Underwater Archaeology LAWRENCE E. BABITS CATHERINE FACH RYAN HARRIS, EDITORS Published by THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY RONALD L. MICHAEL, Editor ISSN 1074-3421 Composition by Trans Visions Uniontown, Pennsylvania ©1998 by The Society for Historical Archaeology Printed in the United States of America ISSN 1074-3421 @The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FOREWORD LAWRENCE E. BABITS, CATHERINE FACH AND RYAN HARRIS, EDITORS CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Geographic Information Systems for Submerged Cultural Resource Management and Site Specific Investigation 3 IAN RODERICK MATHER AND GORDON P. WATTS, JR. The Archaeology of Navies: Establishing a Theoretical Approach and Setting of Goals 14 ROBERTS. NEYLAND The South Carolina Historic Ships Supply Program 20 CHRISTOPHER F. AMER SITE INVESTIGATIONS An Examination ofthe Luna Colonization Fleet 25 DELLA A. ScoTT-IRETON Hull Remains of the Emanuel Point Ship 31 J. Cozzi Recent Artifact Finds from the Emanuel Point Ship 38 JoHN R. BRATTEN Underwater Archaeological Investigation of the Remains of the Ironclad CSS North Carolina 45 GoRDON P. WATTS, JR. AND IAN RoDERICK MATHER A Report on the 1997 Archaeological Investigations at North Carolina Shipwreck Site 0003BUI 54 MARK V. WILDE-RAMSING I Just Know It's a Pirate: Popular Imagery, Contemporary Details and Actual Fact 61 LAWRENCE E. BABITS USS Saranac and USS Suwanee: The Forgotten Naval Gunboats Along British Columbia's Inside Passage 67 RoBYN P. WooDWARD The Rhode Island Ship Gem: Slaver or Propaganda 74 JOSEPH W. ZARZYNSKI AND D. K. ABBASS In Soufrerie's Shadow: An Introduction to an Historic Shipwreck in Kingstown Harbour, St. Vincent and the Grenadines 79 DAVID A. JOHNSON AND CHUCK MEIDE The Port of St. George Project: Reconnaissance and Assessment of a Sugar Plantation/Harbor Site in Nevis, West Indies 88 MARCO MENIKETTI 1997 Excavations of the Royal Hawaiian Yacht Ha 'aheo o Hawaii in Hanalei Bay, Kauai: Preliminary Report 96 PAUL F. JoHNSTON Nineteenth-Century Dutch Pearlware Recovered in the Harbor of Curacao, Netherlands Antilles 104 WIL NAGELKERKEN POLICY AND PUBLIC OUTREACH The Abandoned Shipwreck Act, 1988 to 1998 Ill ANNE G. GIESECKE Discovery, Development and Interpretation of Florida's Earliest Shipwreck: A Partnership in Research and Historic Preservation 115 RoGER C. SMITH Luna's Legacy in the Classroom: The Emanuel Point Ship Resource Packet 122 KC SMITH THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE ADVISORY COUNCIL ON UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY EXTEND THEIR APPRECIATION TO THE FOLLOWING FOR THEIR FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE IN THE PUBLICATION OF THESE PROCEEDINGS J. Barto Arnold, III Bateaux Below, Inc. East Carolina University, Program in Maritime Studies Friends of the Corpus Christi Museum of Science and History R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Institute of Nautical Archaeology Martin Klein L. A. Landry & Associates National Park Service - Submerged Cultural Resources Unit Naval Historical Center North Carolina Maritime History Council Panamerican Consultants, Inc. Ships of Exploration and Discovery Research South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology FOREWORD ent to 'frontiers' of any persuasion, true here of the technological frontier, understandably causes LAWRENCE E. BABITS, CATHERINE FACH, marked apprehension and controversy within the AND RYAN HARRIS, EDITORS pale. In effect, the limited access to technologies attenuates somewhat the scrutiny of the profes­ The highly successful Atlanta conference sional community. The SHA conference provided proved to be the second largest meeting since the an important forum for discussing how techno­ society's inception 31 years ago, attracting in logical advances can properly and responsibly be excess of 1,000 participants. Of the 405 sched­ incorporated into the discipline, and how these uled papers, 64 dealt with underwater archaeol­ can best serve the ultimate objective of cultural ogy and related topics. As in previous years, resource management. These developments raised these contributions were diverse in character, at­ several pertinent issues in regard to applying testing to the expanding scope of underwater re­ technological resources, such as who will have search and the continued integration of its adher­ access to these resources and how might they be ents into a cohesive international community. A shared? What are the most exigent applications? perennial emphasis and the abiding challenge of And what will the role of the archaeologist be in Underwater Archaeology and its predecessor The an increasingly technology-oriented profession? Proceedings, has been to adequately reflect this Another highlight of the conference was the broad range of research within the limited con­ session on the Henrietta Marie and the archaeol­ fines of a short volume. At the same time, from ogy of the Middle Passage. These papers reflect an editorial standpoint, it is also desirable to a growing appreciation for black maritime history convey the general disposition of the various that is evinced both professionally and publicly, symposia and of the conference as a whole. It is the latter best demonstrated perhaps by the recent hoped that this year's publication manages to ef­ success of the film Amistad. In this volume, fectively address these respective aims. Christopher Amer conveys how public resources Notwithstanding the diversity of research pre­ and the expertise of archaeologists were enlisted sented in Atlanta, two distinct impressions in supplying live oak for a reconstruction of this emerge nevertheless. The first pertains to the historic vessel. It is also interesting to note that expanding influence of technology in the conduct Florida State University conducted its survey in of underwater research, the second, to the bur­ Kingstown Harbour, St. Vincent and the Grena­ geoning interest in the maritime dimension of the dines, under the initial premise that a wreck in African Diaspora. These seemingly unrelated the harbor potentially represented the British themes are germane insofar as they both reflect the expanding horizons of archaeological inquiry. slaver Africa. In another submission, Marco While the frontier of underwater archaeology Meniketti touches upon the under-appreciated role continues to embrace increasingly remote, far­ of "slave mariners" in the sugar industry of flung reaches of the maritime geography, so tech­ Nevis, West Indies. He stresses that black nology continues to sound the depths of the wa­ Nevisans have been subject to "heritage depriva­ tery world. The session organized by Dr. Anna tion" as they have been largely neglected in the Marguerite McCann-Taggert, focusing on deep­ documented maritime history of their island. The sea archaeological applications, was particularly importance of incorporating local communities well attended. Likewise, the Norwegian Univer­ into the historical legacy, particularly in areas sity of Science and Technology (NTNU) outlined where Cultural Resource Management initiatives its innovative ROV -conducted excavation tech­ are absent or inchoate, is essential for establish­ niques, a likely portent of future developments. ing responsible stewardship of the maritime heri­ The volatility of change and intractability inher- tage worldwide. Underwater Archaeology, 1998, 1-2. Permission to reprint required. 2 UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY 1998 The obvious dilemma facing archaeologists, in marginalia of history. Nautical archaeology is this regard, centers on how to detect slavery-re­ particularly well positioned to explore these is­ lated activities in the archaeological record. This sues given the opportunity to study unbiased, difficulty is demonstrated by Joseph Zarzynski single-episode archaeological depositions. and D. K. Abbass in their continuing investiga­ While the authors and presenters of the papers tion of the "reputed slave ship" Gem. Similarly, contributed most to this publication, this volume the recent discovery of what may represent the is particularly indebted to the patience exhibited wreck of the Queen Anne's Revenge, the erst­ by Ronald Michael, the editor of the SHA, and while French slaver Concorde, potentially pre­ to Denise Lakey, the associate editor for Under­ sents an opportunity to examine the remains of a water Archaeology. They have prodded us when slave ship later operated by the notorious pirate we needed direction and provided encouragement Blackbeard. This ship, in essence, could prove to when the task appeared most daunting. Our be an archaeological palimpsest of considerable thanks also go out to Mike Rodeffer, who pro­ value. Perhaps the most memorable aspect of the vided a great deal of information and assistance session on the Henrietta Marie was the examina­ with financial considerations. tion of shackles recovered from the wrecksite. Pat and Barbara Garrow are noted for their These clearly demonstrate the emotive potential almost single-handed organizing and editing of of an artifact to evoke the past. Discerning the the final program in Atlanta. The burden of Un­ activities of pirates in the archaeological record is derwater Chair was greatly lightened by their similarly problematic, as both Mark Wilde­ efforts. Their continued support of our efforts Ramsing and L. E. Babits demonstrate. The pa­ pers on the Emanuel Point Ship represent another since January is also greatly appreciated.