/CEMS. In the the end of two years of study in the part-time United States, NMI has exchange agreements with MBA program, a "Special Diploma" indicating the University of California, Northwestern Univer- coursework completed is issued to students not sity, Cornell University, Vanderbilt University, the planning to complete the entire program. The University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; College MBA program uses the same grading scale as of William and Mary, Queen's University, Ottawa the Master of Science program noted above. University in Canada, and the University of British 23. Doaor.oeconomiae (dr. oecon.) and ABD Program: Columbia. More than 35% of the students enrolled The ABD (All But Dissertation) program is the in the fourth year of the sivilokonom program spend two-year coursework component for a doctor oe- a semester abroad. conomiae (doctorate in economics) degree. Stu- The Main School is comprised of 14 depart- dents may specialize in either management, ments. Its use of credit and grading systems business administration, economic history, eco- differs from other public institutions. The nomic geography, or economics. NHH credit system specifies 13 or 14 credits per The normal courseload is 10 courses com- semester as fulltime enrollment. Grading is on pleted in three semesters: six in the field of 9-point scale with 9 as the best possible grade.

78 61 Education by Fields.ofStudy

Chart 5.1. Business and Economics Higher Education Institutions Offering Business and Economics Programs

Years of Education

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Elendoms- megler

Diplom- eksportokonom J

Hoyere revisorstudiurn H

Dr. oecon. H

Master of Science

MBA

MiB H

Cand. mag. Cand.pout. Dr. polit. EFGH EFGH EFGH

Exam. oecon. Cand. oecon.

E E

A.Distriktshogskolene(numerous) F.Universitetet i Tromso B.Agder Distriktshogskoler G.Universitetet i Trondheim C.Hogskolesenteret i Nordland H.Norges Handelshoyskole D.Universitetet i Bergen I.Handelshoyskolen BI E.Universitetet i Oslo J.Norges Markedshoyskolen

62 79 BEST COPYAVAILABLE Education by Fields- o f Stu*

Grades of 8 and 9 are rarely awarded. Approxi- three weeks of intensive study for fiveor six mately 5% of the students receive an average periods over 12 months. grade of 7 through 9 and 25% the average grade Contract Research (Stiftelsen for samfunns-og of 6 or better. A good average pass is in the 4.5 nwringslivsforskning/SNF) is a nonteaching to 5.0 range. The lowest passing grade is a 2 and privately funded division of the NHH-Group. is considered below satisfactory. The following Research is conducted in six SNF centers by the interpretation of the NHH grading scale is sug- NHH teaching staff. gested: Handelshoyskolen BI (Norwegian School of NHH Suggested US Management), PO Box 580, 301 Sandvika; Tel: Grading Equivalent +47 22 57 05 00; Fax +47 22 47 05 70. 6-9 A This is Norway's largest private institution of- 4-5 B fering education in business. In June 1992, the in- 3 C stitution merged with Norges markedshoyskole 2 D (Norwegian School of Marketing). In January 1993, Oslo handelshoyskole (Oslo Business School), for- 0, 1 F merly known as Handelsakademiet i Oslo (Business Academy in Oslo), merged with these two institutions. The Norwegian School of Marketing of the In addition to the above programs, the school Norwegian School of Management will continue to also offers one-year, 20-vekttall programs in keep its name and logo, and offer separate programs. English, French, and German. Admission to the The Oslo Business School has ceased to exist, and French and German programs is based on com- its programs have been phased out. The Norwegian pletion of upper secondary school. Admission to School of Management operates the following divi- the English program requires previous comple- sions. tion of one year of tertiary study in English. The The faculty and teaching staff located at the Main School is also responsible for administer- main campus in Sandvika comprises four depart- ing the government examination for authorized ments: Business Economics; Business Organization translators (translatoreksamen). and Management; Strategy, Business History and The Extension Department (NHH Kursvirk- Foreign Languages; Marketing and Logistics. Fac- somhet/NHHK) is a private foundation of the ulty and teaching staff at all the other unitsare NHH Group. The Main School (NHH) decides attached to these departments. whether or not programs offered through the The Graduate School in Sandvika offers the NHHK receive recognition for transfer into de- following programs: sivilokonom (Master of gree programs offered by public institutions. Business and Economics); Master of Science, In addition to various short, noncredit adult fulltime and part-time MBA and dr. polit. pro- education courses offered by NHHK, two 2- gram in cooperation with the University of Oslo, year part-time noncredit programs for practicing plus the three-year Registered Auditor program executives are offered: Program for Interna- (undergraduate level). tional Development Education/PRIDE which The Regional Business Colleges (BI hoysko- requires the sivilokonom,candidatus /a oe- lene). These colleges are located in Bergen, conomiae, candidate la sosiologiae, or the equiva- Buskerud (Drammen), Gjovik, Kristiansand, lent for admission; and the Finansanalytiker stu- More (Alesund), Oslo, Ostfold (Sarpsborg), dietlAFA-studiet (Program for Authorized Finan- Rana, Skedsmo, Stavanger, Telemark (Pros- cial Analysts). grunn), Trondheim, and Vestfold (Sandefjord). Executive Education Programs (Adminis- The programs offered include the one-year, 20- trativt forskningsfond/AFF) are offered via vekttall bartftsokonom (business candidate), the modularized leadership programs funded by two-year, 40-vekttall hoyskolelandidat (college tuition from businesses. These noncredit pro- candidate) and the three-year, 60-vekttall grams for practicing executives usually include diplomokonom (diploma in business administra-

63 Education by Fields of Study

tion), diplomokonom reiseliv (diploma in tourism 2.6 to 3.2 - Good management), the two-year, 40-vekttall eien- 3.3 to 4.0 = Fair domsmegler (Real Estate Broker), and various 4.1 to 6.0 = Fail one-, two,-, and three-year programs described under Norges markedshoyskole. In addition, Overall grade averages are defined below: the Regional Business Colleges offer various executive programs and programs in continuing 1.00 to 1.75 = Outstanding education. Since 1990 a Distance Education 1.76 to 2.50 = Very Good (Fjernundervisning) program has offered one- 2.51 to 3.25 - Good and two-year programs where students use a 3.26 to 4.25 Not Passed home-based personal computer to communi- - cate with their teachers. On the basis of the above two Norwegian School Norges markedshoyskole (The Norwegian of Management grading scales, the following US School of Marketing), originally a reklameskolen equivalent grading scale is suggested: (advertising school), has also been known as the Markedsforingsskolen (Marketing School) and the Institutt for markedsforing (Institute for 1.00 to 1.75 A (rarely given) Marketing). The school merged with Handel- 1.76 to 2.50 B shoyskolen BI (The Norwegian School of Man- 2.51 to 3.25 C agement) in 1992. The school offers a four-year 3.26 to 4.00 D sivilmarkedsforer program (Master of Science in 4.01 to 6.00 F Marketing); a 3 I/ 2-year diplommarkarforerpro- gram (Diploma in Marketing) with specializa- The Norwegian School of Management uses a tion in various fields of marketing; a two-year, US-style grading system for its Master of Science 40-vekttall hoyskolekandidat (college candidate) and Master of Business Administration degree pro- in various fields of marketing; and various one- grams. An overall grade of 3.0 is required for gradu- year, 20-vekttall grunnfag and one-semester, 10- ation: vekttall mellomfag supplement specializations in marketing. The one-, two-, and three-year pro- A =4.0 C+ = 2.3 grams are offered through BI hoyskolene (Re- A- = 3.7 C = 2.0 gional Business Colleges). B+ = 3.3 C- 1.7 The Center for Executive Education coordi- B -3.0 F = Fail (below 1.7) nates credential and noncredential educational B- = 2.7 activities for business professionals, including a Master of Management program, management programs, and especially designed course and Oslo handelshoyskole (Oslo Business School) in-company management training. was founded in 1%7 and merged with Handel- The Research Center is primarily responsible shoyskolen BI (Norwegian School of Management) for stimulating externally financed research pro- on January 1, 1993. It was a private institution with jects and coordinating them with the expertise an enrollment of 1,300 students in 1992. It offered of the Norwegian School of Management fac- the following programs: bedriftsokonom; handels0k- ulty and staff. onom; Master of Business Administration; and MBA for Executives, a noncredit program. Students who This private college uses separate individual were already enrolled in the Oslo Business School and overall grading scales for its sivilrikonom (econo- master's programs at the time of the 1992 merger will mist) degree program. be allowed to complete these programs. Individual subjects are graded as follows: Other private institutions offering education in the field of business and economics which receive 1.0 to 1.5 = Outstanding full or partial NKU recognition for purposes of trans- 1.6 to 2.5 = Very Good fer credit are listed below.

64 81 Education by Fields o f Stu*

Bankakademiet (Bank Academy) COLLEGE OF EDUCATION PROGRAMS Institutet for hogre marknadsutbildning (IHM Business School)marketing economics pro- Teacher training for primary and secondary gram only. schools is regulated by the Teacher Training Act of NKI datahogskolen (NKI Data College; see 1973 and its subsequent amendments. The Act took listing under engineering) effect in 1975, and raised the former two-year train- NKI fjernundervisningen (NKI Distance Edu- ing programs to tertiary-level programs of at least cation; see Chapter VII) three years in length offered at larerhogskokr (col- NKS (Norsk korrespondanseskole [Norwegian lege of edtication), also known as pedagogiske Correspondence School])hogskole, Oslo hogskoler (pedagogical colleges). Prior to this time (NKS College, Oslo; see Chapter VII) the programs did not require completion of upper Norges hoyskole for informasjonsteknologi/ secondary school for admission. NHI (Norwegian College for Information Legislation divides teachers into the following Technology) categories: fotskolelawr (preschool teachers), all- Rogaland markedshoyskole (Rogaland Market- menrdar (general subjects teachers), and faglarere ing College) (specialized subjects teachers). It also specifies Skatteetatskolen i Oslo og Bergen (Taxation three titles for teachers at all levels: larer (teacher), School in Oslo and Bergen) adjunkt (adjunct), and lektor (lecturer). See "Teach- Varehandelens hoyskole (Commodity Trading ing Ranks" later. College) In addition to the basic teacher training course, the colleges also offer half-year and full-year courses Education in special subjects and two-year courses in some (Teacher Training) fields, such as drama and music, and special education. Table 5.2 lists all colleges of education with Teacher training is under the jurisdiction of the their names, addresses, and specializations. Those Ministry of Education, Research and Church Affairs that provide instruction for the advanced degree in and receives advice from the National Council for education are noted. Teacher Education. Teachers at all levels are now trained in tertiary-level institutions: colleges of edu- Preschool Teachers cation, universities, specialized university-level institutions; the National College for Teachers of Vo- Preschool teachers (forskoldarere) for children cational Subjects (Statens yrkespedagogiske from infancy to age 7 are trained in one of two hogskole). Table 5.1 summarizes teacher training colleges which offer programs specifically for pre- requirements. school teaching, or in one of the 16 colleges offering The University of Oslo offers a professionally preschool teacher education in addition to other oriented degree in pedagogy, the candidatusla paeda- programs. The three-year program comprises study gogiae (cand. paed.). The universities and specialized in educational theory and practice for 11/4 years; university-level institutions offer a special two-se- subject studies with methodology and didactics for mester practical pedagogical seminar for holders of 11/4 years; and one semester of indepth study in at university degrees who have not studied education least one subject, such as child language and culture, during their university program. music, special education, social studies and public The admission requirement for all teacher train- administration, drama, and the role of play in child ing programs, except training for teachers of voca- development. Students spend 20-24 weeks in prac- tional subjects, is completion of upper secondary tical training. school with general university matriculation re- Upon graduation, students are issued a full quirements. Most applicants for the programs lead- teaching license by the college which entitles them ing to qualification as a general subjects teacher have to teach in any preschool. Holders of this credential completed upper secondary education in the all- may complete one year of additional study to qualify menne fag (general studies area ). Additional special as an ailment; larer (general subjects teacher). They requirements are listed under each type of teacher may also undertake further studies in social work or training. health-related fields.

2 65 Education by Fields of Study

Table 5.1. Summary of Teacher Training Requirements

Regulations of Teacher Training Laws of 1973 and with two years of higher education in for- 1987 in regard to qualifications: All programs shall eign language and culture. include at least a half year of the study of pedagogy. Handels-og Kontoitag (Business and Ac- counting): Three-year program at the In regard to specific qualifications: Statens lmrerhogskole i handels-og kontorfag (National College for Teachers of Com- Forskolelarer (Preschool teacher): Three years mercial Subjects) or previous training at a of teacher training at a college of education. college of education, or two years' econom- Allmennkerer (General Subject Teacher, basic ics/administrative training at a college, with school): Four years of training at a college of one year of subject and pedagogical supple- education (formerly three years). mentary course from a college of education. Fagiterer (Specialized Subject Teacher): Krappsoving (Physical Education): Three- Dans (Dance): A three-year program at Den year program at Norges idretthogskole norske ballethoyskole (Norwegian College (Norwegian University of Physical Educa- of Ballet) in the ballet, dance, or movement tion and Sport); or one-year program at Nor- teacher program, or from Statens ballett- ges idrettshogskole combined with courses hogskole (National College of Ballet and in biology, chemistry, crafts, domestic sci- Dance) in the ballet teacher program. ence, English, history, geography, German, Drama (Drama): Three-year program at the mass communication, media and informa- Statens teaterhogskole (National College tion science, mathematics, music, Norwe- of Dramatic Art) in the Actor or Scene Di- gian, physics, religious studies, science, or rector branch. social studies taken at a university or col- Forming (Arts and Crafts): Three-year pro- lege. gram at a college of education. The 1973 law Musikk (Music): Three-year program at the also requires specialized teacher training at Norges musikkhogskole (Norwegian State a handicraft school, two years' specialized Academy of Music) or a music conservatory; teacher training plus two years of relevant three-year program at the Statens opera- vocational practice, previous 1 1/2 years of hogskole (National Opera College); three- specialized teacher training, a vocational year program in children's music from Bar- certificate and two years of relevant voca- ratt Dues musikkinstitutt (Barrat Dues tional practice. Conservatory of Music) or from Ostlandets Morsmdl (Mother tongue): One year of musikkonservatorium (East Norwegian training at a college of education together Conservatory of Music).

General Subjects Teachers science, environmental and social subjects (10), Norwegian (10), educational theory and practice General subjects teachers (allmennlarere) for ba- (20), and aesthetic subjects (10). The optional sub- sic school (grunnskole) education complete their jects, consisting of 20 vekttall, may be in subjects or training in one of 20 pedagogical colleges. Through subject areas which are offered in the grunnskole 1992, the program required three years of study. (grades 1 to 9) and may be studied at one of the This was lengthened to four years for students en- pedagogical colleges or at another type of tertiary- tering the program in 1992 or later. level institution. Practical training of 16-18 weeks is The new program consists of a total of 80 vekttall included. in two main areas: core subjects and optional sub- Graduates receive a certificate of general jects (one year of study equalling 20 vekttall). Core teacher training (vitnemeil om allmennkertrutdanning) subjects, with the number of vekttall in parentheses and a full teaching license issued by the college, are mathematics (5), religion and ethics (5), natural which entitles them to teach in all levels of the

66 83 Education by Fields of Study

nine-year basic school. A "Teacher's Certificate" ties, natural sciences, music, dance, and physical will be issued in English upon request. Graduates education in the upper secondary schools and col- may qualify as forskoklarer (preschool teachers) by lege sector institutions; and 3) those who teachvo- completing one additional year of study. cational subjects in grades 1 through 12. 1.Training for special subjects teachers of grades Specialized Subjects Teachers 1 through 9 is offered at the colleges of education. The structure of the three-year teachers' The highest ranking specialized subject teach- college programs includes one year of study in ers (fagleerere), or lektots (instructors) are those who educational theory and practice and two years of have completed a minimum of six years of tertiary- subject studies with didactics and methodology. level education. (Complete information on teaching Upon graduation, students receive a vit- ranks is provided at the end of this section.) Several nemell om faglaterutdanning (certificate of spe- colleges of education provide teacher education at cialized subjects) and a full teaching license, this level in fields which are not offered at universi- issued by the college. Those qualified to teach ties. The two-year programs of study, for which a in the upper secondary schools and college lev- cand. mag. degree or the equivalent is required for els in the areas of music, dance, and physical admission, lead to a hovedfag (main subject examina- education must be educated in a university- tion) and the degree ofhovedfagskandidat (main sub- level institution (see below). ject candidate). Diplomas may be issued using the 2.Training for teachers of humanities and natural terminology "eksamen i hovedfag (examination in a sciences in the upper secondary schools and main subject)." Colleges of education offering college sector institutions is provided at the hovedfag examinations are noted in Table 5.2. universities. Training for upper secondary Graduates of these college-based hovedfagskan- school and college sector teachers in music, didat programs do not in all cases qualify for admis- dance, and physical education is given at terti- sion to Norwegian doctoral programs. Some of the ary-level institutions specializing in such train- programs do not meet the required theoretical and ing (e.g., National Academy of Music). (See academic standards set down in the regulations for "Teacher Training Programs Offered at Other university doctoral degree admission, and university Colleges and Universities," below.) doctoral programs are in some cases not within the To qualify for this level of teaching, stu- relevant fields of study. dents normally complete a candidatusla In some cases, the colleges of education offering tetii degree, followed by a program of educa- hovedfag programs may have arangements with tional theory and practice. Until the spring se- neighboring universities, which will issue either a mester of 1992, this supplemental program re- cond. philol., cand. polit., or cand. scient. degree (see quired one semester of study. Students entering Chapter IV) rather than a hovedfagskandidat. in the fall of 1992 and later complete a full year Specialized subjects teachers are trained in col- course. Details of training in fine arts, sports, leges, at universities or university-level specialized etc. is provided below. institutions, and at the Statens yrkespedagogiske 3.Training for teachers of vocational or technical hogskole (National College for Teachers of Voca- subjects is offered at the Statens yrkespeda- tional Subjects). In addition to the general univer- gogiske hogskole (National College for Teach- sity matriculation requirements, prospective ers of Vocational Subjects) following substantial fagleerer students must have completed at least one practical experience in the vocational field. year of study at the secondary level in their intended Those wishing to train to be teachers of voca- specialization. Students who wish to qualify for tional subjects have completed their own voca- teaching in upper secondary school and in the col- tional training in upper secondary schools, at lege sector must have two years of study in special- tertiary-level institutions of different types, or ized subjects in upper secondary education. in an apprenticeship program. The three types offagleerere are: 1) those who Vocational teachers undertake a period of teach arts and crafts, economics, home economics, teacher training at the National College for and a combination of music and physical education Teachers of Vocational Subjects. Until the in grades 1 through 9; 2) those who teach humani- spring semester of 1992, the program required

84 67 Education by Fie 1dr of Study

Table 5.2.Colleges of Education, 1993

As of 1993, most will be combined into larger units. See Appendix B. Key: Institutions have been coded to indicate the programs they offer: Kpreschool teacher training; G general studies teacher training; SS specialized subject training (with subjects listed); H advanced level hovedfag(main subject) studies. Training for teachers of music is done in the music conservatories, for drama at the Statens teaterhogskole and for dance at the Statens balletthogskole. See appropriate sections.

Alta kererhogskole (Alta College Of Education). 69 330. Programs: K, G. Postboks 1200, 9501 Alta. Tel: +47 784 34 044. Fax: +47 784 37 670. Programs: K, G, S in nutrition, Elverum Ifererhogskole (Elverum College of health and environment. Education). 2400 Elverum. Tel: +47 624 11 655. Programs: G, SS in physical education and sports. Barnevernsakademiet i Oslo, pedagogisk hogskole (Oslo Academy of Child Welfare, College of Halden la rerhogskole (Halden College of Edu- Education). Postboks 24, Manglerud, 0612 Oslo. cation). 1750 Halden. Tel: +47 943 84 444. Pro- Tel: +47 22 27 78 60. Fax: +47 22 26 41 79. grams: K, G, SS in economics and administration Programs: K, H in children's pedagogy. (in conjunction with Ostfold distriktshogskole).

Bergen leererhogskole (Bergen College of Hamar hererhogskole (Hamar College of Edu- Education). Landassvingen 15, 5030 Landas. Tel: cation). 2300 Hamar. Tel: +47 625 22 040. Pro- +47 55 29 16 00. Programs: K, G, SS in science grams: K, G. . with informatics and mathematics, H in music pedagogy and in social studies (in conjunction with Hogskolen i Levanger (Levanger College). 7600 the History Institute of the University of Bergen). Levanger. Tel: +47 740 91 211. Fax: +47 740 81 712. Programs: K, G, H in physical education. Bislet hogskolesenter (Bislet College). Pilestre- det 52, 0167 Oslo. Tel: +47 22 45 40 00. Fax: +47 Kristiansand kererhogskole (Kristiansand Col- 22 45 40 05. Established 1992, incorporating Oslo lege of Education). KongsgArd and 20, 4631 Kris- lazrerhogskole and Sagene lwrerhogskole. Pro- tiansand. Tel: +47 380 91 980. Fax: +47 380 91 987. gram: G. Programs: K, G, SS in science with informatics and mathematics. Bodo kererhogskole (Bodo College of Educa- tion). Ronvik, 8000 Bodo. Tel: +47755 81 560. Fax: Nesna lsererhogskole (Nesna College of Educa- +47 755 83 560. K, G, SS in economics and ad- tion). 8700 Nesna. Tel: +47 750 56 102. Fax: +47 ministration (in conjunction with Hogskolesen- 750 56 103. Programs: K, G. teret i Nordland). Oslo kererhogskole (Oslo College of Education). Dronning Mauds Minne, hogskole for for- Incorporated into Bislet College in 1992. Program: skolekererutdanning (Queen Maud's Memorial G. Foundation College of Education for Preschool Teachers).Th. Owesensgate 18, 7044 Trondheim. Rudolf Steinerhogskolen (Rudolf Steiner Col- Tel: +47 73 51 24 77. Fax +47 73 51 24 87. Pro- lege). Sporveisgata 35, 0354 Oslo. Tel: +47 22 56 grams: K, H in preschool pedagogy (in conjunction 69 61. The only private college of education offer- with University of Trondheim). ing a two-year program in elementary school teacher training and a kindergarten teacher train- Eik kererhogskole (Eik College of Education). ing program, both based on the Steiner education 3109 Lofts-Eik. Tel: +47 333 68 022. Fax: +47 333 theories. The school operates on a three-term,

68 85 Education by Fields. of Stu*

37-week calendar from August to June. The 321 25 100. Fax: +47 321 20 980. Programs: SS in courses do not qualify graduates to teach in the economics and administrative subjects and train- Norwegian public schools. The institution was ing for adjunkt title; H in economics and adminis- founded in 1981 and enrolls 65 students. Programs: trative branches. K, G. Statens yrkespedagogiske hogskole (National Sagene ltererhogskole (Sagene College of Edu- College for Teachers of Vocational Subjects). cation). Incorporated into Bislet College in 1992. Postboks 2803, Toyen, 0608 Oslo. Tel: +47 22 67 Program: G. 45 85. Fax: +47 22 67 96 22. Programs: SS for teachers of vocational subjects; H in vocational Sarni allaskuvla/samisk hogskole (Sarni Col- pedagogy. This is the only institution of its type in lege). Postboks 10, 9520 Kautokeino. Tel: +47 78 the Nordic countries. 48 68 88. Fax: +47 78 48 68 78. Programs: K, G. Stavanger kererhogskole (Stavanger College of Sogndal kererhogskole (Sogndal College of Education). Postboks 2521 Ullandhaug, 4004 Education). Postboks 211, 5801 Sogndal. Tel: +47 Stavanger. Tel: +47 51 55 86 00. Programs: K, G, 576 71 311. Programs: K, G. H in special education.

Stabekk hogskole (Stabekk College). Ringsta- Stord kererhogskole (Stord College of Educa- bekkveien 105, 1340 Bekkestua. Tel:+ 47 22 12 07 tion). 5414 Rommetveit. Tel: +47 534 10 288. Fax: 20. Programs: SS, H in nutrition, health and envi- +47 53 410 477. Programs: K, G, H in pedagogic ronmental studies. information science (in conjunction with Univer- sity of Bergen). Statens kererhogskole i forming Blaker (Na- tional College for Teachers of Arts and Crafts). Telemark kererhogskole (Telemark College of 1925 Blaker. Tel: +47 63 82 83 88. Program: SS in Education). 3670 Notodden. Tel: +47 350 10 200. drawing and handicraft. Fax: +47 350 14 230; Programs: K, G, SS in arts and crafts, and in science with informatics or Statens kererhogskole i forming Oslo (National mathematics; H in arts and crafts. College for Teachers of Arts and Crafts). Cort Adelersgate 33, 0254 Oslo. Tel: +47 22 55 82 00. Tromso lcererhogskole (Tromso College of Edu- Fax: +47 22 55 82 35. Programs: SS in arts and cation). Mellomveien 110, 9000 Tromso. Tel: +47 crafts for primary school, lower and upper 776 57 600. Fax: +47 776 88 118. Programs: K, G. secondary school, folk high school and art colleges. Offers specialization of one-year, 20 vekttall units Trondheim leererhogskole (Trondheim College in design and decorative textile; design and sewing of Education). Breidablikkveien 39, 7021 Trond- of clothes; design and weaving of textiles; drawing, heim. Tel: +47 73 51 12 66. Fax: +47 73 96 46 64. design and color; drawing, design, color and textile; Programs: G, H in special education (in conjunc- tapestry weaving, design and color; H in arts and tion with the University of Trondheim). crafts and in Sarni arts and crafts. Volda lEererhogskole (Volda College of Educa- Statens liererhogskole i handels- og kontorfag tion). 6100 Volda. Tel: +47 700 77 242. Fax: +47 (National College for Teachers of Commercial 700 78 835. Programs: K, G, H in special educa- Subjects). Stubbveien 3, 3500 Honefoss. Tel: +47 tion.

one semester of study. Since the fall semester skilled trade or craft, and have two to four years' of 1992, it has been extended to a full-year experience in their field. period. Applicants must hold a fagbrev (voca- The vocational study of this group of teach- tional certificate) in a technical profession, ers covers most of the following occupations and

8 6 69 Education by Fields of Study

professions: technical and vocational profes- State Academy of Music), in the music conservato- sions and skilled trades, agricultural professions, ries, and at the Statens operahogskole (National and different professions associated with hospi- College of Operatic Art). The program of study tal treatment and health care. requires three years. Training for teachers of sports and physical education is offered at the Norges idrettshogskole (Nor- Special Education Teachers wegian University of Physical Education and Sport), the Flogskolen i Levanger (Levanger College), and Teachers of special education (spesiallarere) the Elverum lxrerhogskole (Elverum College of must have training as preschool teachers, general Education). subject teachers, or specialized subject teachers. The University of Oslo Faculty of Social Sci- Special education teacher training is offered atsev- ences awards the degree of candidatusla paedagogiae eral teachers' colleges and at the Institutt for (cand. paed.) upon completion of a professionalpro- spesialpedagogikk (Institute of Special Education) gram of study. The program, 6V2 years in length of the University of Oslo. Teachers' colleges offer since the the 1992-93 academic year andseven years programs corresponding to part I, and in some cases previously, is structured as follows: one semester of part II offered by the Institute of Special Education study for the cc. phil., and a one-year grunnfag in (see "Teacher Training Programs Offered at Other pedagogy and in another subject. This sequence is Colleges and Universities," below). followed by part I in education consisting ofone year of pedagogic theory, and part H in education consisting of three additional years of study in edu- Continuing Education: In-Service cation theory, practice, and for the thesis. and Further Education Those with the degree of candidatusla paedagogiae may continue university studies fora doctor Primary and lower secondary school teachers scientiarum (dr scient.) in the field of education. have a built-in system of study and planning days one week per year, spread throughout the school The Practical-Pedagogical Examination year. Pupils attend classes for 37 weeks; teachers are required to attend for 38 weeks. There isno require- Universities and some specialized university- ment for additional continuing education. level institutions offer the practical-pedagogicalex- Most pedagogical colleges offer special training amination (the praktisk-pedagogisk eksamen). This is courses of half-year or full-year duration in various available to students pursuing a degree programor fields for individuals wishing to advance toa higher to those holding a degree at the level of cand. mag. teaching rank. Certificates of study for half or full or the equivalent who wish to be general subjects year (vitnemdl om halveirs- og drsenheter) courses are teachers (allmennlarere) or teachers of specialized issued. subjects with the rank of adjunkt (see below). The Teachers who wish to qualify for the adjunkt practical-pedagogical examination for those wishing level (see "Teaching Ranks" below) followa one- to be a teacher of vocational subjects (yrkeslarer) is year special course at a college of education. Upon also offered at some universities or specialized uni- completion they are issued a vitnemell om adjunktut- versity-level institutions. See information aboveon donning (certificate for adjunct education). the training of teachers of vocational subjects for admission requirements to this type of teacher train- TEACHER TRAINING PROGRAMS ing program. OFFERED AT OTHER COLLEGES AND Through the spring semester of 1992, theprac- UNIVERSITIES tical-pedagogical seminar required one semester of study. Since the fall of 1992, the program requires Training for specialized subject teachers one year. Subjects included in the teacher training (faglarere) in fine arts and physical education is pro- program are theory of education, including peda- vided at tertiary-level institutions offering educa- gogical theory and subject didactics; and school tion in these fields. Music pedagogical training is practice, including teaching, guidance, planning, offered at the Norges musikkhogskole (Norwegian and cooperation.

70 87 Education by Fields of Study

The Norwegian Institute for Special This examination is at the same levelas all other Education university-administered hovedfag (main subject)examinations which require for admissiona cand. mag. The Statens spesiallmrerhogskole (Norwegian degree (see Chapter IV). Institute for Special Education) became part of the Part IV represents one year of study in counsel- University of Oslo in January 1991. It changed its ling, communication, and educational innovation name to the Institutt for spesialpedagogikk (Insti- and qualifies graduates for leadership positions in tute of Special Education) of the University of Oslo the field of counselling. Completion leadsto the from the middle of 1992. The Institute operatesa candidatusla paedagogiae specialis (cand. paed. spec.) sequential four-part program. Each part results ina vitnemdl (certificate) from the respective part (e.g., TEACHING RANKS vitnemdl fra 2. avdeling (certificate from Part II). Admission to Part I requires either 1) ex. phil., The three teaching ranks established by the plus a minimum of one year of college or university Ministry are unrelated to the type of school in which study; 2) qualification as an allmennlarer (general the teacher is employed. Teachers maymove from subjects teacher), foskokkerer (preschool teacher), one rank to the next by additional study or qualify or a faglarer (special subjects teacher); or 3) comple- directly by their preparatory academicprogram for a tion of a three-year health or social workprogram at specific rank. The ranks and their titlesare as fol- a college. Part I requires one year of study in special lows: education with a broad orientation. Later The teacher must have completed three- Part II requires one year of study in a chosen year pedagogical training in a pedagogical col- area of specialization and includes teaching practice. lege or have completed the formerly half-year, Subject areas available are listed below: now one year, post-university degree program A-Line: audiopedagogikk (deaf and hard of hear- of pedagogical training. ing) Adjunkt: The teacher must have completed D-Line: spesialpedagogikk (special education) either four years of study or have obtained the with emphasis on spesijikke larevansker cond. mag. with at least two teaching subjects og datateknologi (specific learning pro- and supervised practice teaching. Holders of grams and data technology) the 'tear title may become an adjunkt bycom- E-Line: spesialpedagogikk (special education) pleting one year of approved additional studyat with emphasis on generelle larevansker a college or university. The colleges of educa- (general learning problems) tion will issue a vitnemdl om adjunktutdanning F-Line: spesialpedagogikk (special education) (certificate of adjunct education). with emphasis onbsiskfunksjonshemning Lektor: The teacher must have completeda (physical functioning) minimum of six years of higher education and L-Line: logopedi (speech therapy) obtained an advanced degree, suchas rand. M-Line: spesialpedagogikk (special education) paed. or cand. philol with at least two teaching with emphasis on multihandikap (multi- subjects and supervised practice teaching. An ple handicaps) adjunkt may earn the title of lektor (instructor) by S-Line: synspedagogikk og mobilitet (sight educa- completing a university hovedfag (main subject) tion and mobility) program of at least two years' duration or its T-Line: spesialpedagogikk (special education) equivalent. A larer may earn the lektor title by with emphasis on sosia le ogemosjelk van- completing advanced education at the hovedfag sker (social and emotional problems) level. Part III includes 11/2 years of study in social science methods and special education research. Engineering The first semester consists of coursework, and the second and third semesters consist of a research Three distinctprograms lead to three different lev- project with thesis. These studies result in the Uni- els of qualifications in engineering: Programs which versity of Oslo hovedfagseksamen i spesialpedagogikk lead to the degree of ingenior (engineer) upon com- (main subject examination in special education). pletion of two- and three-year programs following

88 71 Education by Fields of Stu*

upper secondary school, 4V2- and 5-year programs approved practical training (praksisforskrifter). This which lead to the degree of sivilingenior (civilian requirement is not included in the academic year, engineer'), and doctoralprograms in engineering and may be completed at any time. Table 5.3 pro- which are open to graduates of the sivilingenior provides a sample curriculum for a NTH sivilingenior grams. The degree of ingenior is awarded only by an program in mechanical engineering. ingeniorhogskole (engineering college) within the col- Using data indicating the numbers of graduat- lege system. Chart 5.2 is a diagram of technical and ing students who achieved specific overall grade engineering education. averages in 1990, the following US equivalent grading scale is suggested: THE PROFESSIONAL DEGREE IN ENGINEERING Suggested US % of StudentsEquivalent Most students wishing to complete a profes- 1.0-1.9 17% A sional degree in engineering (sivilingenifir) do so at the University of Trondheim's Norges tekniske 2.0-2.7 65% B hogskole/NTH (Norwegian Institute of Technol- 2.8-3.6 18% C ogy). NTH offers 4V2-year, 90 veinal! programs in 3.7-4.0 0% D the faculties of applied earth science and metallurgy, chemistry and chemical technology, civil engineer- 4.1-6.0 ing, economics and industrial management, electrical engineering and computer science, marine tech- The Faculties of Mathematics and Natural Sci- nology, mechanical engineering, and physics and ences of the Universities of Bergen and Oslo offer mathematics. See sample document 5.1. professional degrees leading to the degree of candi- The NTH engineering programs emphasize datusla scientiarum (cand. scient.) with qualification as fundamental subjects in the first and second years, a sivilingenifir(siv. ing.). If this qualification is earned, and specialized subjects in the third and fourth it will be noted on the cand. scient. diploma. It is also years. The final semester is used to work on an possible to earn the actual degree ofsiv. ing. at either independent final paper. The curriculum is pres- of these universities, but it is very rarely done. In the ently under review with the possibility of extending case of both the cand. scient. degree and the siv. ing., the program to five years. The siv. ing. programs students will earn the basic degree of cand. mag. offered by the University of Tromso are structured degree from the Faculty of Mathematics and Natu- in a similar manner. See sample document 5.2. ral Sciences after approximately 3V 2 years of study, Academic documentation is issued in Norwe- then complete an additional 1 V2 years of study. For gian and in English. NTH weights courses with an further information on the requirements for the hourly weighting system, that is, one lecture hour degree of cand. scient., see Chapter IV. per week for one semester represents a weighting of Three institutions in the college sector have two hours, and one hour of laboratory work per week recently been authorized to award the siv. Mg. The for one semester represents a weighting of one hour. Hogskolesenteret i Rogaland (Rogaland College Grade reports list hourly units for required Center) has been authorized to award siv. ing. de- lecture subjects, but not for laboratory courses or grees since 1987 (although they have actually been elective courses. Ninety-six hours are considered awarding unauthorized siv. ing. degrees since 1981); equivalent to 20 vekttall as defined by the other Narvik ingeniorhogskole (Narvik Engineering Col- universities. Normally, 48 hours per semester repre- lege) since 1990; and Telemark ingeniorhogskole sents fulltime study. (Telemark Engineering College) since 1987. These Thesis work also represents 48 hours. All NTH institutions offer two-year programs for students graduates must have had 18 weeks of noncredit, holding the three-year degree of ingenifir. Those

1 The termsivilingeniOr (siv. ing.)is more correctly translated as "engineer." It does not imply "civil engineering" as this term is used to signify professional education in all fields of engineering. In this publication,siv.ing.is translated as "civilian engineer" in order to differentiate it from the qualificationof ingenifir.

72 89 Education by Fields of Study

Chart 5.2. Technical and Engineering Education

Dr. scient. Dr. mg.

3 years 3 years

Cond. sclent. Sivilingernor

A- 5 years Ingenhar SE 4.5 years

3 years .11. Ingenorhogskole (College of Engineering) t Teknisk Fagskole

Videregaende Skole (Technical School) Apprenticeship 2 years cd D (Upper Secondary School) Larlingskolen 0 (apprentices' school) (.) c Work Experience/Trade Skills 3 years 3 L/10 2 years 4 years C c0 >, -0 LLI co E 0 9 yearGrunnskole (Basic School)

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

90 73 THE NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY THE UNIVERSITY OF TRONDHEIMCERTIFICATE OF GRADUATION fD born on March 14th 1968, has been awarded the Norwegian degree of lD ComputeratSIVILINCENIOR the Faculty science of section electrical in May engineering 1992. and computer science, O.4fDC. Sciencedegreefaculties.The degree °Sivilingenisein Engineering.The"Sivilingenier' Norwegian equivalent Institute applies to ofto the Technologygraduates American from considersdegree all engineeringMaster the of .< crel) 02. m.c)01-3 Trondheim, September 30th 1992 - 91 Director of Studio Enclosure: final fin of marks and degree regulations. Secretary4teelvribes../ 92 Education by Fields of Study

Table 5.3.Mechanical Engineering Curriculum Offered at Norges Tekniske Hogskole, Heating and Refrigeration Option

Year 1 Chemistry 6 Experimental Methodology 2 Statics 8 Mathematics I: Calculus Part A 16 Programming 16 Introduction to Machinery 7 Materials & Processes, Basic Course 18 Strength of Materials 8 Mathematics I: Calculus Part B 16 Subtotal 97 Year 2 Dynamics 10 Physics 10 Mathematics II: Advanced Calculus 10 Introduction to Organization, Work Science, & Environmental Protection 8 Creative Problem Solving 3 Machine Elements 16 Engineering Thermodynamics I 10 Fluid Mechanics 10 Statistics 10 Economics, an Introduction 8 Subtotal 95 Year 3 Basic Electrical Engineering 8 Production Engineering 10 Engineering Fluid Mechanics 10 Numerical Methods 7 Control Engineering 12 Principles of Dimensioning 7 Materials Technology for Heat and Refrigeration Engineering 7 Thermal Engineering Laboratories 3 Engineering Thermodynamics II 13 Heat & Mass Transfer 12 Choose one of the 7 vekttacourses in either Block A or B Block A: Managerial Economics & Accounting; Operations Research; Technology, Risks, & Values; Physical & Chemical Factors of the Work Environment Block B: History of Technology, Basic Course; Macroeconomics; Management & Organization Theory; Environmental Science & Management; Psychology Subtotal 96 Year 4 7 Elective Subjects 63 Project 33 Subtotal 96 Year 5 Thesis 48 Total 432

93 75 Education by Fields of Stuuy

students who had earned the now defunct two-year, 3.Completion of a one-year, secondary-level, pre- 40-vekttalling. title at an engineering college paratory program for engineering education through 1988 require an additional three to 31/2 (forkurs for ingenioutdanning) that includes in- years of study for the siv. ing. tensive study in mathematics, physics, Norwe- gian, English, and social sciences. The institutions offering the forkurs are indicated in Table DOCTORAL DEGREES IN ENGINEERING 5.4 by the designation FK. Completion of a forkurs does not lead to exemptions from any Doctoral degrees in engineering include the subjects in a tertiary-level engineering program. doctor ingenior (Doctor in Engineering) and doctor Since 1988 engineering colleges have offered scientiarum (Doctor of Science), as well as the tradi- three-year, 60 vekttall programs. Students may spe- tional research-based degrees of doctor philosophiae cialize in a variety of fields within the areas ofchemi- (Doctor of Philosophy) and doctor technicae (Doctor cal, civil, computer, electronics, power, and me- of Technology). Only the Norges tekniske hogskole chanical engineering. In addition, an interdiscipli- (Norwegian Institute of Technology) awards doc- nary program combining engineering and business toral degrees in engineering. administration is available at some institutions. Admission to the doutor ingenior (dr ing.) and the From 1983 to 1987, both two- and three-year doctorscientiarum (dr scient.) programs requires quali- ingenior programs were offered for upper secondary fication as a sivilingenior. The programs require a school graduates. Since 1988 all ingeniorprograms for minimum of one year of coursework plus two years upper secondary school graduates require three of research with submission of a dissertation. years of fulltime study. In addition to three-year The traditional degrees ofdoctorphilosophiae(dr programs, the following institutions offer two-year, philos.) and doctor technicae (dr tech.) do not require a 40 vekttall ingenior programs to graduates of tekniske previous educational qualification. The award of fagskolen (technical schools): Agder Engineering and these degrees is based upon a dissertation com- Regional College (civil, mechanical), Kongsberg pleted after many years of independent research Engineering College (mechanical), More and outside university enrollment. Romsdal Engineering College (marine, mechanical), Oslo Engineering College (mechanical), Ro- THE DEGREE OF INGENIOR (ENGINEER) galand College Center (civil), Telemark Engineer- ing College (power), Trondheim Engineering Col- Eighteen institutions of higher education lege (electronics, mechanical), and Vestfold College within the college system award the degree of in- Center (electronics, power, and mechanical). genior (ing.). In 1992 approximately 10,000 students The Engineering Education Council, which were enrolled in ingenior programs, most at the 11 acts as an advisory body to the Ministry of Educa- ingeniorhogskoler (engineering colleges). The engi- tion, Research and Church Affairs provides the in- neering colleges were authorized to award the cand. stitutions with a general framework for the curricula mag. degree in February 1981 (see Chapter IV). See of the two- and three-year engineering programs sample document 5.3. The 18 institutions awarding (see Table 5.5). the degree of ingenior are listed in Table 5.4. Three ways to gain admission to an ingenior OPPORTUNITIES FOR FURTHER program are: EDUCATION FOR THE INGENI0R 1.Completion of the general college and university matriculation requirements (a three-year Graduates of ingenior programs may further their upper secondary school program including Nor- education by completing additional study in an un- wegian, English, a second foreign language or related or supplementary subject area to earn the social sciences, three years of mathematics, and regional candidatus /a magisterii degree; or by com- two years of physics). pleting additional education in their field of engi- 2.Two years of related work experience followed neering to earn the advanced level degree of condi- by completion of a two-year technical upper datusla scientiaruut or the professional degree ofsivil- secondary school program at a teknisk fagskole ingenior. In addition, the European Federation of (technical school). National Engineering Associations/FEANI in

76 94 Education by Fields of Stu*

Document 5.3.Ingeniiir (Engineer) Degree Awarded by Trondheim Engineering College

"Group I" of the European register has specified The Siv. Ing. Degree. Graduates of three-year that those holding the degree of ingenior are entitled ing. programs may continue their education in to use the designation of European Engineering the same field by completing the degree of siv. (eur. ing.) after a minimum of four years of approved ing. Two additional years of study are required engineering experience. by Hogskolesenteret i Rogaland (Rogaland Col- Regional Cand. Mag. Degree. In 1981 the engi- lege), Narvik ingeniorhogskole (Narvik Engi- neering colleges were authorized to award the neering College), and Telemarkin- regional cand. mag. degree (see Chapter IV). geniorhogskole (Telemark Engineering Col- The three-year ingenior program accounts for lege). Two and one-half years of additional three of the four years of required coursework; study are required by the Norges tekniske the remaining year of study must be in one hogskole (Norwegian Institute of Technology) unrelated subject, such as economics and busi- of the University of Trondheim, and the Uni- ness administration, or in another engineering versity of Tromso. The Universities of Bergen field. Those students who have completed a and Oslo, and the College of Arts and Science two-year engineering program are credited with of the University of Trondheim require three two years of study toward the regional cand. mag. years of additional study for the siv. ing. degree. The additional year or two of study may be completed in a supplementary program at an OTHER PROGRAMS FOR ENGINEERS engineering college, another institution within the college system, or by completing a grunnfag Some ingeniorhogskoler (engineering colleges) program at a university. offer postsecondary-level programs in addition to The Cand. Scient. Degree. Students wishing to Mg. programs, many in business. Some programs are complete the cand. scient. at one of the four based on completion of upper secondary school; universities in Bergen, Oslo, Tromso, or Trond- others require graduation from an ing. program (see heim, or at the Agricultural University of Nor- Table 5.6). way are given credit for studies completed in the Mg. program. Three additional years of study are The Norsk rikskringkasting (Norwegian Broad- required to earn the degree of cand. scient. casting System) conducts a two-year program lead-

95 77 Education by Fieh* of Study

Table 5.4.Institutions Awarding the Degree of Ingeni0r, 1993

FK indicates that the institution offersa firkurs (preparatory program). See Appendix B for new combined institutions.

Agder ingenior -og distriktshogskole (Adger Narvik ingeniorhogskole (Narvik College of Engineering and Regional College). Postboks Engineering). Noks 385, 8501 Narvik. Tel: +47 94, 4890 Grimstad. Tel: +47 37 09 21 00. (For 76 94 41 30. FK programs other than in engineering, see the NM ingeniorhogskolen (NKI College of En- listing in the regional colleges section.) gineering). Hans Burums vei 30, 1340 Bekkes- Bergen ingeniorhogskole (Bergen College of tua. Tel: +47 67 58 88 00. Fax: +47 67 53 05 00. Engineering). Lars Hillesgt. 34, 5000 Bergen. FK Tel: +47 55 57 35 00. FK Oslo ingeniorhogskole (Oslo College of Engi- Gjovik ingeniorhogskole (Gjovik College of neering). Con Adelersgt. 30, 0254 Oslo. Tel: Engineering). Postboks 191, 2801 Gjovik. Tel: +47 22 55 30 00. Fax: +47 22 56 11 22. FK +47 61 17 35 48. FK Ostfold ingeniorhogskole (Ostfold College of Hterens ingeniorhogskole (Army College of Engineering). Postboks 10, Valaskjold, 1701, Engineering). Hvalsmoen, 3500 Honefoss. Tel: Sarpsborg. Tel: +47 69 14 20 11. FK +47 32 12 30 22. Sogn og Fjordane ingeniorhogskole (Sogn Hogskolen i Levanger (Levanger College). and Fjordane College of Engineering). Post- Kirkegt. 1, 7600 Levanger. Tel: +47 74 01 25 00. boks 523, 6801 Porde. Tel: +47 35 55 50 80. Hogskolesenteret i Rogaland (Rogaland Col- Statens sikkerhetshogskole (National Col- lege Center). Postboks 2557, Ullandhaug, 4004 lege of Safety Engineering). Skaregt. 103, 5500 Stavanger. Tel: +47 51 87 41 00. Haugesund. Tel: +47 52 72 12 00. FK Horten ingeniorhogskole (Horten College of Telemark ingeniorhogskole (Telemark Col- Engineering). Now part of Hogskolesenteret i lege of Engineering). Kjolnes, 3900 Porsgrunn. Vestfold (Vestfold College Center). Postboks Tel: +47 35 57 50 00. 500, 3191 Horten. Tel: +47 33 08 26 00. Tromso maritime hogskole (Tromso Mari- Kongsberg ingeniorhogskole (Kongsberg time College). Postboks 79, 9001 Tromso. Tel: College of Engineering). Postboks 235, 3601 +47 776 80 250. FK Kongsberg. Tel: +47 32 86 95 00. Trondheim ingeniorhogskole (Trondheim More og Romsdal ingeniorhogskole (More College of Engineering). Gunnerusgt. 1, 7005 and Romsdal College of Engineering). Fogde- Trondheim. Tel: +47 73 89 62 00. Fax: +47 73 garden, 6000 Alesund. Tel: +47 7013 7430. FK 89 62 25. FK ing to the title of programingenior (program engi- dents correspondence instruction: Bergen, neer). The program is transferrable to a sand. mag. Bxrum, Bodo, Drammen, Gol, Gravdal, Hamar, degree program. Harstad, Haugesund, Krisiansand S, Kristiansund N, Lakselv, Mo i Rana, Molde, Sortland, The NM ingeniorhogskolen (NKI College of Stavanger, Tonsberg, Tromso, and Trondheim. It Engineering) is the only private institution offer- operates three study centers in Trondheim, Ber- ing programs leading to the degree of ingenior. NKI gen, and Bxrum. Courses are offered on-site at the was founded in Sweden in 1910 as the Norens study centers. korrespondens institut (NKI) with a branch office established in Norway in 1959 (the Swedish estab- Programs: Distance and correspondence programs lishment is no longer in existence). NKI's first are available for the forkurs (preparatory course) de- engineering courses were offered in 1964. NKI signed to prepare students for admission to and for presently has 19 study locations which offer stu- the first year of the ing. program. The second and

78 96 Education by Fields of Study

Table 5.5.General Framework of Engineering ProgramsLeading to the Degree of Ingenior

Three-Year Engineering Program Subjects # Vekttall Mathematics and Basic Sciences Mathematics II 4 Mathematics 112 2 Statistics 2 Physics, Chemistry, and Environmental Science 4 Computer Programming 2 Social Sciences 6-8 Departmental Core Subjects Fundamental Courses in Engineering 16 Departmental Special Subjects Engineering Courses and Design 10-14 Major Project 4-6 Electives 4-8 Total (minimum) vekttall 60

Two-Year Engineering Program Subjects # Vekttall Mathematics and Basic Sciences Mathematics II 4 Mathematics 112 2 Statistics 2 Physics, Chemistry, and Environmental Science 4 Computer Programming 2 Social Sciences 4-6 Engineering Subjects 16-18 Major Project 4-6 Total (minimum) vekttall 40

Source: Studieplan 92/93. Trondheim ingeniorhogskole. Functions and a variable; differential and integral calculus with applications; parameters and polar coordinates; series; complex numbers; functions and multiple variables; differentiation; numerical methods. 2 Matrices, determinants, series; linear equations; valuation and vector properties; systems and linear differential equations; introduction to linear transformations; fourier series; partial differential equations; numerical solutions and differential equations. third years of the ing. program are taken at one of the energy and air conditioning technology, construc- three study centers in Trondheim, Bergen, or tion technology, plant technology, aquaculture Bxrum. The three-year ingenior programs are in technology, environment and planning technology electronics, computer technology, electric power and combined technology/business management technology, control technology, technical cybernet- studies. Graduates of the NKI ingenior program have ics, machine technology, automotive technology, the same status and are accorded the same opportu-

97 79 Education by Fields of Study

Table 5.6.Other Programs Offered by Engineering Colleges, 1993

Yields IngenifirhOgskok Program Admission Req. Years aneLMag Agder ingenior- og datateknikk (computer science) degree of ingenior 1 Yes d istr iktshogskole tekuisk eksport (technical export) degree of ingenior 1 Yes tlkonomi (economics) degree of ingenior 1 Yes Bergen bedriftslkonomi (business economics) upper secondary school 1 No ingeniorhogskole transport-okonomi bedriftsokonomi 1 No transport-rikonomi II transport-Okonomi I 1 No orkonstruksjon ogprnssessteknikk (tool degree of ingenior 1 Yes construction & process engineering) bioingenior (bioengineer) upper secondary school 3 No Gjovik landmdling (surveying) upper secondary school V2 No ingeniorhogskole

Geografiske informasjons-systemer degree of ingenior 1 Yes (surveying information system) skogbruksfag (forestry) upper secondary school 3 No medieteknikk (ptvgramingenitir) [media upper secondary school 2 No technology (program engineer)]

Kongsberg bedriftsOktmomi (business economics) upper secondary school 1 No ingeniorhogskole Okonomisklaa'ministrativ upper secondary school 2 No (economics/administrative) bedrillsokonomi 1 No More og Romsdal ENOK (energy management) degree of ingenior 1 Yes ingeniorhogskole

Narvik datateknikk (computer science) degree of ingenior 1 Yes ingeniorhogskole

produksjonsteknikk (production degree of ingenior 1 Yes technology) 0konomi og kdelse (economics & degree of ingenior 1 Yes management)

NKI bedriftsokonomi (business economics) upper secondary school 1 No ingeniorhogskole

Oslo ingeniorhogskoleinternasjonal handd og markedsforing degree of ingmior 1 Yes (international business & marketing)

Ostfold bioingeniir (bioengineering) upper secondary school 1 No ingeniorhogskole

produktravikling (product development) degree of ingenior 1 Yes prnsessautomatisering (process automation)degree of ingenior 1 Yes Statens redningsOneste-utdanning (rescue service upper secondary school 1 No sikkerhetshogskole education)

brans,- og skadevern (fire & damage degree of ingenior 1 Yes protection

Telemark miljriteknologi (environmental technology)degree of ingenior 1 Yes ingeniorhogskole

prvsessautomaiseting (process automation)degree of ingenior 1 Yes prvsessteknikk (process engineering) degree of ingenior 1 Yes Tromso maritime damfag (computer science) upper secondary school 1 No hogskole bedriftsokonomi (business economics) upper secondary school 1 No skipmaskineri (ship machinery) upper secondary school 1 No nautikk (navigation) upper secondary school 1 No

Trondheim EDB (electronic data processing) degree of ingenior 1 Yes ingeniorhogskole material-, sveise- og lotro4onsengineering degree of ingenior 1 Yes (material, welding & corrosion engineering)

bioingeniIr (bioengineering) upper secondary school 1 No

80 98 Education by Fields of Study

nities for further education as graduates of any of the Programs: Biotechnology, export marketing, fish other institutions offering ing. programs. farming, and food technology (three years); marine engines, nautical studies (two years); administration NKI also operates the Datahogskolen (Data and management, biology (one year); preparatory College). The two credentials it awards receive full course (one semester). recognition by the Norwegian universities and colleges for purposes of further study. They are the Tromso maritime hogskole (Tromso Maritime datahogskolekandidat (data college candidate); a two- College); Sommerfeldsgt. 74/76, 9000 Tromso. year, 40-vekaall program in administrative data proc- Tel: +47 83 80 250; Fax: +47 83 806 31. This essing; and the diplomkandidat (diploma candidate) institution is Norway's only remaining maritime which represents one additional year of study (20 college. vekttall) in administrative data processing. NKI also offers courses via correspondence and Programs: A videregdende skole (upper secondary television through its Senter for fjernundervisning school), connected to Tromso Maritime College, (Center for Distance Education). These programs offers secondary-level education in shifartsfag (mari- are discussed in Chapter VI. time subjects). Advanced course II in the upper secondary program (year 12 of formal education) provides a one-year preparatory (forkurs) course for Maritime Education students wishing to enter engineering or maritime studies in the maritime college. The forkurs subjects Two colleges are included in the category of include Norwegian, English, mathematics, physics, institutions of maritime education: More and and chemistry. An advanced course III (year 13) is Romsdal College of Fishery Technology and also offered in the upper secondary program. It is an Tromso Maritime College. These institutions are academic program designed mainly for experienced part of the college system and were authorized to sea captains. award the regional cand. mag. degree in June 1991. In addition, maritime education is conducted at Tertiary-level programs: a two-year nautical the Tonsberg maritime (Tonsberg Maritime Col- studies program with a one-year supplementary pro- lege), a part of Hogskolesenteret i Vestfold (Vestfold gram in ship administration; and a two-year ship College Center). The former Haugesund maritime machinery program with a one-year supplementary hogskole (Haugesund Maritime College) has been program in ship machinery. For new students begin- amalgamated into a new institution: the Statens ning in 1993, the two-year plus one-year sequence sikkerhetshogskole (National College of Safety En- will be combined into unified three-year programs gineering). which lead to the ingenior. Additional programs are The University of Tromso awards thefiskerikan- business economics (one year); transportation (two didat (fisheries candidate), a unique five-year pro- years); automation engineering, and fish farming fessionally oriented degree in fishery sciences. The technology (three years each and both leading to the program for this degree is described in the Univer- ingenior). Through 1992 a one-year program in elec- sity of Tromso institutional profile. tronic data processing was offered. Beginning in 1993, this program will be extended to three years More og Romsdal fiskeriteknisk hogskole and result in the ingenuir. (More and Romsdal College of Fishery Technol- ogy); Sjornannsvn. 27, 6008 Alesund. Tel: +47 701 Safety Engineering 25 228; Fax: +47 701 22 248. Statens sikkerhetshogskole (National College of Founded in 1907 as the Navigasjonsskole for Safety Engineering); Skaregaten 103-107, 5500 fiskere (Navigation School for Fishermen), this in- Haugesund. Tel: +47 52 72 12 00; Fax: +47 52 71 stitution was reorganized several times through 59 06. The only college of its kind in Norway, this 1983, at which time it earned college status under institution is part of the college system. In March the name Alesund maritime skole (Alesund Mari- 1991 it was authorized to award the regional cand. time School). Its present name was adopted in 1988. mag. degree.

99 81 Education by Fields of Study

Programs: The institution offers three-year pro- Fax: +47 22 11 14 96. Founded in 1818, this is the grams in environmental engineering leading to the second oldest institution in Norway. ingenuiror maritime ingenifir (maritime engineer) with specialization in either brann- og sikkerhets- teknikk Academic staff (1992-93): 10 (fire and safety engineering) orprosessteknologi (process technology). Enrollment (1992-93): 356

Additional programs offered at this institution Special admission requirements: All applicants are a two-year program in business and economics must submit a portfolio; top applicants are invited leading to the hogskolekandidat (college candidate); for a three-day interview. Admission to the des- one-year supplementary (pdbygging) programs in fire ignkandidat and kunsffagkandidat programs requires technology and safety technology; and several one- a minimum grade average of 2.7 in the hogskokkan- year foundation programs (grunnfag) in cooperation didat program. with the University of Bergen. Departments: Ceramics, Drawing, Form, Etching Fine Arts Education and Lithography, Graphic Design and Illustration, Industrial Design, Fashion Design, Metal, Furni- ART AND DESIGN ture and Interior Design, Painting, Textiles, Theory and History. Tertiary-level study in artmay be undertaken at one of two colleges for art and design (Statens hAnd- Degrees awarded: In addition to awarding the verks- og kunstindustriskole and the Statens hogskolekandidat and the cand. mag. degrees, this hogskole for kunsthindverk og design) located in institution also awards a diplom (diploma) upon com- Oslo and Bergen, respectively, or at one of three pletion of a 4V2-year program in the Department of academies of fine arts (kunstakadems) located in Oslo, Industrial Design; and a designkandidat (design can- Bergen, and Trondheim. The colleges for art and didate) and kunstfagkandidat (art candidate) upon design award the credential of hogskokkandidat (col- completion of a 1 V2-year program following the lege candidate) upon completion of a three-year hogskolekandidat. program. Since June 1989, they have been authorized to award the regional cand. mag. degree. The Statens hogskole for kunstlandverk og design academies of fine arts offer four-year and five-year (College of Art, Crafts and Design); Stromgate 1, programs that do not result in formal credentials. 5015 Bergen. Tel: +47 55 31 22 14; Fax: +47 55 32 Numerous private art schools in Norway offer 67 56. programs not governmentally recognized. In Oslo, for example, Esmod moteskolen (Esmod Fashion Departments: Ceramics, Graphic Design, Interior School) offers a two-year program in fashion; Design, Photography, Textiles. Westerdals reklameskole (Westerdals Advertising School) offers a two-year program in advertising; and Credentials awarded: Hogskolekandidat, cand. the Skolen for grafisk design (School for Graphic mag., designkandidat, and kunsffagkandidat. The latter Design) offers a two-year (formerly one year) pro- two credentials are described under the entry for gram. Additionally, private drawing schools through- Statens handverks- og kunstindustriskole, above. out Norway offer noncredit half-year to two-year programs to prospective applicants to the colleges of art and design and the art academies. Academies of Fine Arts

Statens kunstakademi (National Academy of Colleges of Art and Design Fine Arts); St. Olaysgate 32, 0166 Oslo; Tel: +47 22 20 01 50. Established 1909. Statens handverks- og kunstindustriskole (National College of Art and Design); Departments: Painting, Printmaking and Ullevalsveien 5, 0165 Oslo; Tel: +47 22 20 12 35; Sculpture.

82 100 Education by Fields o f Study

Academic staff (1992): 10.5 plus numerous short- norsk balletthogskole (North Norway College of term guest instructors Ballet) was consolidated with Bodo lxrerhogskole (Bodo College of Education) in approximately 1990. Enrollment (1990): 105 (55 painting, 20 printing, 20 sculpture, 10 advanced study) Statens balletthogskole (National College of Ballet and Dance); Tjuvholmen, 0250 Oslo. Tel: Admission requirements: No formal academic ad- +47 22 83 25 81; Fax: +47 22 83 70 19. Founded in mission requirements, although most have com- 1979, this public institution provides professional pleted upper secondary school. Portfolio submission work-oriented education for dancers, teachers and is required; approximately 15% are invited for an choreographers. interview and practical examination. Twenty-five new students are admitted each year. Enrollment (1991): 41. Up to 15 students are accepted annually Grades, credentials awarded: No course grades, diplomas, or certificates are awarded for the four- Admissions requirements and grading: Appli- year programs. Instead, students are issued a letter cants to the dance teachers and choreographers stating the period of attendance and area of study. course must have completed the general college and A fifth year of further study is available to selected university matriculation requirements and pass an students who have completed four years of study at entrance examination. Aptitude in the particular one of the three art academies. area is required. Admission to the dancers course requires completion of grunnskole (grade 9). Kunstakademiet i Trondheim (Trondheim Academy of Fine Arts); Innherredsveien 18, 7014 Grading: bestdtt /ikke bestdtt (pass/fail) basis Trondheim; Tel: +47 73 50 91 00; Fax: +47 73 52 65 44. Founded 1946. Programs: Three courses of study lead to a vitnemdl for (name of candidate) etter... full* tstudium (certifi- Enrollment (1991-92): 65 FT cate for completion of the full program) in either the danselinjen (dance line), pedagoglinjen (dance teach- Departments: Intermedia, painting (2 depart- ers' line), or koreograflinjen (choreographers' line). ments), printmaking (3), Sculpture (4). All classes are obligatory and must be passed before the diploma is awarded. No part-time students are Credentials awarded: See Statens kunstakademi, accepted. Each curriculum is designed to give the above. students the widest possible platform for their future career and include both practical and theoreti- Vestlandets kunstakademi (National Academy cal subjects. Performances are included throughout of Fine Arts); C. Sundtsgate 53, 5004 Bergen; Tel: the studies. +47 55 90 25 60; Fax: +47 55 90 25 70. Dance Line: Concentrations in classical ballet, Enrollment (1991-92): Approximately 65 FT modern ballet and jazz dance are offered. After the first year, students choose which of these Credentials awarded: See Statens kunstakademi, three will be the main, the second, and the third above. subjects. Each year includes 1300 to 1400 class hours. BALLET AND DANCE Dance Teachers' Line: The program aims to give students the theoretical and practical Training for ballet and dance is offered both in knowledge necessary to teach the main dancing the upper secondary crafts and esthetics line and at techniques at all levels, together with a subject- two college sector institutions for professional train- package in dance and movement devised for ing: the Statens balletthogskole (National College teaching in schools. This subject-package con- of Ballet and Dance) and Den norske balletthOy- sists of playdance for children aged 4-7 years, skole (Norweigan College of Ballet). The Nord- children's dance for those aged 7-12 years, con-

10i 83 Education by Fields. of Study

temporary partner work, international folk emy of Music) and the Statens operahogskole (Na- dance, and jazz dance. Subjects in teaching and tional College for Operatic Art). Music studies are methods are an integral part of the course. Prac- also offered at a number of music conservatories tice teaching is carried out in preschools, pri- throughout Norway. mary schools and in the college's own classes. The course qualifies students to teach in Norges musikkhogskole (Norwegian State schools as a faglarer (specialized subject Academy of Music); Postboks 5190 Majorstua teacher). Completion of the program satisfies 0302, Oslo. Tel: +47 22 46 40 55; Fax: +47 22 46 70 the mellomfag (intermediate subject) require- 74. The Academy is one of the specialized ment should graduates wish to pursue a cand. university-level institutions. It was established in mag. degree. After the first year, students choose 1973 from the private Music Conservatory of Oslo a main subject and two secondary subjects from in existence for over a hundred years. the three main dance categories: classical ballet, modern ballet and jazz dance. Each year of Enrollment (1992): 300 students, plus a limited study includes 1350 to 1450 hours. number of part-time special students (known as Choreographers' Line: Students are admit- hospitanter) ted to the choreography program once every three years. The program trains choreographers Admission requirements: Either completion of for a variety of work forms. Practical experience upper secondary school general studies area or mu- is an integral part of the program. After the first sic branch of crafts and esthetics studies; or satisfac- year students choose which of the three dance tory performance on an entrance examination test- concentrations will be their main subject. In the ing theory of music and aural ability and a practi- third year, further courses in dance are not re- cal/oral examination on an instrument, plus specific quired. Each year of study includes 1350 to 1400 tests for each individual major, e.g., voice, violin, hours. cello.

Den Norske balletthoyskole (Norwegian Departments: Wind, brass and percussion instru- College of Ballet); Sorbyhaugen 33, 0377 Oslo. ments; strings; piano, harpsichord, guitar, accordion Tel: +47 22 14 09 28. This private institution was and recorder; voice; composition; church music; and founded in 1966 and offers professional study in music education. Students enroll in academic pro- ballet, dance, and movement for teachers and grams in one of two areas: church music, composi- dancers. tion and music pedagogy; or vocal or instrument studies. Enrollment (1991): 27 Credentials awarded: Admission requirements: Completion of upper secondary school, plus a good knowledge of dance kandidatseksamena four-year degree, divided or other physical background such as sports, gym- into two sections, intended primarily for those nastics, or ballroom dance. preparing for vocal or instrument performance careers; Credentials awarded: Dansediplom (Dance di- candidatusla magisterii (cand. mag.)a four-year ploma) and qualification as a faglarer (specialized degree, divided into two sections, intended pri- subject teacher). The program requires three years marily for those teaching music theory, teaching of study and is open to fulltime students only. music in upper secondary school (general music or instrumental or vocal instruction), or leading MUSIC ensembles and amateur groups. diplomeksamena two-year program beyond the In addition to the music degree programs at the kandidatseksamen in either musical composition, University of Oslo and the University of Trondheim, performance, choral or orchestral conducting, professional degrees in music are offered by the candidatus /a musicae (cand. musicae)a two-year Norges musikkhogskole (Norwegian State Acad- program beyond the cand. mag. in ensemble

84 102 Education by Fields of Study

performance, accompaniment and chamber and as of June 1991 were authorized to award the music, music education, liturgy/hymnology,or regional cand. mag. degree. organology; and praktisk-pedagogisk eksamen (practical teaching Agder musikkonservatorium (Agder Music examination)a one-year fulltime program in Conservatory); 0. Strandgate 17A, 4610 practical pedagogy. Students who havecom- Kristiansand. Tel: +47 380 24 330. pleted the card. mag. in music educationare not required to take this program to qualifyas a Bergen musikkonservatorium (Bergen Music music teacher. Conservatory); Lars Hillesgate 3, 5015 Bergen. Students enrolled in university programsmay Tel: +47 55 32 49 50. In addition to two- and three- pursue a hovedfag (main subject) at the Norges mu- year programs, a one-year program leading to the sikkhogskole as part of their university degreepro- skolemusikklarereksamen (school music teacherex- gram. amination) is offered. The Norges musikkhogskole issues transcripts in English on request. The English versions give the Nordnorsk musikkonservatorium (North Nor- following US equivalences: wegian Conservatory of Music); Krognesveien 33, Kandidateksamen (US) Bachelor of Music 9000 Tromso. Tel: +47 776 56 622. Cand. mag. (US) Bachelor of Arts in Music/Music Education Ostlandets musikkonservatorium (East Nor- Diplomeksamen (US) Master in Music wegian Conservatory of Music). Two branches: 1) Cand. musicae (US) Master of Arts Vetlandsveien 45, 0685 Oslo; Tel: +47 22 26 67 40; and 2) Avd. Buskerud, Postboks 1942 BSS, 3002 Statens operahogskole (National College of Drammen. Tel: +47 33 83 11 35. Operatic Art); Tjuvhol men, bygning B, 0250 Oslo. Tel: +47 22 83 23 77; Fax: +47 22 83 70 19. The Rogaland musikkonservatorium (Rogaland Statens operahogskole trains singers inopera or Conservatory of Music); Bjergsted, 4007 other forms of music theater. Stavanger.

Admission requirements: In addition to the stand- Trondelag musikkonservatorium (Trondelag ard matriculation requirements, applicants takea Conservatory of Music); Postboks 654, 7001 four-day admission examination consisting ofoper- Trondheim. Tel: +47 73 96 60 66; Fax: +47 73 51 atic singing, piano proficiency, listening, improvisa- 55 38. Three-year programs inorgan and church tion, history of music and repertoire knowledge. A music, and in music pedagogy training are offered. personal interview is also required. Generally 10 students are admitted every three years. Private Institutions Offering Music Education

Program: The three-year program results ina vit- A number of private institutions offer educa- nem& (certificate). Courses are obligatory: the first tional programs of various lengths in music fields. year emphasizes theoretical subjects (history of mu- The institutions listed below offer programs that sic theater, dramaturgy and analysis, Italian, and have been evaluated by the NKU (Nasjonalt Koor- theory of music); second- and third-yearcourses are dinerende Utvalg [National Coordinating Commis- more practically oriented and culminate in a musical sion]). For purposes of transfer into university card. and dramatic production. mag. degree programs, completion of their programs result in two to three semesters of transfer credit. Musikkonservatoriene (Music Conservatories) Barrat Dues musikkinstitutt (Barrat Dues Six public music conservatories, listed below, Conservatory of Music); Lyder Sagensgate 2, 0358 offer two-year and three-year programs ina variety Oslo. Tel: +47 22 46 58 78. A special three-year of music fields, e.g., church music, instrumentor course of training for music kindergarten teachers vocal training, music history, and music pedagogy. qualifies graduates for work in kindergartens and These institutions are part of the college system, primary grades 1 to 6. 103 85 Education by Fields of Study

Indremisjonsselskapets bibelskole i Oslo (Nor- complete an entrance examination, be 17 years of wegian Lutheran Inner Mission Society's School); age, and have completed the nine-year grunnskole Box 6830 St. Olays plass, 0130 Oslo. Offers pro- (basic school). Completion of upper secondary grams in music teacher training, with specializa- school is not required, but is considered an advan- tion in church music. tage. Applicants to the directing program must be 20 years of age and have completed the normal college Kristiansand kommunale musikkskole and university matriculation requirements. (Kristiansand County Music School); Kristiansand. Both programs include 50 obligatory 45-minute Courses for skolemusikkleerereksamen (school music class periods a week for 38 weeks. In addition, teacher examination) and musikkpedagogisk eksamen students are expected to attend performances and (music pedagogy examination) are offered. seminars on weekends and see all student performances. There is no final examination, but rather Musikkonservatoriet i Oslo (Oslo Music Con- continuous evaluation. At the end of each semester, servatory). Offers a four-year course in orchestra a student is given an overall evaluation. Credit to- conducting. ward a cand. mag. degree is not given at present.

Musikkonservatoriet i Tromso A/S (Music Health Professions Conservatory of Tromso, Ltd.) ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES Eurytmiskolen i Moss (Eurythmics School in Moss); Ostsynet 11, 1500 Moss. Tel: +47 69 27 05 A variety of health-related subjects may be studied 54. The Eurytmiskolen i Moss is a private institu- at the upper secondary level in social studies and tion whose programs are presently being reviewed health subjects (sosial- og helsefag). See page 20. by the National Coordinating Commission (see Education in the allied health sciences is of- Chapter IV). It offers a four-year postsecondary- fered by a number of tertiary-level institutions col- level program in dancing, drama, and music. lectively referred to as statlige heisefaghogskoler (national health colleges), and by a few other institu- THEATER tions. Admission is based on the standard college and Statens teaterhogskole (National College of Dra- university matriculation requirements. Since June matic Art); Postboks 1509, Vika 0117 Oslo. Tel: 1991, the national health colleges have been author- +47 22 83 00 10; Fax: +47 22 83 83 58. Training in ized to award the regional candidatusla magisterii theater and drama is offered at the upper secon- degree. The programs are summarized below; the dary level in the crafts and aesthetics branch. On a profiles of the institutions which offer each program more advanced level, it is offered at the Statens follow. teaterhogskole. The National College is the only Table 5.7 lists institutions offering allied health public professional theater training institution in sciences programs. The educational programs in Norway. audiography, bioengineering, occupational therapy, physical and Mensendieck therapy, prosthetics and Programs: Two programs are offered: acting and orthotics, and radiography satisfy the academic por- directing. Both require three years of study and lead tion of the professional licensure requirements in to a certificate for completion of the Statens the respective fields. The academic portions are teaterhogskole skuespillerlinjen (National College of followed by periods of practical training which, to- Dramatic Art acting line) or a Statens teaterhogskole gether with the academic studies, lead to licensure instruktorfinjen (National College of Dramatic Art in the various fields. directing line). A third program, theater directing, is in the planning stage. Audiography

Eight to ten students are admitted annually to Audiografutdanning ( audiography education) is the acting program, and two to three to the directing offered in a two-year, 40-vekttall program at the program. Applicants to the acting program must Trondheim helsefaghogskole (Trondheim College

86 1O Education by Fields. of Stu*

of Health Care Education) and results in the title of weeks of practical training. The program is offered audiograf (audiographer). by the Institutt for spesialpedagogikk (Institute for The program consists of 70% theoretical studies Special Education) of the University of Oslo, pre- and 30% practical studies. The subject areas include viously known as the Statens spesiallxrerhogskole audiology, biological and medical subjects, social (Norwegian Institute for Special Education). sciences, and technical subjects.

Bioengineering Occupational Therapy (Medical Laboratory Technology) Completion of the program in occupational Bioengineering, or medical laboratory technol- therapy (ergoteraps) requires three years, 60 vekttall, ogy, is offered in three-year, 60-vekttall programs of study, and leads to the vitnemdl om 3-eing er- leading to the vitnemdl om 3-drigbioingenifirutdanning goteraputdanning (certificate for 3-year occupational (certificate for 3-year bioengineer education). therapy education). Graduates of this program re- Through the mid-1980s, this field was known as ceive the tide of ergoterapeut (occupational thera- fysiokjemikerlinjen (physiochemistry). pist). Table 5.7 lists institutions offering bioengineer- The program is conducted on a trimester basis: ing programs. As with other ingenior (engineer) pro- September to January, January to April, and April to grams, opportunities for transfer into university pro- July. One trimester each academic year is spent in grams in engineering fields exist. Completion of the practical training for a total of 20 vekttall of practical program results in qualification as a bioingenifir (bio- training for the entire program. The complete pro- engineer). gram is comprised of the following subjects, with the associated vekttall noted in parentheses: Introduc- Program: First year subjects and the number of tion to the field (2); basic theory of occupational vekttall awarded are as follows: general and physical therapy (2); people, activity, society (9); patient ex- chemistry (4), biochemistry and organic chemistry amination and assessment (10); development of (6), statistics/mathematics (1), physics (2), electronic therapeutical treatment programs (30); and indepth data processing (2), anatomy and physiology (2), studies (7). hematology (2V2), and social and administrative Table 5.7 lists institutions offering occupational studies (V 2). Second year: statistics and mathematics therapy programs. (2), social and administrative studies (V2), techniques of measurements and instruments (2), im- Physical Therapy and munology (3), pathology (2), transfusion medicine Mensendieck Physical Therapy (2), microbiology (2), clinical chemistry (5), x-ray physics and nuclear medicine (1V 2). Thini year: he- The three-year, 60-vekttall program in physical matology (/2), pathology (3), principles of analysis therapy leads to the vitnemdl om 3-dri g hsioterapeu- and automation (2), clinical chemistry (6), x-ray tutdanning (certificate for 3-year physiotherapist physics and nuclear medicine (V 2), microbiology education), and the title of fysioterapeut (physio- (3), transfusion medicine (2), project research (3). therapist). The program includes 6 vekttall in social science and health; 15 in man and health; 36 in Interpreter's Education for the physiotherapy theory and practice; and 3 in physio- Hearing Impaired therapy in daily health, plus social service. An additional one-year period of practical training results in Tolkeutdanning (interpreter's education) is a one- professional licensure. year, 20-vekttall program leading to qualification as a Table 5.7 lists institutions offering physical tolk or chivetolk (sign-language interpreter). The con- therapy programs. tents of the program are as follows: knowledge of Bislet College also offers a three-year program group operation; introduction to linguistics; sign lan- in Mensendieckutdanning (Mensendicck physical guage; Norwegian, interpreter education and the- therapy education), an alternate philosophy of ory; interpreter methodology; and vocational roles physical therapy, through the former Mcnsendieck- and techniques. The program also includes six skolen i Oslo (Mensendieck School of Oslo). The

105 87 Education by FieldsofStudy

Table 5.7.Institutions Offering Education in the Allied Health Sciences, 1993

Key: Institutions are marked with the letters A, B, E, F, MF, 0, R and T to indicate programs offered. A= Audiography (Audiografi); B = Bioengineer (Bioingenior); E ffi Occupational Therapy (Ergoteraps); F= Physical Therapy (Fysioterapi); MF = Mensendieck Physical Therapy (Mensendiecksykegymnastikk); 0= Orthotics and Prosthetics (Ortopediteknikk); R = Radiography (Radiograms; and T= Tolkeutdanning (Interpreter's Education for the Hearing Impaired). Several of the institutions also offer programs in nursing, socialcare work for the handicapped or geriatric, or social work. See Appendix B for new combined institutions.

Bergen helse- og sosialhogskole (Bergen Col- Ostfold ingeniorhogskole (Ostfold Engineering lege of Social Work and Health Care Education); College) Bioengineering Department; Postboks Haugevein 28, 5005 Bergen; Tel: +47 55 90 00 30; 1192, Valaskjold, 1701 Sarpsborg; Tel: +47 69 14 Fax: +47 55 90 00 11. Formed around 1992 as the 20 11; Fax: +47 69 14 28 02. Program: B. merger of Bergen jordmorhogskole and Bergen vernepleierhogskole. Program: E. Radiografhogskolen, Bergen. Now part of Haukeland helsefagskole. Bioingeniorhogskole, Rikshospitalet, Oslo. Now part of Bislet hogskolesenter. Radiografhogskolen, Rikshospitalet, Oslo. Now part of Bislet hogskolesenter. Bislet hogskolesenter (see Chapter IV, "The College Sector"). Programs: B E F MF 0 R. Institutt for spesialpedagogikk (Institute for Special Education) of the University of Oslo, pre- Haukeland helsefaghogskole (Haukeland viously known as the Spesiallmrerhogskolen (Nor- College of Health Care Education); Hauke- wegian Institute for Special Education); Boks 55, landsbakken 45, 5009 Bergen; Tel: +47 55 29 80 1347 Hosle; Tel: +47 67 14 84 90; Fax: +47 67 14 90; Fax: +47 55 29 15 85. Formed around 1992 with 89 13. Program: T. the merger of Radiografhogskolen Bergen, Haukeland sjukepleierhogskole. Program: R. Statens hogskole i ortopediteknikk Now part of Bislet hogskolesenter. Fysioterapihogskolen i Bergen (Bergen College of Physiotherapy); Mollendalsveien 6, 5009 Tromso helsefaghogskole (Tromso College of Bergen; Tel: +47 55 29 80 85; Fax: +47 55 29 83 64. Health Care Education); AsgArdsveien 9 A, 9005 Program: F. Tromso; Tel: +47 77 64 58; Fax: +47 77 64 58 12. Programs: B E F R. Fysioterapihogskolen i Oslo. Now part of Bislet hogskolesenter. Trondheim helsefaghogskole (Trondheim Col- lege of Health Care Education); Ulstadlokkvn. 15, Medisinsk-teknisk senter (Medical-Technical 7005 Trondheim; Tel: +47 73 51 62 30; Fax: +47 Center) of Trondheim ingeniorhogskole (Trond- 73 53 43 77. Programs: A E F. heim Engineering College); Olav Kyrres gt. 3, 7005 Trondheim; Tel: +47 73 59 87 30; Fax: +47 Ulleval bioingeniorhogskole, Oslo. Now part of 73 59 87 31. Program: B. Bislet hogskolesenter.

Mensendieck-skolen i Oslo hoyskole for fysio- Ulleval radiografhogskole, Oslo. Now part of terapi, Oslo. Now part of Bislet hogskolesenter. Bislet hogskolesenter. program leads to qualification as a Mensendieck- Advanced education in physical therapy -has sykegymnaster (Mensendieck physical therapist). been available in a hovedfag (main subject) program

88 106 Education by Fields of Study

at the University of Bergen Faculty of Medicine College of Health Care Education); Bislet hogskole- since 1991. Academic requirements are either a can - senter (Bislet College); and Tromso helse- didatus /a magisterii degree or completion of a three- faghogskole (Tromso College of Health Care Edu- year physical therapy program plus the ex. phi'. The cation). Graduates of either the three-year radiogra- hovedfag in physiotherapy is a two-year, 10-vekttall phy program or nursing program are eligible for the program in general physical therapy, 10 in special 1 Arvidereutdanning i strelleterapi (1 year further edu- physical therapy, and 20 for a thesis. Graduates are cation in x-ray therapy) program offered at Bislet awarded the degree of candidatus /a scientiarum. Plans hogskolesenter. to implement a doctoral program in physiotherapy are currently being explored by the University of Bergen. DENTAL HYGIENE AND DENTISTRY

Dental Hygiene Prosthetics and Orthotics A two-year postsecondary program in dental The three-year, 60-vekttall program in prosthet- hygiene leads to the title tannpleier (dental hygien- ics and orthotics is taught only at Bislet hogskole- ist). From 1924 to 1970, the program required one senter and leads to the vitnemdl om 3-drig ortopediin- year of study. Qualification as a tannpleier results in geniorutdanning (certificate for 3-year orthopedics one year of transferrable credit in a cand. mag. de- engineering education). Graduates of this program gree, should graduates wish to pursue further edu- use the tide of ortopediingenior (orthopedics engi- cation. Programs are offered by the Faculties of neer). The program was modeled after that offered Dentistry of the Universities of Bergen and Oslo. by New York University. Students may elect one of The programs give students an understanding two specialties: prostheses and orthotics; or orthope- of the basic sciences for health service and the dic footwear. Coursework includes general and necessary operative skills. For example, the first technical subjects (mechanics, mechanical technol- year of the program at the University of Bergen is ogy, electrotechnology, chemistry, and communica- devoted mainly to structured coursework, and the tion); medical studies (anatomy, physiology, ortho- second year to individual research and completion pedic surgery, biomechanics, and psychology); or- of a written report. Treatment of patients begins in thopedic technology; and clinical orthopedic tech- the first semester and continues throughout the nology for prosthetics and orthotics or orthopedic program. Near the end of the second year, students footwear. complete four weeks of practical experience. The curriculum (with lectures and clinic hours, noted respectively, in parentheses) includes general Radiography anatomy (32/-), tooth morphology anatomy (18/-), cariology and endodontics (30/-), chemistry (20/-), The program in radiography is comprised of biochemistry (30/-), community dentistry (45/160), three years of study, 60 vekttall, and leads to the dental health education (50/25), dental radiology vitnemdl om 3-drig radiografutdanning (certificate for (15/39), dental technology and materials (16/-), den- 3-year radiography education). Graduates of this tistry for special groups (20/50), microbiology and program use the tide of radiograf (radiographer). hygiene (36/17), oral surgery and oral medicine The program includes 13 vekttall in radiography, 15 (14/6), orthodontics (12/20), pathology, general and in preclinical and clinical studies, 5 in science sub- oral (14/6), pedodontics (28/40), periodontology jects, 5 in social sciences, 5 in supervised studies in (25/0), pharmacology (26/-), physiology (15/-), nutri- a clinical department, 101/2 in supervised x-ray tion (20/-), preventive dentistry (75/750), prosthet- technology, 1V2 in the radiation department, 2 in ics (10/15), general dental rehabilitation (25/50), theory of radiography, and 3 in practical radiography. geriodontology (18/-), and psychology (24/-), for a Twenty vekttall (1600 hours) of the total program is total of 634 forty-five minute lectures and 1172 clinic in practical studies. hours. Radiography is taught at the following institu- The Faculty of Dentistry of the University of tions: Haukeland helsefaghogskole (Haukeland Oslo also offers a one-year program for dental assis-

107 89 Education by Fields. of Study

tants in the tannlegesekretarskolen (dental assistant MEDICINE school). Completion of this program does not lead to any transfer credit in a university degree program. Professional Degree Admission is based upon completion of a minimum of grade 9. Applicants must be at least 18 years of The study of medicine requires six years of age. A similar program is also offered at the vide- academic training and leads to the professional de- regnende skole (upper secondary school) with the ex- gree of candidatusla medicine (cand. med). Each of the pectation that it will be discontinued at the Univer- four universities awards this degree. The title of sity of Oslo. Medical Doctor is awarded by the Ministry of The current curriculum (with lectures in paren- Health and Social Welfare upon completion of 1 V 2 theses) includes oral anatomy (14), general anatomy years of compulsory internship (turnustjeneste). (16), oral pathology (18), nutrition/chemistry (18), Medical education at the University of Bergen pharmacology (14), dental materials (30), radiology is organized in two parts for a total of 28 examina- (18), microbiology/hygiene (20), dental instruments tions: 21/2 years of preclinical training plus 3V2 or (24), secretarial duties (10), bookkeeping (24), en- four years of clinical training. The thirteenth semes- dodontics (12), periodontology (10), pedodon- ter is optional and culminates in a final paper. tics/prophylactic (10), and oral surgery (10), for a The grading scale used in the Faculty of Medi- total of 248 forty-five minute lectures. cine at the University of Bergen differs from that used at other faculties. The grading scale with its Dentistry suggested US equivalent is: laudabilis cum litteris commendatiis (11.00-12.00) = (US grade of) A; laud- The degree of candidatus /a odontologiae (cand abilis (9.00-10.99) = (US) A-/B+; haud illaudabilis odont.) (candidate in dentistry) may be undertaken (7.00-8.99) = (US) B-/C+; non contemnendus (6.00- at the Faculties of Dentistry of the Universities of 6.99) = (US) C or (0.00-5.99) = (US) E Bergen and Oslo. Both institutions offer professional The University of Trondheim Faculty of Medi- dentistry training according to the following struc- cine offered only the clinical portion of medical ture: Preclinical courses are studied for two years; education from 1975 to 1992 to students who had paraclinical subjects for 1V2 additional years; and completed the preclinical portion elsewhere. Since clinical subjects for a further 11/2 years. the fall of 1993, the complete preclinical/clinical Both faculties award the degree of Master of program has been offered in a 5V2-year program. Science. This program includes four semesters of The faculty admits 60 new students per year into study and is taught entirely in English. Vekttall (cred- the integrated medical program, which uses the its) are not used. Admission requires completion of Problem-Based Learning teaching method. a professional degree in dentistry from a recognized The Fagomradet medisin (School of Medicine) university. The aim of these master's degree pro- of the University of Tromso offers a three-stage grams is to qualify candidates for a career in a clinical program, in effect since 1990. An examination after specialization, teaching, research, or as an employee each stage is graded on a pass or fail basis. When in oral health service administration. In 1992 the medicine was first offered at this university in 1973, Master of Science (Dentistry) degree replaced the a four-stage curriculum was used. In 1990 approxi- former degree of licentiate odontologiae (licentiate in mately 2000 applicants vied for 60 student spaces dentistry). (50% are reserved for residents of northern Norway). Both faculties offer three- to five-year diploma programs of clinical specialization leading to the title of spesialist (specialist) in orthodontics, pediatric Advanced Programs in Medicine, dentistry, periodontics, oral surgery, or oral medi- Health Administration, and cine. The recognition of the specialization is recom- Occupational Health mended by the Faculty of Dentistry and approved by the Health Directorate in an official letter. The Advanced clinical specialization in a medical doctor odontologiae (doctor in dentistry) degree is a field is under the auspices of the Ministry of Health three-year advanced academic degree open to and Social Welfare. Universities cooperate by offer- graduates of the cand. odont. program. ing lectures, but these are not university courses.

90 103 Education by Fields o f Study

Some clinical specializations require licensure ex- Nursing training is under the auspices of the aminations. National Council for Health and Social Work Edu- Doctoral degree programs in medical subjects cation, an advisory body to the Ministry of Educa- result in the degree ofmedidnae doctor. (dr. med.) and tion, Research and Church Affairs. Completion of are defined as three-year programs. For further in- the program leads to the credential of sykepleier formation on doctoral degrees, see Chapter IV. (nurse in bokmdl Norwegian) or sjukepleiar (nurse in A few advanced programs are offered by facul- nynorsk Norwegian), a professional title giving ties of medicine in cooperation with other university authorization to practice under the regulations of the faculties. For example, the University of Oslo's Fac- Ministry of Social Welfare. Nursing colleges were ulty of Medicine, in cooperation with the Faculty of authorized to award the regional candidatusla magis- Social Sciences, offers a one-year fulltime program terii degree in June 1991. for physicians and other professional health care Training for the vocation of nurse requires three workers in health care administration who hold the years (60 vekttall) of fulltime study. A few institu- minimum of a cand. mag. degree. In addition, the tions permit the program to be completed on a Faculty of Medicine in association with three other part-time basis, usually over a four-year period. Ap- faculties offers a one-year program in occupational proximately two-thirds of the program is devoted to health for qualified health personnel and those with the general background of nursing history, philoso- other related training and professional experience phy and basic ethics, basic concepts and theory of who also hold the minimum of a cand. mag. degree. nursing, and the nursing sphere of responsibility. The University of Bergen offers a two-year Master One-sixth of the coursework is devoted to the study of Philosophy program in the Medicine of Develop- of psychology, sociology and social anthropology, ing Countries. See also "Public Health," later in this health care politics, administration and legislation, chapter. and economics. Another sixth is devoted to microbiology, anatomy, physiology and biochemistry, NURSING pathophysiology, study of disease including diagno- sis and handling of symptoms, and pharmacology. Basic nursing training and specialization train- Half of the total study period is in theoretical study ing is offered in sykepleierhogskokr (nursing colleges). and half in practical training. Advanced level work leading to positions in admini- The many one-year (20 vekttall) specialization stration and management, nursing education, and courses open to graduate nurses include an ad- nursing research is offered at three universities at an vanced training course in general nursing (sykepleier), institute or department of nursing science (syke- in midwifery (jordmor), in psychiatric nursing pleievitenskap). (psykiatrisk sykepleier), and in geriatric nursing Study for the qualification vernepleier (social (eldreomsorg) education. Half-year courses (10 educator) may be completed at a few nursing col- vekttall) are offered in nursing administration and leges as well as at vernepleierhogskole (social educator management (sykepleieadministrasjon), and in public colleges). This is not a nursing qualification and is health and preventive medicine (helseforebygende og more appropriately classified as a field related to forebyggende arbeid). social work and is thus described later under "Soci- ology, Social Work, and Social Educator Education." University Education in Nursing

Nursing College Programs Three universities offer advanced and doctoral degrees in nursing administration and leadership, Basic training for nurses is offered in syke- nursing education and nursing research. pleierhogskoler (nursing colleges) in a standardized tertiary-level program. Admission is based on the Institutt for sykepleievitenskap (Institute for standard college and university matriculation re- Nursing Science), University of Oslo, was quirements. Earlier nursing programs were shorter establishedin1985 when the Norges and included more practical work. (Table 5.8 lists sykepleierhoyskole (Norwegian Nurses College) nursing colleges, with specialties offered.) was transferred to the University of Oslo.

109 91 Education by FieldsofStu*

Table 5.8.Nursing Colleges With Specialties Offered, 1993

Key: All institutions listed offer the basic 3-year training as a nurse (sykepleier), unless otherwise noted. Institutions are coded as follows: *1-year supplementary training; M = training as a midwife (iotzlmor); and P = training as a psychiatric nurse (psykiatrisk syktpleier); G = geriatric nurse (eldmomsolg); V= training in social education. Five other institutions offer this specialized training. Information on this training program and the five institutions is provided later in this chapter in the section on Sociology, Social Work, and Social Education. and Geriatrics. See Appendix B for new combined institutions.

Aker sykepleierhogskole (Aker College of Nurs- Drammen sykepleierhogskole (Drammen Col- ing); Trondheimsveien 235, 0514 Oslo. Tel: +47 22 lege of Nursing); Postboks 1908, BSS, 3002 Dram- 15 07 40; Fax: +47 22 15 69 50. men. (Street address: Konggate 51, 3019 Dram- men). Tel: +47 32 83 86 30; Fax: +47 32 89 17 11. Arend al sykepleierhogskole (Arendal College of Program: P. Nursing); Postboks 235, 4801 Arendal. Tel: +47 370 23 2 41; Fax: +47 370 26 964. Program: P. Finnmark sykepleiehogskole (Finnmark Col- lege of Nursing); Postboks 1216, 9601 Hammer- Bergen diakonissehjemmets sykepleier- fest. Tel: +47 784 12 022; Fax: +47 784 92 626. hogskole (Bergen Deaconess' House College of Program: G. Nursing); Haraldsplass, Ulriksdal 8, 5009 Bergen. Tel: +47 55 57 57 80; Fax: +47 55 57 58 00. Haugesund sykepleierhogskole (Haugesund College of Nursing); Postboks 363, 5501 Hauge- Bergen helse- og sosialhogskole (Bergen Health sund. Tel: +47 52 71 27 77; Fax: +47 52 71 57 87. and Social Work College); Haugeveien 28, 5005 Bergen. Tel: +47 55 90 76 00. Programs: *, M, P, Haukeland helsefaghogskole (Haukeland Col- V. Does not offer basic nursing education. lege of Health Care Education); Haukelandsbak- ken 45, 5009 Bergen. Tel: +47 55 29 80 90; Fax: Betaniensykepleierhogskole,Bergen +47 55 29 15 85. (Betanien College of Nursing, Bergen); Vestlundveien. 19, 5033 Fyllingsdalen. Tel:+47 5 Haukeland sykepleierhogskole (Haukeland Col- 5 16 20 00; Fax: +47 55 16 65 01. Program: G. lege of Nursing); Haukelandsbakken 45, 5009 Ber- gen. Now known as Haukeland helsefagskole. See Betanien sykepleierhogskole, Oslo (Betanien entry above. College of Nursing, Oslo); Akersbakken 35, 0172 Oslo. 1. Tel: +47 22 60 20 62. Hedmark sykepleierhogskole (Hedmark Col- lege of Nursing); Kirkeveien 47, 2400 Elverum. Diakonhjemmets hoyskolesenter (Deacon's Tel: +47 624 10 066; Fax: +47 624 12 511. Program: House College Center, also known as Norwegian P. Lutheran Hospital and College, and Diaconia College Center); Postboks 184, Vinderen, 0319 Hogskolen i Harstad sykepleierutdanningen Oslo. Tel: +47 22 45 19 45; Fax: +47 22 45 19 50. (Harstad College, nursing program); Postboks Programs: G, A. 2144, 9401 Harstad. Tel: +47 770 70 233; Fax: +47 770 74 305. Program: V. Diakonissehusets sykepleierhogskole (Dea- coness' House College of Nursing); Lovisen- Innherred sykepleierhogskole (Innherred Col- berggate 15, 0456 Oslo. Tel: +47 22 35 83 00; Fax: lege of Nursing); 7600 Levanger. Tel: +47 74080022; +47 22 37 49 34. Program: G. Fax: +47 740 80 450.

92 Education by Kea of Stu*

Kristiansand sykepleierhogskole (Kristiansand Stord sjukepleiarhogskule (Stord College of College of Nursing); Solbergveien 12-14, 4600 Nursing); Postboks 297, 5400 Stord. Tel: +47 534 Kristiansand. Tel: +47 380 26 990; Fax: +47 380 20 11 322; Fax: +47 534 12 159. 880. Program: G. Sykepleierhogskolen i Lorenskog (Lorenskog Menighetssosterhjemmets sykepleierhogskole College of Nursing); Postboks 3, 1474 Nordby- (Parish Sisters' Hospital, College of Nurses); hagen (Street address: Nordbyhageveien 30). Tel: Rosenborggate 8, 0356 Oslo. Tel: +47 22 69 38 90; +47 67 90 17 50; Fax: +47 67 97 24 41. Programs: *, Fax: +47 22 69 84 14. M.

Namdal sykepleierhogskole (Namdal College of Sykepleierhogskolen i Oppland (Oppland Nursing); 7800 Namsos. Tel: +47 725 72 811; Fax: College of Nursing) (formerly Nasjonalforeningen +47 725 71 330. Program: G. og Oppland fylkes sykepleierhogskole); Ludvig Skattumsgate 30/32, 2800 Gjovik. Tel: +47 611 74 Nord land sykepleierhogskole (Nord land Col- 064; Fax: +47 611 72 189. Program: G. lege of Nursing); Leitevein 7, 8000 Bodo. Tel: +47 755 24 512; Fax: +47 755 24 790. Programs: P, G. Sykepleierhogskolen i Star-Trondelag (So- Trondelag College of Nursing); Hikon Jarlsgate Ostfold sykepleierhogskole (Ostfold College of 12, 7013 Trondheim. Tel: +47 73 52 91 45; Fax: Nursing); Postboks 1048 oss, 1601 Fredrikstad. +47 73 52 81 35. Programs: *, P, G. Tel: +47 69 31 12 45; Fax: +47 69 31 37 06. Program: P. Telemark sjukepleierhogskule (Telemark Col- lege of Nursing); Postboks 1408, 3701 Skien. Tel: Sjukepleiarhogskolen i Molde (Molde College +47 35 52 55 83; Fax: +47 35 53 06 95. Programs: of Nursing) (formerly Nasjonalforeningens og P, G. More og Romsdals Sykepleieskole); Glomstuveien 33, 6400 Molde. Tel: +47 712 51 Tromso helsefaghogskole (Tromso College of 944; Fax: 712 15 850. Programs: P, G. Health Care Education); M.H.-bygget, Breivika, 9005 Tromso. Tel: +47 776 45 800; Fax: +47 776 45 Sjukepleiarhogskolen i Alesund (Alesund Col- 812. Programs: M, P, G. lege of Nursing); Asestranda 6017. Tel: +47 701 41 900. Fax: 701 45 576. Ulleval sykepleierhogskole (UllevAl College of Nursing); Postboks 86, Ulleval sykehus, 0407 Oslo. Sogn og Fjordane sjukepleiarhogskolen (Sogn Tel: +47 22 60 70 25; Fax: +47 22 96 19 50. Program: and Fjordane College of Nursing); 6800 Forde. P. Tel: +47 578 22 011; Fax: +47 578 29 430. Program: P. Ullevill sykepleierhogskole spesialutdanning i psykiatrisk sykepleie(Ulleval College of Statens sykepleierhogskole (National College of Psychiatric Nursing); Dikemark, 1385 Solberg. Nursing); Bjerregaardsgate 21, 0172 Oslo. Tel: +47 Tel: +47 22 90 87 95. Program: P. 22 60 79 10; Fax: +47 22 69 86 13. Vestfold sykepleierhoyskole (Vestfold College Stavanger sykepleierhogskole (Stavanger Col- of Nursing) (formerly Rode Kors Sykepleieskole lege of Nursing); Madlaveien 13, 4008 Stavanger. [Red Cross Nursing School]); Kong Halvdansgate Tel: +47 51 53 30 95; Fax: +47 51 53 30 95. Pro- 14, 3100 Tonsberg. Tel: +47 333 17 010; Fax: +47 grams: *, P ,G. 333 17 374.

111 93 Education by Fields. of Study

Admission: Graduation from a three-year nursing Admission: Graduation from a three-year nursing college, and one year of experience as a nurse. college plus one year of work experience as nurse for admission. Program: Three years of fulltime study including the examen philosophicum lead to the candidatusla Program: The seven-semester program, divided sykepleiervaenskap (candidate in nursing science). into two levels, leads to a Kandidat i sykepleievaenskap The program is divided into 45 vekttall of course- (Candidate in nursing science). work and 15 vekttall for a thesis. Graduates can sit the professional examination in nursing science and Level 1 (semesters 1 to 3): The first two semes- teaching (embetseksamen i sykepleievitenskap med peda- ters of the program are devoted to nursing science, gogikk) which qualifies the holder for the teaching methods of scientific research and theory, ethics, rank of lektor. and administrative and pedagogical theory. The examen philosophicum must be completed during this In 1990 the Institute began offering a few of its first year. The third semester is devoted to clinical courses via satellite to studios in seven locations practice. Exemption from Level 1 may be granted throughout Norway. The Institute offers doctoral to students who have completed a one-semester studies in nursing, leading to the degree of doctor teacher training program for nurses and one year of rerum polaicarum (dr. pout.), authorized in 1992. previous advanced nursing study. Level 2 (semesters 4 to 7): The fourth and fifth semesters concentrate on nursing science (10 Institutt for sykepleievitenskap (Institute of vekttall), ethics and research in the health service (5 Nursing Science), University of Bergen, was estab- vekttall) and health administration and health edu- lished in 1982 as a department of nursing science. cation (5 vekttall). The final two semesters are spent Initially it offered education in a one-year basic preparing a thesis (20 vekttall). studies (grunnfag) program and a one-semester intermediate studies (mellomfag) program. Now the NUTRITION AND FOOD TECHNOLOGY Institute conducts its instruction and administers its examinations through the Faculty of Medicine, Nutrition although the Faculty of Social Science awards the actual degrees. The Nordisk husholdshogskole (Nordic Col- lege of Nutrition), previously known as the Nordisk Programs: Candidatusla magisterii (cand. mag.) is a hogskole for husholdsvitenskap (Nordic School of one-year advanced nursing science program offered Nutritional and Textile Sciences), includes divi- to graduates of a three-year nursing college program sions both in Sweden and Norway. The Swedish with at least one year of experience as a nurse; divisions are the Department of Textile Science candidatusla mum politicarum (cand. pout.) is a two- located at Chalmers University of Technology and year advanced nursing science program offered the Institute for Clinical Nutrition at Sahlgrenska since 1986 to graduates of the cand. mag. degree in Hospital. The Norwegian division is located at the nursing science, or equivalent; doctor rerumpoliti- University of Oslo. carum (dr. pout.). Since 1987, a doctoral program in The Institutes of Nutrition at the University of nursing science has been offered. The Faculty of Oslo include the Department of Nutrition of the Medicine has requested approval from the Ministry Nordisk husholdshogskole, the Institute for Nutri- of Education, Research and Church Affairs to re- tion Research of the Faculty of Medicine, and the place the dr. pout. with a new degree, the candi- Section for Dietary Research of the Faculty of Medi- datus/a sanitatus (cand. san.). This degree would re- cine. The Department of Nutrition offers a candi- place the cand. polit. degree for graduates in nursing datus/a magisterii (cand. mag.) degree in general nu- science and other health-related fields. trition according to the regulations of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences: the examen philosophicum plus courses totalling at least 65 vekttall (a Avdeling for sykepleievitenskap (Department total of 31/2 years of study). Graduates of the pro- for Nursing Science), University of Troms0. gram may elect to include the title of ernaringsfisi-

94 112 Education by Fields of Study

olog (nutritionist) on their cond mag. diploma if they The food technology curriculum requires the earned at least 30 vekttall in nutrition subjects. following courses (vekttall are noted in parentheses): A degree in clinical nutrition (dietetics) is of- First yeargeneral chemistry (2), organic fered at the Department of Clinical Nutrition lo- chemistry (2), mathematics (3), applied physics (2), cated at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. microbiology I (1), food technology chemistry (2), This program requires 1V2 years of study for those food technology chemistry (2), business manage- who have completed the first five semesters of the ment I (2), food technology I (4), mechanical educa- general nutrition program at the Department of tion I (1), electronic data processing (1) for a total of Nutrition of the University of Oslo. Graduates of the 20 vekttall. clinical nutrition program may earn the University Second yearpractice with report (10), nutri- of Oslo cand. mag. degree provided they have com- tion (2), biochemistry with biotechnology (2), statis- pleted the examen philosophicum. tics with sensory analysis (2), mechanical education Graduates of the cand. mag. degree program in (2), administration and leadership (2) for a total of 20 general nutrition may continue their education in nutrition for the candidatus /a scientiarum (cand. Third yearnutrition technology II with food scient.). This program requires completion of 1V2 technology machines (6), business planning and years of additional study (30 vekttall) of which 10 project exam (3), microbiology II (2), hygiene (2), vekttall are in coursework and 20 for research and business management II (2), research project (3), thesis. Two main disciplines are available: general and elective (2) for a total of 20 vekttall. nutrition, and social and international nutrition. The College also offers a one-year fulltime pre- Graduates of the cand. scient. program are eligi- liminary course (forkurs) for 25 students per year ble for admission to the doctor scientiarum (dr scient.) who wish to enter the food technologist program but program. This program requires research and a dis- have not completed the secondary-level prereq- sertation completed over a period of three years. uisite subjects in chemistry, physics, mathematics, The program includes 20 vekttall of coursework. and biology.

Food Technology PHARMACY AND PRESCRIPTIONIST EDUCATION Statens nceringsmiddeltekniske hogskole (The Norwegian State College of Food Technol- Pharmacy ogy); Tungaveien 32, 7004 Trondheim. Tel: +47 07 91 96 25; Fax: +47 07 90 20 44. The Statens The professional degree ofcandidatusla pharma- nwringsmiddeltekniske hogskole provides educa- ciae (cand. pharm.) is offered by the School of Phar- tion in food technology. In 1992 it had an academic macy of the University of Oslo. The five-year phar- staff of 19 and an enrollment of 232. In June 1991, macy degree program is divided into first and second this institution was authorized to award the degree stages: Stage one is an eight-semester basic program of regional cand. mag. emphasizing botany, chemistry, and mathematics. The credential of vitnemdl fra Statens Stage two constitutes one year of specialized theo- naringsmiddeltekniske hogskole (certificate from the retical study and practical work. Students may spe- Norwegian State College of Food Technology) with cialize in one of the following subjects: microbiol- the title of Naringsmiddelteknolog (Food Technolo- ogy, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutics, gist) is awarded by this institution. The ^urriculum pharmacodynamics, or pharmacognosy. for students starting in 1992 is a th;-year, 60 vekttall program, that includes six months of practi- Prescriptionist Education cal training in industry, and a research project. All students follow a preestablished curriculum. Stu- Statens reseptarhogskole (Norwegian School of dents who enrolled from 1987 through 1991 fol- Prescriptionists); Sven Oftedalsvei 8, 0950 Oslo; lowed a 60 vekttall program, which included a year Tel: +47 22 25 78 50. of practical training. Prior to 1987 the vekttall system was not in use and earlier records will indicate only The Statens reseptarhogskole offers a five-se- hours of study. mester program leading to the qualification of trsep-

113 95 Education by Fields. of Study

tar(prescriptionist). Admission is based on comple- gram is also taught in English and isprimarily for tion of standard college and university matriculation foreign students. See also the section on medicine requirements. The program includes 10 months of (above) pertaining to "Advanced Programs in Medi- retail pharmacy work under the supervision of the cine, Health Administration, and Occupational school and a practicing pharmacist. Graduates are Health." qualified to prepare and dispense drugs, but are not entitled to a pharmacy owner's license, a qualifica- VETERINARY MEDICINE tion reserved for university-educated pharmacists. The Statens reseptarhogskole was authorized to The Norges veterinferhogskole (Norwegian award the regionalcand. magin June 1991. College of Veterinary Medicine); Ullevalsveien 72, The prescriptionist curriculum, with theoretical 0454 Oslo; Tel: +47 22 % 45 00; Fax: +47 22 56 57 and practical hours, respectively, noted in parenthe- 04; a specialized university-level institution, awards ses includes: general chemistry (80theoretical/80 the degree ofcandidatusla medicinae veterinariae practical), organic chemistry with biochemistry (cand. med. vet.).The program combines study in the (90/60), galenical pharmacy (dispensing) (80/170), basic sciences and clinical veterinary medicine over Latin nomenclature (15/0), pharmacy legislation 11 semesters. (60/0), pharmacology (130/0), microbiology (30/30), First semester: Medical Nomenclature, Statis- physiology with anatomy (40/0), elementary pathol- tics and Epidemiology, Introduction to Veterinary ogy (20/0), social pharmacy (70/0) for atotal of Medicine, Chemistry, and Anatomy; 515/340 theoretical/practical hours, respectively. Second semester: Chemistry, Biochemistry, Animal Genetics, and Anatomy; PUBLIC HEALTH Third semester: Animal Genetics, Biochemis- try Anatomy, Physiology, and Mammalian Diseases; Two universities offer master's programs in pub- Fourth semester: Anatomy, Physiology, and lic health. These programs are intended primarily Mammalian Diseases; for foreign students, although Norwegian students Fifth semester: General Pathology, Animal may enroll. Instruction is in English.Completion of Nutrition and Hygiene, Parasitology, Microbiology the programs does not lead to transfer credit in other and Immunology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, university degree programs, nor does it qualify can- Nutrition and Health, Large Animal Diseases, and didates for admission to doctoral study in Norway. Small Animal Diseases; Admission requires awndidatusla magisteriior its Sixth semester: Pathology, Aquaculture and equivalent for Norwegian students, or a bachelor's Fish Diseases, Bird and Game Diseases, Parasitol- degree or equivalent for foreign students. ogy, Microbiology and Immunology,Pharmacology The Faculty of Psychology of the University of and Toxicology, Nutrition and Health, Large Animal Bergen offers a two-year program leading to a Master Diseases, and Small Animal Diseases; of Science in Preventive Health, also known as a Seventh semester: Mammalian Diseases, Re- Master of Science in Health Promotion. production and Obstetrics, Microbiology and Im- The University of Tromso has offered akandidat munology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pathol- ifolkehelsevitenskap(candidate in public health, trans- ogy, Bird and Game Disease,Nutrition and Health, lated by the school as Master of Public Health) Large Animal Diseases, Small Animal Diseases, and program since 1987. It is a two-semester, 20vekttall Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics; program. The first semester consistsof coursework Eighth semester: Meat Inspection, Pathology, in areas such as epidemiology and health promotion. Bird and Game Di._ase, Nutrition and Health, Those with the degree ofcandidatus /a medicinaeare Large Animal Diseases, Small Animal Diseases, Re- eligible to complete the program after the first se- production and Obstetrics, Clinical Laboratory Di- mester and are also awarded thekandidatifolkehel- agnostics, Preventive Health Work, and Forensic sevitenskap.The second semester requires more in- Medicine and Law; depth study and includes a research paper. Ninth semester: Aquaculture and Fish Dis- The University of Tromso also offers a six- eases, Nutrition and Health, MeatInspection, month noncredit program via distance learning that Large Animal Diseases, Small Animal Diseases, Re- leads to a Diploma in Health Economics. The pro- production and Obstetrics;

96 114 Education by Fields of Study

Tenth semester: Aquaculture and Fish Dis- In addition to completion of the standard col- eases, Meat Inspection, Large Animal Diseases, lege and university matriculation requirements, the Small Diseases, Reproduction and Obstetrics, and institution requires that applicants have two years of Preventive Health Work; relevant work experience and have completed a Eleventh semester Forensic Medicine and five-week intensive bransjeteoretisk forkurs (prelimi- Law, Experimental Animal Science, Other Dis- nary course in hotel and restaurant theory). Holders eases, Aquaculture and Fish Diseases, Large Animal of a secondary-level fagbrev (vocational qualifica- Diseases, and Small Animal Diseases. tion) as cook or waiter who have two years' work The degree of doctor scientiarum may be experience can enroll in a special one-year course in awarded upon completion of three years of study kjokken-og restaurantledelse (food and beverage man- beyond the degree of cand. med. vet. Also available is agement). They can qualify for admission to the the traditional doctoral degree of doctor medicine regular hogskolekandidat program provided they veterinariae. meet the general admission requirements. As of The institution uses a grading scale different 1993, this course no longer qualifies students for from other university-level institutions. The per- admission, but is still offered as a noncredit course centages in parentheses indicate approximate grade for professionals in the field. distribution: In addition to the regional cand. mag. which the institution was authorized to award in June 1991, the Veterinary Suggested College awards the following credentials: Medicine Grading 1. Hogskokkandidat i hotelladministrasjon (College and Approximate US Distribution Equivalent Candidate in Hotel Administration): two-year, 40-vekttall program. Utmerket godt 11.00-12.00 A 2.Hogskokkandidat i reiselivsadaministrasjon (Col- (excellent) (1%) lege Candidate in Tourism Administration): Meget godt 9.00-10.99 A-/B+ two-year 40-vekttall program. (very good) (52%) 3.Hogskokkandidat (College Candidate) in Service Godt 7.00-8.99 B/B-/C+ Management: one additional year (20 vekttall) of study. Admission is very selective; only 50 stu- (good) (48%) dents enroll annually. Noenkinde godt 6.00-6.99 C 4.Master of Science, awarded upon completion of (fair) (0%) masterstudium i internasjonal hotel!- og reiselivsadministrasjon (master's study in international ho- Hotel and Restaurant tel and tourism administration). This program is Management and Training jointly offered with Cornell University and Florida International University (United Education in the fields of hotel, restaurant, and States). Students must hold the hogskolekandidat tourism management and training is provided by in Service Management for admission to the two college-sector institutions: the Norwegian Col- program. Students follow a one-year special lege of Hotel Management and Stabekk College. course at Cornell University and then complete Norsk hotellhogskole (Norwegian College of an additional year of coursework and thesis at Hotel Management); Postboks 2534 Ullandhaug, the Norwegian College of Hotel Management. 4004 Stavanger, Tel: +47 51 55 70 11; Fax: +47 51 87 21 14. Norsk hotellhogskole was established in 1912 Stabekk hogskole (Stabekk College); Ringsta- as the Norsk hotellfagskole (Norwegian Hotel Vo- bekkveien 105, 1340 Bekkestua; Tel: +47 67 12 07 cational School). It became the Norsk hotell- 20; Fax: +47 67 58 13 96. Stabekk hogskole was hogskole in 1983. It is the only institution of hotel formed in the late 1980s as a result of the merging and tourism management exclusively in Scandina- of Stabekk husstellwrerhogskole (Stabekk Home via. The institution enrolled 478 students and em- Economics Teachers' College), Statens skole for ployed 21 instructors and a large number of guest husokonomer (National School for Home Eco- lecturers. It operates hotel administration, and tour- nomics) and Statens skole for kostholdsokonomer ism administration divisions. (National School for Institutional Nutrition). The

97 Education by FieldsofStudy

College offers academic programs in accommoda- candidate in journalism) once a vekttall (credit) sys- tion management and institutional catering man- tem is instituted. This program may be extended to agement. It also has authority to award the regional three years in the near future. Through at least 1992, cand. mag. degree. the two-year journalism program included five examinations: journalism I and II, social sciences, Nor- Academic programs completed at Stabekk wegian, and newspaper science. The School also hogskole receive full academic recognition for pur- offers a one-semester program in foreign affairs re- poses of transfer to candidatusla magisterii programs. porting. The programs offered are: Two-year journalism programs are also offered 1.Husokonom (Accommodation Manager): two- at More og Romsdal distriktshogskole, Volde and year, 40- vekttall program that qualifies graduates Hogskolesenteret i Nordland. to work in the housekeeping sector in hotels. The program includes coursework in environ- Law mental upkeep, economics and administration, and integrated subjects. Professional legal studies are offered by the Ju- 2.Kostokonom (Institutional Catering Manager): ridiske fakultet (Faculty of Law) at the universities two-year, 40-vekttall program that qualifies in Bergen, Oslo, and Tromso. The juridisk embetsek- graduates to be cooks in institutional settings. samen (law professional program) results in the can- The program includes coursework in environ- didatusla juris (cond. juris) degree. mental upkeep, economics and administration, The program offered by the Faculty of Law at and integrated subjects. the University of Oslo consists of five parts, each 3.Faglarer (specialized subject teacher) program: requiring one year of study and terminating in an Instruction for a hovedfag (main subject) exami- examination. In addition, the examen philosophicum nation is offered in nutrition, health, and envi- (one-half year) must be passed prior to taking the ronmental subjects leading to the degree of first part examination in law. The curriculum is as hovedsfagskandidat (main subject candidate). follows: Part OneIntroduction to Jurisprudence; The document awarded may also use the termi- Constitutional Law; Family Law, Matrimonial Prop- nology eksamen i hovedfag (examination in a main erty and Inheritance; Law of Torts; and Social Secu- subject). It qualifies the specialized subject rity Law. Part TwoLaw of Contracts; Law of Com- teacher with the teaching rank of kitor (instruc- merce Transactions; Economics; and Law of Sales tor). and Purchases. Part ThreeSurvey of the Norwe- gian Legal System; Law of Surety; Law of Property, Journalism Mortgages, Bankruptcy and Execution; Legal His- tory; and a special elective subject. Part FourAd- The professional training of journalists is offered by ministrative Law; Sociology of Law; Sources of Law; the Norsk journalisthogskole (Norwegian School Tax Law; and Resource and Environmental Law. of Journalism, also known as the Norwegian College Part FiveCriminal Law; Civil Procedure; Crimi- of Journalism); Postboks 8167 Dep, 0034 Oslo; Tel: nal Procedure; Constitutional Protection of the In- +47 22-50 08 00; Fax: +47 22-73 03 60. The school dividual and International Human Rights; and a was founded in 1%5. In 1992 it had a teaching staff special elective subject or a thesis. of 13 and enrolled 135 students. The University of Tromso opened its Faculty of The School was authorized to award the re- Law in 1987 with a six-year program. The University gional cand. mag. degree in February 1981. Admis- of Bergen has also offered a six-year program for sion requires completion of the standard college and entering students since 1984. The six-year program university matriculation requirements, but the consists of four parts: 1) examen philosophicum plus a school prefers to admit older students who have had grunnfag in the general introduction to public and some higher education or work experience. private law (3 semesters total); 2) private law (2 The two-year program leads to the credential of semesters); 3) additional study in private law (3 fageksamen i journalistikk (subject examination in semesters); and 4) public, criminal, and interna- journalism). The name of this credential is expected tional law, including specialized study in an optional to change to hogskolekandidat i journalistikk (college subject (4 semesters). Students entering the Faculty

98 1 I 6' Education by Fkkis of Study of Law at the University of Bergen in 1972 under- informasjonshogskole (Norwegian School of Li- took a 5V2-year program consisting of three parts; brary and Information Science; D=lenenggt. 26, students entering in 1977 undertook a 5V2-year 0567 Oslo: Tel: +47 22 35 73 90; Fax: +47 22 35 12 program of ay.phil. and grunnfag plus two parts in 60. It was established in 1940 as the Statens bib- legal studies. liotekskole (Norwegian Library Science School) Grading in the Faculties of Law at the Univer- and was known as Statens bibliotekhogskole (Nor- sities of Bergen and Tromso differs from that of wegian Library Science College) from 1980 to 1990. other university faculties. The following scale is It was authorized to award the cand. mag. degree in used; note that the upper part of the scale is seldom February 1981. In 1992 the academic staff num- used. The grade of Stdr til Laudabilis is earned by bered 22, and enrollment 430. The institution does less than 1% of graduates, and Kan fd Laudabilis- is not presently use the vekttall system. obtained by approximately 5% of graduates. The The institution offers the following programs: average grade is approximately 2.80 to 2.85. 1.Bibliotekar (Librarian). The first year of basic study (grunnfag) includes five weeks of practical Grading at the Suggested training and leads to an examination in library Faculty of Law, and information science. This portion of the Universities of US Bergen and Tromso Equivalent program may be completed via correspondence over two years and requires a half-year of library Laudabilis 1.00 - 2.15 A experience. The examination must be com- Stdr til Laudabilis 2.16 - 2.35 A pleted at the institution. The second and third Kan fd Laudabilis 2.36 - 2.55 A years are comprised of additional coursework Kan vel fd 2.56 - 2.75 B leading to the bibliotekar examination. Laudabilis 2.Diplombibliotekar i informasjonskunnskap ogEDB (Diploma in Library Science and Electronic Haud Hlaudabilis 2.76 - 2.95 B Data Processing). Offered since 1984, this two- Stdr til Haud 2.96 - 3.15 C year program requires for admission either the Hlaudabilis bibliotekar, or a cand. mag. which includes three 3.16 - 6.00 F semesters of study in library science. 3.A joint doctoral degree program offered in asso- The grading system used in the Faculty of Law ciation with the University of Oslo, leads to the of the University of Oslo is 2.00 to 2.75, Laudabilis doaor rerum politicarum or the doctor philosophiae (approximately 20% of the students obtain this awarded by the University of Oslo. grade); and 2.76 to 3.1(;,1/aud 4. One-semester fulltime advanced programs for The doctoral degree in law is the doctor juris. holders of the bibliotekar lead to a vitnemdl (cer- (see Chapter IV). To practice as an advokat (barris- tificate). ter) in the private sector, those with the degree of cand. juris must first complete two years of approved Military and Police Education legal practice. There is no formal examination upon completion of the two years. Approved legal practice MILITARY EDUCATION may be in employment as an articled clerk, deputy judge, assistant to a chief constable, or university Grading at the military academies differs from that instructor. Those employed in the legal profession used at other tertiary-level institutions. A grading in the public sector, such as in central government, scale of 1 to 6 is used, with 6 as the highest grade and public agencies, public prosecution, or police serv- 1 as failing. ices, must complete additional approved practice to Luftkrigsskolen (Air Force Academy); Head- become qualified jurister (lawyers). quarters Defense Command Norway/Air Staff Edu- cational Division, Oslo mil/Huseby, 0016 Oslo). The Library Science Luftforsvaret (Royal Norwegian Air Force) conducts a number of training programs through the Education in the field of library science is offered academy. The Air Force bases its educational sys- by one public college, the Statens bibliotek- og tem on a life-long learning concept, where the offi-

99 Education by Fields of Study

cers start their career with basic officer training. one-year general education portion of the Air After at least one year of service, the officerscan Force Academy, Part I program is completed at apply to Part I training. After two years of Part I the Air Force Academy. Flying training may be training, officers serve at least one year at a military undertaken at cooperating air force bases in the unit before they apply to the Part II training which United States. Training requires approximately consists of an additional two-year period. For quali- one year. Graduates of this three-year program fication to the rank of major, the officers complete earn the Luftkrigsskolen, I. avdeling certificate. Staff School Level I; for qualification to lieutenant The Technical Officer Candidate School colonel they complete Staff School Level II. (Tekniske skolesenter) program educates per- Basic Officer Training: Admission to basic offi- sonnel for the technical field. Training consists cer training is based upon completion of the stand- of one year of technical education, and six ard college and university matriculation require- months each of officer training and specializa- ments. The program begins with one year of intro- tion training in a chosen technical track. Upon ductory education that includes six months each of completion of the two years, graduates reach the officer training and study in a chosen technical track. rank of sergeant. After one year of on-the-job- Upon completion of this portion, graduates attain training, the rank of second lieutenant is earned. the rank of sergeant. After one year of on-the-job- Three options are then available for those con- training, the rank of second lieutenant is earned. tinuing in the military: 1) A one-year general educa- Three options are available for those wishing to tion (Luftkrigsskolen, I. avdeling) program; 2) a three- continue their military education: Officer Candidate year program at a civilian engineering college (in- School, Officer Candidate Flying School, and Tech- geniorhogskok) which leads to the qualification of nical Officer Candidate School. ingenior (engineer); and is followed by one year of The Officer Candidate School (Befalsskole) general education at the Air Force Academy; or 3) a program educates personnel for air defense, air civilian engineer (sivilingeniftr) program completed control, and administration. The program con- at a university, followed by one year of general sists of one year each of academic study and education at the Air Force Academy. on-the-job training. Those who wish to con- Students completing Part I, through one of the tinue their military education may apply to the options above are eligible to apply to Luftkrigsskolen, Air Force Academy to pursue one year each of 2. avdeling (Air Force Academy, Part II). Part II general education and study in a chosen military consist of two years of additional training in military specialization, such as administration, antiair- education and advanced academic fields such as craft, or logistics, to earn the certificate of administration or sciences. Many of the courses in Luftkrigsskolen, 1. avdeling (Air Force Academy, Part II are taken at the nearby University of Trond- Part I) or may complete a hogskokkandidat (col- heim. Air Force Academy students who wish to lege candidate) degree program at a civilian transfer their education to a university degree pro- college and then return to the Air Force Acad- gram may be awarded up to one year of credit (20 emy for one year of general education to earn vekttall) for the Luftkrigsskolen, I. avdeling and up to the Luftkrigsskolen, 1. avdeling certificate. The one year of credit (20 vekttall) for the Luftkrigsskolen, one year of general education of the 2. avdeling, according to the National Coordinating Luftkrigsskolen, 1. avdeling consists of 20 vekttall: Commission. sports (2 vekttall), defense (4), administration Staff School Level I (Stabsskolen 1. avdeling) (2), education and leadership (3), language (3), normally requires for admission completion of science (3), and social science (3). Luftkrigsskolen, 2. avdeling, followed by four to six Officer Candidate Flying School (Flygeskole) years of job experience. Level I consists of modular- program is designed to educate pilots and navi- ized education. The first module gives the students gators, and is directly linked to Luftkrigsskolen, 1. a joint platform in air operations and doctrines; the avdeling. The program begins with one year of second module in administration and logistics train- education that includes six months each of offi- ing; and the third in leadership and resources man- cer training and flying training (academic and 50 agement training. The three modules require ap- hours of flying). Upon completion of this por- proximately six months and lead to the rank of tion, graduates reach the rank of sergeant. The major. 113 100 Education by Fklds of Stu*

The Staff School Level II (Stabsskolen 2. requirements, physical tests, and a psychological avdeling) lasts for one year and must be preceded by interview. Only 7.5% of applicants are admitted. Staff School Level I. Level II provides education in Training programs are available in three leadership and management training with the aim branches: operative, administrative, and technical. of training an officer in management. Completion Following basic officer training, the academic pro- leads to the rank of lieutenant colonel. grams are structured into two parts: Sjokrigsskolen 1. The theren (Norwegian Army; Headquarters avdeling (Naval Academy, Part I) and Sjokrigsskolea Defense Command/Army Staff Educational Divi- 2. avdeling (Naval Academy, Part II). There are slight sion; Oslo mil/Huseby, 0016 Oslo). The Hwren op- variations in how the parts may be completed, erates two hatrns krigsskokn (army academies) in though the most common structure is as follows: Kristiansund and Oslo. Admission is based upon The first part is comprised of one year each of officer completion of standard college and university ma- training and military service. Following completion triculation requirements, and, like the Air Force of the first part, two years of obligatory service are Academy, follows a two-part training program after required. Of the 20% who apply to the Sjokrigsskolen basic officer training (see above). 2. avdeling, 15% are admitted. Completion of the Harens Krigsskole 1. avdeling (Army Academy, second part requires two additional years of study at Part I) is comprised of a one-year program of general the Naval Academy, followed by another two years and military education. Harens Krigsskole 2. avdeling of obligatory service. (Army Academy, Part II) represents two additional The Naval Academy uses a vekaall system. Part years of general and military education and is fol- I includes 45 or 46 vekttall, and part II includes 49 lowed by a period of weapons training. The NKU vekttall. The NKU recommends that up to 30 vekttall (Nasjonalt Koordinerende Utvalg [National Coordi- (three semesters of study) for Part I and up to 20 nating Commission]) recommends that the three- vekttall (two semesters of study) for Part II may be year Army Academy training program be granted up transferred to civilian university degree programs to 30 vekttall (three semesters) should its graduates (see Chapter IV). wish to transfer this training to a civilian university The Naval Academy operates a Staff School degree program. much like the one operated by the Air Force Acad- Associated with the army is the Harens in- emy. Applicants must have completed Sjokrigsskolen geniorhogskole (Army Engineering College) lo- 2. avdeling to be eligible for admission. cated in Honefoss. This institution offers civil engineering programs with the options of military technical civil engineering and military technical con- POLICE EDUCATION struction engineering which lead to the qualification of ingenior (engineer). Students may elect to com- Education to serve in the police force is pro- plete the program according to one of three alterna- vided at one institution in Norway, the tive structures: 1) three-year engineering program Polithogskolen (Police Academy); Slemdalsveien for qualified officers; 2) three and one-half year 5, Postboks 5027, Majorstua, 0301 Oslo. Tel: +47 22 program which includes both engineering education 46 18 60; Fax: +47 22 69 77 40. Established in 1919, and officer training, or 3) a three-year engineering the Academy operates under the Ministry of Justice. program without officer training for civilian stu- Training, which began as a three-month course at dents. The Army Academy also provides advanced the Public Police Academy, has increased over the military training at a Staff School. years. The program, reorganized in 1981, became a The Sjokrigsskolen (Naval Academy; Head- two-year program with two parts: grunnkurs I (foun- quarters Defense Command Norway/Naval Staff dation course I) which included seven weeks of Education Division); Oslo mil/Huseby, 0016 Oslo. theoretical instruction at the school and five weeks Operated by the Sjoforsvaret (Royal Norwegian of practical instruction at an associated police camp, Navy), it enrolls 135 students. There is a teaching followed by one year of practical experience at a staff of 25 fulltime civilian professors, and four to police station or sheriff's office. Grunnkurs II re- five fulltime military instructors. quired 31 additional weeks of training. In 1992 the Entrance into the Naval Academy is based upon program was extended to three years. In that year, the standard college and university matriculation 350 students were enrolled in grunnkuts II of the

119 101 Education by FieldsofStudy previous program; 250 starting in the new three-year Physical Education and Sport program. The last class to graduate from the two- year program completed study in spring 1993. A number of colleges and universities offerpro- Admission for the three-year program begin- grams in physical education and sport, but the Nor- ning in 1992 requires Norwegian citizenship, com- ges idrettshogskole (Norwegian University of Sport pletion of the standard college and university ma- and Physical Education, also known as Norwegian triculation requirements, a spotless civil record, a University of Physical Education and Sport); Post- physical examination, one year of obligatory military boks 40, Kringsja, 0807 Oslo 8. Tel: +47 22 23 46 85 service (males only), and sufficient maturity to serve is the only institution in Norway to award the pro- as a police officer. Admission is very competitive. In fessionally oriented degree of idreaskandidat (sports 1992, 4742 applications were submitted for 250 candidate). Founded in 1948 as the Statens gym- places. nastikk skolen (National Gymnastics School), it be- The Police Academy follows the grading scale came a specialized university-level institution in used by other institutions of higher education: 1.0 to 1%8. In 1992 it had an academic staff of 60 and 6.0, with 1.0 the highest and 4.0 the minimum pass- enrolled 450 students. In addition to the standard ing grade. Practical training is graded on a bestdttlikke college and university matriculation requirements, bestekt (pass/fail) basis. admission is based on physical tests. At present, the The following programs are offered: institution does not use the vekttall system. Hogskokkandidat i politi (police studies): Three- The idrettskandidat program begins with a one- year, 60 vekttall program, that includes practical year basic program (grunnfag) in sports. During the and theoretical training, with five major compo- second year, students choose one of two tracks: nents. The first students will graduate in 1995. physical education or the coach/trainer track in a 1) Police studies (15 vekttall)police education specific sport. The third year is comprised of further and trade techniques, preventive police service, specialized study in either physical education for the traffic service, sports (including arrest tech- handicapped, outdoor education, culture and sports nique, life saving and first aid), report and in- administration, health education and sports biology, quiry training, criminal techniques, and special or gymnastics and dance. Upon completion of the police training subjects (rescue service, weap- third year, either the fagkerer (specialized subject ons, overtaking, etc.; 2) Law studies (10 vekttall) teacher) qualification in physical education is penalty law, special law, penalty process, traf- awarded, or students earn a qualification as a trener fic law, administrative law, and special areas (coach/trainer). The only other institution awarding such as public law and private law; 3) Social the faglarer in physical education is Elverum Col- studies and language (10 vekttall} -- psychology lege of Education. The fourth year of the idreaskan- and psychiatry, criminology, criminal politics didat program must be completed at another insti- and criminal care, sociology, state and commu- tution in the college or university system and leads nal knowledge, English; 4) Electives (5 vekttall); to the candidatusla magisterii. Two additional years of 5) Practical training (20 vekttall)service in a study leading to a hovedfag (main subject) examina- health and social institution, in child welfare, tion complete the idrettskandidat program. outpatient contact, criminal care, alcoholic insti- The institution plans to issue a different creden- tutions, or with refugees and asylum seekers. tial to foreign students not able to gain competency Vitnemdl (Certificate): 10 vekttall, one semester in certain sports, such as skiing. This credential will fulltime, or equivalent in further police spe- not lead to eligibility to teach physical education in cialty training, e.g., investigation, prosecution, Norway. patrolling, management. The Norwegian University of Sport and Physi- Numerous short courses of several weeks' dura- cal Education was authorized to award the degree of tion in subjects related to police duties that doctor scientiarum (dr scient.) in 1986. yield certificates of completion. These may be offered at the Polithogskolen in Oslo or in local Psychology municipalities. As of 1993 there was no provision for transfer Professional education in psychology leading to the credit into colleges or universities. degree of candidatusla psychologiae (rand. psycho!.)

102 1 ') Education by Fields of Study

may be completed in the Faculty of Social Sciences Social Sciences of the University of Oslo. Admission of the University of Oslo, the Faculty of Psychology to this professional degree has been discontinued. of the University of Bergen, and the Institute of The nonprofessional degree of candidatusla trrum Social Sciences of the University of Tromso. politicarum (cand. pout.) in sociology is awarded by Education in psychology at the Universities of the Universities of Trondheim and Oslo. Oslo and Bergen requires the examen philosophicum The cand. sociol. of the University of Oslo was a plus one year of study leading to the examination for 12-semester program separated into two divisions. the psychology grunnfag. A grade of 2.5 is required To be admitted to the second division, students on this examination for students to qualify for en- completed the ex. phi!., achieved a grade average of trance into a two-part professional program. Due to 2.7 on study leading to the mellomfag (three semes- the high demand of students wishing to complete ters of study) in sociology, plus two semesters of study in psychology, there is a waiting period of study in another subject. Division two required three semesters to three years during which stu- three years to complete, and, in addition to theoreti- dents may elect to complete additional education in cal study, a field placement and a thesis. Students another subject. Part I is comprised of 2 Vz years (50 seeking this type of degree now are admitted to vekttall) of comprehensive theoretical study. Part II havedfag studies leading to the candidatusla rrrum is comprised of theoretical and practical/clinical politicarum (cand. pout.). work, plus a thesis. At the University of Oslo, Part Students entering the Institute for Social Work II requires three years of study, or 60 vekttall; at the of the College of Arts and Science of the University University of Bergen, Part II requires 2V2 years of of Trondheim in the fall of 1993, could take a new study, or 55 vekttall. program in sociology leading to the degree of cand. The University of Tromso's professional degree pofit. The program includes 2V2 years of profes- program in psychology requires five years of study. sional study in sociology and a thesis. Admission is The first four years are devoted to major psychologi- based upon completion of a three-year program in cal topics; the fifth year includes clinical practice and social work or child welfare (see below), plus two completion of a thesis. years of work experience in the field, plus one year The degree of doctor psychologiae (dr psycho!.) (20 vekttall) of additional university or college study requires three years of study for those holding the resulting in the cand. mag. degree. This study must degree of cand. psycho!. include 5 vekttall each in research methods and The degree of cond. psycho/. is a prerequisite for social work. The Norges kommunal-og sosial- licensure as a clinical psychologist. hogskole (Norwegian State College of Local Gov- ernment Administration and Social Work), listed in Sociology; Social Work, Child Welfare, Table 5.10, has been offering instruction for the and Local Government Administration; above program as a pilot project for students enter- and Social Education ing in 1992 to 1994. Because college sector institutions are not authorized to award degrees higher University education in sociology is presently of- than the cand. mag., the University of Trondheim fered by the Universities of Oslo and Trondheim issues the cand. pout. and results in a professionally oriented degree. Col- The University of Trondheim offered a program lege-sector education is offered by Colleges of So- for students entering between 1974 and 1991 which cial Work in the fields of social work and child led to the degree of candidatusla socionomiae (cand. welfare, and in Colleges for Social Education. Sev- socion.). Admission required completion of a 2V2- eral distriktshsgskoler (regional colleges) also provide year advanced program for social workers. Appli- college education in the fields of social work, child cants to this program must have graduated from welfare, and social education. either the three-year program in social work or in child welfare offered by a college of social work. SOCIOLOGY SOCIAL WORK AND CHILD WELFARE University education in sociology resulted in the professionally oriented degree of candidatusla The three years of basic training in the areas of sociologiae (cand. sociol.) awarded by the Faculty of social work and child welfare (social work for chil-

121 103 Education by Fields. of Study

dren) are conducted at college-sector institutions pleted during the second year. The third year in- called sosialhogskoler (social work colleges), and at a cludes advanced studies directed towards the tasks few of the distriktshogskoler (regional colleges). The and positions in local and county government. institutions offering social work and child welfare programs are listed in Table 5.9. ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS OFFERED BY The National Council for Health and Social SOCIAL WORK COLLEGES Work Education, an advisory body to the Ministry of Education, Research and Church Affairs, has pro- In addition to the three-year programs, social vided the following curricular guidelines for the work colleges and the Norges kommunal-og sosial- three-year, 60-vekttall program leading to the vit- hogskole were authorized to award the cand. mag. in nemdl om sosionomeksamen (diploma in social work). February 1981. The number of vekttall required for each subject is in parentheses: Social science (10), psychology and Diakonhjemmets hogskolesenter, sosialhog- social medicine (8), social politics and laws (10), skolen (Diaconia College, Diaconia College Cen- theory of social work (18), and practical fieldwork in ter), part of the Norwegian Lutheran Hospital and outside institutions (14) for a total of 60 vekttall. College, is a private institution founded in 1890. Child welfare workers work with children, Prior to 1990, the Diaconia College Center con- youth, and families who have social problems or are sisted of three independent schools: the School of in danger of developing such problems. Their goal Nursing, the School of Social Work, and the School is to increase the security and standard of living for of Theology. children and youth. The three-year program leading to the vitnemdl om barnevernspedagogeksamen (di- Programs: Since the 1970s, the college has offered ploma in child welfare) educates students about four-year programs in nursing and social work. The children and their families within the social context, first three years comprise nationally approved pro- and helps create an understanding of social and grams in social work and nursing; the fourth year is psychological problems and ways to alleviate these devoted entirely to theology. Additional one-year problems. The National Council for Health and programs of further education are offered in admini- Social Work Education has directed that the three- stration and management, group dynamics and year, 60-vekttall program leading to the vitnemdl om methods in social and health work, theory and meth- barnevernspedagogeksamen must include education in ods in professional supervision, family therapy, and the following subjects areas (vekttall are noted in caring for elderly people. parentheses): Social science (10), psychology (10), education (10), components chosen by the individ- Norges kommunal-og sosialhogskole (Norwe- ual school (10), creative subjects in physical training gian State College of Local Government Admini- and sports, music, art, craft, and drama (5), theory in stration and Social Work) offers one-year further social and residential pedagogy (7), field placements education programs in economics/administration, in social and psychiatric institutions, youth clubs, and health and social administration. One-semes- and welfare offices (8) for a total of 60 vekttall. ter programs are offered in gerontology, management for local government employees, and pro- LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION gram production for video/TV. A variety of noncredit short courses, referred to as etterutdanning, The Norges kommunal-og sosialhogskole (Nor- are also offered. wegian State College of Local Government Admini- stration and Social Work) is the only institution in Sosialhogskolen, Stavanger (Social Work Col- Norway to offer a three-year, 60-vekttall program in lege, Stavanger) conducts four programs of videre- public administration leading to the vitnemdl om utdanning (further education): 1) A barnevern (child Kommunalkandidateksamen (Diploma of Local Gov- welfare) program, consisting of 20 vekttall that is ernment Administration Candidate). The first two completed on a part-time basis over two years; years of the program are comprised of basic study in admission is based on three years of previous re- economics, law, and social sciences, and a 3-vekttall lated education and two years of work experience; practice period lasting 2V2 months that is corn- 2) a ledelse og administrajon (management and ad- 122 104 Education by Fickle of Study

Table 5.9.Institutions Offering Education in Child Welfare, Local Government Administration, Social Education, and Social Work, 1993

Key: Institutions are marked with the letters B, K, S, and V to indicate programs offered. B = Child Welfare (Barnevernspedagog); K - Local Government Administration (Kommunal); S - Social Work (Sosionom), and V Social Education (Vernepleier). See Appendix B for new combined institutions.

Agder distriktshogskole (see Chapter IV). Pro- Oppland distriktshogskole (see Chapter IV). gram: S. Programs: B, S, V.

Bergen helse- og sosialhogskole (Bergen Col- Oslo og Akerhus vernepleierhogskole (Oslo lege of Social Work and Health Care Education); and Akerhus Social Education College). Postboks Haugeveien 28, 5005 Bergen; Tel: +47 55 90 00 30; 372, 1301 Sandvika; Tel: +47 22 13 90 40. Program: Fax: +47 55 90 00 11. Programs: S, V. V.

Bergen vernepleierhogskole (Bergen College of Ostfold vernepleierhogskole (Ostfold Social Welfare Nursing); now part of Bergen helse- og Education College); Postboks 1189 Gamle sosialhogskole. Fredrikstad, 1601 Fredrikstad; Tel: +47 69 32 20 89; Fax: +47 69 32 47 80. Program: V. Diakonhjemmets hogskolesenter, sosialhogskolen (Diaconia College Center, School of So- Rogaland vernepleierhogskole (Rogaland Social cial Work). Postboks 184 Videren, 0319 Oslo; Tel: Education College); Nxrlandsheimen, 4350 +47 22 45 19 45; Fax: +47 22 45 19 50. Private Nxrbo; Tel: +47 51 43 50 99; Fax: +47 51 43 52 62. institution. Program: S. Program: V.

Finnmark distriktshogskole (see Chapter IV). Sogn og Fjordane distriktshogskole (see Programs: B, S. Chapter IV). Program: S.

Hogskolen i Harstad (see Chapter IV). Program: Sosialhogskolen, Stavanger (College of Social V. Work, Stavanger); 4008 Stavanger; Tel: +47 51 52 10 80; Fax: +47 51 52 64 95. Programs: B, S. Hogskolesenteret i Nord land (see Chapter IV). Programs: B, S. Sosialhogskolen, Trondheim (College of Social Work, Trondheim); Lade Gaard, 7040 Trondheim. Wire og Romsdal distriktshogskole (see Tel: +47 73 92 05 66; Fax: +47 73 92 25 52. Pro- Chapter IV). Programs: B, S. grams: B, S. Norges kommunal- og sosialhogskole Trondheim helsefaghogskole (Trondheim (Norwegian State College of Local Government CollegeofHealthCareEducation); Administration and Social Work, also translated as Ulstadlokkveien 15, 7042 Trondheim. Tel: +47 73 Norwegian State College of Public Administration 51 62 30; Fax: +47 73 53 43 77. Program: V. and Social Work); Tjernveien 12, 0957 Oslo; Tel: +47 22 16 43 10; Fax: +47 22 16 36 16. Programs: B, K, S and public administration. ministration) program for health and social work on three years of previous related education and personnel consisting of 20 vekttall completed on a two years of work experience; 3) a konsultasjons- og part-time basis over two years; admission is based veiledningsmetodikk (consultation and counselling

105 Education by Fields. of Study

methods) program of 10 vekttall; and 4) a forskning Theology of the University of Oslo; Det teologiske og formidling (research and writing) program of 10 menighetsfakultet (Free Faculty of Theology in vekttall. Oslo); and the Misjonshogskolen (Mission College), Stavanger. Departments of religious studies of the SOCIAL EDUCATION Universities of Bergen, and Trondheim also offer university programs in Kristendomskunnskap (Chris- The profession of vernepleier (social educator) tian Religion) which can be taken as degree studies involves administrative and social work for elderly or as part of another degree program at a university. patients or residents of rest homes and those with The study of Christian religion is primarily for train- mental or physical disabilities. Education for the ing teachers for schools and the Lutheran Church. training of vernepleier is offered in several types of A number of private institutions also offer bible institutions: vernepleierhfigskoler (social educator col- studies and missionary training courses. leges), sositrAfigskoler (social work colleges), and dir- triktshogskokr (regional colleges). Social educator Det teologiske fakultet (the Faculty of Theol- colleges were authorized to award the regional cand. ogy) of the University of Oslo (Box 1023, Blindern, mag. degree in February 1981. Table 5.9 lists the 0315 Oslo). institutions offering this education. The three-year, 60-vekttall program for qualifi- Programs: Offers two main fields of study: Chris- cation as a vernepleier includes psychology, pedagogy, tian religion and theology (pastoral training). All social science, law as related to special services, students must complete the examen philosophicum medicine as necessary to the field and background before proceeding to their main studies. Many stu- on handicaps, and supervised practical experience dents complete a grunnfag or mellomfag in the Fac- representing 50% of the program, of which two- ulty of Theology as part of their program in another thirds must be in clinical work. The coursework is faculty. The following programs are offered: presented in theme units, such as responsibility and grunnfag, cand. philol., cand. theol., and the practical role of a vernepleier in an institution, cooperation theology seminar. with health workers, evaluating and dealing with ethical dilemmas, current theories in the field, the A grunnfag (introductory course) comprising individual in society, behavioral theory, living con- study of non-Christian religions, philosophy, Bibli- ditions of the handicapped, types of handicaps, re- cal studies, church history, the Christian churches habilitation, personnel administration, and a re- and denominations, dogmatics and ethics is research project. quired of all students, regardless of which of the two Admission to the program requires completion Faculty of Theology degrees they are planning to of the standard college and university matriculation pursue. Upon completion, students select either the requirements. It is also open to adults over age 23 cand. philot or the cand. theol. program. who have had at least five years of related work Candidatusla philologiae (cand. philol.) studies re- experience. quire 2V2 years beyond completion of the four-year Courses of further education, such as personnel candidatus /a magisterii, awarded by Det historisk- management in the health and social sector, are filosofiske fakultet (Faculty of Arts) since the Fac- open to graduates of the vernepkier program. These ulty of Theology of the University of Oslo is not are usually one-semester, 10 vekttall programs appli- authorized to award this degree. cable to a cand. mag. degree. Students who wish to study for the cand. philol. degree in Christian religion must complete a mellom- Theology/Religious Studies fag (an intermediate course, requiring one semester beyond the grunnfag) and a hovedfag (an advanced The Lutheran Church is the state church of Nor- course requiring a further five semesters in this way. Almost all institutions offering training for the Faculty). ministry or teaching religious education are con- In the hovedfag program, half the time is spent nected to the Lutheran denomination. Three insti- on a thesis and the other half in study of the New tutions offer studies in theology as preparation for Testament and its context, Christian doctrine and ordination as a Lutheran pastor: The Faculty of the phirophy of religion. The preliminary course

106 Education by Fields of Study

in Greek must also be passed during these studies. in 1907 by a group of professors who broke off from Students who hold the cand. philot in Christian the University of Oslo Faculty of Theology to train Religion may proceed in this faculty to the doctor pastors along the traditional lines of the Lutheran artium (dr art.) or the doctor philosophiae (dr philos.) confession rather than the newer academic approach degrees. being taken at the university. In 1913 the govern- Candidatusla theologiae (cand. theol.), the profes- ment authorized the institution to give practical sional program in theology which may be elected theological examinations, and in 1926 to give the after students have completed the one-year compul- professional examination for the tide of Pastor. Until sorygninnfag in religious studies, follows prescribed 1990, 70%-80% of all Norwegian Lutheran pastors coursework. There is no requirement to complete were trained here. In the 1990s, their number has either a mellomfag or hovedfag as in the cond. philol. dropped to about 60%, with 40% being trained in program. the University of Oslo program. The program includes coursework in Greek, the Since 1972 the government has provided 60 %- New Testament, Christian doctrine and philosophy' 70% of the institution's funding, with the balance of religion, and preparation of a thesis. Students must coming from the Lutheran congregations. In 1990 pass the preliminary examinations in Hebrew, Latin the institution was authorized to award the doctoral and Greek. The complete program requires 14 semes- degree. Enrollment in 1992 was 630 (40% female). ters, including the examen philosophicum and a two-se- A little less than half were training for the ministry; mester program at Det praktisk-teologiske seminar the others were training to be teachers of Christian (The Practical-Theology Seminar). religion. A professional state final examination, the teolo- Courses of study are offered in Christian relig- gisk embetseksamen, is required for all who wish to ion as a minor (grunnfag) or major (mellomfag) or enter the ministry of the State Church. Students master's (hovedfag). Theology and practical ministe- who hold the cand. theol. may proceed to the doctor rial training, training in Christian education for par- theologiae (dr theol.) or the doctor philosophiae (dr ish work and the theologial doctorate degree. The philos.) programs offered are very similar to those of the The grading scale for the degree of candidatus Faculty of Theology at the University of Oslo. In the philologiae uses the standard university grading cand. theol. program, the main difference is in the scale. See page 32. timing of the mandatory practical training. All stu- In order to be ordained as a Lutheran minister, dents must complete the examen philosophicum at a students must complete two semesters of training at university prior to beginning studies at the School. Det praktisk teologiskeseminar (The Practical The- In the Christian religion program leading to the ology Seminar), a self-standing institution under the candidatusla philologiae (cand. phil01.), students can direct supervision of the Ministry of Education, undertake a grimnfag i kristendomskunnskap (intro- Research and Church Affairs, associated with the ductory course in Christian religion), a mellomfag and Faculty of Theology of the University of Oslo. The a hovedfag. The mellomfag is interdisciplinary study first semester is taken during the study period for in the Christian religion area at a more advanced the cand. theol. The second semester must be taken level. The work for the hovedfag includes course- following graduation, and includes practical service work, a preliminary examination in Greek, and a in congregations and institutions. thesis. The professional program in theology leading to Det teologiske menighetsfakultet (The Norwe- the cand. theol. requires 13 semesters of study. It is gian Lutheran School of Theology, formerly trans- divided into a five-semester elementary section that lated as The Free Faculty of Theology); Gydas vei includes one semester in the Practical Theology 4, 0363 Oslo; Tel: +47 22 46 79 00; Fax: +47 22 69 Seminar which is connected to Det teologiske men- 18 90. inghetsfakul tet, a seven-semester advanced section, and one additional semester of study in the Practical Theology Seminar. The Norwegian Lutheran School of Theology, The elementary section begins with the ex. phil. also known as the Congregations' Theological Fac- undertaken usually at the University of Oslo, al- ulty is an independent institution. It was established though the School offers separate lectures in biblical

i2o 107 Education by Fields of Study

knowledge and the history of theology and philoso- mission theology, social anthropology and common phy concurrently. This is followed by two semesters cultural history. A two-semester grunnfag in Chris- of study which include a primary course in Christian tian Studies is also offered. A two-semester study in religion. The next semester involves study in recent Christianity and Mission, which gives preparatory theology, and leads to advanced theological study in education for mission service and for working at the different theological branches and an introduction home base of the mission, is offered for persons with to practical theology. Service in a parish for six to previous professional training. eight weeks during the summer precedes the practical theology undertaken in the fall, which corre- DEPARTMENTS OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES, sponds to the first of the two required terms in the UNIVERSITIES OF BERGEN AND practical theology seminar (formerly this study was TRONDHEIM done after obtaining the cand. theol. degree). Stu- dents serve a practice period in an institution, such Departments of religious studies of Faculties of as a hospital, and take a group examination and an Arts of the Universities of Bergen and Trondheim individual oral test. also offer studies in Christian religion in formats very The seven-semester advanced section begins similar to that of the Faculty of Theology of the with preliminary study in Greek and Hebrew. Stu- University of Oslo. Students may complete a dents receive five hours a week of instruction in grunnfag, a mellomfag and a hovedfag. The grunnfag these two languages. The balance of the study is and mellomfag in religious studies can comprise part divided into two main parts: Old and New Testa- of a candidatusla magisterii degree. Students who ment; and church history and systematic theology. have completed a hovedfag in Christian religion may The program culminates in the professional state continue studies for the doctor artium (dram.). examination (teologisk embetseksamen)for the candidat i teologien, also known as the candidatusla theologiae OTHER INSTITUTIONS OFFERING (cand. theol.) degree and translated by the institution RELIGIOUS STUDIES as Master of Theology. Before ordination, the student must complete one additional semester of A number of institutions offer bible studies, training at the practical theology seminar which missionary training, and specialized training for provides the required practical training for ordina- service in the field. Many of these are private insti- tion in the Lutheran Church. Completion of studies tutions. Admission requirements vary from comple- and successful passing of the professional examination of upper secondary school, having attained the tion leads to a Vitnesbyrd (testimony) of fullfort ek- age of 18, to no specific requirements. The institu- samen som er fastsatt for det praktisk-teologiske seminar tions are listed below by type. (completion of the examination for appointment of the practical-theology seminar). Institutions Requiring Completion of Upper The School also offers a one-year special pro- Secondary Studies gram for training as a catechist (one who is responsible for educational work in the congregation and Ansgarskolen, Det norske misjonsforbund teaching catechism classes). Applicants must have (Ansgar School, Mission Covenant Church of completed at least two years of higher education, Norway), Boks 6513 Hanes, 4602 Kristiansand. including a grunnfag in Christian religion. Three separate schools form the Ansgarskolen: Ansgar Teologiske Seminar, Ansgar bibelseminar, Misjonshagskolen (Missionary College); Mis- Ansgar bibelinstitutt. The Ansgar teologiske jonsveien 34, 4024 Stavanger; Tel: +47 51 73 10 00. seminar offers a four-year tertiary level program leading to service as a predicant or missionary. The The Misjonshagskolen offers a 6 1/2-year pro- program is offered to students from all Christian gram leading to a cand. theol. degree, which includes religions. This course is recognized by NKU for parish practice. The program follows a different two years (40 vekttall) of transfer credit. It is also study plan than the two programs in Oslo and in- recognized as equivalent to a grunnfag in Christian cludes, in addition to the ordinary theological sub- studies, unless the student has taken a similar jects, courses in science of religion, mission science, program in Christian religion at the University of

108 128 Education by Fields of Study

Oslo. The Ansgar bibelinstitutt offers a two-year operating under the aegis of the Norsk Luthersk bible seminar course, which is not recognized for misjonssamband (Norwegian Lutheran Mission), transfer credit to a university program. The Ansgar offer the following: 1) a four-year training in mis- bibelseminar offers a one-year missionary course. sionary education, recognized by NKU for up to three semesters (30 vekttall) of transfer credit and Baptistenes teologiske seminar (Baptist Theo- as equivalent to a grunnfag in Christianity; 2) a logical Seminary; Michelets vei 62 1320, Stabekk). one-year program in missionary education for Training for service as a pastor or a missionary in those who are already serving as missionaries; and the Baptist Church is offered in a four-year, terti- 3) a half-year and one-year bible study. ary-level program. Partial credit, up to two years (40 vekttall), will be given if students continue in a Indremisjonsselskapets bibelskole (Norwegian university program. Lutheran Inner Mission Society's School); Boks 6830 St. Olays plass, 0130 Oslo. This private Diakonhjemmets teologisk-administrative institution offers one- and two-year programs in hogskole (Theological-Administrative College of bible and service study, and in church singing and the Deacon Hospital); Oslo, also known as Diak- music, as well as a half-year course in bible study. onhjemmets hogskolesenter. Boks 23, Vinderen, The two-year course in music satisfies a grunnfag 0319 Oslo; Tel: +47 22 45 19 45; Fax: +47 22 45 19 and mellomfag in music in a university program. 50. The institution offers training as a deacon who Hovedfag study is also offered. Some of the studies will normally work in congregations, Christian or- are offered in conjunction with the Norsk ganizations and within the health care and social lwrerakademi for kristendomskunnskap og sector. The majority of deacons are nurses or social pedagogikk (Norwegian Academy for the Study of workers, with additional theological deaconal edu- Religion and Education). cation. Luthersk bibel- og menighetsseminar (Lu- Applicants must have completed training as a theran Bible and Congregational Seminary); Jose- nurse or social worker, with elective work in theo- fines gate 3, 0351 Oslo. This private institution logical and practical church education. (Three-year offers tertiary-level training for the pastorate of the training programs as a nurse or social worker are Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (this is not the offered at the Diakonhjemmets hogskolesenter and state Lutheran Church.) A two-year course in are described in the applicable section.) The pro- Christian religion is offered, for which partial trans- gram to become a deacon requires two semesters in fer credit as a mellomfag may be given in university administrative training, two years of part-time study programs. Several half- and one-year bible courses, in the care of the elderly, and one year of part-time and courses in children and youth work, evangel- study in family therapy. Completion of the program ism, and mission service are offered. leads to vocational qualification as a Borne- ungdoms- arbeider i menighet (Congregational Children's Menighetsbibelskolen (Congregational Bible Worker) and is considered the equivalent of a School; Sandefjord). The institution belongs to the grunnfag in Christianity. Pentecostalist congregation. Half- and full-year courses emphasizing knowledge of the Bible and Finnmark distriktshogskole (Finnmark Re- congregation practice are offered. gional College; Seksjon for kristendomskunnskap og menighetsarbeid [section for Christian Religion More og Romsdal distriktshogskole linje for studies and congregational work]); Follumsvei, kristendomskunnskap og menighetsarbeid 9500 Alta. A one-year program leading to qualifica- (More and Romsdal Regional College, Section for tion as a menighetssekretter (congregation secretary) Christian Religion Study and Congregational is offered and is considered equivalent to a Work); Boks 188, 6101 Volda. This regional college grunnfag in Christianity. offers three programs in various aspects of religious service: a four-year program cosponsored with the Fjellhaug skoler (Fjellhaug Schools); Sinsen- Volda Teachers' College which leads to veien 15, 0130 Oslo. These private institutions, qualification as a kateket (catechist) that consists of

109 12? Education by Fields of Study

study in Christianity, congregational work, ing and related fields. No university transfer credit pedagogics and optional courses; a three-year for this work is recognized in Norway. program in church-administration education 1.Ansgar Bibelskole (Ansgar Bible School), Boks which qualifies graduates for the position of 6513 Hanes, 4602 Kristiansand. kirlevetge (church verger); and a two-year program 2.Bibelskolen Bildray (Bildoy Bible School), 5353 which qualifies graduates to be a menighetssekretar Straume Bibelskolen i Grimstad (Bible School (congregation secretary). The college offers both a in Grimstad), Osterhus, 4890, Grimstad. grunnfag and a mellomfag in Christianity. 3.Bibelskolen i Trondheim (Bible School in Trondheim), Thonning Owesens gate 20, 7044, Norsk diakonihoyskole (Norwegian Deacon Trondheim. College); Lovisenberg 11, 0456 Oslo. This private 4.Filadelfia Bibelskole (Filadelfia Bible School), institution offers a one-year tertiary-level training Boks 6854 St. Olays plass, 0130 Oslo. to become a deacon. 5.Fjellheim Bibelskole (Fjellheim Bible School), Boks 1180, 9001, Trondheim. Norsk ltererakademi for kristendom- 6.Fjelltun Bibelskole (Fjelltun Bible School), skunnskap og pedagogikk (Academy for the Gulaksveinen 4, 4017, Stavanger. Study of Religion and Education); Kirstendom- 7.Lagets Bibel- og Evangeliseringssenter (Lagers sseksjonen, Amalie Skrams vei 3, 5035 Bergen- Bible and Evangelism Center), Boks 324, 4501 Sandviken. Mandal. 8.Frelsesarmeen Offisersskole (Salvation Army Programs offered include one-year and 11/2 Officers School), Brendsruptoppen 40, 1370; year courses in Christian religion and in pedagogical Asker. A two-year course for Salvation Army studies. soldiers is offered. 9.Smyma Bibelinstitutt (Smyrna Bible Institute), INSTITUTIONS WITH OPEN ADMISSION Boks 73, 3178, Vale.

The following institutions offer half-year to two-year courses in Bible studies, missionary train-

110 128 Correspondence and Adult Education

Chapter VI CORRESPONDENCE ANI3 ADULT EDUCATION

.. .=-

Correspondence Education NKS (Norsk korrespondanseskole/Nor- wegian Correspondence School) Founda- Because of Norway's geography, opportunities for tion for Distance Education (Postboks 5853, completing education via correspondence are much Hegdehaugen, 0308 Oslo; Tel: +47 22 56 85 00; in demand. Many college and university programs Fax: +47 22 56 85 37) was established in 1914 to may be completed or partially completed via corre- provide education accessible to people at work spondence. or home. It offers programs at all levels of edu- Three organizations that offer educational pro- cation, primary through tertiary. grams primarily through correspondence are described below. NKS Foundation established the NKS hogskole (NKS College) in 1986. NKS College NM ingeniorhogskole (NKI College of Engi- offers a number of programs in business that are neering; Hans Burums vei 30, 1340 Bekkestua; fully recognized for purposes of transfer credit Tel: +47 67 58 88 00; Fax: +47 67 53 05 00) offers to university degree programs. Instruction is part of its three-year ingenifir programs via corre- conducted via correspondence, telephone, and spondence, as well as its secondary-levelforkurs computer. Examinations are conducted in (preparatory course). The affiliated Senter for about 60 locations all over Norway, and interna- fjernundervisning (Center for Distance Educa- tionally at the end of each semester. tion) offers programs only via television and The normal study load is 50% of fulltime, correspondence through the NKI fjernunder- or completion of 10 vekttall per semester. Ex- visning (NKI Distance Education) department. cept for the first program that results in a Educational programs comprising 10 hfigskolekandidat degree, the programs listed be- vekttall (the equivalent of one semester of low lead to certificates (vitnemdl). The number study) or 20 vekttall (the equivalent of two se- of vekttall required to complete each program mesters of study) are available. The programs are noted. Single subjects of 2 and 4 vekttall each lead to certificates (vitnemdl) and receive full are also offered. recognition for purposes of transfer into degree hogskolekandidat (college candidate) in 0k- programs at universities and colleges. The pro- onomi og ledelse (economics and manage- grams are listed below, with their respective ment), 40 vekttall value: bedriftsokonomi (business economics), 20 bedriftsokonomi (business economics), 10 ledelse i offentlig virksomhet (leadership train- bednftsfikonomi (business economics), 20 ing in public operations), 20 okonomi og ledelse (economics and manage- ledelse (management), 10 ment), 10 okonomi (economics), 10 ledelse og administrasjon for helse- og sosialsek- markedsforing (marketing), 10 tom (management and administration for grunnfag i markedsforing (foundation course health and social sectors), 20 in marketing), 20 ledelse for helse- og sosialsektoren (management for health and social sectors), 10 Adult Education administrasjon for helse- og sosialsektoren (administration for health and social sectors), Adult education has a long tradition in Norway. 10 The Norwegian Association of Adult Education was

111 129 Correspondence and Adult Education

formed in 1932 as an umbrella organization to coor- curricula or examinations offer opportunities for per- dinate the various organizations offering adults edu- sonal growth. Although they are partially state- cation ranging from primary to upper secondary funded, folk high schools are usually operated by programs, short programs in the higher educational private organizations and are not part of the formal sector, and vocational and company-based coopera- system of education. Graduates receive a leaving tive programs. According to labor market policy, certificate that neither qualifies them for admission vocational programs for adults are funded by the to higher education nor leads to transfer credit ap- central government, and participants receive a salary plicable to university or college degree programs. while enrolled.

EDUCATION IN NORWEGIAN LANGUAGE Folkeuniversitet (People's University) AND CULTURE Folkeuniversitet (People's University) refers to Education in the Norwegian language and cul- informal adult education conducted at a variety of ture is offered by municipalities to immigrants. The sites throughout Norway. Courses in art, languages, municipalities receive complete funding from the music, philosophy and similar subjects are available central government. to students 15 years of age or older. There are no formal admission requirements to folkeuniversitet, Folkehogskole (Folk High School) and courses are not applicable to any secondary or university program. Half-year, one-year, and shorter specialized pro- Folkeuniversitet centers may offer instruction for grams, usually in the areas of culture, language, or upper secondary school, college, and university-ad- the arts, may be undertaken by young adults aged ministered examinations. Documentation will thus 17 or older at a residential folkehogskok (folk high be issued by the examining authority, i.e., the upper school). Approximately 80 institutions with no set secondary school, college, or university.

132 112 ";, Chapter VII INTERNATIONALIZATION AND STUDY ABROAD OPPORTUNITIES

Norway is fully committed to increasing interna- formalize cooperation between Nordic university tionalization opportunities in academic programs. It administrators. Planning groups were set up to or- has been involved in Nordic cooperation activities ganize specialist seminars in the different adminis- for many years and is at present a full partner in trative fields. In particular, the Planning Group on ERASMUS (European Community Action Scheme Recognition of Degrees and Credit Transfer was for the Mobility of University Students). formed to discuss and coordinate issues of importance to student mobility between the Nordic countries. Nordic Cooperation NORDPLUS (the Nordic Programme for the Mobility of University Students and Teachers) was The Nordic Council was founded in 1952, and the developed by the Nordic Council of Ministers. Be- Nordic Council of Ministers was founded in 1971. gun in 1988, its goals are to promote wide-ranging Because of agreements made by these bodies, citi- and intensive cooperation between the universities zens of the five Nordic countries (Denmark, Fin- and colleges of the Nordic countries to establish a land, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) can travel freely Nordic educational community, to substantially in- between the countries without passport control, crease the number of university students carrying transport and communication is developed between out an integrated and fully recognized period of the countries, joint research is undertaken in many study in another Nordic country, and to encourage fields, and a number of cooperative arrangements in the increased mobility of teaching staff. NORD- the education field exist. Examples of this coopera- PLUS provides grants for fulltime studies on the tion include the relationship between the Nordic basic degree level for up to one full academic year Institute for Studies in Urban and Regional Plan- with full credit given at the student's home univer- ning, located in Stockholm; and the Nordic School sity. The grants supplement the regular study grants of Public Health in Gothenburg, Sweden. There are provided in each country. specialized courses open to citizens of any of the countries and Nordic students may enroll freely in universities within the Nordic area. Students with International Programs university admission qualifications from upper secondary schools in any one of the other Nordic coun- One of the goals of the government of Norway in tries are eligible for admission to higher education the 1990s is to increase internationalization in the in any of the other Nordic countries, provided all academic sphere. Almost every postsecondary insti- requirements are fulfilled. tution in Norway has an active ERASMUS program There is also general recognition of academic and their number is increasing annually. One of the qualifications for upper secondary school place- results of this involvement is an increase in the ment, and university and college credit transfer by number of courses and full programs offered in the educational institutions within the Nordic coun- English. tries. Each institution or college may decide the Norwegian students are encouraged to under- extent to which specific placement or credit is given take part of their studies in another country. The for previous study in connection with further studies Norwegian Loan Fund currently finances approxi- in a specific subjects. mately 7500 students who are studying outside the The Nordic Association of University Adminis- country. Such students coming to the United States trators was formed in the mid 1970s to increase and for study can receive support from this fund. A tax

113 131 International and Study Broad Opportunitites

agreement with the United States exempts Norwe- States or Canada. Students may attend for the gian students studying in the US and receiving full year (mid-August to mid-June)or for one funds from either the US or Norway from paying semester only. taxes on these funds. Information may be obtained from the Norway also has a number of programs that North American Admissions Office of the Uni- provide training to students from developingcoun- versity of Oslo International Summer School, tries. In 1992 approximately 2000 students from c/o St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN 55057; these countries enrolled in Norwegianprograms. An Tel: 507-646-3269; Fax: 507-646-3549. example of one such program is NORAGRIC, International Summer School, University of which was established in 1986 to make Norwegian Oslo The six-week summer course isopen to expertise in rural development available to develop- students and qualified professionals from all ing countries. The program includes joint research over the world (approximately 70 countries are programs and projects and brings students from represented). Courses are offered in two catego- developing countries to Norway to study in The ries: general and graduate. Generalcourses are Agricultural University of Norway and the Norwe- open to undergraduate and graduate students in gian College of Veterinary Medicine. Norwegian Language (all levels), Norwegian Art, Norwegian History, Norwegian Literature, Nordic Folklore, Norwegian Culture and Soci- Study Abroad Programs for ety, Contemporary Problems in Government US Students and Politics, International Relations and For- eign Policy, and Economics Policy and Plan- The programs cited belowwere available in 1993- ning. Graduate courses are offered in Special 94. New programs will probably be added in sub- Education, Peace Research, Energy Planning sequent years. Graduate students interested in and the Environment, Medical Care and Health studying in Norway should write to the institutions Services in Norway, and International Develop- offering appropriate programs and inquireas to the ment Studies. availability of study in English. Inmany doctoral Information is available from the Interna- courses, classes will be offered in English if there is tional Summer School, University of Oslo, P.O. student demand for it. Box 3, Blindern, 0313 Oslo, Norwayor from the All four of the Norwegian universities offer in- Oslo International Summer School, St. Olaf struction in Norwegian as a foreign language. Stu- College, 1520 Saint Olaf Avenue, Northfield, dents needing further information should writeto MN 55057-1098 (telephone and Fax above). the universities directly. The one-semester Scandinavian Urban Studies Several US institutions offer opportunities for Term/SUST program, either fall or spring, is study in Scandinavia for their own students. Among organized by the Higher Education Consortium the institutions offering such programsare the Uni- for Urban Affairs and is based in Oslo. Students versity of Massachusetts at Amherst, the American examine issues facing industrialized welfare Graduate School of International Management, the states and social democracies in Scandinavia. University of California, Washington State Univer- Courses include Urbanization and Develop- sity, and Pacific Lutheran University. ment in Scandinavia, Scandinavia in the World, Other programs include the following. Scandinavian Art and Literature, and Norwe- The Year Program at the University of Oslo is gian Language. Study-travel visits includeone open to students from the United States and or more Scandinavian capitals and a destination Canada, who have completed one year of uni- in the former USSR. The program isopen to versity-level Norwegian language study and students who have completed the freshman have finished the sophomore year in collegeor year in good academic standing at an accredited the freshman year with a minimum 3.0 grade four-year college in the United States. Instruc- average on a 4.0 scale. Students are placed in tion is in English. Norwegian language courses at the University Information is available from the Higher of Oslo and in one additional course offered by Education Consortium for Urban Af- an accompanying professor from the United fairs/HECUA, Hamline University, Mail #36,

114 132 International and Study Broad Opportunitites

1536 Hewitt Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55104-1284; One-week classes at Ole Bull Akademiet in Tel: 612-646-8832; Fax: 612-659-9421. Voss are offered in Norwegian folk music for Folkehfigskole (Folk High School Programs):The students of music conservatories and other col- 85 folk high schools offer a wide range of pro- leges of music or music education. Institutions grams at different levels. Instruction is in Nor- schedule times with the Akademiet for the pro- wegian. Students participate in the regular program. Instruction is in Norwegian, with English grams offered. No professional or vocational translation as needed. training is offered and no formal academic cred- For further information, contact Ole Bull its are granted. Akademiet, Voss Folkemuseum, 5710 Further information can be obtained from Skulestadmo, Norway, Tel: +47 55 51 14 74. IKF - Informasjonskontor for kristen folke- Master's degree programs in a number of fields, hogskole, Grakamveien 10 A, 0386 Oslo; Tel: including management of natural resources, in- +47 22 49 19 40; Fax: +47 22 49 00 54; or from ternational business, dentistry, and fishery biol- IF - Informasjonskontoret for folkehogskolen, ogy, are offered in English by several Norwe- Karl Johansgate 12,0154 Oslo; Tel: +47 22 41 66 gian universities and specialized university-level 75; Fax: +47 22 41 52 68. institutions. See individual institutional profiles.

133 115 Chapter VIII ADVICE FOR ADMISSIONS OFFICERS

Upper Secondary School documentation and look for signs of official issu- ance, such as original signatures, seals, and stamps. All certificates received fromupper secondary Credentials may be referred to as titles, such as school (videregdende skole) are labeled "vitnemdl fra sosionom (social worker), or as certificates of exami- den videregdende skolen (certificate from the upper nations, such as a vitnemdl om barnevernspedagogek- secondary school)." This certificate may be issued samen (certificate of child welfare examination), or upon successful or unsuccessful completion of each as certificates of education, such as vitnemdl om 3- year of upper secondary education, or only upon drig ergoterapeutu &laming (certificate of 3-year occu- completion of the third year of upper secondary pational therapy education). education. In the latter case, all subjects studied and grades received for all three years will be listed on Grade Reports/Transcripts the certificate. Care should be taken to assure that records for all three years of education are included. Many Norwegian educational institutionscan pro- See Chapter III for a full explanation. vide official grade reports in English. Sample docu- The allmennefag (general studies) branch which ment 8.1 is an example from the University of Oslo. students may elect to undertake in the upper secon- Degree programs which consist of single-subject dary school provides the most theoretical of pro- examinations conducted after a large block of study grams offered in the upper secondary schools. It will issue grade reports like that pictured in sample prepares students for university or college programs. document 8.1. Many degree programs conduct only The handels- og kontorfag (commercial and clerical one final examination to conclude coursework. The subjects) branch also prepares students for most example lists the examen philosophicum (taken after university or college programs. In 1994 these two one semester of study), the history mellomfag (taken branches were combined. Students enrolled in any after three semesters of study, and the social anthro- other branch of upper secondary education are free pology grunnfag (taken after two additional semes- to go beyond the recommended syllabus for their ters of study). No additional statement of grades is program and study additional subjects of a univer- available. Degree structure is fully explained in sity-preparatory or vocational nature. Therefore, ad- Chapters N and V. vanced university-preparatory subjects taken by Another type of grade report issued by some students in any branch of upper secondary school colleges and universities lists courses of smaller may be sufficient preparation for success on an Ad- units, usually referred to as vekttall. In most cases, 20 vanced Placement (AP), College Level Examina- vekttall represents one year of fulltime study. Indi- tion Program (CLEP), or other equivalent US insti- vidual institutions using other credit or unit systems tutional examination. have been noted in the institutional profiles located throughout this text. Degrees and Diplomas Course content information can be supplied through a studieplan, or syllabus, which would usu- Except for videregdende skole (upper secondary ally be kept as archives at the institutions and can school) documentation, the regional candidatusla be made available to current or former students. magisterii degree, and some teacher training creden- Many Norwegian colleges conduct programs in tials, Norwegian institutions do not issue degrees cooperation with. both Norwegian and foreign uni- and diplomas according to standardized formats. versities. Within Norway, colleges commonly pro- Admissions officers are advised to carefully read the vide instruction for university advanced-degree pro-

116 134 Advice for Admissions Off:cers

grams, i.e., hovedfag (main subject) examinations; The Danish candidatus mercaturae (sand. merc.) de- the examination, however, is conducted by the co- gree is awarded upon completion of a joint program operating university which will also issue the docu- with Aalborg University in Denmark. This degree mentation for the program. is based on four years of study at Rogaland College, Some colleges cooperating with foreign institu- plus a short period in Denmark. The degree is tions have arrangements to issue Norwegian creden- awarded by Aalborg University because Rogaland tials upon completion of the foreign study. For ex- does not have the authority to award the comparable ample, the Business College of Northern Norway of Norwegian degree of sivilokonom (economist). Hogskolesenteret i Nordland (Nordland College) cooperates with Pacific Lutheran University/PLU Nasjonalt Koordinerende Utvalg/NKU in Tacoma, Washington in the United States. PLU (National Coordinating Commission) accepts students with a two-year hogskolekandidat in Recommendations economics and administrative studies from Nord- land College into the senior year of its bachelor's The NKU makes recommendations for the transfer degree program. After receiving the bachelor's de- of credit from private institutions to public institu- gree from PLU, students may complete one addi- tions. These recommendations are published twice tional year in the Nordland College Master of Busi- per year and are intended to be advisory in nature; ness Administration program, and apply to the Nor- public Norwegian institutions are free to determine ges handelshoyskole/NHH (Norwegian School of what additional subjects students study to qualify Economics and Business Administration) for a cer- for a particular credential. tificate of equivalency to the Norwegian sivilokonom If more information is needed about the content (economist) degree. Students who have completed of educational programs offered by private institu- a three-year hogskolekandidat are accepted directly tions for which sufficient information is not avail- into the PLU Master of Business Administration able, the NKU may be contacted at Nasjonalt Koor- program. dinerende Utvalg for Godkjenning av Eksamener, Another example of this cooperation is found at Harald Harfagresgt. 17, 5020 Bergen; Telephone: Hogskolesenteret i Rogaland (Rogaland College). +47 55 21 21 39.

Document 8.1.8.1.Certificate of Attendance, Official Transcript, Issued by the Faculty of Arts of the University of Oslo (English Version)

117 REST COPYAVAILABLE 133 Advice for Admissions Officers

Role of the National Council on the a listing of the Council member organizations and Evaluation of Foreign Educational their representatives. Credentials The placement recommendations approved by the Council identify the level or stage of education The National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign represented by an educational credential and thus Educational Credentials (the Council) is an interas- the appropriate placement of the holder of the cre- sociational group that provides guidelines for inter- dential in US educational institutions. Council rec- preting foreign educational credentials for the ommendations are not directives, nor do they make placement of holders of these credentials in US judgments about the quality of programs and educational institutions. Its main purpose is to re- schools. Quality indicators may be provided by the view, modify, and approve placement recommenda- author in the text. The effective use of placement tions drafted for publications used by the US admis- recommendations depends on careful review of the sions community. The Council also helps establish supporting text in the publication and consideration priorities, research guidelines, and review proce- of individual institutional placement policies and dures for international admissions publications. The practices. Council participates in international meetings that The Council suggests that institutions apply involve foreign educational credentials for the pur- the same standards for a foreign applicant as for a US pose of international exchanges of students and applicant with a similar educational background. scholars. The membership of the Council reflects Recommendations reflect US philosophy and struc- the diversity of US educational institutions for ture of education and may differ from the practices which recommendations are made. See page iv for of the educational system being reviewed.

Guide to the Understanding of Placement Recommendations May be considered for freshman admission if a SECONDARY vocational [technical, specialized] program is appropriate preparation. May be placed in grade... This recommendation suggests the specialized This recommendation is used if freshman ad- nature of the curriculum followed. The wording mission cannot be recommended, but specific sec- further suggests that within the foreign educational ondary school placement is suggested by the total system the educational opportunities open to hold- years of primary and secondary school studies rep- ers of the credential in question may be limited to resented by the credential. some postsecondary, usually nonuniversity, options.

May be placed in secondary school at a grade May be considered for freshman admission. level based on the length and nature of the pro- This recommendation is for graduates of aca- gram followed. demic, university-preparatory secondary school pro- This recommendation is used if freshman ad- grams and other programs that can be considered for mission cannot be recommended. The duration and freshman admission without reservations or qualifi- nature of the program vary. Each educational history ers. should be evaluated to determine the total years of study represented by the credentials. May be considered for freshman admission; may receive advanced placement or transfer Primarily a vocational qualification. credit based on AP, CLEP or equivalent US This statement is used for credentials awarded institutional examination. for secondary nonacademic training programs in This recommendation suggests that any ad- specific job-related fields (e.g., apprenticeships). vanced placement or transfer credit awarded for the Admission does not usually require a specific back- credential should be validated by nationally stand- ground.The credentials do not give access to higher ardized examinations for which US institutions have education. already established policies.

118 133 Advice for Admissions Officen

UNDERGRADUATE Represents completion of undergraduate teacher education courses. Primarily a vocational qualification; admission By utilizing this statement, the Council is pro- and placement should be based on other creden- viding descriptive information only, not a placement tials. recommendation. Evaluators should follow the This recommendation is used for credentials practice employed at their institutions for similar awarded for postsecondary nonacademic training undergraduate teacher education courses. programs in specific job-related fields. The credential does not give access to further study in the home Represents the completion of a specialization in country; admissions decisions should be based on ...[e.g., military science, nursing, graphic arts]. other credentials. By utilizing this statement, the Council is providing descriptive information only, not a placement A professional qualification; admission and recommendation. Evaluators should follow the placement should be based on other credentials practice employed at their institutions for similar [qualifications]. undergraduate study. This recommendation is used for specific studies in professional fields. The credential, by itself, GRADUATE OR ADVANCED does not give access to further study in the home PROFESSIONAL ADMISSION country. May be considered for graduate admission. May be considered for undergraduate [admis- This recommendation is used if the program of sion with up to...year(s) of] transfer credit, study is considered to provide adequate preparation determined through a course-by-course analy- for graduate study, without reservation or qualifiers. sis. Normally such a program represents a total of 16 This recommendation sets the maximum years of education and gives access to graduate edu- amount of credit, depending on the length of study, cation within the foreign system. This recommen- for a university program. The phrasing "course-by- dation may be used for programs requiring more course analysis" asks the evaluator to look carefully than 16 years of study if no graduate transfer credit at course contents, such as course descriptions from is recommended. catalogs, in order to determine the appropriateness of transfer credit. May be considered for graduate admission in a [closely] related field if the specialized nature of May be considered for up toyear(s) of under- the program followed is appropriate prepar- graduate transfer credit [determined through a ation. course-by-course analysis]. This recommendation is used for programs that By using this statement, the Council suggests are generally comparable to US bachelor's degrees that undergraduate admission be based on other but the curriculum is specialized in nature and pro- (usually prior) credentials, though the credential vides limited or no access to more advanced study may yield some transfer credit. in the home country.

May be considered for undergraduate admis- May be considered for graduate admission with sion with transfer credit awarded on the same graduate transfer credit determined through a basis as for students of... [US hospital schools course-by-course analysis of the...[fifth, last] of nursing, US schools of art, US seminaries, year of study; may be considered for admission US schools of music and performing arts, US to a doctoral program. schools of music]. This recommendation is used for first degrees This recommendation can be used for hospital- which represent a level of academic achievement based nursing; art schools, music, or performing arts beyond the US bachelor's degree and which merit schools; and seminaries that are comparable to these consideration for graduate admission with graduate categories of schools in the US for which specific transfer credit. Only courses taken at the end of the admissions policies are used. program (at a more advanced level) should be con-

119 1 fl7 Advice for Admissions Officers sidered for transfer credit. The phrase "may be May be considered comparable to an earned considered for admission to a doctoral program" is US doctorate. used if the level of academic achievement is compa- This recommendation is used if the program of rable to that of a US master's degree. study is considered comparable to a US doctoral program. There may be differences in the structure May be considered for graduate transfer credit and requirements of the program, but the credential [determined through a course-by-course analy- represents advanced research and dissertation work sis]. of a sufficiently high level to recommend doctoral In this recommendation, the phrasing "course- comparability. by-course analysis" asks the evaluator to look carefully at course contents, such as course descriptions A first professional degree in ...[medicine, den- from catalogs, to determine the appropriateness of tistry, veterinary medicine, law]. May be consid- graduate transfer credit. ered for graduate admission. This statement is used to point out the first May be considered for graduate admission as professional degrees awarded in a particular field. are graduates of ... [US schools of art, US No graduate transfer credit is awarded. While prepa- schools of music]. ration for the profession occurs at the graduate level This recommendation is used for art and music in the US, it usually occurs at the undergraduate credentials that are awarded for the completion of level in many foreign educational systems. programs of sufficient intensity to be considered comparable to what is required for the completion Represents the completion of a specialization in of a degree program at an American art or music ...[medicine, dentistry, psychotherapy, veteri- school. The evaluator is directed to look at the nary medicine]. credentials in terms of institutional policy for the This statement is used for credentials awarded admission of graduates from analogous schools in for completion of a medical or dental specialization, the United States. following the first professional degree in the field.

May be considered comparable to a US mas- A professional qualification. May be considered ter's degree. for academic placement on the basis of other This recommendation is used if the program of credentials/qualific ations. study is considered comparable to that of a US This recommendation is used for credentials master's program. This recommendation is usually that represent advanced training, primarily nonaca- not used for first degrees that may represent a level demic in nature, and that are not appropriate for of academic attainment comparable but different in placement determination. program structure to that of a master's degree. Represents advanced graduate achievement in May be considered for admission to a doctoral the field of specialization. program [with transfer credit determined This statement is used for credentials that rep- through a course-by-course analysis]. resent advanced, specialized studies that do not This recommendation is used for credentials yield academic credit. that may lead to admission into graduate study, including doctoral programs. It does not preclude admission into master's or other postbaccalaureate study.

120 /3g NamePlacement of Credential Recommendations RequirementEntrance StudyLength of NorwayGives Access to in Placement Recommendation Compulsory1. and Upper Secondary Educationschool)(CertificateVitnemdl (p. 3) frafrom grunnskokn basic Age 7 9 years school)(UpperVideregdende secondary skok May be placed in grade 10. 2. completionupperskolenVitnemell secondary (Certificate offra aden grunnkurs school) videregdendefrom for Vitnemell fra grunnskokn 1 or 2 years (AdvancedVideregdende course kurs I I) Mayprogramlevel be basedplaced followed. on in thesecondary length schooland nature at a gradeof the 3. skolen(basicVitnemdl course)for completion fra (p.den 6) videregdende of a 1-year grunnkurs 1 year (AdvancedVideregdende course kurs II II) levelMay bebased placed on inthe secondary length and school nature at ofa gradethe coursevideregdende I) (p. 9)kurs I (advanced 2-year grunnkurs 1 year Tertiary education Mayprogram be considered followed. for freshman admission if a 4. Vitnemdl fra den videregdende Videregdende kurs I 1 year Tertiary education appropriatevocational,May be considered technical preparation. or for specialized freshman programadmission; is subjects)allmennevideregdendeskolen for fag(p. completion (general9)kurs II in of a 139 institutionalcreditmay receive based examination.onadvanced AP, CLEP placement or equivalent or transfer US 140 5. fiskerifagsubjects)videregdendeskolenVitnemell (fishing for (p. completion fra 10)kurstrade den II videregdende in of a Videregdende kurs I 1 year Employment Primarily a vocational qualification. 6. clericalogvideregdenckskolen Vitnemdlfrakontorfag for subjects) completion (commercialkurs den (p.IIvideregdende in 10) ofhan&ir- a and Videngdende kurs I 1 year Tertiary education May be considered for freshman admission. 7. industry:fagskolenVitnenuilfra in htintiverks- (technical den videregdende og and a. Videregdendecompletionindustrial subjects) of kurs (pp. H 10, for 12-13): Videregdende kurs I 1 year Employment Primarily a vocational qualification. 8.b. VitnemdlfraVideregdende den kurs videregdende HI Videngdende kurs H 1 year Employment Primarily a vocational qualification. skolenfollowingaestheticogvidertgdende estetiske for completion subjects)branches: fag kurs (crafts H offromin and husilids-a the 141 b.a. DanceCrafts (p.and 13) ballet (pp. 14, 17) Videngdende kurs I 1 year studiesAdvancedEmployment ballet specializedMayPrimarily be considered programa vocational for is appropriatefreshman qualification. admission preparation. if a 142 d.c. MusicDrama (pp.(pp. 13-14)14, 17) VidengdendeVidengeknek kurs I 1 year1 year Advancedstudies dramamusic Mayspecialized be considered program for is appropriatefreshman admission preparation. if a 9. skolenVitnemeil for completion fra den videregdende of a Videregdende kurs I 1 year studiesEmployment Primarilyspecialized a vocationalprogram is qualification. appropriate preparation. husholdningsfageconomicsvideregdende18) subjects) kurs(home II in (pp. 17- 10. skolensubjects)idrettsfagvideregdendeVitnemeil for completion (p.(physical fra 18)kurs den II videregdende ofeducationin a Videregdende kurs I 1 year Tertiary education May be considered for freshman admission. 11. completionruralnaturfagskolenVitnemell subjects) in (agriculturallandbruks- offra (p.denfor 18): videregdende og and b.a. Videregdende kurs HHI VideregdendeVidengdende kurs 11I 1 year Tertiary education May be considered for freshman admission. 12. (p.subjects)skolenVitnemellfra 18): in sjeartsfagfor completion den143 videregdende (maritime of 144 b.a. Videregdende kurs kurs III VidengdendeVideregdende kurs I 1 year EmploymentEmployment PrimarilyPrimarily a vocational a vocational qualification. qualification. 13. videregdendeskolenVitnemdlfra for completion kurs den IIvideregdende in ofsosial- a Videregdende kurs I 1 year Employment Primarily a vocational qualification. 14. Vitneralhealthog helsefag studies) fra (socialden (pp.larlingskolen studies 18-19, and 20) Vitnemdl fra grunn- 2 to 5 years Employment Primarily a vocational qualification. orfagbrevsvennebrevapprenticeship(Certificate (craft (tradefrom school) certificate) ancertificate) with a grunt:kw-3.,skolenforden completionvideregdendeor Vitnemdl videngdende of fraskolen a 15. (p.Vitnenull 21) fra den videregdende kursVitnemdlkurs II I, or videregdendefra 2 to 3 years Employment or May be considered for freshman admission if a University and College Education (technicalskolen from school) a tekak (p. fagskole 22) grunnskolenskillsexperience and or workcraft tertiary education technical program is appropriate preparation. offorhaveNote: a undergraduate program been "University satisfied is cited, admissionmatriculation" at itthe refers upper with to secondarythe upmeans standardto one that level.year thelength of requirementsStudents transfer of the whoprogramcredit forhave for entry when eachcompleted into yearpursued a completed,university some fulltime. coursework ordetermined The college, actual for i.e., through anyperiod Norwegian of theofa course-by-course attendanceprograms national listed may matriculation vary.analysis.below may When requirements,be considered the length 145 16. Examen philosophicum (p. 33) phil.) matriculationUniversity 14 to 1 semester educationFurther tertiary courseMaytransfer be analysis. considered credit determined for up to through1 semester a course-by- of 146 17. (pp.didatHogskokkantfidat 46, (college 57) candidate) or Hoyskokkan- University matriculation 2 or 3 years educationFurther tertiary analysis.creditadmissionMay be determined considered with up throughto for 2 orundergraduate 3 ayears course-by-course of transfer 18. mag.)Candidatus (pp. 32-34)/a magisterii (cand. matriculationUniversity 31/2 or 4 years pofit.,studiesmaster'sCand. cand. philol., degreescient., cand. or May be considered for graduate admission. 19. cand.(alsomag.),Candidatus referredmag.") awarded /a (pp.magisterii to by as 29, a"regional college46, (cand. 48) yearsstudycollegematriculationUniversity of previous or university or 1 to 3 withcombinationmay4Up years to beprevious a whichintotal of pofit.,studiesmaster'sCand. cand. philol., scient., degree cand. or May be considered for graduate admission. 20. Candidatusla philologiae (cand. Cand. mag. universitycollege or study politicarumphilol.),scient.)candidatus candidatus (p. (cand. /a35) scien pofit.)/a fiarum reruns or (cand. 114 or 2 years Doctoral studies program.May be considered for admission to a doctoral 21. (examinationknownsubjectHovedfagskandidat as candidate), Eksamen in a main i(mainalso hovedfag Cand. mag. 2 years employmentDoctoral studies or 22. Magister(p.subject) 35) arfium (pp. 35,(mag. 67) art.) Cand. mag. 2 years Doctoral studies program.May be considered for admission to a doctoral riz 147 148 Iti 23. (p.Licentiate 36) (lic.) in many fields degreeGraduate in universityrelated field 2 years Doctoral studies AcademicandPlacement Kerr (Norway: Placement recommendation A of Guide Norwegian to the cited AdmissionStudents from in Sjogren and analysis."determinedconsideredCollegeNorth American Board, forthrough graduateCollegesNew aYork, course-by-course andtransfer 1985): Universities, credit "May Thebe 24. psycho!.,med.,dr.Doctor ing., dr. dr. ("new"dr. odont., polit., juris, dr.type): dr. scient.,oecon., legis., dr. art,dr. cand.relatedCandidatus mag.), field or degree mag.(except art. in 3 years Employment MayUS be doctorate. considered comparable to an earned 25. agric.,Doctordr. theol. dr. ("traditional" (p.med. 36) vet., dr. type): philos., dr. Independent research Undefined Employment MayUS be doctorate. considered comparable to an earned 26. dr.masterMaster's tech. (p. of 36)degrees, arts, master such of as cases)Cand. mag.for Norwegian (in most 1 to 2 years Employment master'sMay be considereddegree. comparable to a US sciencephilosophy,business,masterbusiness of(p. administration, masterinternational 36) master of of fordegreestudents, foreign or students orequivalent bachelor's 149 27.Agriculture agric.)Candidatusla (p. 56) agriculturae (cand. matriculationUniversity 5 years Doctoral studies program.May be considered for admission to a doctoral 150 28. AgricultureManagementMasterResources of Science (p. andof 56) Natural Sustainable in or NorwegianCand.equivalentbachelor's mag. degreefor students 2 years Employment master'sMay be considered degree. comparable to a US Architecture29. Sivilingenisir (Civilian engineer) awarded by the Norges landbrukshogskole. See Engineering below. foreign students Business30. and Economics (See EngineeringSivilarkitekt below(Architect) for (siv.studies (p. ark.)57) in data processing.) matriculationUniversity 5-514 years Doctoral studies beA firstconsidered professional for graduate degree inadmission. architecture; may 31. (p.(BusinessBednftsokonomeksamen 57) economics exam) matriculationUniversity 1 year educationFurther tertiary coursetransferadmissionMay analysis. be consideredcredit with determined up to for 1 yearundergraduate through of undergraduate a course-by- 32. Foretakokonom (Enterprise economist) (p. 57) Bedrifokonomeksamen 1 year educationFurther tertiary Maythroughundergraduate be considered a course-by-course transfer for up creditto 1 analysis. year determined of 33. broker)Eiendomsmegler (p. 57) (Real estate Bedriftwkonomeksamen 1 year educationFurther tertiary throughundergraduateMay be considereda course-by-course transfer for upcredit to analysis. 1 determined year of 34. Markedskandidat (Market 63)(Collegecandidate); candidate) Hoskolekandidat (pp. 57, matriculationUniversity 2 years educationFurther tertiary analysis.determinedadmissionMay be considered with through up to for a 2 course-by-course yearsundergraduate of transfer credit 1")- 151 152 35. Diplommarkedsokonom (Di- ploma in marketing) (p. 58) Markedskandidat 1 year educationFurther tertiary Maythroughundergraduate be considered a course-by-course transfer for up creditto 1 analysis. year determined of 36. diplommarkedsforrinDiplomeksportokonom export marketing) (Diploma (p. (Diploma 58) matriculationUniversity 314 years educationFurther tertiary Mayprogramrelated be considered field followed if the for isspecialized appropriategraduate admissionnature preparation. of thein a 37. Diplomokonom (Diploma in businessin marketing) administration) (p. 64) hogskokkandidatForetakokonom or 1 year educationFurther tertiary Mayundergraduate be considered transfer for up creditto 1 year determined of (pp.(p. 58) 63-64) matriculationUniversity 3 years educationFurther tertiary undergraduateMaythrough be considered a course-by-course transfer for upcredit to 3 analysis.determined years of 38. Revisorlower (Auditor/level) (p. Accountant,58) matriculationUniversity 3 years furtherEmployment tertiary or admissionMaythrough be considered witha course-by-course up to for 3 yearsundergraduate of analysis. transfer credit 39. Hoyerr revisorstudium Hogskokkandidat, educationEmployment or Mayanalysis.determined be considered through for a course-by-course graduate admission in a higher(Chartered level) accountant, (pp. 58-59) sivilokonom,won., or cond. avid. juris 114 years educationfurther tertiary Mayprogramrelated be field considered followed if the isspecialized for appropriate graduate nature admission.preparation. of the 40. economist)Sivilokonom (pp. (Business 59-60) hogskokkandidatmatriculationUniversity or hogskolekandidat4 years2matriculationuniversity years from after or Doctoral studies 153 41. degreeSivilmarkedsforr (p. 60) (Marketing) Diplommarkedsokonom BEST COPY AVAILABLE 1 year Employment May be considered for graduate admission. 28. AgricultureManagementMasterResources of Science (p. andof 56) Natural Sustainable in or NorwegianCand.equivalentbachelor's mag. degreefor students 2 years Employment master'sMay be considered degree. comparable to a US Architecture29. Sivilingenior (Civilian engineer) awarded by the Norges landbrukshogskole. See Engineering below. foreign students Business30. and Economics (See EngineeringSivilarkitekt below(Architect) for (siv.studies (p. ark.)57) in data processing.) matriculationUniversity 5-514 years Doctoral studies beA firstconsidered professional for graduate degree inadmission. architecture; may 31. Bedrrftsokonomeksamen(p.(Business 57) economics exam) matriculationUniversity 1 year educationFurther tertiary coursetransferadmissionMay be analysis. consideredcredit with determined up to for 1 yearundergraduate through of undergraduate a course-by- 32. economist)Foretaksokonom (p. 57) (Enterprise Bedriftrokonomeksamen 1 year educationFurther tertiary throughundergraduateMay be considereda course-by-course transfer for upcredit to analysis. 1 determined year of 33. broker)Eiendomsmegler (p. 57) (Real estate Bedriftsokonomeksamen 1 year educationFurther tertiary throughundergraduateMay be considereda course-by-course transfer for upcredit to analysis. 1 determined year of 34. Markedskandidat (Market (Collegecandidate); candidate) Hoyskokkandidat (pp. 57, matriculationUniversity 2 years educationFurther tertiary determinedadmissionMay be considered with through up to for a 2 course-by-course yearsundergraduate of transfer credit Iti 63) 155 analysis. 156 35. Diplommarkedsokonom (Di- ploma in marketing) (p. 58) Markedskandidat 1 year educationFurther tertiary Maythroughundergraduate be considered a course-by-course transfer for up creditto 1 analysis. year determined of 36. diplommarkedsforerDiplomeksporokonomin marketing)export marketing) (p. 64)(Diploma (Diploma(p. 58) University matriculation 314 years educationFurther tertiary programrelatedMay be field considered followed if the isspecialized for appropriate graduate nature admissionpreparation. of the in a 37. Diplomokonom (Diploma in (p.business 58) administration) hogskokkandidatForetaksokonom or 1 year educationFurther tertiary throughundergraduateMay be considereda course-by-course transfer for upcredit to analysis. 1 determined year of (pp. 63-64) matriculationUniversity 3 years educationFurther tertiary throughundergraduateMay be considereda course-by-course transfer for upcredit to analysis. 3 determined years of 38. Revisorlower (Auditor/level) (p. Accountant,58) matriculationUniversity 3 years educationfurtherEmployment tertiary or analysis.determinedadmissionMay be considered with through up to for a 3 course-by-course yearsundergraduate of transfer credit 39. Mom revisorstudium higher(Chartered level) accountant, (pp. 58-59) oecon.,sivilokonom,thigskolekandidat, or cond./uric cand. 114 years educationfurtherEmployment tertiary or programrelatedMay be field considered followed if the isspecialized for appropriate graduate nature admissionpreparation. of the in a 40. economist)Sivilokonom (pp. (Business 59-60) hogskolekandidatmatriculationUniversity or 2matriculationuniversity4 years fromafter or Doctoral studies May be considered for graduate admission. 157 41. degreeSivilmarkedsfeirer (p. 60) (Marketing) Diplommarkedsokonom hogskolekandidat1 year Employment May be considered for graduate admission. 158 42. administration)Handelsokonom (p.(Business 60) matriculationUniversity 4 years Employment May be considered for graduate admission. 43. Examen oeconomiae (exam. oecon.) (p. 60) matriculationUniversity 31/2 years Cand. oecon. studies relatedMayprogram be field considered followed if the specialized for is appropriategraduate nature admission preparation. of the in a 45.44. Masteroecon.)Candidatus (p.of 60)International/a oeconomiae (cand. Ex.Cand. oecon. mag. or 2 years through EmploymentDoctoral studies MayMayprogram. be beconsidered considered for comparable admission to to a a doctoral US Business (MiB) (pp. 60-61) sivilokonomforeignorNorwegian equivalentbachelor's students for students degreefor currently1992, 114 years master's degree. 46. Master of Science (p. 61) orNorwegiansivilokonomCand. bachelor's mag. orstudentsfor degree diplomokonomyearssivilokonom1 year based based oron 2 on Employment master'sMay be considered degree. comparable to a US 47. Master of Business Cand.foreignor equivalent mag. students or for 11 months Employment May be considered comparable to a US Administration (p. 61) foreignorNorwegiansivilokonom equivalentbachelor's students studentsfor degreefor master's degree. 48. PRIDE credential (p. 63) 159 sosiol.,Sivilokonom, or equivalent cand. 2 years part-time Employment qualifications.placementA professional should qualification; be based on admission other and 160 Ic 49. Finansanalytikerfinancial(Program analysts) for authorizedstudiet (p. 63) Work experience 2 years part-time Employment qualifications.placementA professional should qualification; be based on admission other and 50.Education teacher)Fotskolekerer (p. 65) (Preschool matriculationUniversity 3 years allmennkererEmployment studies or determinedadmissionMay be considered with through up to for a 3 course-by-course yearsundergraduate of transfer credit, 51. subjectsAllmennlarer teacher) (General (pp. 66-67) analysis. a. through 1992 matriculationUniversity 3 years Employment determinedadmissionMay be considered with through up to for a 3 course-by-course yearsundergraduate of transfer credit, b. since 1993 matriculationUniversity 4 years Employment Mayanalysis. be considered for graduate admission. 52. subjectsteacher)Fagfrerer (pp.in (Specialized the 66, following 67, 69-70) subject a. formingmorsmd/(motherDans (dance),(arts and drama crafts), tongue), (drama), matriculationUniversity 3 years Employment determinedadmissionMay be considered with through up to for a 3 course-by-course yearsundergraduate of transfer credit ( 161 kroppovinghandels-education),(business og kontotfag (physicaland or musikkaccounting), (music) analysis. 162 42. administration)Handelsokonom (p. 60) (Business matriculationUniversity 4 years Employment May be considered for graduate admission. 43. oecon.)Examen oeconomiae (exam. (p. 60) University 31, years Cand. oecon. studies relatedMay be field considered if the specialized for graduate nature admission of the in a 44. Candidatus /a oeconomiae (cand. Ex.matriculation oecon. 2 years Doctoral studies Mayprogram be considered followed is for appropriate admission preparation. to a doctoral 45. Master of International oecon.) (p. 60) Cand. mag. or 2 years through Employment Mayprogram. be considered comparable to a US Business (MiB) (pp. 60-61) orNorwegiansivilfikonom foreignequivalentbachelor's students students degreefor for currently1992, 114 years master's degree. 46. Master of Science (p. 61) sivilokonomorNorwegianCand. bachelor's mag. students degree orfor diplomokonomyearssivilokonom1 year based based on on or 2 Employment master'sMay be considered degree. comparable to a US 47. Master of Business Cand.foreignor equivalent mag. students for or 11 months Employment May be considered comparable to a US Administration (p. 61) sivilfikonomforeignorNorwegian equivalentbachelor's students students degreefor for master's degree. 48. PRIDE credential (p. 63) 163 sosiol.,Sivilokonom, or equivalent cand. 2 years part-time Employment placementA professionalqualifications. should qualification; be based on admission other and 164 Io 49. financial(ProgramFinansanalytiker analysts) for authorized studiet (p. 63) Work experience 2 years part-time Employment qualifications.A professionalplacement should qualification; be based admission on other and 50.Education teacher)Forskolekerer (p. 65) (Preschool matriculationUniversity 3 years allmennkererEmployment studies or admissionMay be considered with up to for 3 yearsundergraduate of transfer credit, 51. Allmennherer (General analysis.determined through a course-by-course a. throughsubjects 1992teacher) (pp. 66-67) matriculationUniversity 3 years Employment admissionMay be considered with up to for 3 yearsundergraduate of transfer credit, b. since 1993 University 4 years Employment Mayanalysis.determined be considered through for agraduate course-by-course admission. 52. teacher)Fagkerer in (Specialized the following subject matriculation a. formingDanssubjects (arts (dance), and(pp. crafts),66, drama 67, 69-70)(drama), matriculationUniversity 3 years Employment admissionMay be considered with up to for 3 yearsundergraduate of transfer credit 165 education),kroppsfivinghandels-(businessmorsmdl og kontwfagor(mother and(physical musikk accounting), tongue), (music) analysis.determined through a course-by-course 168 b. Vocational/technical(e.g., engine mechanic) subjects workandFagbrev 2 experienceto or 4 svennebrevyears of semesterpreviously1992,1 year as 1of fall Employment teacherRepresents education completion courses. of undergraduate 53. subject)(examinationknownsubjectHovedfagskandidat as candidate), (p. eksamen 67) in a imain (Mainhovedfagalso equivalentCand. mag. or 2 years doctoralEmployment studies or program.May be considered for admission to a doctoral 54. paed.)Candidatusla (p. 70) paedagogiae (cand. matriculationUniversity 614 or 7 years Doctoral studies . program.May be considered for admission to a doctoral 55. specialis(P.Candidatusla 71) (cand. paed. paedagogiae spec.) a. Part I Ex.asstudy,college phil. an allmennkzrer orplus or qualification university 1 year ofor 1 year Part II throughundergraduateMay be considereda course-by-course transfer for upcredit to analysis. 1 determined year of forskolelairr,yearsocialhealthcredential program worksciences or from in the aor 3- c.b. Part IIIII Part III 11/21 year Part IVIII May be considered for admissiongraduate admission. to a doctoral 167 BEST COPY years AVAILABLE program. 168 Ptv d. Part IV Part III 1 year Doctoral studies May be considered for admission to a doctoral 56. (Practical-pedagogicalPraktisi-pedagogisk eksamen exam) equivalentCand. mag. or 1992,1 year as of fall teachingEmployment rank withof teacherprogram.Represents education completion courses. of undergraduate Engineering danningprogram)also known (teachers' (pp. as pedagogisk60, training 70) ut- semesterpreviously 1 adjunkt 57. Forkurs(p.engineering(Preparatory 76) for ingenkiruklanning education)course for videregdendeVitnemdl fra skokn den 1 year Ingeniur program May be considered for freshman admission. 58. collegeDatahogskokkandidat candidate) (p. (Data81) matriculationUniversity 2 years educationFurther tertiary analysis.determinedadmissionMay be considered with through up to for a 2 course-by-course yearsundergraduate of transfer credit 59. candidate)Diplomkandidat (p. 81) (Diploma Datahogskokkandidat 1 year educationFurther tertiary throughundergraduateMay be considereda course-by-course transfer for upcredit to analysis. 1 determined year of 60. engineer)Programingenifir (pp. 77-78) (Program matriculationUniversity 2 years educationFurther tertiary analysis.determinedadmissionMay be considered with through up to for a 2 course-by-course yearsundergraduate of transfer credit 169 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 170 b. (e.g.,Vocational/technical engine mechanic) subjects workFagbrevand experience 2 orto svennebrev4 years of semesterpreviously1992,1 year as 1of fall Employment teacherRepresents education completion courses. of undergraduate 53. subject)(examinationknownsubjectHovedfagskandidat as candidate), (p. eksamen 67) in a imain (Mainhovedfagalso equivalentCand mag. or 2 years doctoralEmployment studies or program.May be considered for admission to a doctoral 54. paed.)Candidatusla (p. 70) paedagogiae (cand. matriculationUniversity 61h or 7 years Doctoral studies . program.May be considered for admission to a doctoral 55. (p.specialisCandidatusla 71) (cand paedagogiae paed. spec.) a. Part I asstudy,collegeEx. an Phil. allmennkerer or or plusqualification university 1 year or of 1 year Part II throughundergraduateMay be considereda course-by-course transfer for upcredit to analysis. 1 determined year of forskokkerer,socialhealthyearcredential program worksciences or from in aor the 3- c.b. Part IIIII Part III 11/21 yearyears Part IVIII May be considered for admissiongraduate admission. to a doctoral 171 BEST COPY AVAILABLE program. 172 d. Part IV Part III 1 year Doctoral studies May be considered for admission to a doctoral 56. (Practical-pedagogicalPraktkk-pedagogisk eksamen exam) equivalentCond. mag. or 1992,1 year as of fall teachingEmployment rank withof teacherRepresentsprogram. education completion courses. of undergraduate Engineering program)danningalso known (teachers' (pp. as pedagogisk60, 70) training ut- semesterpreviously 1 adjunkt 57. (p.engineering(PreparatoryForkurs 76) for ingenioutdanning education)course for videregdendeVitnerneil fra skokn den 1 year Ingenio. program May be considered for freshman admission. 58. collegeDataheigskolekandidat candidate) (p. (Data81) matriculationUniversity 2 years educationFurther tertiary analysis.determinedadmissionMay be considered with through up to for a 2 course-by-course yearsundergraduate of transfer credit 59. DOlomkandidat (Diploma candidate) (p. 81) Datahrigskokkandidat 1 year educationFurther tertiary throughundergraduateMay be considereda course-by-course transfer for upcredit to analysis. 1 determined year of 60. Programingen* (Program engineer) (pp. 77-78) matriculationUniversity 2 years educationFurther tertiary analysis.determinedadmissionMay be considered with through up to for a 2 course-by-course yearsundergraduate of transfer credit ,,r- 17 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 1 74 61. Ingenior (Engineer) (p. 76) a. from 2-year program (technicalfromvideregikVitnemdl a teknisk nde school) fra skokn fagskole den 2 years educationFurther tertiary analysis.determinedadmissionMay be considered Because with through up of to for a the2 course-by-course yearsundergraduate specialized of transfer nature credit of b. from 3-year program matriculationUniversity 3 years Further tertiary Maycarefully.the be program, considered the syllabusfor undergraduate should be reviewed education carefully.analysis.thedeterminedadmission program, Because with through the upof syllabus theto a 3 specializedcourse-by-course years should of transfer be nature reviewed credit of 63.62. Candidatuslaengineer)Sivilingenior (pp. technicae(siv. 56, ing.) 72, 77)(Civilian IngeniormatriculationUniversity degree from a 41/2 or 5 years Doctoral studies program.May be considered for admission to a doctoral (p.(Discontinued 52) in 1987) same3-year field program in the 11/2 years RogalandHogskolesenteretSivilingenior studies i at syllabusthethroughundergraduateMay specialized be should considereda course-by-course be transfernature reviewed for of upcredit the carefully.to analysis. program,1lit determined Because the of years of 64.Fine Arts candidate)HogskolekandidatArt and Design awarded (College by matriculationUniversity 3 years Designkandidat or May be considered for undergraduate oghogskolekunstindustriskoleStatens design hAndverks-og(p. for 82) kunsthandverk or Statens 175 studieskunsffagkandidat carefully.thisanalysis.determinedadmission program, Because with through the up syllabusof to a the3 course-by-course years specialized should of transfer be reviewed credit 176 nature of 65. Designkandidatcandidate) (p. (Design 82) Hogskokkandidatsame area of study in 114 years Employment programrelatedMay be field considered followed if the isspecialized for appropriate graduate nature admissionpreparation. of the in a 66. candidate)Kunsvragkandidat (p. 82) (Art sameHogskolekandidat area of study in 11, years Employment programrelatedMay be field considered followed if the isspecialized for appropriate graduate nature admissionpreparation. of the in a 67. Balletacademy)studyCompletion at anda kunstakademi(pp. ofDance 82,a program 83) (art of examinationandPortfolio, practical interview, 4 or 41/2 years Employment areMay graduates be considered of US forschools graduate of art. admission as 68. Vitnemdl for etter studiumperson](Certificate ved after danselinjen for completion [name of of fullffirt andVitnemal examination fra grunnskok 3 years Employment Primarily a vocational qualification. 69. line)Vitnemdlthe (p. full 83) program for etkr in the dance 3 years May be considered for undergraduate program)completionstudium[name (Certificate ofin Pedagoglinjenperson]of the full afterfor fullfort matriculationUniversity Employment performingsameadmission basis with asarts. for transfer students credit of US awarded schools on of the (pp.(Choreographers'Kotrograffinftn(Dance 83-84) teachers' line) line) or 173 61. Ingenim- (Engineer) (p. 76) a. from 2-year program (technicalvideregdendefromVitnemdl a teknisk school) fra skolen den fagskole 2 years educationFurther tertiary analysis.determinedadmissionMay be Because considered through with upof a theto course-by-coursefor 2 specialized yearsundergraduate of transfer nature credit of b. from 3-year program matriculationUniversity 3 years Further tertiary Maycarefully.the be program, considered the syllabusfor undergraduate should be reviewed education carefully.theanalysis.determinedadmission program, Because with through the up syllabus of to a the3 course-by-course years specialized should of transfer be naturereviewed credit of 63.62. CandidatusfaSivilingeniOrengineer) (pp. technicae(siv. 56, ing.) 72, (Civilian 77) Ingenim-matriculationUniversity degree from a 41h or 5 years SivilingeniorDoctoral studies studies at program.May be considered for admission to a doctoral (p.(Discontinued 52) in 1987) same3-year field program in the 11h years RogalandHogskolesenteret i syllabusthethroughMayundergraduate specialized be considered ashould course-by-course naturebe transfer reviewedfor ofup the tocredit analysis. 11A carefully.program, determined Because the of years of 64.Fine Arts candidate)HOgskolekandidatArt and awarded Design (College by matriculationUniversity 3 years Designkandidat or May be considered for undergraduate oghogskolekunstindustriskoleStatens design handverks-og for(p. kunsthandverk82) or Statens 179 kunsffagkandidatstudies carefully.analysis.thisdeterminedadmission program, Because with through the upof syllabus theto a 3 specializedcourse-by-course years should of transfer benature reviewed credit of 180 65. candidate)Designkandidat (p. 82) (Design Hogskolekandidatsame area of study in 114 years Employment programrelatedMay be followed field considered if the is appropriatespecialized for graduate preparation.nature admission of the in a 66. candidate)Kunsffagkandidat (p. 82) (Art sameHogskokkandidat area of study in 114 years Employment programrelatedMay be field considered followed if the isspecialized for appropriate graduate nature admissionpreparation. of the in a 67. academy)studyCompletion at a kunstakademi(pp. of 82,a program 83) (art of examinationandPortfolio, practical interview, 4 or 41/2 years Employment areMay graduates be considered of US forschools graduate of art. admission as 68. Vitnemdl for etter studiumperson](CertificateBallet ved andafter danselinjen forDance completion [name of of fullffirt andVitnemdl examination fra grunnskok 3 years Employment Primarily a vocational qualification. 69. Vitnemdline)the full (p. programI83) for etter in the dance program)completionstudium[name (Certificate ofin Pedagoglinjenofperson] the full afterfor fullfort matriculationUniversity 3 years Employment performingsameadmissionMay bebasis considered with asarts. for transfer students for undergraduate credit of US awarded schools on of the -s1 (pp.(Choreographers'Koreograflinjen(Dance 83-84) teachers' line) line) or 12 Music 70. (p.StatensmusikkonservatoriumVitnemell(Certificate) 85) Operahogskole or thefrom a matriculationUniversity 2 or 3 years Employment music.sameadmissionMay bebasis considered withas for transfer students for undergraduate credit of US awarded schools on of the 72.71. Diplomeksamenexamination)Kandidakksamen (Diploma(pp. (Candidate84, 85) KandidateksamenmatriculationUniversity 4 years Diplomeksamen studies areMay graduates be considered of US forschools graduate of music. admission as examination) (pp. 84, 85) 2 years Employment analysis.determinedconsideredareMay graduates be considered forthrough of graduate US for schoolsa course-by-course graduate transfer of music; admissioncredit may beas 73. Theatermusicae)Candidatus (pp. /a84-85) musicae (cand. Cand. mag. 2 years Doctoral studies program.May be considered for admission to a doctoral 74. actingCollegeskuespillerlinjenCertificatethe Statensline) of Dramatic for(p. teaterhogskole completion86) (National Art of minimumexamination,Vitnemdl age fra and ofgrunnskok, 17 3 years Employment Primarily a vocational qualification. 75. directingCollegeinstruktorlinjentheCertificate Statens of line) Dramatic forteaterhogskole (p. completion(National 86) Art of minimummatriculationUniversity age of and 20 3 years Employment performingsameadmissionMay bebasis considered with asarts. for transfer students for undergraduate credit of US awarded schools on of the Iw 183 184 tix" 76. TollAllied or D'vetolkHealth Sciences(Sign-language UniversityProfessions 1 year Further tertiary May be considered for undergraduate IHealth interpreter) (p. 87) matriculation employmenteducation and carefully.theanalysis.determinedadmission program, Because with through the up syllabus ofto a the1 course-by-course year specialized should of transfer be naturereviewed credit of 77. Audiograf(Audiographer) (pp. 86-87) matriculationUniversity 2 years employmenteducationFurther andtertiary analysis.determinedadmissionMaythe be program, considered Because with through upthe of to syllabusfor a the2 course-by-course yearsundergraduate specialized should of transfer benature reviewed credit of 78. knownBioingenior as medical (Bioengineer, laboratory also matriculationUniversity 3 years educationFurther andtertiary admissionMaycarefully. be considered with up to for 3 yearsundergraduate of transfer credit therapist);Fysioterapeut(Occupationaltechnologist); Mensendiecksyke- (PhysicalErgoterapeut therapist); employment carefully.analysis.determinedthe program, Because through the of syllabus athe course-by-course specialized should benature reviewed of gymnastergrapher)engineer);Ortopediingenuirphysical (Mensendiecktherapist);(pp. Radiograf 87-£9) (Orthopedics (Radio- 79. TannlegesekrekerskolenDentistry and Dental (Dental Hygiene Vitnemdl fra 1 year Employment Primarily a vocational qualification. 185 (pp.assistant 89-90) school) credential grunnsko/en and age 18 1 80. (p.Tannpleser 89) (Dental hygienist) matriculationUniversity 2 years employmenteducationFurther andtertiary analysis.determinedadmissionMay be considered Because with through up ofto fora the2 course-by-course yearsundergraduate specialized of transfer nature credit of 81. Candidatusla odontologiae (cand. University 5 years Doctoral studies Acarefully.the first program, professional the syllabus degree should in dentistry; be reviewed may be 82. Masterodont.)(p. 90) (p.of Science90) in dentistry dentistryProfessionalmatriculation degree in 2 years Employment master'sMayconsidered be considered degree. for graduate comparable admission. to a US 84.83. DoctorSpesialistdentistry odontologiae (Specialist) fields (p. (dr. 90)in various odont.) See placement recommendation 24. Cand. odont. 3 to 5 years Employment dentistry.Represents completion of a specialization in 85. med.)CandidatusMedicine (p. 90) /a medicine (cand. matriculationUniversity 6 or 61/2 years Doctoral studies consideredA first professional for graduate degree admission. in medicine; may be 86. PhilosophyhistopathologyMaster of Philosophy in the or Mastermedicine in of orNorwegianCand. bachelor's mag. degreestudents degree for 2 years Employment master'sMay be considered degree. comparable to a US 87. Doctor(p.of developing91) medicinae countries (dr. med.) See placement recommendation 24. or foreignequivalent students for Iw 187 188 iw oo 88. Sykepleier(p.Nursing 91) or sjukepkiar (nurse) matriculationUniversity 3 years Nursingbelowrecommendation(see placement specializationfor #89 analysis.determinedadmissionMay be considered Because with through up of to for a the3 course-by-course yearsundergraduate specialized of transfer nature credit of specializations) Maycarefully.the program, be considered the syllabus for up shouldto 1 year be of reviewed 89. jordmorpsykiatriskeldreomsotgNursing(psychiatric (midwifery), sykepleier specialization (geriatric nursing) or care), in(p. 91) Sykepleier 1 year Employment syllabusthethroughundergraduate specialized ashould course-by-course transfer naturebe reviewed of credit the analysis. carefully.program, determined Because the of 90. Nursing specialization in forebyggendehefieforebyffentk arbeid (public og Sykepleier 1 semester Employment thethroughundergraduateMay specialized be considereda course-by-course transfernature for of upcredit the to analysis. program,1 determined semester Because the of of (nursingsykepleieadministrasjonmanagement)medicine),health administrationand preventive (p. 91) and syllabus should be reviewed carefully. 91. Candidatus(p.mag.) 94) in /anursing magisterii science (card. ofSykepleier awork nurse experience plus 1 year as 1 year scienceCand. pofit. in nursing May be considered for graduate admission. 92. science(cond.Candidatusla pofit.) (p. 94) rerumin nursing politicarum scienceCand. mag. in nursing 2 years Doctoral studies program.May be considered for admission to a doctoral 130 93. sykepleiervitenskapiCandidatusla sykepkievitenskap i or kandidat(Candidate nurseworkSykepkier experience and 1 year as a of 3 or 31A years pedagogikkEmbetseksamensykepkievitenskap i med program.May be considered for admission to a doctoral in nursing science) (p. 94) studiesteaching)nursingexamination(professional science and in doctoral and 94. ForkursNutrition (Preparatory and Food course) Technology Vitnemdl fra den 1 year fraStudy statens for narings- the vitnemdl May be considered for freshman admission. hogskolenwringsmiddeltekniskeoffered by (p. the 95) Statens videregdende skok middeltekniske hogskok May be considered for undergraduate 95. Norwegian(CertificatenaringsmiddeltekniskeFoodVitnemdl Technology) fra Statefrom statens CollegeThe hfigskole (p. 95) of matriculationUniversity 3 years educationFurther tertiary analysis.determinedadmission with through up to a 3 course-by-course years of transfer credit %. ErneeringsbsiologPharmacytitle) (pp. 94-95) and (Nutritionist Prescriptionist Education matriculationUniversity 31A years Cand. silent. studies May be considered for graduate admission. 97. (pp.Reseptar 95-%) (Prescriptionist) matriculationUniversity 2IA years employmenteducationFurther tertiary and Maytheanalysis.creditadmission be program, considereddetermined Because with the up syllabusfor ofthroughto undergraduatethe214 specialized yearsshould a course-by-course of be transfer reviewednature of 98. pharm.)Candidatusla (p. 95) pharmaciae (cand. 191 matriculationUniversity 5 years Doctoral studies consideredAcarefully. first professional for graduate degree admission. in pharmacy, may be 192 lZ' 99. (p.DiplomaPublic 96) Health in Health Economics Variable 6 months Employment andPrimarily placement a vocational should qualification;be based on otheradmission 100. Kandidat i folkeheluvitenskap (Candidate in Public Health, a. forCand. Norwegian mag. degree 1 year Employment master'sMaycredentials. be considereddegree. comparable to a US Publicalso known Health) as Master(p. 96) of foreignequivalentdegreebachelor'sstudents students or foror b. Cond. med. 1 semester Employment analysis.determinedMay be considered through for a course-by-course graduate transfer credit 101. Master of Science in Health PreventiveMasterPromotion, of Science Health also inknown(p. 96) as foreignorNorwegianCand. equivalentbachelor's mag. students degreestudents degreefor for 2 years Employment master'sMay be considered degree. comparable to a US 102. Candidatus /a medicine Veterinary Medicine University 514 to 6 years Doctoral studies A first professional degree in veterinary 193 103. Doctor scientiarum (dr. scient.) and doctor medkinae(pp.veterinariae 96-97) veterinariae (cond. (dr. med. med. vet) vet.) See matriculation placement recommendations 24 and 25. admission.medicine; may be considered for graduate 194 Hotel and Restaurant Management and Training 104. Kjiikken-og Irstaurantkdelse (P.management)(Food 97) and beverage credential workwaitercertificate)Fagbirr) experience and (craft 2as years cook ofor 1 year employmentFurther education and Primarily a vocational qualification. 105. Hogskokkandidat (College hotelladministrasjoncandidate)administration) in or (hotel experience,ofmatriculation,University relevant work and 2 years 2 years employmenteducationFurther andtertiary analysis.determinedadmissionMay be considered with through up to for a 2 course-by-course yearsundergraduate of transfer credit (p.(tourismreirelivsadaministrasjon 97) administration) forkuryrestaurantcourseweekcompletion (preliminary bransjeteoretisk in hotel theory) of the and 5- 106. Hogskokkandidat (College managementcandidate) in (p.service 97) administrationorhotelthigskokkandidat tourism administration in 1 year employmenteducationFurther tertiary and coursetransferMay be analysis. consideredcredit determined for 1 year through of undergraduate a course-by- 107. Master of Science in (internationalreirelivradministrasjonin&rnasjonal hotel!- hotel og and serviceIffigskokkandidat management in at CornellFloridaUniversity1 year program or Employment May be considered for graduate admission. (p.tourism 97) administration) plushotellhogskoleNorskUniversityInternational 1 year at (US) 108. Hustikonom (Accommodation manager) (p. 98) 195 matriculationUniversity 2 years employmenteducationFurther andtertiary Mayanalysis.determinedadmission be considered with through up for to a undergraduate2 course-by-course years of transfer credit 196 109. Kostokonom (Institutional University 2 years Further tertiary May be considered for undergraduate iN Journalism catering manager) (p. 98) matriculation employmenteducation and analysis.determinedadmission with through up to a 2 course-by-course years of transfer credit Law110. Fageksamen ijournalistikk journalism)(Subject examination(p. 98) in matriculationUniversity 2 years employmenteducationFurther andtertiary analysis.determinedadmissionMay be considered with through up to for a 2 course-by-course yearsundergraduate of transfer credit Library111. Candidatusla Science juris (sand. juris) (pp. 98-99) matriculationUniversity 514 to 6 years Doctoral studies consideredA first professional for graduate degree admission. in law; may be 112. Bibliotekar (Librarian) (p. 99) matriculationUniversity 3 years mendationsjonskunnskapbibliotekar(seeStudies placement for i#113) informa- Diplom- og EDBrecom- analysis.determinedadmissionMay be considered with through up to for a 3 course-by-course yearsundergraduate of transfer credit 113. Diplombibliotekar i processing)and(Diplomainformasjonskunnskap electronic in (p. library data99) science og EDB orBibliotekar cond. mag. credential 2 years Employment May be considered for graduate admission. 197 114. Vitnemell (Certificate) for advanced library study (p. 99) Bibliotekar credential 1 semester Employment throughundergraduateMay be aconsidered course-by-course transfer for upcredit to analysis. 1 determined semester of 198 Military115. Basic and officer Police training Education (Air University 2 years Further military A professional qualification; admission and 116. Luftkrigsskolen, 1. avdeling (Air Force, Army, Navy) (p. 100) Basicmatriculation officer training 2 years Luftkrigsskolen,education 2. Representscredentials.placement shouldcompletion be based of a specializationon other in 117. Luftkrigsskolen, 2. avdeling (Air (p.Force 100) Academy, Part I) Luftkrigsskolen, 1. 2 years avdelingEmployment Representsmilitary science. completion of a specialization in 118. Havens Krigsskole 1. avdeling (p.Force 100) Academy, Part II) Basicavdeling officer training 1 year Havens Kngsskok, 2. militaryRepresents science. completion of a specialization in 119. Havens Krigsskole 2. avdeling (p.(Army 101) Academy, Part I) Hams Krigsskok, I. 2 years EmploymentAcademy,avdeling (Army Part II) militaryRepresents science. completion of a specialization in 120. Sjokngsskokn I. avdeling (p.(Army 101) Academy, Part II) Basicavdeling officer training 2 years SjOkrigsskokn 2. militaryRepresents science. completion of a specialization in 121. Sjokngsskolen 2. avdeling (p.(Naval 101) Academy, Part I) SjOkrigsskokn 1. 2 years Employmentavdeling militaryRepresents science. completion of a specialization in 122. Certificate from advanced (p.(Naval 101) Academy, Part II) Luftkngsskokn,avdeling 2. Variable Advancement in Amilitary professional science. qualification; admission and militarystaff school branches in one (p. of 101)the 199 avdelingSjiikrigsskoknavdeling;Kngsskok Hams 2. 2. avdeling; military rank credentials.placement should be based on other 200 Physical123. Hogskokkandidat Education and r politi Sport (police studies) (p. 102) matriculationAfter 1992, university until3 years; 1992 2 years Employment credentials.andPrimarily placement a vocational should qualification;be based on otheradmission 124. FagIcerrr (Specialized subject (p.(coach/trainer)educationteacher) 102) in or physical trener qualification matriculationUniversity 3 years employmenteducationFurther andtertiary analysis.determinedadmissionMay be considered with through up to for a 3 course-by-course yearsundergraduate of transfer credit Psychology125. ldrettskandidat (Sports candidate) (p. 102) matriculationUniversity candmag.)years6 years following (or 2 Doctoral studies program.May be considered for admission to a doctoral Sociology,126. Candidatusla Social psychologiae Work, and Social Education(card. Certificates psycho!) (VitnemdI)(pp. 102-103) matriculationUniversity 5 to 7 years Doctoral studies program.May be considered for admission to a doctoral 127. Barnevernspedagog (Child welfare worker) (p. 104) matriculationUniversity 3 years employmenteducationFurther tertiary and analysis.determinedadmissionMay be considered with through up to for a 3 course-by-course yearsundergraduate of transfer credit 201 128. Kommunalkandtdateksamen administration(Local104) government candidate) (p. matriculationUniversity 3 years employmenteducationFurther tertiary and analysis.determinedadmissionMay be considered with through up to for a 3 course-by-course yearsundergraduate of transfer credit 202 129. Sosionom (Social worker) (p. 104) matriculationUniversity 3 years employmenteducationFurther tertiary and analysis.determinedadmissionMay be considered with through up to for a 3 course-by-course yearsundergraduate of transfer credit 130. Vernepleier (Social educator) (p. 106) matriculationUniversity 3 years employmenteducationFurther andtertiary Maydeterminedadmission be considered with through up for to a undergraduate3 course-by-course years of transfer credit 131. Candidatus /a socionomiae (cand. socion.) (p. 103) barnevermpedagogSosionom or 214 years Doctoral studies program.Mayanalysis. be considered for admission to a doctoral 132. Candidatus /a sociologiae (cand. sociol.) (p. 103) credentialmatriculationUniversity 6 years Doctoral studies program.May be considered for admission to a doctoral TheologyTeacher133. CandidamslaTraining (Str theologiae Education) (cand. theol.) (p. 107) matriculationUniversity 6 years Doctoral studies Mayprogram. be considered for admission to a doctoral 203 204 endix A

Trades in Which Apprenticeships Are Offered and the Length of Each Program

Alevakultur og fiskeindustri (aquaculture Tunnel- og jellarbeid (tunneling and and fishing) rock blasting) 5600 hours Akvakultur,fagoperatfir, (aquaculture, Byggtapetserer (paperhanging) 48 months skilled worker) 36 months B firsemaker (gunsmith) 4 years Fiskeindustri, fagoperatfir (fishing Duodji/Samisk husflid (Duodji, Sarni industry, skilled worker) 136 months handicrafts) 3 years Anleggsgartner (landscape gardening) 5600 hours Tekstilsom (textile sewing), veving Anleggsmaskinfag (construction (weaving), skinnsom (leather machine trades) sewing), skinnarbeid (skin work), Anleggsmaskinffirer (construction trrarbeid (woodwork), hornarbeid machine operator) 3 years (bone work), metallarbeid (metal work) Anleggsmaskinreparatfir (construction machine mechanic) 3 years Ekktrofagene (electrical trades) Baker og konditor (baker and pastry Ekktrisitetsverksmontor.gr. A or.gr. B chef) (electricity distribution, Group A or Group B) 4 years Baker (baker) 3 years Svakstromsmont0r (electrician, Konditor (pastrycook) 3 years communications) 4 years Bilfagene (motor trades) Signalmonor (signals electrician) 4 years Reparatfir av ktte kj fortify (auto Heismontfir (elevator installation) 4 years mechanic, light vehicles) 4 years Ekktroreparator (electrician, repairs) Reparator av tunge kjortfoy (auto 3 years mechanic, heavy vehicles) 4 years Ekktromotor- og transformatorreparator (repair of Bilskadereparator (motor mechanic) 4 years electric motors and transformers) 4 years Reservedelsfaget for bil (body repair) 3 years Ekktromontor gr.1 (low-voltage Billakkerer (body painter) 3 years electrician) 4 years Dekkmparator (vehicle tire repair) 2 years Telefonsentralmontfir (telephone Vulkanisor (vulcanization) 2 years switchboard assembler) 4 years Reparatfir av motorsykkel (motor Togelektriker (railway electrician) cycle mechanic) 36 months Energitekniker (electric power Blomsterdekoratfir (flower arranging) 3 years technician) 3 years Buntmaker (furrier) 4 years Elektrokjemisk og ekktrometallutgisk industri, fagopera tor (electrochemical Bygg-og anleggsfagene (construction and building trades) and electrometal industry skilled operator) 3 years Armering (reinforcement) 5600 hours Ekktronikk og datafag (electronics Betongarbeid (concrete molding) 5600 hours trades) Fors-kaling (form work) 5600 hours Produksjonselektroniker (production Grunnarbeid og ankggsteknisk arbeid electronics) 3 years (foundation and construction work) 5600 hours Serviceelektroniker (service electronics) 4 years

146 205 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Appendix A

Radio Itv irparatfir (radio and Glassfaget (glasswork) 5600 hours television repair) 4 years Glassliper- og speilbelegger (glass Radiomontfirlkommunikasjon (radio grinding and silvering) 3 years operator/communication) 4 years Blyglassmester (master glazier in lead Radio service- og glass) 3 years testmontorlkommunikasjon (radio Glasshdndverketfagene (glass handicrafts) service and test operator) 4 years Glassformer (glassblowing and Telemontfir (telecommunications pressing) 7400 hours fitter) 48 months Viderefoirdler (decorative processing) 7400 hours Feier (chimney sweep) 3 years Grafiske fag (printing and related Flyfagene (aircraft and avionics) trades) Flyteknicke fag (aircraft trades) Bokbind (bookbinding) 3 years Flysystemmekaniker (aircraft Trykk (printing) 3V2 years mechanic, systems) 5 years Typografi (typesetting) 3V2 years Flykomponentmekaniker (aircraft mechanic, components) 5 years Repromontasje (assembling, plate-making) 3V2 years Flymotormekaniker (aircraft mechanic, engines) 5 years Reproteknikk (reproduction operators, camera and scanner) 3V2 years Flystrukturmekaniker (aircraft mechanic, airframes) 5 years Gravoifagene (engraving) Flyinterifir- og utstyrsmekaniker Solvgravfir (silver engraving) 4 years (aircraft mechanic, interior and Salgravor (steel engraving) 4 years equipment) 5 years Gullsmedfagene (goldsmiths) Avionikkfag (avionics trades) Gullarbeitkr og fatter (jeweller and Systemavioniker (avionics stone setter) 3 years mechanic, systems) 5 years Hammerarbeider og korpusmontfir Komponentavioniker (avionics (hammering and assembly) 3 years mechanic, components) 5 years Filigransarbeider (filigree work) 3 years Instrumentavioniker (avionics Sfilvtrykker (silver printer) 3 years mechanic, instruments) 5 years Sfilvsise/fir (silver spinner) 3 years Radioavioniker (avionics mechanic, radio) 5 years Solvemalior (silver enameler) 3 years Elektromekanisk irparator (ground Industriell trehusproduksjon equipment mechanic) 4 years (prefabricated wooden houses) Fotograffagene (photography) Komponent- og elementproduksjon (precut component and element Reklamefotograf (advertising production) 5600 hours photographer) 3 years Seksjonproduksjon (section Portretffotograf (portrait production) 5600 hours photographer) 3 years Industritekstilfagene (industrial fibres, Frisolagene (hairdressing) yarns, and fabrics) Damefrisor (women's hairdresser) 3V2 years Garnframstilling/spinning Herrefrisor (men's hairdresser) 3V2 years (yarn-making and spinning) 36 months Dame- og herrefth fir (men's and Veving (weaving) 36 months women's hairdresser) 4 years Trikotasje (knitwear) 36 months Parykkmaker (wig maker ) 3 years Faiging, trykking og etterbehandling Glassfagene (glass making) (dyeing, printing, and finishing) 36 months

206 147 Appendix A

Fiskeredskap (industrial textiles for Automatiseringsmontor use in fishing) 36 months (instrumentation and control Industrirom (industrial sewing) 36 months technician) 4 years Grade (pattern grading) 36 months Industrimekaniker (industrial mechanic) 3 years Instrumentmaketfagene (instrument making) Finmekaniker (precision mechanic 3 years Matematisk /geodetisk instrumentmaker Motormekaniker (engine mechanic) 3 years (mathematical/geodetic instruments) 4 V2years Landbruksmaskinmekaniker Nautisk instrumentmaker (nautical (agricultural mechanic) 3 years instruments) 4V2 years Anleggsmaskinmekaniker (construction Isolator (insulation) 7400 hours machine mechanic) 3 years fern- og stegframstilling (iron and steel VerktOymaker (toolmaker/press production) 3 years toolmaker) 3 years Keramisk former (ceramic craftsman) 3 years Maskinarbeider (machinery) 3V2 years Kjemisk prosessindustri, fogoperator Maskinarbeiderldreier (machinery, (chemical processing industry, turner) 3V2 years skilled worker) 3 years Maskinarbeider /freser (machinery, Kjemisk rensing (dry cleaning) 5600 hours miller) 3V2 years Kjemisk teknisk industri, driftsoperator Maskinarbeiderlsliper (machinery, (manufacture or products from grinder) 3V2 years chemicals, skilled worker) 3 years Platearbeider (sheet metal welder) 3 years Kjok- og draktsyer (dressmaker) 36 months Sveiser (welder) 3 years Kjotffag (butcher's trades) Smed(slack smith industry) 3 years Slakter (butcher) 3 years Vikler for motorer og generatoar Polsemaker (sausage maker) 3 years (winding, motors, and generators) 3 years Butikkslakter (shop butcher) 36 months Vikkr for krafttransformatottr (winding, power transformers) Kobber- og blikkslager (copper and tinsmiths) 7400 hours VikkrImontor for transformatorer og spokr for regukring, styling og mdling Kokk og setvitor (cooking and waiting) 3 years (winding/installation of transformers Kokk (chef) 36 months and regulating, controlling, and Servitor (waiter) 36 months measuring coils) 3 years Kokk institusjonshushold (institutional Monte for krafttransformatotrr chef) 3 years (installation of power transformers) 3 years Kostymemaker (theatrical Industrirorlegger (industrial costume-maker) 4 years plumbing) 3 years Kurvmaker (basket maker) 4 years Formerlkjernemaker (molder and core-maker) 3 years Maler (house painter) 48 months Modellsnekker (wood pattern making) 3 years Mekaniske og ekktrotekake fag i industrien (mechanical and electrical Snekker (carpenter in industry) 3 years engineering industry) Instrumentmekaniker (instrument Automatiker (automation mechanic) 4 years technician) 4 years Automatiseringsmekaniker Tavkmontor (panel and switchboard (automation assembly) 4 years assembler) 3 years Plastmekaniker (plastics engineering, mechanic) 3 years

148 207 Appendix A

Trebdtbygger (wooden boat building) 3 years Galvaniror (electrolytic coating Kuldemontor (refrigeration applicator) 3 years technician) 4 years Maskin- of industrimaler (blast Aluminiumskonstruksjon (aluminum cleaner and industrial painter) 3 years construction work) 3 years TermiSk sproyter (thermo-metal Kabelbyggere (cable manufacture, sprayer) 3 years skilled worker): Plasfformer (plastic molding) 3 years Framstilling av ledere (manufacture Portefoljemaker (briefcase making) 4 years of conductors) 36 months Rorlegger, bygning (plumber) 7400 hours Framstilling av isolasjonsmateriale Seilmaker (sail maker) 3 years (manufacture of insulation materials) 36 months Skipsmekaniker (ship's mechanic) 3 years Isokring av leder (insulation of Skomaker- og ortopedifagene conductors) 36 months (shoemaking and orthopaedic trades Bygging av label (cable Skomaker (shoemaker) 2 years manufacture) 36 months Protesemontor (prosthesis fitter) 3 years Kontrollfag (quality inspection) Ortopeditekniker (orthopaedic Dimensjonskontroll (measurement technician) control) 3 years Protesemontor (prostheses) 3 years NDT-kontroll, radiograf (NDT Ortopedindtler (orthopedic stitchery) 3 years control, radiography) 3 years Ortopedisyer (orthopedic sewing) 3 years NDT-kontroll, ultralyd (NDT Skrrdderfagene (tailoring) control, ultrasonic) 3 years Dameskredder (women's tailoring) 3 years NDT-kontroll, magnetpulverl penetrant (NDT control, magnetic Herrrskredder (men's tailoring) 3 years particle/liquid penetrant) 3 years Smedfagene (smiths) Karosserimaker (vehicle body Hovslager (farrier) 3 years builder) 3 years Vognsmed (carriagesmith) 4 years Metallforming (metal forming) Skipssmed(blacksmith, ship's fitting) 4 years Valseverkproduksjon (rolled products) 36 months Bygningssmed (blacksmith) 4 years Prersverkprauksjon (extrusions) ) 36 months Lirsmed (locksmith) 4 years Modist (millinery) 4 years Snekker (carpenter) 7000 hours Muter og gipsmaker (bricklaying and Snekker- og mobeltapetsetfagene plastering) (carpentry, cabinetmaking and Murer (bricklayer) 7000 hours upholstering) Verksted-gipsmaker (workshop Snekker (joiner) 5600 hours plasterer) 4 years Industrunekker (industrial joiner) 5600 hours Gipspusser (plaster finishing) 4 years Industritapetserer (industrial Stukkmarmor-gipsmaker (stucco paperhanger) 5600 hours plasterer) 4 years Mribeltapetserer (furniture Natingsmiddelindustrien, fagoperator upholsterer) 5600 hours (food processing industry, skilled Dreier /tredreier (turner, wood turner) 4 years worker) 3 years Treskjeenr (woodcarving) 4 years Overflatebehandlingsfagene (surface protection trades) Salmakerfagene (sail makers' trades) 4 years Varmeforsinker (hot dip galvanizer) 3 years Reiseeffektmakerarbeid (luggage)

208 149 Appendix A

Sektomakerarbeid (harness Treksffagene (timber production and making) 4 years sale) Vogn- of bilsalmakerarbeid (car and Skur- og hovellastproduksjon, carriage seating) 4 years fagoperatfir (timber production, Otgelbygger (organ building) 7400 hours skilled operator) 5600 hours Spon-jiberplate, fagoperaor (fiberboard, Torking og energiproduksjon, skilled operator) 36 months fagoperator (kiln drying and energy production, skilled operator) Steinfagene (stone mason) 5600 hours Verktoyhold, fagoperator (tools in the Bruddvirksomhet (breakage work) 5600 hours sawmill industry, skilled operator) 5600 hours Montering (installation) 5600 hours Drlast og byggvaier, fagekspeditor Bearbeiding (preparation) 5600 hours (timber and building materials, Skiferindustri (slate industry) 5600 hours skilled salesman) 5600 hours Stillasbygger (scaffolding) 3 years Tflmfer (carpentry) 7400 hours Taksidermist (taxidermist) 48 months Urmaker (watchmaking) 3 years Taktekker (roofer) 36 months Yrkessjafor lunge kjortfiy (driver, buses, trailers, trucks) 36 months Tanntekniker (dental technician) 4V2 years Treforedlingsindustrien, fagoperator (pulp and paper industry, skilled operator) 36 months

Source: Council for Apprenticeship Training for Working Life. Fagoppltering iArbeidslivip: Veien Fram til Fagbrev og Svennebrev (Apprenticeship Training for Working Life:: The Road Ahead to a Vocational Certificate and Journeyman's Certificate). August 1991.

150 20S Appendix B

Institutions in the Formal System of Higher Education

University Sector Oslo og Akershus vemepleierhogskole (Oslo and Akershus Social Educator College) Universities Stabekk hogskole (Stabekk College) 1. Universitetet i Bergen (University of Bergen) Statens Ixrerhogskole i forming (National 2.Universitetet i Oslo (University of Oslo) College for Teachers of Arts and Crafts), 3.Universitetet i Tromso (University of Tromso) Blaker 4.Universitetet i Trondheim (University of Sykepleierhogskolen i Lorenskog (Loren- Trondheim) skog College of Nursing) 3.Hogskolen i Alesund (Alesund College) Specialized University-Level Institutions More og Romsdal fiskeritekniske hogskole 1 Arkitekthogskolen i Oslo (Oslo School of Archi- (More and Romsdal Fishery Technology Col- tecture) lege) 2.Handelshoyskolen BI (Norwegian School of More og Romsdal ingeniorhogskole (More Management)-private and Romsdal Engineering College) 3.Norges handelshoyskole (Norwegian School of Sjukepleiarhogskolen i Alesund (Alesund Economics and Business Administration) College of Nursing) 4.Norges idrettshogskole (Norwegian University 4.Hogkolen i Bergen (Bergen College) of Physical Education and Sport) Bergen helse- og sosialhogskole (Bergen Col- 5.Norges landbrukshogskole (The Agricultural lege of Social Work and Health Care Educa- University of Norway) tion) 6.Norges musikkhogskole (Norwegian State Bergen ingeniorhogskole (Bergen Engineer- Academy of Music) ing College) 7. Norges veterinxrhOgskole (Norwegian College Bergen lxrerhogskole (Bergen College of of Veterinary Medicine) Education) 8. Det teologiske menighetsfakultet (Free Fac- Bergen musikkonservatorium (Bergen Music ulty of Theology)-private Conservatory) Fysioterapihogskolen i Bergen (Bergen College Sector Physiotherapy College) Haukeland helsefaghogskole (Haukeland Public Colleges According to 1994 College of Health Care Education) Reorganization 5.Hogskolen i Bodo (Bodo College) (New hogskolen are numbered; the colleges consolidated to Bodo lmrerhogskole (Bodo College of Educa- form them are listed immediately below.) tion) 1. Hogskolen i Agder (Agder College) Hogskolesenteret i Nordland (Nordland Col- Agder distriktshogskole (Agder Regional Col- lege) lege) Nordland sykepleierhogskole (Nordland Col- Agder ingenior- og distriktshogskole (Agder lege of Nursing) Engineering and Regional College) 6.Hogskolen i Buskerud (Buskerud College) Agder musikkonservatorium (Agder Music Drammen sykepleierhogskole (Drammen Conservatory) College of Nursing) Arendal sykepleierhogskole (Arendal College Kongsberg ingeniorhogskole (Kongsberg En- of Nursing) gineering College) Kristiansand Ixrerhogskole (Kristiansand Statens lwrerhogskole i handels- og kontorfag College of Education) (National College for Teachers of Commer- Kristiansand sykepleierhogskole (Kristian- cial Subjects) sand College of Nursing) 7.Hogskolen i Finnmark (Finnmark College) 2. Hogskolen i Akershus (Akershus College) Alta Ixrerhogskole (Alta College of Educa-

210 151 Appendix B

Lion) Bislet hogskolesenter (Bislet College) Finnmark distriktshogskole (Finnmark Re- Norges kommunal- og sosialhogskole (Nor- gional College) wegian State College of Local Government Finnmark sykepleierhogskole (Finnmark Administration and Social Work) College of Nursing) Norsk journalisthogskole (Norwegian School 8. Hogskolen i Gjovik (Gjovik College) of Journalism) Gjovik ingeniorhogskole (Gjovik Engineer- Oslo ingeniorhogskole (Oslo Engineering ing College) College) Sykepleierhogskolen i Opp land (Opp land Ostlandets musikkonservatorium (East Nor- College of Nursing) wegian Conservatory of Music) 9.Hogskolen i Harstad (Harstad College) Statens bibliotek- og informasjonshogskole Hogskolen i Harstad (Harstad College) (Norwegian School of Library and Informa- 10. Hogskolen i Hedmark (Hedmark College) tion Science) Elverum Igererhogskole (Elverum College of Statens lxrerhogskole i forming (National Education) College for Teachers of Arts and Crafts), Oslo Hamar laererhogskole (Hamar College of Statens reseptarhogskole (Norwegian School Education) of Prescriptionists) Hedmark distriktshogskole (Hedmark Re- Statens sykepleierhogskole (National Col- gional College) lege of Nursing) Hedmark sykepleierhogskole (Hedmark Col- Statens yrkespedagogiske hogskole (National lege of Nursing) College for Teachers of Vocational Subjects) 11. Hogskolen i Lillehammer (Lillehammer Col- Ulleval sykepleierhogskole (Ulleval College lege) of Nursing) Opp land distriktshogskole (Opp land Re- 17. Hogskolen i Ostfold (Ostfold College) gional College) Halden lmrerhogskole (Halden College of 12. Hogskolen i Molde (Molde College) Education) MOre og Romsdal distriktshogskole, Molde Ostfold distriktshogskole (Ostfold Regional (More and Romsdal Regional College, College) Molde) Ostfold ingeniorhogskole (Ostfold Engineer- Sjukepleiarhogskolen i Molde (Molde Col- ing College) lege of Nursing) Ostfold sykepleierhogskole (Ostfold College 13. HOgskolen i Narvik (Narvik College) of Nursing) Avdeling Narvik av Nord land syke- Ostfold vemepleierhogskole (Ostfold Social pleierhogskole (Narvik Department of Nord- Educator College) land College of Nursing) 18. Hogskolen i Sogn og Fjordane (Sogn i Fjordane Narvik ingeniorhogskole (Narvik Engineer- College) ing College) Sogn og Fjordane sjukepleiarhogskule (Sogn 14. Hogskolen i Nesna (Nesna College) and Fjordane College of Nursing) Nesna laererhogskole (Nesna College of Edu- Sogn og Fjordane distriktshogskole (Sogn and cation) Fjordane Regional College) 15. Hogskolen i Nord-Trondelag (North Tronde- Sogn og Fjordane ingeniorhogskole (Sogn lag College) and Fjordane Engineering College) Hogskolen i Levanger (Levanger College) Sogndal lxrerhogskole (Sogndal College of Innherred sykepleierhogskole (Innherred Education) College of Nursing) 19. Hogskolen i Sor-Trondelag (South Trvmdelag Namdal sykepleierhogskole (Namdal Col- College) lege of Nursing) Sosialhogskolen, Trondheim (Social Work Nord-Ton de lag d is triktsh ogs kole (North - College, Trondheim) Trondelag Regional College) Statens nwringsmiddeltekniske hogskole 16. Hogskolen i Oslo (Oslo College) (Norwegian State College of Food Technol- Aker sykepleierhogskole (Aker College of ogy) Nursing) Sykepleierhogskolen i Sor-Trondelag (Sor- Barnevernsakademiet i Oslo (Oslo Academy Trondelag College of Nursing) of Child Welfare) Trondheim helsefaghogskole (Trondheim

152 211 Appendix B

College of Health Care Education) lege) Trondheim ingeniorhogskole (Trondheim Vestfold sykepleierhoyskole (Vestfold Col- Engineering College) lege of Nursing) Trondheim lzrerhogskole (Trondheim Col- 25. Hogskolen i Volda (Volda College) lege of Education) More og Romsdal distriktshogskole, Volda Trondheim okonomiske hogskole (Trond- (More and Romsdal Regional College, Volda) heim Economic College) Volda Ixrarhogskole (Volda College of Educa- Trondelag musikkonservatorium (Trondelag tion Music Conservatory) 26 Sarni Allaskuvla or Samisk Hogskole (Sarni Col- 20. Hogskolen i Stavanger (Stavanger College) lege) Hogskolesenteret i Rogaland (Rogaland Col- Samisk hogskole (Sarni College) lege Center) Norsk hotellhogskole (Norwegian College of Institutions Offering Hotel Management) Education in At and Design Rogaland musikkonservatorium (Rogaland Music Conservatory) 1. Kunstakademiet i Trondheim (Trondheim Sosialhogskolen, Stavanger (Social Work Col- Academy of Fine Arts) lege, Stavanger) 2.Statens kunstakademi (National Academy of Stavanger Imrerhogskole (Stavanger College Fine Arts), Oslo of Education) 3.Statens balletthogskole (National College of Stavanger sykepleierhogskole (Stavanger Ballet and Dance) College of Nursing) 4.Statens handverks- og kunstindustriskole (Na- 21. Hogskolen i Stord/Haugesund (Stord/Hauge- tional College of Art and Design) sund College) 5.Statens hogskole for kunsthindverk og design Haugesund sykepleierhogskole (Haugesund (Bergen College of Art, Crafts and Design) College of Nursing) 6.Statens operahogskole (National College of Op- Statens sikkerhetshogskole (National Col- eratic Art) lege of Safety Engineering) 7.Statens teaterhogskole (National College of Stord lxrarhogskole (Stord College of Educa- Dramatic Art) tion) 8.Vestlandets kunstakademi (National Academy Stord sjukepleiarhogskule (Stord College of of Fine Arts), Bergen Nursing) 22. Hogskole i Telemark (Telemark College) Municipal College Telemark distriktshogskole (Telemark Re- gional College) 1.Okonomisk College (Economics College), Oslo Telemark ingeniorhogskole (Telemark Engi- neering College) Private Institutions with Telemark lwrerhogskole (Telemark College Government-Funded Programs of Education) Recognized by the National Telemark sjukepleierhogskule (Telemark Coordinating Commission College of Nursing) 23. Hogskolen i Tromso (Tromso College) Nordnorsk musikkonservatorium (North 1. Barrat Dues musikkinstitutt ( Barrat Dues Con- servatory of Music) Norwegian Conservatory of Music) Betanien sykepleierhogskole, Bergen (Be- Tromso helsefaghogskole (Tromso College of 2. tanian College of Nursing, Bergen) Health Care Education) Betanien sykepleierhogskole, Oslo (Betanian Tromso Imrerhogskole (Tromso College of 3. College of Nursing, Oslo) Education) 4.Den norske balletthoyskole (Norwegian Col- Tromso maritime hogskole (Tromso Maritime lege of Ballet) College) 5.Det teologiske menighetsfakultet (Free Fac- 24. Hogskolen i Vestfold (Vestfold College) Eik Ixrerhogskole (Eik College of Educa- ulty of Theology in Oslo) 6.Diakonhjemmets hoyskolesenter (Deacons' tion) House College Center) Hogskolesenteret i Vestfold (Vestfold Col- 7.Diakonissehjemmets sykepleierhogskole, Ber-

153 212 Appendix B

gen (Deaconess' House College of Nursing, Business School) Bergen) 10. Lwrerutdanningsrldet (Teachers' Education 8.Diakonissehusets sykepleierhogskole (Dea- Council) coness' House College of Nursing) 11. Luthersk bibel- og menighetsseminar (Lu- 9.Dronning Mauds Minne, hogskole for theran Bible and Congregational Seminary) fOrskolxrerutdanning (Queen Maud's Memo- 12. Metodistkirken (Methodist Church) rial Foundation College of Education for Pre- 13. Misjonshogskolen i Stavanger (Mission College school Teachers) in Stavanger) 10. Eurytmiskolen i Moss (Eurhythmics School in 14. NKI fjernundervisningen (NKI Distance Edu- Moss) cation) 11. Handelshoyskolen BI (Norwegian School of 15. NKS hogskole, Oslo (NKS College, Oslo) Management; also considered a specialized uni- 16. Norges eksportskole (Norwegian Export versity-level institution) School) 12. Menighetssosterhjemmets sykepleierhogskole 17. Norges handelshoyskoles kursvirksomhet (Parish Sisters' Hospital College of Nurses) (Norwegian School of Economics and Business 13. Misjonshogskolen (Mission College) Administration Extension Department) 14. NKI datahogskolen (NKI Data College) 18. Norges hoyskole for informasjonsteknologi 15. NKI ingeniorhogskolen (NKI Engineering (Norwegian College for Information Technol- College) ogy) 16. Norsk diakonihoyskole (Norwegian Deacon 19. Norges sykepleierhoyskole (Norwegian Col- College) lege of Nursing) 17. Norsk lwrerakademi (Norwegian Teachers' 20. Norsk diakonihoyskole (Norwegian Deacon Academy) College) 18. Rogaland vemepleierhogskole (Rogaland So- 21. Norsk informatikk institutt (Norwegian Infor- cial Educator College) matics Institute) 19. Rudolf Steinerhoyskolen (Rudolf Steiner Col- 22. Norske kirkes menighetshogskole (Norwegian lege) Congregational Church College) 20. Varehandelens hoyskole (Commodity Trading 23. Norsk Luthersk misjonssamband (Norwegian College) Lutheran Mission Society) 24. Norsk lwrerakademi for kristendomskunn- Other Public/Private Institutions with skap og pedagogikk (Norwegian Teachers' NKU Fully/Partially Recognized Academy for Christian Studies and Pedagogy) Programs Not Government-Funded 25. Norsk rikskringkasting (Norwegian Broadcast- ing System) 1. Ansgarskolen (Ansgar School) 26. Postverket (Postal Service) 2.Bankakademiet (Bank Academy) 27. Regionsykehuset i Trondheim (Trondheim 3.Baptistenes teologiske seminar (Baptist Theo- Regional Hospital)-lab technician program logical Seminary) 28. Riksarkivet (National Archives) 4.Bergen arkitektskole (Bergen College of Archi- 29. Rogaland markedshoyskole (Rogaland Market- tecture) ing College) 5.Bergen handelsgymnasium (Bergen Business 30. Saksbehandlerhoyskolen (Court Proceedings School) College) 6.Diakonhjemmets teologisk-administrative 31. Skatteetatskolen i Oslo og Bergen (Taxation hogskole (Theological-Administrative College School in Oslo and Bergen) of the Deacon Hospital) 32. Statens institutt for folkehelse (National Insti- 7.Goethe-Institutt Luneburg (Goethe Institute tute for Public Health) Luneburg) 33. Statens skole for husokonomer (National 8.Indremisjonsselskapets bibelskole i Oslo School for Home Economics) (Home Missions' Bible School) 34. Statens skole for kostholdsokonomer (National 9.Institutet for hogre marknadsutbildning (IHM School for Meals Economics)

154 213 Norwegian-English Glossary

Alphabetization is without regard to diacritical marks, e.g., x, 0, A. In the Norwegian alphabet, these letters are at the end of the alphabet. adjunct adjunct eksamen examination adjunktutdanning adjunct education eksamenskarakter grades from national examination allmenne fag general studies eldreomsorg geriatric nursing allmennkerer general subject teacher ekktrofag electrical trades allmenavitenskapelig arts and sciences embetsstudier professional oriented degrees apotektekniker pharmacy technician emne topic dr year engelsk English arbeid work/occupation ei'goterapi occupational therapy arbeidslivsvitenskap industrial management ernreringsbsiolog nutritionist drsenhet one-year or full-year etten one audiografi audiography dart one year avdeling department etterutdanning noncredit short courses barnehager daycare centers or kindergartens fag subject, trade barnepkier nursery assistant fagbrev vocational certificate barneskole primary school fagkerer specialized subject teacher barnevern child welfare fagomrddet faculty barnevernsakademiet preschool teachers college fagskole school, college barnevernspedagog child welfare worker felles allmenne fag common core subjects bedriftsfikonom business economics feltkurs field course befalsskok officer candidate school fisioterapeut physiotherapist bestdtt passed fiskerifag fishing trade subjects bibliotekar librarian fiskerikandidat fishery science candidate bioingenior bioengineer or medical ffernundervitning distance education laboratory technologist flygeskok flying school bokmdl "book" Norwegian fftdelsnummer personal identification number byggfag building and commercial trades ffidt (fiidd) born bygningsingenifirfag civil engineering folkehelsevitenskap public health folkehogskok folk high school dager days forberedende prove preparatory examination dans dance foretaksfikonom enterprise economics datafag computer science forkurs preliminary course, preparatory course datahfigskokkandidat data college candidate formgivingsfag arts, crafts, and design studies datateknikk computer science forming arts and crafts delfag partial subjects forskning research deltatt participated foskokketzr preschool teacher deltid part-time fotterapeut foot therapist designkandidat design candidate fremmedspralige foreign language diplomeksportokonom diploma in export marketing completed diplommarkedfikonom diploma in market economics blke county diplomokonom diploma in economics fysioterapeutuidanning physical therapy education disputas defense of thesis fysioterapi physical therapy distrithhfigskok regional college dfivetolk sign-language interpreter giennomsnitt average godt good EDB electronic data processing grad degree eiendomsmegkr real estate broker greidd passed

214 155 Glossary

grunnfag foundation subjects kommunal- og sosialhogskok local government grunnkurs foundation course administration and social work college grunnskok basic school kommunalkandidat local government grunnutdanning basic education administration candidate kostokonom institutional catering Hxren Norwegian army management/manager halvdrs half year krigsskok army academy halvsemesteremne half-semester course kroplAsoving physical education handel commerce, trade kunnskap knowledge handels- og kontotfag commercial and kunstakademi art academy clerical subjects kunsOgkandidat art candidate hdndverks- og industrifag technical and kunstkandidat art candidate industrial subjects kurs course helsefag health care subjects kursbevis course certificate helse- og miljofag health and environment studies kursvirksomhet extension department heist- og sosial fag health and social studies helsesekretar health secretary larer teacher hjelpepleier auxiliary nurse leenrhogskole college of education, teachers' college hjelpepleierutdanning for voksne auxiliary nurse kerlingskok apprentices' school course for adults landbruk agriculture hogskole college landbruksfag- og natutfag agricultural and hogskokkandidat college candidate rural subjects hogskoksenteret college center kdelse leadership hospitanter part-time special students kgesekreker medical secretary hosksemester autumn semester kktor instructor hotel!- og tueringsmiddelfag cooking, waiting, lite godt barely passing and food processing trades logopai speech therapy hovedfag main subject Luftforsvaret Royal Norwegian Air Force hovedoppgave thesis Luftkrigsskolen Air Force Academy hoar higher hudpleier skin care consultant mined month husflids- og estetiske fag crafts and aesthetic subjects markedskandidat market candidate husholdningsfag home economics subjects maskinskrivning typing husokonom accommodation management/manager mdtelig barely passing medier media idrettsfag physical education subjects meget godt very good ikke not meget tilfnthstilknde very good ikke godt failure mekaniske fag engineeringand mechanical trades ikke tilfredsstilknde failure mellomfag intermediate subjects industrifag industrial subjects Mensendiecksykegymnast Mensendieck informasjonsvitenskap information science physical therapist informatikk informatics, computer science Mensendieckutdanning Mensendieck ingenior engineer physical therapy education ingeniorhogskok engineering college Merknader conj innfoting introduction environment muntlig oral jordmor midwife musikkonservatorium music conservatory juridisk law naringsmiddeltekniske food technology karakter mark, grade kateket catechist naturbruk agriculture,fishing, and forestry studies kjemi- og prosessfag chemical and naturfag natural science processing trades naturvitenskapelige natural sciences kombiert combined navn name kommunal local noenlunde tilfredsstilknde passable

156 2.1,5 Glossary

noksd gods passable spesialiceringskurs specialization course nordisk nordic spesiallairr special education teacher Norge Norway spesialpedagogikk special education norsk Norwegian sprdk language nynorsk new Norwegian stabsskok staff school standpunktkarakter grade in the school odontologiske dentistry statens national offentkg public statlige national og greidd and passed statsautorisert authorized og besatt and passed storfag major subject Okonomisk economics studierrtning area of study omrdder divisions studierrtningsfag area of study subjects oppgave project stadium study ortopediingenior orthopedic engineer svennebrev journeyman's certificate, or trade skills certificate pdbyggingsstudium supplementary study svenneprove journeyman's examination, pellygningskurs supplementary course or trade skills examination pedagogikk pedagogy, education sykepleier nurse pedagogisk hogskok college of education, sykepleierhogskok nursing college teachers' college sykepleievitenskap nursing science personnummer personal number (ID) pleie- og omsorgsfag nursing and care assistant course tannpleier dental hygienist praksisforskrifter practical training regulations tanntekniker dental assistant praktisk practical tekniker technician preform examination form teknisk fagskok technical school prover examination, test tekniske byggfag service and technical building trades radiograf radiographer tilfrrdrstilknde satisfactory rralfag science timer hours rthelivsadministrasjon tourism administration to two Irseptar prescription tolk sign-language interpreter revisor auditor/accountant trrarbeidsfag carpentry rikskringkasting broadcasting turnustjeneste internship

saerdekstilfredsstillende excellent uketimer hours per week sars gods excellent undervisning teaching saksbehandling case work ungdomsskok lower secondary school samfunnsvitenskap social science utdanning education semesteremne semester course sivilarkitekt architect valgfag optional subjects sivilingenior civilian engineer, engineer valgfritt optional sivilmarkedsforrr marketing vekttall credit sivilokonom business economist vernepleier social educator sfrfartsfag maritime subjects vernepkierhogskok social educator college Sjoforsvaret Royal Norwegian Navy videregdende kurs advance course Sjokrigsskolen naval academy videregdende skok upper secondary school sjukepleiar nurse videreutdanning further education skok school vitnemdl certificate skriftlig written vdrsemester spring semester sosialhogskok social work college sosial- og helsefag socialstudies and health subjects yrkesskole trade school sosionom social worker yrkeskeirr vocational subject teacher

216 157 Useful References

Heise- og Sosialarbeiderutdanningene i Norge. Oslo: Radet for Hogskoleutdanning i Heise- og Sosial fag, n.d. Ingeniorutdanning i Norge. Oslo: Ingeniorutdan- ningsradet, 1992. Sjogren, Clifford E, and Lornie G. Kerr. Norway: A Guide to Admission and Academic Placement of Nor- wegian Students in North American Colleges and Universities. New York: College Entrance Ex- amination Board, 1985. The Upper Secondary School. Oslo: Radet for Vid- eregAende Opplxring. 1991.

158 217 Index academic calendar, 5, 26, 87 candidatuslcandidata (arts and sciences): philologiae, 35, 40, academies of fine arts, 82-83 106-107, 125; nalium, 35; mum politicarum, 35, 40, 48, adjunkt, 62, 65, 70, 71, 72, 73 60,62,94,103, 125, 138, 139; scientiarum, 35, 40, 72, administrasjon f o r h e l s e - o g s a s i a k e k t o n n ,1 1 1 73,76,77,78, 79, 89, 95, 125. See also specific admission. See specific programs institutions and programs advanced course, 9, 11, 121-122, 123, 124. See also specific candidatuslcandidata magisterii, 31, 32-34, 35, 37, 40, 45, 46, programs 48, 60, 62, 76, 77, 84, 85, 94, 95, 96, 99, 102, 104, 108, advokat, 99 116, 125. See also specific institutions and programs Agricultural University of Norway, 1, 27, 29, 36, 38, 56, 77, candidatuslcandidata magistetii (regional), 27, 29, 30, 45, 46, 114 48, 53, 76, 77, 81, 89, 91, 95, 98, 106, 116, 125. See also agriculture: secondary, 8, 18, 19, 123; tertiary, 36, 37, 56, candidatuslcandidata magician 114, 126, 127 candidatus merraturae, 117 allied health sciences, 86-89; institutions, 88 candidatus technicae, 52, 133 allmetme fag, 6, 8, 9-10, 11, 12, 22, 116 child welfare education, 103-104 allmennlanr, 45, 49, 50, 65, 66-67, 68, 130 College of Education, 37, 50, 51, 65-71, 72, 73; list of, 68-69 Ansgarskolen, Det norske misjonsforbund, 108-109 College of Nursing, 92-93 apprenticeship, 6, 21, 22, 23, 24, 73, 124 colleges, private sector. See private education architecture, 29, 37, 57, 127 colleges, public sector, 28, 29, 45-57, 83-84, 95, 97-98, Arkitekthogskolen i Oslo, 29, 57 116-117; grading, 46; professional qualifications, 49. Army, 101 See also specific institutions and programs art and design, 13, 82, 130, 133-134 Commodity Trading College, 67 audiography, 49, 86-87, 136 Community of European Management Schools, 61 Auditor, Registered, 85, 128 compulsory education, 3, 5 correspondence education, 78, 79, 81, 99, 111-112 Bachelor of: Business Administration, 59, 60; International credit units, 32, 116. See also institutional profiles Business, 55; Management, 58 curriculum. See specific programs and levels of education ballet and dance, 13, 14, 66, 67, 68, 69-70, 83-84, 122, 134 Bankakademiet, 65 dansediplom, 84 Baptistenes teologiske seminar, 109 datahtigskokkandidat, 49, 81, 132 barnepleier, 20 degrees, advanced university, 33-35, 40, 48, 76-77. See also barneskok, 3 institutional profiles and specific programs barnevernspedagog, 105, 144 degrees, college, 48, 116 Barrat Dues musikkinstitutt, 66, 85 degrees, professionally oriented, 35, 37, 40, 56, 72, 76-77. bedriftsokonom, 63 See also institutional profiles and specific programs bedriftsokonomecamen, 57, 58, 62, 64, 127 Den norske balletthoyskole, 66, 83, 84 Bergen arkitektskole, 57 dental assistant, 20, 89-90, 136 bibliotekar, 99, 142 dental hygiene, 89, 136, 137 BI hoyskolene, 64 dentistry, 20, 37, 90, 115, 137 bioengineering, 49, 50, 80, 86, 87, 88, 136 designkandidat, 49, 82, 134 Bislet College, 50, 87, 88, 89 Det norske universitetsrad, 28 Bislet hogskolesenter, 50, 87, 88, 89 Det praktisk-teologiske seminar, 107, 108 Bodo College, 50, 59 Det teologiske fakultet, 106-107 Bodo Graduate School of Business, 50, 59, 61 Det teologiske menighetsfakultet, 29, 106, 107-108 business and economics, 50, 52, 57-65, 66, 68, 96, 111, 115, Diakonhjemmets teologisk-administrative hogskole, 109 127-130; grading, 63, 64; programs, 57-61. See also diplom, 32 marketing credentials and other specific credentials diplombibliotekar i inforrnasjonskunnskap og EDB, 99, 142 business college, 28 diplomeksamen, 84, 85, 135 Business College of Northern Norway, 50-51, 59, 117 diplomkandidat, 81, 132 diplommarkedsfortprogram, 64 candidat i ttologien, 108 diplommarkedsokonom, 58, 62, 128 candidatuslcandidata (professionally oriented): agricultura, dip/omokonom, 58, 59, 62, 63-64, 128 37, 40, 56, 126;juris, 37, 40, 98, 99, 142; medicinae, 37, diplomokonom reiseliv, 64 40, 90, 137; medicinae veterinariae, 37, 40, 96-97, 140; Diploma in Health Economics, 43, 96, 140 musicae, 37, 40, 84-85, 135; odontologiae, 37, 40, 90, 137; Diploma in Social Anthropology, 41 oeconomtae, 35, 37, 40, 60, 62, 129; paedagogiae, 37, 40, Diploma of Public Administration Candidate, 104 65, 70, 131; paedagogiae specials's, 37, 40, 71, 131-132; dissertation, 36 pharmaciae, 37, 40, 95, 139; psychologiae, 37, 40, distance education, 64, 78, 79, 81,96 102-103, 144; sanitatus, 41, 94; socio/ogiae, 37, 40, 103, distrikishtskok, 27, 28, 46, 56, 57, 58, 103, 104, 105, 106; 145; socionomiat, 44, 103, 145; syktpkiennietukap, 94, college programs, 50-52, 54-55; list of, 53-55. See also 139; theologiae, 37, 40, 106, 107-108, 145. See also specific fields of study idreaskandidat, sivilarkikkt, sivilingenior, sivikkonom, doctor, 36, 40, 126. See also specific programs and and specific institutions and programs institutional profiles

218 159 Index

doctor("new" type):anium,39, 107, 108, 126;ingenior,39, grunnfag,32, 33, 37, 45, 82, 106, 109, 110.See alsospecific 73, 76, 126;juris,39, 99, 126; kgis., 39, 126;medicine, programs 39, 90, 126;odontologiae,39, 90,126;oeconomiaeand grunnutcfanning,45 ABU program, 39, 61;psychologiae,39, 103, 126;return halusemesteremne,32, 34, 37 politicarum,39, 126;sdentiarum,56, 70, 73, 76, 95, 97, handelsfikonom,60, 62, 64,129 102, 126, 140;theologize,39, 107, 126 HandelshoyskolenBI,29, 36, 38, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, doctor("traditional" type):agricolae,36, 46,126;medicine 66 veterinariae,36, 97;philasophiae,36, 76, 99; reoinicae, Handelshoyskolen Oslo, 60, 63, 64 78, 126 handels- og kontorfag,6, 8, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 66, 116, 122 Doctor of Philosophy(Danish), 51 hdndverks- og industrifag,8, 10, 12-13, 15, 16, 17, 122 drama, 14, 17, 86, 123, 124, 135, Harms Knksskok 1., 2. avdeling,101, 143 health care administration, 91 education, teacher training, 65-71, 130-132.See also helsefaghogskole, Haukeland, 88, 89, 92 specific levels and types of teachers helsefaghogskole, Tromso, 88, 89, 93 education, handicapped, 69, 71, 102, 106, 131 helsefaghogskole, Trondheim, 86-87, 88, 105 eiendomsmegkr;57, 62, 64, 127 heWorebyggende ogforrbyggende arbeid,91, 138 eksamen i hovedfag35, 67, 98, 125, 131 hOgskokkandidat,45, 46, 47, 50-53, 54, 58, 62, 82, 111, 125, elchromsorg,91, 92, 93, 138 127, 141 embetseksamen i sykepkievitenskap med pedagogikk,94 Hogskokkandidat i politi,102, 144 embetsstudid;35, 37 Hogskokkandidat i hotelladministrasjon,97, 141 engineering, 27, 28, 52, 71-82, 87, 101, 132-133; grading, Hfigskokkandidat ijournalistikk,98 72; institutions, 76, 78, 80; structure of, 73 Hfigkokkandidat i reiselivsadaministrasjon,97, 141 English, compulsory study of, 2, 12 Hogskokkandidatin service management, 97, 141 English programs, 22, 61, 96, 113, 114, 115 Hogskolen, 50, 52, 54, 59, 78, 105 ERASMUS, 41, 113 hogskoler,28 ergoterapeut,89, 136 hogskolesenter, 28, 46, 48, 89 ernaringshsiolog,94-95, 139 Hogskolesenteret i Nordland, 48, 50-51, 59, 60, 62, 98, 105, European Engineering, 76-77 117 Eurytmiskolen i Moss, 86 Hogskolesenteret i Rogaland, 51-52, 72, 74, 77-78, 79, 80, examen anium,5, 6 117 examen oeconomiae,35, 42, 60,129 Hogskolesenteret i Vestfold, 52-53 examen philosophicum,32, 33, 94, 124 hotel training, 97 examination, secondary, 6, 7; apprenticeship, 21-22; hovalfag,35, 48, 67, 68, 69, 102, 103, 108, 116-117 university, 27, 33-34, 35 hovedfagsekamen i spesialpedagogikk, 71 hovedsfagskandidat,67,68, 69, 98, 125, 131 faculties, university, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 43.See also hoar nvisorstudium,58-59, 62, 128 institutional profiles hoskokkandidat,57 fagbrev, 10, 18, 21, 124 husflids- og atetiske fag,8, 13-14, 122 fageksamen ijournalistkk,98, 142 husholdningsfag,8, 17-18, 123 faglarer,66, 67, 68, 69-70, 72, 84, 98, 102, 124, 130 husokonom,98, 141 financial aid, 26, 112, 113-114 finansanabliker studies,63, 130 idtrasfag,8, 18, 123 Finnmark distriktshogskole, 105, 109 idnaskandidat,37, 40, 102, 144 fisheries education, 43, 81, 115.See also maritime education IHM Business School, 65 fishing trade, 8, 10, 50, 122 Indremisjonsselskapets bibelskole i Oslo, 86, 109 fiskenkandidat,43-44, 81 ingenior,45, 71-72, 73, 76, 80, 81, 82, 133 Fjellhaug skoler, 109 ingeniorhfigskokne,27, 28, 52, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78-79, 80, 81, folkehogskok,6, 112, 115 88, 101, Ill folkeuniversitet,112 Institutt for spesialpedagogikk, 41, 70, 71, 87, 88 foretaksokonom,57, 62, 127 Institutt for sykepleievitenskap, 91,94 food technology, 28, 49, 95, 139 International Baccalaureate, 22 forkurs,76, 78, 79, 81, 95, 111, 132, 139 interpreter's education for the hearing impaired, 87, 136 fOrskoklartr,65,130 foundation course, 6, 8 -9,11, 13, 23.See alsospecific fields jordmor,91, 92, 93, 138 of study journalism, 27, 28, 98, 142 hsioljemikerlinjen,87 juridisk embetsekamen,98 grading, 3, 6, 7; tertiary, 32,46, 56, 63, 64, 72, 90, 97, 99, kandidat i folkehelsevitenskap,38, 43, 96, 140 102, 107, 116.Ste alsospecific levels of education and kandidat i sykepkievitenskap,43, 94, 139 programs kandidat eksamen,84, 85, 135 grunnskok,3, 4, 6, 11, 73 ljOkken-og nstaurandaklse,97, 141 kommunalkandideu,49, 145

160 21S Index

kommunal- ogsosialhOgskokne,27, 104, 105 mellomfag,32, 33-34, 37, 45, 109, 110.See alsospecific kostokonom,98, 142 programs Kristiansand kommunal musikkskole, 86 Menighetsbibelskolen, 109 kuns(agkandidat,49, 82, 134 menigietssekrztar,110 Kunstakademiet i Trondheim, 83 Mensendieck physical therapy, 50, 86, 87, 88, 89, 136 mesarbrev,22 kerlingskok,21 military education, 100-101, 143-144 larer,65, 71 Ministry of Education, Research and Church Affairs, 3, 5, kererhogskok. See College of Education 26, 27, 28, 36, 65 landbruks- og naturfag,8, 18, 123 Misjonshogskolen, 106, 108 language of instruction, 2, 22,36 More og Romsdal fiskeriteknisk hogskole, 81 law, 37, 98- 99,142 music, secondary, 13-14, 123; teacher training, 66, 68,130; ledelse for Iselse- ogsosialsektoren,111 tertiary, 28, 37, 84-86, 109, 115, 135 l e d e l s e o g a d m i n i s t r u s j o n f or h e i s t - o g s o s i a l s e k t o r e n ,I 1 1 musikkonservatoriene,85-86 legislation, 5-6, 21, 26, 27, 28, 65, 66 Musikkonservatoriet i: Oslo, 86; Tromso, 86 kktor,65, 67, 69, 71, 98 library science, 28, 49, 99, 142 naringsmiddelteknisie hogskok,28 licentiate,36, 126 neeringsmiddelteknolog,95 licentiate odontokgiae,41,90 Narvik ingeniorhogskole, 72, 77, 78, 80 lower secondary school, 3 Nasjonalt Koordienerende Utvalg, 27, 28, 85, 117 Luftkrigsskolen, 99-101 National College for Teachers of Commercial Subjects, 68, Luftkrigsskokn, I., 2. avdeling,100, 143 71 Luthersk bibel- og menighetsseminar, 109 National College for Teachers of Vocational Subjects, 67, 69, 71, 72 ma,gister anium,35, 40, 42, 44, 125 National Coordinating Commision, 27, 28, 85, 117 Maharishi International University, 38 NKI College of Engineering, 78, 79, 80, 81 maritime education, 12, 18, 81, 123-124 NKI datahogskolen, 67, 81 maritime engineering, 28, 76, 78, 80, 81 NKI fjemundervisningen, 67, 111 marketing credentials:diplomeksponwkonom,58, 128; NKI ingeniorhogskolen, 78-79, 80, 81, II 1 diplommarkedsolonom,59, 128;markeekkandidat,57-58, NKS Foundation for Distance Education, 111 127;sivilmarkedsforer,60, 62, 64, 111, 128 NKU.See National Coordinating Commission master's degrees, 36, 38, 40, 115, 126.See alsoinstitutional nonuniversity tertiary education, 27 profiles Nordic Association of University Administrators, 113 Master of Arts in Society, Science and Technology, 38, 42, Nordic Council, 113 126 Nordic Council of Ministers, 113 Master of Business Administration, 38, 61, 63, 64, 129 Nordic School of Nutritional and Textile Sciences, 41 Master of International Business, 38, 60-61, 126, 129 Nordisk husholdshogskole, 94 Master of Management, 59, 128 Nordland College, 48, 50, 59, 60, 62 Master of Philosophy in: Fish Resources and Fishery Nordnorsk balletthogskole, 83 Management, 38; History, 38, 41; Histopathology, 38, NORDPLUS, 41, 113 41, 137; Medicine of Developing Countries, 38, 41, Norges handelshoyskole, 29, 36, 38, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 91, 137; Public Administration, 41; Social 67, 117 Anthropology, 41; Special Education, 38, 42 Norges handelshoyskoles kursvirksomhet, 63 Master of Public Health, 38, 43, 96, 140 Norges hoyskole for inforrnasjonsteknologi, 67 Master of Science, 38, 61, 6i, 90, 97, 129 Norges idrettshogskole, 29, 66, 70, 102 Master of Science in Business, 51, 59; Dentistry, 38, 41, Norges journalisthogskole, 27, 98 42, 90, 131; Environmental Engineering, 41; Health Norges kommunal-og sosialhogskole,103, 104, 105 Promotion, 38, 41, 96, 140;Hydropower Norges landbrukshogskole, 27, 29, 36, 38, 56 Development, 38, 45; Management of Natural Norges musikkhogskole, 14, 27, 29, 66, 70, 84, 85 Resources and Sustainable Agriculture, 38, 56; Marine Norges sykepleierhoyskole, 91 Technology, 45, 60, 64; Marketing, 60, 62, 64; Norges tekniske hogskole, 44, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77 Petroleum Exploration, 38, 45; Preventive Health, 96; Norges veterinxrhogskole, 27, 29, 96 Solid Earth Physics, 41; Technology Management, 45 Norsk diakonihoyskole, 110 Master of Theology, 108 Norsk hotellhoyskole, 97 Masterstudium i internasjonal hotel!- og reiselivsadministrasjon, Norsk lwralcademi for kristendomskunnskap og 97, 141 pedagogikk, 110 mathematics and natural sciences, 35 Norsk riksringkasting, 77-78 mathematics, secondary, 9-10 Norwegian Association of Adult Education, 111-112 matriculation, 7-8 Norwegian College of: Ballet, 68; Fishery Science, 43, 60; medical laboratory technology.See bioengineering journalism, 27; Veterinary Medicine, 1, 27, 29, 114 medicine, 8, 37, 90-91, 126, 137 Norwegian Council of Universities, 27, 28 Norwegian Institute for Special Education, 71, 73, 87

229 161 Index

Norwegian Institute of Technology, 44-45, 57, 72, 74, 75, radiography, 49, 50, 86, 88, 89, 136 76, 77 reform, 1994, 5-6, 9, 21, 28, 48 Norwegian School of Economics and Business Regional Business Colleges, 64 Administration, 38, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65 regional colleges, 28, 29, 30, 46, 48, 53, 55, 59, 98 Norwegian School of Library and Information Science, 27, regionak hogskoler See regional colleges 99 reseptar, 49, 95-%, 139 Norwegian School of Management, 29, 36, 38, 57, 61, 63-65 reseplarhOgskok, 28 Norwegian School of Marketing, 63, 64 revisoreksamen, 58, 128 Norwegian State Academy of Music, 14, 27, 29, 68, 72, 84 Rogaland College, 51, 78 Norwegian State College of Food Technology, 95 Rogaland markedshoyskole, 67 Norwegian State College of Journalism, 27 Rogaland vernepleierhpgskole, 105 Norwegian State College of Local Government Rudolf Steiner College, 70 Administration and Social Work, 27, 104, 105 Norwegian University of Physical Education and Sport, 29, Simi, 1, 2 66, 70, 102 Simi allaskuvla, 70 nursery assistant, 20 Simi College, 70 nursing, 20, 27, 28, 49, 91-94, 138-139 secondary education, upper, 5-25, 73, 116; foundation nursing colleges, 92 courses, 8-10, 11-13, 18-20, 90; grading, 8 nutrition, 94-95, 139 semester course, 32, 34 Senter f o r fjernundervisning, 81, 1 1 1 occupational health, 91 sivilarkitekt, 37, 40, 57, 127 occupational therapy, 50, 86, 87, 88, 136 sivilingenior, 37,40, 46,48, 52, 56, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 127, ofkonomi og ledelse, 111 133 Okonomisk College, 28, 46, 53, 54-55 sivikkonom, 37, 40, 46, 48, 51, 59-60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 72, orthotics and prosthetics, 49, 50, 88, 89, 136 128 ortopediingenior, 89 sloffarisfag, 8, 18, 81, 123-124 Oslo College, 50 Sjpkrigsskolen, 101 Oslo College of Business and Economics, 53, 54-55 SjOkrigsskokre l., 2 avdeling, 101, 143 Oslo College of Education, 50 sjukepleiar, 91, 138 Oslo og Akershus vernepleierhpgskole, 105 social and health studies, secondary, 8, 18-19, 20 Oslo School of Architecture, 29, 57 social education, 49, 92, 93, 106, 145 Osdandets musikkonservatorium, 68 social sciences, 38, 51, 52 social work, 28, 46, 49, 88, 91, 103-106, 109, 116, 145 pelbygningkurs, 9, 11, 13, 18, 19, 20 sociology, 37, 103 pdbyggingstudium, 46, 48, 58, 82 sosialhpgskolen: Stavanger, 104, 105, 106; Trondheim, 105 pedagogical colleges. See College of Education sosial- og helseag, 8, 18, 19, 20, 86-89, 124 pedagogiske hogskolene, 27, 28, 67 special education teachers, 72, 73,131 pedagogiske utdanning, 60 specialized subjects teachers, 68, 69, 71-72, 73, 130 pharmacy, 20, 28, 95, 97, 139 specialization courses, 18 physical education and sport, 37, 66, 70, 102, 144 spesialist, 90, 137 physical education, secondary, 8, 18, 123; teacher training, spesiallarer, 49, 70 66, 67, 70 Stabekk hogskole, 70, 97-98 physical therapy, 28, 49, 50, 86, 87-89, 136 Stabeskolen 1., 2. avdeling, 101-102, 143 physiochemistry. See medical laboratory technology, Statens balletthogskole, 66, 83-84 physics, secondary, 10 Statens bibliotek- og informasjonshogskole, 27, 99 police education, 101-102, 144 Statens handverks- og kunstindustriskole, 82 Polithogskolen, 101-102 Statens hpgskole forkunsthandverk og design, 82 Praitisk-pedagogisk eksamen, 56, 70, 85, 132. See also specific Statens kunstakademi, 82-83 programs and institutional profiles Statens 1=rerh0gskole i handels- og kontorfag, 71 preschool education, 1-2, 3; teacher training, 28, 65-66, 67, Statens nmringsmiddeltekniske hpgskole, 95 85, 130 Statens operahpgskole, 68, 70, 84, 85 PRIDE, 63, 129 Statens reseptarhpgskole, 95-% primary education, 3, 121; teacher training, 65, 67, 70, 85 Statens sikkerhetshpgskole, 78, 80, 81-82 private education, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 63-65, 68-69, 82, 84, Statens spesiallwrerhpgskole, 71, 73, 87 85-86, 109,111 Statens teaterhogskole, 66, 68, 86 professional qualifications, 28, 35, 37, 40 Statens yrkespedagogiske hogskole, 67, 69 programingenilr, 77-78, 132 stadtge helseagh,gskokr, 86-87, 88, 89 prosthetics and orthotics, 50, 86, 89, 136 Stavanger College, 51 psychology, 37, 102-103, 144 storfag, 32, 34, 37 psykiatrisk sykepkier, 91,92, 93,138 studieplan, 116 public health, %, 140 supplemental studies, 46, 48 supplementary course, 9, 11, 18, 19, 20

162 2 2 1 Index

svennebmv, 21-22, 124 Universitetet i Tromso, 28, 33, 51, 62, 74, 77, 81, 90, 94, 96, sykepkkadministrajon, 91, 138 98, 99, 103 sykepkier, 45, 49, 91, 138 Universitetet i Trondheim, 28, 33, 34, 48, 72, 77, 84, 90, sykepkiethfigkok, 28, 91, 92-93 103, 106, 108 tannkgrsekretaerskokn, 20, 90, 136 Varehandelens hoyskole, 67 tannpkier, 89-90, 137 vekttall, 32, 44, 116 tannpkienksamen, 41 vernepkier, 49, 91, 106,145 tanntekniker, 20 vernepkierhogskok, 28, 91, 105, 106 teacher training, 28, 37, 56, 60, 62, 67-73; 130-132 Vestfold College, 52-53 teaching ranks, 71 Vestlandets kunstakademi, 83 technical and industrial subjects, 8, 10, 12-13, 15, 16, 17, veterinary medicine, 29, 36, 37, 96-97, 107 122, 124 videreutdanning, 45, 46, 48, 50, 104-106 tekniker, 20, 22 videregdende kurs I, II, III, 9, 11, 16, 17, 18, 20, 121-124 teknisk fagskok, 22, 25, 73, 76, 124 vidzregdende skok, 3, 5, 11, 73, 116, 121 teologisk embetsekamen, 107, 108 vitnemeg 85, 99, 102, 111, 135, 142 theater, 86, 135 vitnemdl for... etterfullfon studium, 83, 134 theology, 29, 37, 106-108, 109, 110, 145 vitnemdl fra den videngdende skokn, 6, 7, 21, 22, 24, 25, 29, titles, 116. See also specific programs 116,121,122,123,124 tolk, 49, 87, 88, 136 vstnemdl fra statens naeringsmiddekekniske hfigskok, 95 tourism administration, 97, 141 vitnemdl om: adjunktutdanning, 71; allmennlaserutdanning, transcripts, 85, 116,117 66-67, 70, 116; barnevernspaagogeksamen, 104; transfer, 28-29, 85, 87, 98, 101, 111, 113 fagkzrerutdanning, 67, 116; kommunalkandidateksamen, transfer credit, 27, 89, 100, 109, 117. See also specific 104, 144; sosionomeksamen, 104 institutions and programs and placement vitnemdl om halvdrs- og drsenheter, 70 recommendations vitnemdl om 3-dng: bioingeniorutdanning, 87; timer, 102, 144 etgoteraputdanning, 87 ,116;bsioterapeututdanning, 87; Tromso maritime hogskole, 78, 80, 81 ortopediingenioutdanning, 89; radiografutdanning, 89 Trondheim ingeniorhogskole, 77, 78, 79, 80 vitnesbyrd, 108 tuition, 26 vocational education, 5-6, 122-124 vocational teachers, 43, 49, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 109 university sector, 27, 28, 36; admission 29, 31, 113; degrees, 29, 31, 35, 36, 37; examinations, 33-34, 37 x-ray therapy, 89 Universitetet i Bergen, 28, 33, 60, 74, 77, 79, 89, 90, 94, 98-99, 103, 106, 108 yrkeslamr, 49, 70 Universitetet i Oslo, 20, 28, 31, 33, 35, 36, 48, 60, 69, 72, 77, 84, 88, 89-90, 94-95, 96, 98, 99,103, 106, 107, 114

222 163 World Education Series (WES) Publications

FULL COUNTRY STUDIES The Educational System of the United Kingdom: The Admission and Placement of Students from the United Kingdom and Study Abroad Argentina (1993) by Liz Reisberg. 248pp. $30/$45 Opportunities (1991). Sylvia Higashi and Alan Australia (1983) by Caroline Aldrich-Langen. 276pp. Margolis (eds.). 240pp. $25/$40 $81$12 Belgium (1985) by Ann Fletcher. 192pp. $8/$12 SPECIAL REPORTS Colombia (1984) by Stanley Wellington. 144pp. $8/$12 Dominican Republic (1987) by Kathleen Sellew.Education on the Island of Cyprus (1990) by Margit 136pp. $8/$12 Schatzman. 65pp. $10 Egypt (1988) by Lee Wilcox. 112pp. $15/$20 The Educational System of Australia/An Update Federal Republic of Germany (1986) by Georgeanne of the 1983 World Education Series Volume Porter. 192pp. $15/$20 (1990) by Caroline Aldrich-Langen. 74pp. $12 France (1988) by Mariam Assefa. 252pp. $15/$20 Higher Education in Israel (1993) by Ann Fletcher. Haiti (1985) by Ruth Simmons. 128pp. $81$12 56pp. $15/$25 Indonesia (August 1993) by Karin Johnson, GeraldThe Educational System of the Former German Chamber land, and Wendy Gaylor. 192pp. $40/$60 Democratic Republic (1991) by Karen Lukas. Iraq (1988) by James Frey. 192pp. $15/$20 8Opp. $15/$20 Japan (1989) by Ellen Mashiko. 176pp. $20/$25 Postsecondary Institutions of the People's Republic Malaysia (1986) by Joann Stedman. 184pp. $15/$20 of China: A Comprehensive Guide to The Netherlands (1984) by Peter Schuler. 208pp. Institutions of Higher Education (1992) by $81$12 William Paver and Yiping Wan. 625pp. $35/$50 New Zealand (1981) by Patrick Kennedy. 96pp. $81$12Understanding the Admissions Process in U.S. Peru (1983) by Colleen Gray. 132pp. $8/$12 Higher Education (1993) by Caroline Aldrich- Langen. 36pp. $15/$25 WORKSHOP REPORTS The Soviet System of Education (1992) by Erika The Admission and Placement of Students from Popovych and Brian Levin-Stankevich. 144pp. Central America (1988). Caroline Aldrich- $25/$40 Langen and Kathleen Sellew (eds.) 236pp. $12 Swiss Higher Schools of Engineering and Swiss The Admission and Placement of Students from Higher Schools of Economics and Business Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Administration (1991) by Karlene Dickey and and Yemen Arab Republic (1984). J.K. Johnson Karen Lukas. 68pp. $15/$20 (ed.). 114pp. $7.95 The Admission and Placement of Students from WORKING PAPERS the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (1992).Guide to Placement Recommendations (1992) by Edward Devlin (ed.) 142pp. $25/$40 the National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign The Admission and Placement of Students from Educational Credentials. 12pp. $6 the Republic of Hungary (1990). Karlene DickeyThe Kuwait System of Education (September 1993) and Desmond Bevis (eds.). 128pp. $15 by Ismail Safwat. 36pp. $15/$25 The Admission and Placement of Students from the Republic of Poland (1992). Edward Devlin (ed.). 176pp. $30/$45 For information on out-of-print WES publications and The Admission and Placement of Students fromother international resources published by AACRAO or Yugoslavia (1990). Karlene Dickey and DesmondNAFSA, contact the publications desk of either Bevis (eds.). 112pp. $15 association. Call AACRAO at (202) 293-9161 for details.

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