12330 CONGRESSIONAL . RECORD- HOUSE May 13, 1969

Berry, William D. Fisher, Charles S. Pace, Nat M., Jr. Snakenberg, John D. the Marine Corps, ~ubject to the qualifica­ Bessey, James P. Garland, William R. Pasquale, Thomas D. Stromberg, Russel .M. tions therefor as proyided by law: Boese, William J. Garner, Robert D. Pitman, Thomas J. Tanaka, Donald H. Gilbert, Ronald M. Boyer, Michael F. Gass, James E., Jr. Pomroy, Geoffrey W. Timperlake, Edward Markle, Herbert H. Briggs, Richard H. Geary, Robert W. Porter, Oharles R. T. The following-named· (Navy Enlisted Sci­ Brixey, Stephen A. Gray, John H. Post, John H ., III Todd, James L. entific Education Program) for permanent Buell, David G. Hagel, Lawrence B. Provini, Charles R . Tolmie, John s., Jr. appointment to the grade of second lieuten­ Bush, Richard P. Hannemann, James R . Rayburn, Ros (n) Ture, Kenneth M. ant in the Marine Corps, subject to the Buttrill, William S. Hood, Ronald C., III Red, Richard P. Turner, James T., Jr. qualifications therefor as provided by law: Campbell, Richard W. Horton, David S. Ribalta, Charles (n) Tyler, Thomas W. Carlin, Stanley E. Hough, Michael A. Riggs, J eoffrey L. Uhlemeyer, Arthur F. Force, Allen L. Carr, Emerson F. Jiminez, Jose L. Rogers, William C. Van Pelt, James S. The following-named (staff noncommis­ Chopek, Joseph B. Johanson, Erick T. Rose, Michael P. Ward, Stephen A., Ill sioned officers) for temporary appointment Clarke, Robert D. Jones, William R. Russell, David P., III Wellington, Joseph A. to the grade of second lieutenant in the Ma­ Cohen, Larry D. Kendig, Edward S. Sandberg, James R. Wild, Edward B. rine Corps, subject to the qualifications Conrad, Michael D. Ketchie, Scott D. Sciba, William L., Jr. therefor as provided by law: Comiskey, Stephen W. Kollay, Daniel P. The following-named (U.S. Air Force Anderson, Joseph N. Rush , John F. Cooley, Joel L. Kopp, William J. Academy graduates) for permanent appoint­ Bode, Victor H. Shewmake, David F. Corrigan, Robert M. Kuck, George V. H ., Jr. ment to the grade of second lieutenant in Chovanec, Barbara J. Smith, Wharton S., Jr. Costello, Martin J. Langston, Edward R ., the Marine Corps, subject to the qualifica­ Dobson, Jesse A. Stafford, Herbert B. Covey, John K. Jr. tions therefor as provided by law: Epps, Robert R. Thomas, Gary G. Cowin, Robert W. Lasher, John R., Jr. Jones, Ronald L. Thompson, Wayne L. Creed, Jerry L. Lees, Robert B. Jones, Pere L. Reid, Viet S. Laws, Thomas L. Ward, Cecil E. Cross, Michael "J" Leonard, Edward M. Richardson, Coy W. Wilson, John T. Denight, Terrence M. Linder, Stephen T. The following-named (U.S. Military Acad­ Doig, William A., Jr. Long, Daniel J. emy graduates) for permanent appointment Doolittle, John P. Lottie, Richard 0. to the grade of second lieutenant in the CONFIRMATION Dunham, George R. McBrier, Timothy A. Marine Corps, subject to the qualifications Dunn, Perry R. McDonough, Robert C. therefor as provided by law: Executive nomination confirmed by Edwards, Stephen A. Jr. Bosshard, Steven A. the Senate May 13, 1969: Eikenberry, Robert C. McGee, Michael P. Heath, John W. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA :Estes, Kenneth W. Miller, Douglas L. Leppig, William H. Estey, Donald H., Jr. Mize, David M. COURT OF APPEALS Farrow, Jerry M. Morgan, William, Jr. The following-named (Naval Reserve Offi­ Frank Q. Nebeker, of Virginia, to be an Fawcett, Robert J. Normand, Andrew L. cer Training Corps) for permanent appoint­ associate judge of the District of Columbia Fender, Robert G. O'Neill, Hugh J. ment to the grade of second lieutenant in Court of Appeals for the terms of 10 years.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES-Tuesday, May 13, 1969 The Chaplain, Rev. Edward G. Latch, APPOINTMENT TO THE JOINT COM­ lems, were relieved when Vice President D.D., offered the following prayer: MISSION ON THE COINAGE AGNEW and Attorney General Mitchell spoke out strongly against what is hap­ Let us draw near with a true heart in The SPEAKER. Pursuant to the provi­ sions of section 301, Public Law 89-81, pening to American colleges. There is no full assurance of f aith.-JI.ebrews 10: 22. question but that their statements re­ God of our fathers and our Father the Chair appoints as a member of the Joint Commission on the Coinage the fiected the overwhelming desire of the God, who art sending Thy spirit into the American people for a return to sanity a hearts of men seeking to bring justice gentleman from Idaho, Mr. McCLURE, to fill the existing vacancy thereon. lessening of unrest, and a firm attit~de and peace to our world, may we with open by college presidents. minds and receptive hearts receive Thy Now Secretary Finch, of the Depart­ spirit and with Thee strive to make jus­ PERMISSION FOR COMMITTEE ON ment of Health, Education, and Welfare tice and peace a reality in our day. EDUCATION AND LABOR TO SIT Give us grace to take to heart the has tipped the scales the other way by dangers involved in our unhappy divi­ TODAY indicating his belief that the Federal sions and our unhallowed differences. Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, I ask Government can have only a very limited Remove from us all that hurts our unity unanimous consent that the Select Sub­ role in stemming the current disorders. of spirit and all that hinders our forward committee on Education of the House He places a great share of the blame on march together. Kindle in us the fire of Committee on Education and Labor may the failure of American universities and Thy redeeming love, strengthen us by be permitted to meet this afternoon in suggests a commission to study the markup session, while the House is in problems of change on campuses. This is Thy power and draw us closer to one a disconcerting development and one another. session. The subcommittee will be mark­ To Thee and to our country we con­ ing up amendments to the Older Amer­ which it is hoped will not progress. There icans Act of 1965. This request has been is nothing the United States needs less secrate the work of this day. than another commission. We have had In the Master's name we pray. Amen. cleared with the ranking minority mem­ bers of the subcommittee and the full more than our share of commissions committee. which wasted the taxpayers' money and THE JOURNAL The SPEAKER. Is there objection to contributed nothing. The Government the request of the gentleman from cannot fail to accept responsibility for The Journal of the proceedings of preserving law and order if du1y consti­ yesterday was read and approved. Indiana? There was no objection. tuted local authorities fail to do so. Pres­ ent day problems will not wait. MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT Secretary Finch also stated there is no CAMPUS UNREST AND SCHOOL room for change in Federal desegrega­ A message in writing from the Presi­ GUIDELINES tion guidelines unless changes are dic­ dent of the United States was commu­

'\ -llllliiiiiiiiiiiil______...... i May 13, 19-69 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 12331 because they did not show a racial mix Mr. GERALD R. FORD. Mr. Speaker, immediate future. As long as that is the that satisfied HEW officials. reserving the right to object, I wish to case, we must do everything we can to The need to resolve the problems of compliment the distinguished gentle­ limit the disruption caused by the sys­ campus unrest and school guidelines are woman from Michigan and her commit­ tem and to make it as fair as .possible. among the major concerns of the Amer­ tee associates for running that operation For one's vision of the eventual does not ican people. Failure to cope realist1caUy successfully and profitably. They deserve excuse his inattention to the immediate. with them will do serious damage to the a great deal of credit. A man may plan to sell his house in an­ image of the Nixon administration. Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, will the other year, but during that year he will distinguished minority leader yield? do what is necessary to make it livable. Mr. GERALD R. FORD. I yield to the Accordingly, I will ask the Congress to ARMY'S DUMPING OF GAS BOMBS distinguished majority leader. amend the Military Selective Service Act THREATENS MARINE LIFE Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I wish to of 1967, returning to the President the (Mr. PELLY asked and was given per­ associate myself with the remarks of the power which he had p1ior to June 30, mission to address the House for 1 min­ distinguished minority leader. Not only 1967, to modify call-up procedures. I will ute, to revise and extend his remarks have they operated it effectively and describe below in some detail the new and include extraneous matter.) profitably, but they have performed a procedures which I will establish if Con­ Mr. PELLY. Mr. Speaker, the Army's worthwhile public service in taking over gress grants this authority. Essentially, I plan to dump deadly nerve gas into the this operation. would make the following alterations: . Atlantic Ocean 250 miles off the east Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, will the 1. Change from an oldest-first to a coast of the United States presents a gentleman yield? youngest-first order of call, so that a grave problem which I do not believe Mr. GERALD R. FORD. I yield to the young man would become less vulnerable should be decided by the Department of the gentleman from Iowa. rather than more vulnerable t'J the draft Army alone. I understand that the Army Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I want to as he grows older. has not even considered bringing in for associate myself with those who have 2. Reduce the period of prime draft consultation the Departments of Inte­ complimented the gentlewoman from vulnerability-and the uncertainty that rior, Transportation, or State, yet these Michigan (Mrs. GRIFFI'tHs) and her as­ accompanies it--from seven years to one three Departments could have valuable sociates on the committee, Mrs. GREEN year, so that a young man would nor­ advice to give and possibly a solution for and Mrs. MAY, and say that this repay­ mally enter that status during the time disposal of such dangerous gases that is ment should be a lesson to other areas he was nineteen years old and leave it far superior to the plan the Army wants of Government including the Congress. during the time he was twenty. to use. Mr. GERALD R. FORD. Mr. Speaker, 3. Select those who are actually Even if the gas is transported safely I withdraw my reservation of objection. drafted through a random system. A to the dumping area, what of the threat The SPEAKER. Is_there objection to procedure of this sort would distribute to marine life in future years should cor­ the request of the gentlewoman from the risk of call equally-by lot--among rosion open one of these tanks? Michigan? all who are vulnerable during a given I have been told by Mrs. C. Gaye There was no objection. year, rather than arbitrarily selecting Floyd, a member of the ocean physics The resolution was agreed to. those whose birthdays happen to fall at group, Applied Physics Laiboratory, Uni­ A motion to reconsider was laid on the certain times of the year or the month. versity of Washington, that significant table. 4. Continue the undergraduate stu­ pollution potential exists, and that dent deferment, with the understanding dumping these gas bombs into the ocean that the year of maximum vulnerability does not destroy the gases but could THE DRAFT-MESSAGE FROM THE would come whenever the deferment cause inestimable destruction and con­ PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED expired. tamination of marine life which is be­ STATES (H. DOC. NO. 91-116) 5. Allow graduate students to com­ coming more and more a necessary The SPEAKER laid before the House plete, not just one term, but the full source of nutrition for the entire world's the following message from the President academic year during which they are population. of the United States; which was read first ordered for induction. Mr. Speaker, as a member of the and referred to the Committee on Armed 6. In addition, as a step toward a Oceanography Subcommittee of the Services and ordered to be printed: more consistent policy of deferments House Merchant Marine and Fisheries and exemptions, I will ask the National Committee, I urge a complete review of To the Congress of the United States: For almost two million young men Security Council and the Director of the Army's gas disposal programs and Selective Service to review all guidelines, reports from the Int.erior, Transporta­ who reach the age of military service each year-and for their families-the standards, and procedures in this area tion, and State Departments on their and to report to me their findings and views of such disposal methods. draft is one of the most important facts of life. It is my conviction that the dis­ recommendations. ruptive impact of the military draft on I believe these reforms are essential. individual lives should be minimized as I hope they can be implemented quickly. SELECT COMMITTEE ON HOUSE much as possible, consistent with the na­ Any system which selects only some BEAUTY SHOP tional security. For this reason I am to­ from a pool of many will inevitably have Mrs. GRIFFITHS. Mr. Speaker, I offer day asking the Congress for authority to some elements of inequity. As its name a resolution and ask unanimous consent implement important draft reforms. implies, choice is the very purpose of the for its immediate consideration. Ideally, of course, minimum interfer­ Selective Service System. Such choices The Clerk read the resolution as fol­ ence means no draft at all. I continue to cannot be avoided so long as the supply lows: - believe that under more stable world of men exceeds military requirements. In H . RES. 404 conditions and with an armed force that these circumstances, however, the Gov­ Resolved, That the Clerk of the House of is more attractive to volunteers, that ernment bears a moral obligation to Representatives is authorized and directed ideal can be realized in practice. To spread the risk of induction equally to accept and deposit to the credit of the con­ this end, I appointed, on March 27, 1969, among those who are eligible. tingelllt fund of the House such sum not in an Advisory Commission on an All­ excess of $7,500 as the Select Committee on Moreover, a young man now begins his the House Beauty Shop, created by House Volunteer Armed Force. I asked that time of maximum vulnerability to the Resolution 258, Ninety-first Congress, may group to develop a comprehensive plan draft at age nineteen and leaves that tender to the Clerk in final repayment to the which will attract more volunteers to status only when he is drafted or when contingent fund of the House of amounts military service, utilize military man­ he reaches his twenty-sixth birthday. paid from that fund, pursuant to section 2 of power in a more efficient way, and elim­ Those who are not called up are never­ House Resolution 1000, Ninetieth Congress, inate conscription as soon as that is to cover certain expenses in connection with thel~ss vulnerable to call for a seven-year t_he operation of the House Beauty Shop. feasible. I look forward to receiving the period. For those who are called, the report of the Commission this coming average age of induction can vary great­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to November. ly. A few years ago, when calls were low; the request of the gentlewoman from Under present conditions, however, the average age of involuntary induction Michigan? some kind of draft will be needed for the was nearly twenty-four. More recently it 12332 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 13, 1969 has dropped to Just about twenty. What group should have the same chance of jeopardize some of the financial arrange­ all of this means for the average young appearing at the top of the draft llst, at ments which they made when they man 1s a prolonged time of great un­ the bottom, or somewhere in the middle. planned on a full year of schoollng. In­ certainty. I would therefore establlsh the following duction at the end of a full academic The· present draft arrangements make procedure: year will provide a less damaging inter­ it extremely difficult for most young peo­ At the beginning of the third month ruption and will still be consistent with ple to plan intelligently as they make after Congress grants this authority, the Congressional policy. some of the most important decisions of first of a sequence of selective service At the same time, however, the pres­ their lives, decisions concerning educa­ years would begin. Prior to the start of ent policy against general graduate de­ tion, career, marriage, and family. Pres­ each selective service year, the dates of ferments should be continued, with- ex­ ent policies extend a period during which the 365 days to follow would be placed cei>tions only for students in medical and young people come to look on govern­ in a sequence determined by a random allied fields who are subject to a later ment processes as particularly arbitrary. method. Those who spend the following special draft. We must prevent the pyra­ For all of these reasons, the American year in the pool would take their place miding of student deferments-under­ people are unhappy about our present in the draft sequence in the same order graduate and graduate-into a total ex­ draft mechanisms. Various elements of that their birthdays come up on this emption from military service. For this the basic reforms which I here suggest scrambled calendar. Those born on June reason the postponement of induction have been endorsed by recent studies of 21st, for example, might be at the head should be possible only once for each the Selective Service System, including of the list, followed by those born on graduate student. that of the Marshall Commission of 1967, January 12th, who in turn might be fol­ 6. A review of guidelines. The above the Clark panel of that same year, and lowed by those born on October 23rd. measures will reduce the uncertainty of the reports of both the Senate and the Each year, a new random order would young men as to when and if they may House Armed Services Committees. Re­ be established for the next year's draft be called for service. It is also important form of this sort is also sound from a pool. In turn those who share the same that we encourage a consistent adminis­ military standpoint, since younger men birthday would be fw-ther distributed, tration of draft procedures by the more are easier to train and have fewer fam­ this time by the first letter of their last than 4,000 local boards around the coun­ ily responsibilities. names. But rather than systematically try. I am therefore requesting the Na­ My specific proposals, in greater detail, discriminating against those who come tional Security Council and the Director are as follows: at the front of the alphabet, the alpha­ of Selective Service to conduct a thor­ 1. A "youngest-first" order of call. Un­ bet would also be scrambled in a ran­ ough review of our guidellnes, standards der my proposal, the government would dom manner. and procedures for deferments and ex­ designate each year a "prime age group,'' Once a person's place in the sequence emptions, and to report their findings to a di:ff erent pool of draft eligibles for each was determined, that assignment would me by December 1, 1969. While the au­ consecutive twelve-month period. (Since never change. If he were granted a de­ tonomy of local boards provides valuable that period would not necessarily begin ferment or exemption at age nineteen flexibility and sensitivity, reasonable on January 1, it would be referred to as a or twenty, he would re-enter the prime guidelines can help to limit geographic "selective service year.") The prime age age group at the time his deferment inequities and enhance the equity of the group for any given selective service year or exemption expires, taking the same entire System. The 25,000 concerned citi­ would contain those registrants who were place in the sequence that he was origi­ zens who serve their country so well on nineteen years old when it began. Those nally assigned. these local boards deserve the best pos­ who received deferments or exemptions While the random sequence of induc­ sible framework for their decisions. would rejoin the prime age group at the tion would be nationally established, irt Ultimately we should end the draft. time their deferment or exemption ex­ would be locally applled by each draft Except for brief periods during the Civil pired. During the first year that the new board to meet its local quota. In addi­ War and World War I, conscription was tion to distributing widely and evenly foreign to the American experience until plan was in operation, the prime age the 1940's. Only in 1948 did. a peacetime group would include all eligible men from the risk of induction, the system would also aid many young men in assessing draft become a relatively permanent fact nineteen to twenty-six, not deferred or of life for this country. Now a full gen­ exempt, so that no one would escape the likelihood of induction even before vulnerability simply because of the the classification i>rocedure is completed. eration of Americans has grown up under This would reduce uncertainty for the a system of compulsory military service. transition. individual :-egistrant and, particularly in I am hopeful that we can soon restore 2. Limited vulnerability. Each individ­ times of low draft calls, simplify the task the principle of no draft in peacetime. ual would experience maximum vulner­ of the draft boards. But until we do, let us be sure that the ability to the draft only for the one se­ 4. Undergraduate student deferments. operation of the Selective Service System lective service year in which he is in I continue to believe in the wisdom of is as equitable and as reasonable as we the prime age group. At the end of the college deferments. Permitting the dili­ can make it. By drafting the youngest twelve-month period-which would gent student to complete his college edu­ first, by limiting the period of vulner­ normally come sometime during his cation without interruption by the draft ability, by randomizing the selection twentieth year-he would move on to is a wise national investment. Under my process, and by reviewing deferment pol­ progressively less vulnerable categories proposal, a college student who chooses icies, we can do much to achieve these and an entirely new set of registrants to take a student deferment would still important interim goals. We should do would become the new prime age group. receive his draft sequence number at the no less for the youth of our country. Under this system, a young man would time he first enters the prime age group. RICHARD NIXON. receive an earlier and more decisive an­ But he would not be subject to induction THE WHITE HOUSE, May 13, 1969. swer to his question, "Where do I stand until his deferment ended and he re-en­ with the draft?" and he could plan his tered a period of maximum vulnerability. DRAFT REVISION life accordingly. 5. Graduate Student Induction. I be­ 3. A random selection system. Since lieve that the induction of men engaged (Mr. GERALD R. FORD asked and more men are classified as available for in graduate study should be postponed was given permission to extend his re­ service each year than are required to until the end of the full academic year marks at this point in the RECORD.) fill current or anticipated draft calls, during which they are first called to mili­ Mr. GERALD R. FORD. Mr. Speaker, Selective Service Boards must have tary service. I will ask the National Se­ in wartime-and we are at war-there some way of knowing whom to call curity Council to consider appropriate is no issue more important to a young first, whom to call second, and whom advice to the Director of the Selective man and his parents than the draft. not to call at all. There must be some Service to establish this policy. At pres­ The draft is necessary as long as the fair method of determining the sequence ent, graduate students are allowed to Vietnam war continues. It is vital, there­ of induction for those available for serv­ delay induction only to the end of a se­ fore, that the draft be made as fair as ice in the prime age group. mester. This often means that they lose possible. It is also vital that the uncer­ In my judgment, a fair system is one valuable time which has been invested in tainty which clouds the lives of young which randomizes by lot the order of preparation for general examinations or American men under the present Selec­ selection. Each person in the prime age other degree requirements. It can also tive Service System be eliminated. May 13, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 12333 To make the draft fair and to wipe eligible. This cannot be done unless we Uncertainty is never very pleasant. out uncertainty, Congress must reform change from the order of birth-date sys­ But it is particularly unpleasant at a the present draft law. . tem to a random system, as the Presi­ time in your life-roughly from age 18 to President Nixon today has outlined for dent proposes. age 26-when you are eager to start a Congress the reforms needed to achieve The draft as it presently operates is career or learn a trade or go to school. equity and certainty. terribly disruptive of a young man's life. And these are the years of uncertainty The only way to make the draft fair It generates tensions and divisions with­ which now plague American young men. is to spread the risk of induction equally in our society. I believe reform of the These are young men who are eager to among all who are eligible. The Presi­ present Selective Service System as pro­ serve their country, but equally eager dent's proposals would do this. posed by President Nixon is an absolute to build their own lives. The only way to eliminate uncertainty necessity. Uncertainty as to when they will be is to let it be known at an early age Mr. ARENDS. Mr. Speaker, young called hangs over their lives. In many whether or not a man has been chosen people are prone to say these days that cases it is this uncertainty-not any to serve sometime during his draft­ established institutions sometimes treat lack of respect for flag or country­ eligible years. The President's reform them in an unfair and arbitrary man­ which drives some young men into ex­ plan also would do this. ner. But their sweeping condemnation is treme positions and even into unjusti­ The most important feature of the often based on a very particular exam­ fiable evasions of the draft law. President's suggested reforms is the plan ple: the Selective Service System. The system of selection proposed by for choosing by lot those who are actu­ Though that System has many the President will limit the time of un­ ally drafted. Actually, this is the only strengths, and though it is staffed with certainty to one year, usually beginning dedicated men and women, the proce­ when a young man becomes 19 and end­ change which the President does not now ing when he becomes 20. Surely it would have the power to make on his own. It dures under which it works at present is essential that this power be restored are anything but equitable. be better for our Nation and for the to him for without this change the oth­ Some would answer such a charge by world if we didn't have to have a draft ers he 'suggests would not be feasible. saying that the draft is inherently un­ at all. But we do, and since we do, we fair. When some are called and some should make it as fair as possible. The Why not? Imagine for a momen~ that stay home, they argue, that is inequi­ President's message has fairness as its the President has set up a system in table on the face of it, and there is no goal. which the prime age group contains point in trying to pretend otherwise. In Mr. TAFT. Mr. Speaker, I am par­ younger men and in which each man my view, they are correct in that judg­ ticularly pleased to see one part of the stays in that vulnerable status for only ment as far as they take it. But the mere President's generally excellent message. a 1-year period, when he is 19 or 20. fact that some inequity may be unavoid­ I refer to the section in which he states How do you then decide who will be called that he will ask the National Security first and who will be called last? Who able does not mean that all inequity should be tolerated. It is our job not to Council and the Director of Selective will be at the top of the draft list and compound injustice but to confine it. Service to review all guidelines, stand­ who will be at the bottom? The present And this will be the impact of the Pres­ ards, and procedures in the area of de­ law would force the Government to list ident's recent proposals for reforming ferments and exemptions and to report men for this purpose in the order of the Selective Service System. to him their findings and recommenda­ their birth dates. - Congress and the Senate have already tions. While our objective should ulti­ Now, suppose that there were 500,000 deliberated at great length on this prob­ mately be an all-volunteer .Al:my, we can­ men available in 1970 but that we only lem. The Armed Services Committees of not delay much-needed corrections in the needed 250,000. The only way we could both Houses have already endorsed the existing system. pick out those who would be inducted principle which the President advocates. The genius of the United States has would be to start with those born on So have other prestigious groups which long been the ability to make the system January 1, go next to those born on Jan­ have studied the draft. Now President fit the person and not the other way uary 2, then take those who were born Nixon has added his own plea for change around. One of the ways in which this on January 3 and so ·on. Everyone born to those we have already heard. The concern tor individual differences has in January and February would always time has come for congressional action. been shown is the deferment and exemp­ be taken. And no one born in November We are, after all, asking thousands of tion procedures built into the Selective or December would ever be taken. Those young men to give 2 years of their Service System. who were born in March and April would lives to their country. We are asking But even the most humane and the run a much, much greater risk each year them to place a high priority on national most intelligent concern for the indi­ than those born in September and Octo­ needs as they plan their education, their vidual cannot overcome cumbersome and ber. careers, their marriages and families. often inadequate standards and pro­ Now someone will sa.y, "No, we can do In some cases, we are asking them to cedures used in practice. The President's it on a month-by-month basis." But once sacrifice life itself. The least that the message makes it clear that justifiable again the same problem arises. All those Congress can do is to take decisive ac­ deferments and exemptions will still be a born on the first, the second, or the third tion to make the system which calls part of the system, as they must be, but day o{ each month would always be them to service as fair as possible. That they will be examined and, where neces­ called up. Nobody whose birthday is on is our obligation. We owe that much to sary, changed by fairer and more efficient the 28th or the 29th or the 30th would the young men of whom we are asking regulations. run a very great risk ever. Moreover, such great sacrifices. Mr. BROCK. Mr. Speaker, I join today since draft calls are almost always high­ We recognize that a draft is repug­ in applauding President Nixon's decision er in some months than in others, those nant to our philosophy of government. to amend the Military Selective Service who happened to have their birthdays We recognize that no practical system Act to make the draft more equitable. in high-call months would be systemat­ can be devised, however much we try, This legislative proposal will go a long icaUy discriminated against. that would be fair and equitable in au way toward ending the uncertainty which In the present oldest-first system, these respects. But we have no workable al­ has dominated the lives of many young problems are somewhat obscured be­ ternative than to continue with a draft people between the ages of 19 and 26. cause everyone who is passed over by and, at the same time, to insure that At last, an individual will have the op­ the draft during one month or one year it has a minimum of impact on the lives portunity to plan his future and to make moves higher and higher on the list as of our youth. This is the primary pur­ commitments without the constant time passes. But that system has the pose of the President's recommendations. threat of being drafted. overwhelming disadvantage of prolong­ Mr. RHODES. Mr. Speaker, in recent The lottery system suggested by the ing the time of vulnerability and uncer­ years we have all heard criticisms of President will begin to alleviate the basic tainty. A youngest-first, limited vul­ the draft. We have heard these criticisms unfairness of the present method. A erability system corrects this evil and, from young and old alike. But no criti­ method which, in effect, penalizes those in addition, it provides more easily cism of the current selective service pro­ less fortunate because it takes only the trained personnel. cedures has been more just or more se­ young men who do not have the ability, But the only way such a system can vere than that which speaks of the un­ financial or otherwise, to go on to col­ work sensibly is if the risk of induction certainty of young Americans as they lege. Even more unfairly it allows those is equally distributed among all who are wait for their draft call. young men to come out of high school,

,. / 12334 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 13, 1969 wait for 2 or 3 years with mounting to aid the President in achieving his unanimously reported to the House by the hopes, finally marry, perhaps have a praiseworthy goal. Committee on Ways and Means. child and just get started in business, The Clerk read the title of the bill. only to have the draft notice arrive. I The SPEAKER. Is there objection to can hardly blame those who challenge GENERAL LEAVE TO EXTEND the request of the gentleman from Ar­ this approach and am encouraged to note Mr. GERALD R. FORD. Mr. Speaker, I kansas? that the ultimate objective of the Presi­ ask unanimous consent that all Members Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. Mr. dent is to completely end the peace­ may extend their remarks at this point Speaker, reserving the right to object-­ time draft. in the RECORD on the subject of the Pres­ and I shall not object--! yield now to This wlllingness to revise the system ident's message. the gentleman from Arkansas fo.r a brief points out once again President Nixon's The SPEAKER. Is there objection to explanation of the bill. deep interest in the young people of this the request of the gentleman from Mr. MILLS. Mr. Speaker, the purpose country; their lives, and their futures. I Michigan? of H.R. 2718, as reported by the Commit­ urge immediate congressional approval. There was no objection. tee on Ways and Means, is to continue Mr. STEIGER of Wisconsin. Mr. until the close of November 7, 1971, the Speaker, for the past several years there suspension of duties on certain classifi­ has been a good deal of discussion about DREW PEARSON, A LIFELONG cations of spun silk yarn which expired the inequities built into the present Se­ SERVANT OF SUBVERSIVES on November 7, 1968. lective Service System. We have had a (Mr. RARICK asked and was given The duties on certain classifications of number of studies and commissions of permission to address the House for 1 spun silk or schappe silk yam were ini­ the system and a great many recom­ minute, to revise and extend his re­ tially suspended by Public Law 86-235, mendations for changing it. None of marks and to include extraneous mate­ effective November 8, 1959, and the sus­ these has been implemented. rial.) pension has been continued on a tem­ President Nixon has taken up the Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, during my porary basis until November 7, 1968. H.R. challenge and urged the Congress to last primary campaign in the spring of 15798 of the 90th Congress, similar to amend the Military Selective Service Act 1968, Drew Pearson, the alleged col­ H.R. 2718, was approved by the House of 1967, in order to permit him to bring umnist, charged me with Nazi leanings. on June 4, 1968. The substance of that greater rationality and equity to our I stood up before the electorate of my bill was also approved by the Senate, but procedures for calling up young men to district and pointed out that I had been H.R. 15798 was not enacted due to a fail­ serve in the Armed Forces. Such reform a U.S. Army rifleman captured during ure of the two Houses to agree on a Sen­ is long overdue and the President's forth­ the Battle of the Bulge and imprisoned ate amendment unrelated to the bill as right and imaginative proposal deserves in a Nazi prisoner of war camp. I escaped passed by the House. the support of every Member of the only after three previous attempts. The suspension of duty was made in Congress. Now I read in this morning's Wash­ order to lower the cost of imported fine The alterations to be made in the pro­ ington Post that this same blackguard silk yam to domestic producers of fine­ gram make eminent sense in terms of is accusing Otto Otepka, one of the Gov­ yam fabrics who compete with imported meeting the needs of the Nation and re­ ernment's finest security officers of being fine-yam fabrics. The Committee on ducing the uncertainties which now a "neo-Nazi." Within the past several Ways and Means is advised that the plague our young men for up to 7 years weeks he also accused a man who once same reasons which justified the original of their lives. The administration's pro­ wrote a book about him of "neo-Nazism." suspension of duties justify the contin­ posals will permit a change to a young­ The author of the book, according to the uation of the suspension. est-first order of call, reduce the period New York Times Index, saw action The committee amended the bill to of priine draft vulnerability, provide for against the Herman Goering Division provide that upon the filing of an appro­ random selection, continue undergrad­ and was on Adolf Hitler's personal priate request, import entries made after uate deferments, and provide more blacklist. Pearson has accused the mi­ November 7, 1968, the termination of the equity for calling graduate students. nority leader of the other body of assist­ last duty suspension, and on or before The need for an indepth study of ing "neo-Nazism." the date of enactment, may be liquidated selective service guidelines, standards, Why does this mud-slinger call those or reliquidated as if they had been made and procedures is obvious. The President he wants to attack "Nazis." Well, let us after the date of enactment. has called upon the Director of the Se­ remember this same Drew Pearson was No objection to the bill as reported has lective Service and the National Security connected with the Barnes Red "cell" in been brought to the attention of the Council to undertake just such a study World War II, a connection widely Committee on Ways and Means. which will hopefully result in meaning­ known and documentable. Drew Pearson Mr. Speaker, before concluding, permit ful reforms, insuring that future gen­ took Chief Justice Earl Warren to the me to point out a printing error in the erations of young Americans will be Crimea for a secret meeting with Nikita first sentence of the fourth from the last treated in the fairest possible manner Khrushchev, who praised this same paragraph in the committee report. The when called upon to serve. Drew Pearson in a public speech in Mos­ date "November 7, 1988" should read In the past the Selective Service Sys­ cow. "November 7, 1968." tem has been geared primarily to sup­ Now I suppose it is only to be expected The committee unanimously recom­ plying a quota of men each month that a man who has been a consistent mends enactment of H.R. 2718 as re­ needed by the armed services. While ef­ tool of communism would cry "Nazi" ported. forts have been made to satisfy other against any who disagree with him or Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, will the requirements such as the nonmilitary his friends. We should remember that gentleman yield? manpower needs of the Nation, not Drew Pearson attacked every chairman Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. I yield to enough attention has been given to in­ of the House Un-American Activities the gentleman from Iowa. suring that all individuals run the same Committee from the start of that com­ Mr. GROSS. Could the gentleman from risk of being called and that all groups mittee on. Arkansas say what country or countries in our society bear equally, in proportion How long are the editors of this coun­ are the principal sources of this yarn and to their number, the burdens of military try going to publish Pearson, a lifelong what the dollar value of these imports service. Students who were fortunate servant of subversives? Every newspaper has been? enough to attend college could count on carrying the column only sullies itself. Mr. MILLS. It is Italy, France, and an indefinite deferment, while others Japan, primarily, that ship these to us. who were less fortunate were forced to EXTENSION OF TEMPORARY DUTY The gentleman asked for the value of bear the heaviest burdens. SUSPENSION ON CERTAIN CLASS!-· the imports? President Nixon's proposals are sound FICATIONS OF YARN OF SILK Mr. GROSS. Yes. and will serve to eliminate many of the Mr. MILLS. It is under $2 million an­ present inadequacies in the System. ;:I'hey Mr. MILLS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ nually. will insure an adequate supply of young mous consent for the immediate consid­ Mr. GROSS. This is yarn which is not men while guarantying that no individ­ eration of the bill (H.R. 2718) to extend in adequate supply in this country? uals are unfairly discriminated against. for an additional temporary period the Mr. MILLS. That is right. It is, of Certainly the Congress has the obliga­ existing suspension of duties on certain course, to produce a fabric that is like­ tion to cooperate in every way possible classifications of yarn of silk, which was wise imported into the United States. May 13, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 12335 Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. Mr. The committee amendment was Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. Mr. Speaker, I support H.R. 2718, a bill to agreed to. Speaker, I support H.R. 4229, a bill to ex­ extend for an additional temporary pe­ The bm was ordered to be engrossed tend the existing suspension of duty on riod the existing suspension of duties on and read a third time,. was read the heptanoic acid for an additional tem­ certain classifications of silk yarn. Since third time, and passed, and a motion to porary period. Since 1960, when the duty September 8, 1959, when Congress en­ reconsider was laid on the table. on heptanoic acid.was suspended by Pub­ acted Public Law 86-235, the duties on lic Law 86-795, heptanoic acid has been spun silk yarn have been suspended for admitted duty free pursuant to 3-year re­ 3-year periods periodically renewed by EXTENSION OF TEMPORARY DUTY newal periods enacted by the Congress. legislation enacted by Congress. The sus­ SUSPENSION ON HEPTANOIC ACID Under present law, the duty suspension pension of the duties was intended to Mr. MILLS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ will terminate as of August 8, 1969. enable domestic producers to import fine mous consent for the immediate con­ The principal use of heptanoic acid is silk yarn duty free in order to make it sideration of the bill (H.R. 4229) to con­ in making special synthetic lubricants more economical to produce fine yarn tinue for a temporary period the exist­ and brake fluids. These products are used fabrics that compete with similar im­ ing suspension of duty on heptanoic acid, by the military and aerospace industries. ported fabrics. which was unanimously reported to the During the period that the duty on In the last Congress, the House unani­ House by the Committee on Ways and heptanoic acid has been suspended, there mously passed H.R. 15798, a similar bill Means. has been no domestic production and to the one now before the House, and this The Clerk read the title of the bill. increased demand in the United States bill in substance was approved by the The SPEAKER. Is there objection to for the product was dependent upon Senate. However, due to a failure of the the request of the gentleman from imports. conferees to agree on an unrelated Sen­ Arkansas? However, the committee has been in­ ate amendment, the bill was not enacted. Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. Mr. formed that one of our domestic chemi­ It is my understanding that the rea­ Speaker, reserving the right to object-­ cal producers is planning to increase his sons justifying the original suspension of and I shall not object-I do so only to plant facilities in order to produce an this duty on these classifications of spun yield to the gentleman from Arkansas acid that is adaptable to the same uses silk yarn still exist. No objection to the for a brief explanation. as heptanoic acid. In light of this in­ continuation of this suspension has been Mr. MILLS. I thank my friend for formation, the committee has decided to brought to the committee's attention, and yielding. recommend that the renewal of duty­ the committee unanimously recommend­ Mr. Speaker, the purpose of H.R. 4229 free treatment be extended only until ed this legislation. as reported by the Committee on Ways December 31, 1970, rather than for the Mr. Speaker, I withdraw my reserva­ and Means is to continue the existing 3-year period originally provided for in tion. suspension of duty on imports of hep­ H.R. 4229. This will give Congress an The SPEAKER. Is there objection to tanoic acid until the close of December opportunity to evaluate at an early date the request of the gentleman from Ar­ 31, 1970. The bill was introduced by our domestic needs in light of any available kansas? colleague on the Committee on Ways and domestic production of comparable Means, the Honorable HALE BOGGS, of products that may develop. There was no objection. Louisiana. The duty on heptanoic acid The interested executive agencies have The Clerk read the bill, as follows: has been temporarily suspended since no objections to enactment of this legis­ H .R . 2718 September 15, 1960. The existing sus­ lation, and the committee was unani­ Be i t enacted by the Senat e and House of pension of duty is scheduled to expire on mous in reporting the bill. R ep r esentatives of t h e United States of Amer­ August 8, 1969. Mr. Speaker, I withdraw my reserva­ ica in Congress assembled, That subpart B Heptanoic acid is used principally in tion. of p art 1 of the appendix to title I of the the making of special synthetic lubri­ Tariff Act of 1930 (Tariff Schedules of the The SPEAKER. Is there objection to United States; 28 F.R., part II, page 432, Aug. cants and brake fluids particularly for the request of the gentleman from 17, 1963~ 19 U.S.C., 1202) is amended (1) by the military and the aerospace industry. Arkansas? striking out the termination date applicable At the time of the original suspension There was no objection. to items 905.30 and 905.31, n amely, 11/7/ 68 of duty and its subsequent extensions on The Clerk read the bill, as follows: and (2) by inserting in lieu thereof, the ter­ a temporary basis, there was no domestic H.R. 4229 mination date "11/7/71". commercial production of heptanoic acid. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of With the following committee amend­ · The Committee on Ways and Means is Representatives of the United States of ment: informed that there is still no domestic America in Congress assembled, That item commercial production of heptanoic acid. 907.30 of the Tariff Schedules of the United Strike out all after the enact ing clause and States (19 U.S.C. 1202) is amended by strik­ insert the following: However, one domestic chemical pro­ ducer is planning to further increase its ing out "On or before 8 / 8 / 69" and inserting "That the matter appearing in the effec­ in lieu thereof "On or before 8/ 8/72". tive period column for items 905.30 and plant capacity for producing an acid 905.31 of the Tariff Schedules of the United considered by some to be suitable for With the following committee amend­ States (19 U.S .C., sec. 1202, items 905.30 and uses similar to those of heptanoic acid. ment: 905.31) is amended by striking out '11/7/ 68' In calling to the attention of the com­ On page 1, line 6, strike out "8/ 8/72 " and and inserting in lieu thereof '11/7/ 71'. mittee the plans of this domestic pro­ insert in lieu thereof "12/ 31/ 70". "SEc. 2. (a) The amendment made by the ducer to increase its productive capability The committee amendment was agreed first section of this Act shall apply with re­ for an acid similar to heptanoic acid, the spect to articles entered, or withdrawn from to. warehouse, for consumption after the date Department of Commerce suggested that This bill was ordered to be engrossed of the enactment of this Act. the 3-year extension of the duty sus­ and read a third time, was read the third "(b) Upon request therefor filed with pension originally provided in H.R. 4229 time, and passed, and a motion to re­ the customs officer concerned on or b'efore be shortened from August 8, 1972, to consider was laid on the table. the one hundred and tw€ntieth day after December 31, 1970. the date of the enactment of this Act, the Since the shorter period of duty sus­ entry or withdrawal of any article--- pension will provide an earlier oppor­ ELIMINATION OF MULTIPLE CUS­ "(1) which was made after November 7, tunity for the Congress to review the TOMS DUTIES ON HORSES TEM­ 1968, and on or before the date of the en­ domestic supply situation for this acid PORARILY EXPORTED FOR USE actment of this Act, and important to the military and the aero­ IN RACING " (2) with respect to which the amount of duty would be smaller if the amendment space industries, the committee amended Mr. MILLS. Mr. Speaker I ask unani­ made by the first section of this Act applied the bill in line with the suggestion of the mous consent for the immediate consid­ to such entry or withdrawal, shall, notwith­ Department of Commerce. eration of the bill

/ 12336 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 13, 1969 The SPEAKER. Is there objection to racing is an inequity which should be eration of the bill (H.R. 5833) to con­ the request of the gentleman from removed from the tariff schedules. tinue until the close of June 30, 1972, Arkansas? The present tariff schedules provide the existing suspension of duty on cer­ Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. Mr. for duty-free reentry of foreign articles tain copying shoe lathes, which was Speaker, reserving the right to object-­ that are exported temporarily for exhibit unanimously reported to the House by and I shall not object-I do so in order at any public exposition, fair or. con­ the Committee on Ways and Means. to yield to the gentleman from Arkansas, ference, when they are returned to the The Clerk read the title of the bill. the chairman of the committee, for a United States for the account of the The SPEAKER. Is there objection to brief explanation, and I yield to the gen­ person who exported them. However, the the request of the gentleman from tleman. Customs Court has ruled that reentry of Arkansas? Mr. MILLS. Mr. Speaker, the purpose racehorses exported solely for racing Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. Mr. Speak­ of H.R. 4239, as introduced by our col­ purposes is not within the purview of this er, reserving the right to object-and I leagues on the Committee on Ways and statute. The action taken by the com­ shall not object-I do so in order to yield Means, the Honorable JAMES A. BURKE of mittee simply extends the philosophy of to the chairman of the committee for Massachusetts, and as reported by the this longstanding provision of existing a brief explanation. committee, is to amend the Tariff Sched­ law to the situation involving racehorses. Mr. MILLS. Mr. Speaker, I thank my ules of the United States so as to prevent Favorable reports on this legislation friend for yielding. the payment of multiple customs duties were received from the Departments of Mr. Speaker, the purpose of H.R. in the case of horses temporarily ex­ State, Treasury, Labor, and Commerce. 5833 is to continue for 3 years the exist­ ported for the purpose of racing. The Committee on Ways and Means was ing suspension of duty on copying shoe A bill, H.R. 15003 of the 90th Con­ unanimous on reporting this bill. lathes. gress, identical to the bill as reported by Mr. Speaker, I withdraw my reserva­ · Since 1956, the duty on imports of your committee, was approved by both tion of objection. copying lathes used for making rough or Houses of Congress. However, H.R. 15003 The SPEAKER. Is there objection to finished shoe lasts from models of shoe was not enacted due to the failure of the the request of the gentleman from Ar­ lasts and capable of producing more than two Houses to agree on a Senate amend­ kansas? one size shoe from a single size model of ment to the bill unrelated to the sub­ There was no objection. shoe last has been suspended. The sus­ stance of H.R. 15003, as passed by the The Clerk read the bill, as follows: pension of duty on these lathes was House. H.R. 4239 initially made and has been continued in Under existing customs practice, as Be it enacted by the Senate and House of order to make available to domestic shoe­ the result of a Customs Court ruling, Representatives of the United States of last manufacturers highly specialized horses imported from abroad on which America in Congress assembled, That part 1 and expensive copying lathes on a duty­ the duty has been paid, when exported of schedule 8 of the Tariff Schedules of the free basis. The Committee on Ways and for the purpose of racing, are denied United States (19 U.S.C. 1202) is amended by inserting after item 802.30 the following Means is advised that such lathes can duty-free reentry on each reimportation. new item: only be obtained from foreign sources. Special provisions of the tariff schedules The bill would extend the existing sus­ In the case of Free The column 2 do permit other foreign articles duty-free horses, use I I rate appli- I pension of duty which will expire on reentry when exported for use tempo­ for racing. cable in the June 30, 1969, for 3 years to the close of rarily abroad for exhibition or other absence of this item. '. June 30, 1972. specified purposes and under certain No objection to the proposed extension conditions. ~ With the following committee amend­ ment: of the duty suspension was received from The bill as reported provides a sepa­ the interested departments and agencies rate line item in the tariff schedules for Strike out the matter immediately after or from any other source. the duty-free reentry of horses pur­ line 5 on page 1 and insert in lieu thereof the following: - The Committee on Ways and Means is chased abroad upon which the duty has unanimous in recommending enactment been paid and which have been exported " 802. 40 - In the •Case of horses, use of H.R. 5833. solely for the purpose of racing. for racing ____ Free The column 2 Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. Mr. Speak­ Favorable comments on this legislation rate appli­ cable in the er, I support H.R. 5833, a bill to continue have been received from the Depart­ absence of the existing suspension of duty on cer­ ments of State, Treasury, Labor, and this item. '• tain copying shoe lathes until the close Commerce. An informative comment was The committee amendment was agreed of June 30, 1972. Pursuant to periodic i·eceived from the Tariff Commission. to. extensions, the duty on these copying The Committee on Ways and Means The bill was ordered to be engrossed shoe lathes has been suspended since unanimously recommends enactment of and read a third time, was read the third August 6, 1956, when Congress enacted H.R. 4239. time, and passed. Public Law 84-1012. Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, will the gen­ The title was amended so as to read: These shoe lathes are used for mak­ tleman yield? "A bill to amend the Tariff Schedules of ing rough or finished shoe lasts that Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. I yield to the United States so as to prevent the are capable of producing more than one the gentleman from Iowa. payment of multiple customs duties in size of shoe from a single size last. Sus­ Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ the case of horses temporarily exported pension of duty on these lathes makes mous consent that the gentleman from for the purpose of racing." available to domestic shoe-last manu­ Pennsylvania

I ( 12338 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 13, 1969 as introduced by our colleague on the from Iowa that no, it is not that. No one (2) Item 903.20 (relating to crude chicory Committee on Ways and Means, the has produced any chicory in the United roo~), item 903.21 (relating to chicory roots Honorable HALE BOGGS, of Louisiana, is States since 1954, and I would doubt that ground or otherwise prepared), and the ar­ to make permanent the existing tem­ anyone would undertake to do so. ticle description immediately preceding such porary suspension of duty on crude items are repealed. Mr. GROSS. Is the reason because it (b) The rates of duty for item 160.30 in chicory roots. is not profitable? rate column numbered 1 of the Tariff Sched­ Since April 16, 1958, the duty on im­ Mr. MILLS. It has been uneconomical. ules of the United States, as amended by ports of crude chicory has been tem­ Mr. GROSS. Or because they are being subsection (a), shall (1) be treated as not porarily suspended and the duty on im­ shipped.in from other countries? having the status of statutory provisions ports of ground or prepared chicory has Mr. MILLS. I understand that it was enacted by the Congress, but as having been been temporarily reduced to 2 cents per an uneconomical operation here in the proclaimed by the President as being required pound. United States, but what we want to do is or appropriate to carrying out foreign trade agreements to which the United States is a No chicory has been grown in the preserve as much as we can of the 2-cent party, and (2) supersede the staged rates of United States since 1954, and domestic differential between the crude chicory duty provided for such items in annex III processors of chicory depend on imports and the ground chicory. It is the ground to Proclamation 3822, dated December 16, of crude chicory. The temporary suspen­ chicory that · is competitive when im­ 1967 (32 Fed. Reg., No. 244, pt. II, p . 19037). sion of duty on crude chicory and the ported into the United States, but crude SEC. 2. The first section of this Act shall temporary reduction in duty on ground is not. apply with respect to articles entered, or chicory originally provided in Public Law Mr. GROSS. This is used in the flavor­ withdrawn from warehouse, for consumption 85-378 and the extensions thereof have ing of coffee; is that correct? after June 30, 1969. provided domestic producers of ground Mr. MILLS. In some sections of the The bill was ordered to be engrossed chicory with a 2-cents-per-pound rate United States it is a necessity to add it and read a third time, was read the differential between imports of crude to coffee. third time, and passed, and a motion to chicory on which they depend and im­ Mr. GROSS. Do they use any coffee reconsider was laid on the table. ports of ground chicory with which they at all in New Orleans, or is it all chicory? must compete. This temporary duty Mr. MILLS. It has been some time treatment for crude and ground chicory since I have had New Orleans coffee, but EXTENSION OF TEMPORARY SUS­ will terminate on June 30, 1969. it is my recollection that it does have a PENSION OF DUTY ON ELEC­ As a result of the Kennedy round of large amount of chicory in it. TRODES FOR THE USE IN PRO­ trade negotiations, the regular rate of Mr. GROSS. The gentleman believes DUCING ALUMINUM duty on crude chicory under item 160.30 that this legislation is necessary? of the tariff schedules is being reduced Mr. MILLS. I do, to protect our own Mr. MILLS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ from 1 cent per pound to 0.5 cent per producers of the ground chicory. mous consent for the immediate consid­ eration of the bill (H.R. 10015) to extend paund in five annual stages. Likewise, Mr. GROSS. I thank the gentleman the regular rate of duty on ground until July 15, 1971, the suspension of for yielding. duty on electrodes for use in producing chicory under item 160.35 of the tariff Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. Mr. schedules is being reduced from 2.5 cents aluminum, which was unanimously re­ Speaker, I support H.R. 8644, a bill to ported to the House by the Committee to 1.5 cents per pound in five annual make permanent the existing temporary stages. The last stage of these duty re­ on Ways and Means. suspension of duty on crude chicory The Clerk read the title of the bill. ductions is scheduled to become effective roots. No chicory has been grown in the on January 1, 1972. United States since 1954 and domestic The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Thus, under the duty reductions agreed producers of chicory are entirely depend­ the request of the gentleman from to in the Kennedy round, the regular ent on imports of crude chicory. Arkansas? rates of duty for crude chicory of 0.5 The duty has been suspended on crude Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. Mr. cent per pound and for ground chicory chicory since legislation first enacted in Speaker, reserving the right to object­ of 1.5 cents per pound would constitute 1958 and periodically renewed through and I shall not object-I do so for the a narrowing of the rate differential to 1 the years. The present temporary sus­ purpose of yielding to the gentleman cent per pound. pension will terminate on June 30, 1969. from Arkansas for a brief explanation of · With the enactment of H.R. 8644, at As part of the temporary suspension the bill. least part of the existing 2-cent-per­ of the duty on the importation of crude Mr. MILLS. Mr. Speaker, I thank my pound rate differential between crude chicory, the duty on prepared chicory­ friend for yielding. and ground chicory will be preserved. If, ground or otherwise-has been main­ Mr. Speaker, the purpose of H.R. 10015 as proposed in H.R. 8644, the duty on tained at 2 cents per pound. This treat­ as reported by the Committee on Ways crude chicory is permanently suspended, ment has provided domestic producers and Means is to continue until the close the rate differential will be reduced from of ground chicory with a 2-cent-per­ of December 31, 1970, the suspension of the existing 2 cents per pound to 1.5 cents pound differential between imports of duty on electrodes imported for use in per pound, the final stage of the duty re­ crude chicory which they process and on producing aluminum. This bill was in­ duction on ground chicory, effective Jan­ imports of ground chicory with which troduced by our colleague on the com­ uary 1, 1972. they compete. The present bill would mittee, the Honorable RICHARD FULTON, No objection to H.R. 8644 was received maintain this 2-cent differential. of Tennessee. from any of the interested departments No objection was presented to the com­ The duty on electrodes imported for or agencies, and the Committee on Ways mittee to the enactment of this bill and use in producing aluminum has been and Means is unaware of any other ob­ the committee was unanimous in rec­ suspended on a temporary basis since jection to this bill. ommending this legislation. October 7, 1965. The existing suspension The committee unanimously recom­ Mr. Speaker, I withdraw my reserva­ of duty is scheduled to terminate on July mends the enactment of H.R. 8644. tion of objection. 15, 1969. Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, will the The SPEAKER. Is there objection to The electrodes of the type covered by gentleman yield? the request of the gentleman from this bill usually are manufactured by Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. I yield to Arkansas? the aluminum producers themselves. the gentleman from Iowa. There was no objection. They are consumed in great quantities · Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I thank the The Clerk read the bill, as follows: in the electrolysis process of transform­ gentleman for yielding. ing alumina into aluminum. One small Mr. Speaker, I would say to the gentle­ H .R . 8644 aluminum plant which has been import­ man from Arkansas that I was drowned Be it enacted by the Senate and House of ing electrodes due to an insufficient alu­ Representatives of the United States of minum production to permit manufac­ in all those figures, and I cannot figure America i n Congress assembled, That (a) out whether we are going to get back in the Tariff Schedules of the United States ture of electrodes at its plant is beginning the business of producing chicory roots (19 U.S.C. 1202) are amended as follows: the construction of a facility to produce or not. ( 1) Item 160.30 (relating to crude chicory its own electrodes. Mr. MILLS. If the gentleman will yield roots) is amended by striking out " 0.8¢ per The Committee on Ways and Means further, I would say to the gentleman lb." and inserting in iieu thereof "Free". was informed, however, that this com- May 13, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 12339 pany is not as yet in a position to supply tions because I have been informed that Mr. Speaker, I withdraw my reserva­ its own needs. In view of the fact that the staff of the Bureau of Customs does tion of objection. there is some question as to when the not consider cathodes to be electrodes The SPEAKER. Is there objection to small aluminum producer will be able to when they are used in the production of the request of the gentleman from produce an adequate supply of its own aluminum. The Bmeau has reportedly Arkansas? electrodes the committee amended the prepared an administrative directive There was no objection. bill to p~ovide for a 1-year extension which excludes cathodes used in the pro­ The Clerk read the bill, as follows: of the duty suspension rather than the duction of aluminum from the exemp­ H.R. 10015 2-year extension provided in H.R. 1001!5 tion enacted by Congress, and has in­ Be it enacted by the Senate and House as originally introduced. structed customs officials at ports of en­ of Representatives of the United States of Your committee believes that an ex­ try to admit anodes duty free but to exact America in Congress assembled, That th~ a tariff duty on carbon blocks to be used matter appearing in the effective period tension of the temporary suspension of column for item 909.25 of the Tariff Sched­ duty on electrodes imported for use in as cathodes on the spurious theory that, ules of the United States (19 U.S.C. 1202) producing aluminum for a 1-year period while the anode blocks are electrodes, the is amended by striking out "7 /15/69" and in­ as provided in H.R. 10015, as amended, cathode blocks used in producing alumi­ serting in lieu thereof "7/15/71". is warranted. num have ceased to be electrodes, even SEC. 2. The amendment made by the first The committee is unanimous in rec­ though physicists and aluminum en­ section of this Act shall apply with respect ommending the enactment of this bill gineers have always considered a cathode to articles entered, or withdrawn from ware~ as essential to an electrolytic cell as the house, for consumption on or after the date as reported. of the enactment of this Act. Mr. FLYNT. Mr. Speaker, will the gen­ anode. I am informed by qualified and tleman yield? reliable physicists and aluminum en­ With the following committee amend­ gineers that there have been no recent ments: Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. I yield to scientific developments which would au­ the gentleman from Georgia. On page 1, line 6, strike out "7/15/ 71" and thorize anyone to exclude carbon cathode insert in lieu thereof "12/31/70". Mr. FLYNT. Mr. Speaker, I thank the blocks from the generic term of elec­ On page 1, lines 9 and 10, strike out "on gentleman for yielding to me, and I ask trodes. or after the date of the enactment of this the gentleman to yield in order that I It is my purpose to establish the legis­ Act" and insert in lieu thereof "after July 15, might make certain inquiries of the dis­ lative history that it is the intent of Con­ 1969". tinguished chairman of the Committee gress that upon the enactment of H.R. The committee amendments were on Ways and Means. 10015 that all carbon blocks to be used agreed to. My first question is, Am I correct in as electrodes in producing aluminum The bill was ordered to be engrossed understanding that the basic purpose of whether they be used as anodes or cath­ and read a third time, was read the third this bill is to extend the time during odes, are to be included in the class of time, and passed. which electrodes for use in producing duty-free electrodes. The title was amended so as to read: aluminum will be admttted duty free? Mr. MILLS. I would say to the gentle­ "A bill to extend through December 31, Mr. MILLS. Yes; the basic purpose of man that it is the intent of the commit­ 1970, the suspension of duty on electrodes the bill is to continue the duty suspen­ tee in reporting H.R. 10015 that the exist­ for use in producing aluminum." sion on electrodes provided for in item ing duty suspension be continued for 1 A motion to reconsider was laid on the 517 .61 of the tariff schedules when im­ year on electrodes provided for in item table. ported for · use in producing aluminum. 517.61 when imported for use in produc­ Mr. FLYNT. My second question re­ ing aluminum. As I understand it, both lates to the definition of the word "elec­ anodes and cathodes have been imported TEMPORARY SUSPENSION OF DU­ trode," as used in the report which ac­ under item 517.61. I would say that the TIES ON METAL SCRAP companies H.R. 10015. intent of the bill is to provide duty-free Mr. MILLS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan­ The term "electrode" as commonly treatment for both cathodes and anodes imous consent for the immediate con­ used in the physical sense includes both so long as they may be otherwise clas­ sideration of the bill (H.R. 10016) to cathodes and anodes. According to both sified under item 517.61 of the Tariff continue until the close of June 30, 1971, technical and basic dictionary sources, Schedules. the existing suspension of duties for the term "cathode" is defined as the neg­ Mr. FLYNT. If the gentleman from metal scrap, which was unanimously re­ ative electrode of an electrolytic cell or Wisconsin will yield further, I would like ported to the House by the Committee on vacuum tube. The same sources define to thank the chairman of the Commit­ Ways and Means. the term "anode" as the positive elec­ tee on Ways and Means for the explana­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection trode of an electrolytic cell or vacuum tion which he has given. to the request of the gentleman from tube. Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. Mr. Arkansas? My second question is, For the pur­ Speaker I support H.R. 10015, a bill to Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. Mr. Speak­ poses of the legislation, is it the intent continue until December 31, 1970, the er, reserving the right to object-and I of the Committee and the Congress that existing temporary suspension of duty shall not object-I do so to yield to the the term "electrode" shall include both on electrodes used in producing alumi­ gentleman from Arkansas, the chairman cathodes and anodes? num. of the Ways and Means Committee, for Mr. MILLS. A check of the legislative The electrolysis process by which a brief explanation. history of the duty suspensions on this aluminum is produced requires heavy Mr. MILLS. Mr. Speaker, I thank my item would, clearly, indicate that it was consumption of electrodes. Most of the friend. the intent of Congress to suspend the maj.or aluminum manufacturers produce Mr. Speaker, the purpose of H.R. duty of those electrodes which would nor­ their own electrodes at the site where 10016, which was introduced by our col­ mally be dutiable under item 517.61 of aluminum is produced. There is one small leagues on the Committee on Ways and the Tariff Schedules and the descrip­ aluminum manufacturing plant which Means, the gentlewoman from Michigan, tion of which reads "electrodes, in part has produced an insufficient amount of the Honorable MARTHA w. GRIFFITHS, is of carbon or graphite, for electric fm­ aluminum to warrant the production of to continue for 2 years, until July 1, nace or electrolytic purposes." While its own electrodes in the past. However, 1971, the existing suspension of duties there has not been a detailed discussion the committee has been advised that this on certain metal waste and scrap. of anodes and cathodes in either the plant is in the process of constructing Legislation for the temporary suspen­ committee reports or the fioor statements facilities for the manufacture of its own sion of duties on various metal scrap was when past duty suspensions were : - ~ing electrodes. This legislation will continue first enacted in 1942. With various considered, it was generally understood the existing temporary suspension of changes, the suspension of duties has by the committee that electrodes do in­ duty for a period of a little more than been continued from time to time, de-: clude both the anodes, which are usually a year at which time the committee can pending on the scarcity of the partic:. cylindrical rods and are positive elec­ again take a look at the situation. ular metals at the time. · trodes, and cathodes, or negative elec­ The committee was unanimous in This bill would continue for 2 years trodes, usually molded in the character­ recommending this legislation and i the temporary suspension of duties ori istic shape of the furnace or pot. urge the House to give it favorable certain metal waste and scrap, prin­ Mr. FLYNT. I have raised these ques- consideration. cipally iron and steel, aluminum, mag- J s 12340 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 13, 1969 nesium, nickel, and nickel alloys waste tinue for a temporary period the existing The SPEAKER. Is there objection to and scrap. suspension of duty on certain istle, which the request of the gentleman from Ar­ Imports of such scrap have not 1n the was unanimously reported to the House kansas? past few years constituted Important by the Commitee on Ways and Means. There was no objection. components of the total supplies of such The SPEAKER. Is there objection to The Clerk read the bill, as follows: metals. Imports in some cases, however, the request of the gentleman from R.R. 10107 have represented important sources of Arkansas? Be i t enacted by the Senate and House metals for limited numbers of consum­ Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. Mr. Speak­ of Representatives of the United States of ers of such metal in some sections of the er, reserving the right to object-and I America i n Congress assembled, That (a) country. shall not object-I do so in order to yield item 903.90 of the Tariff Schedules of the The U.S. Tariff Commission has indi­ to the gentleman from Arkansas, the United States (19 U.S.C., sec. 1202, item cated to the Committee on Ways and chairman of the Ways and Means Com­ 903.90) is amended by striking out "9/ 5/ 69" Means that conditions which prompted mittee, for a brief explanation. I yield and inserting in lieu thereof "9/ 5/ 72". to the gentleman. (b) The amendment made by subsection the initial temporary suspension of du­ (a) shall apply with respect to articles en­ ties on metal scrap and the continuation Mr. MILLS. I thank my friend for t ered, or withdrawn from warehouse for con­ thereof have not materially changed. yielding. sumption, after September 5, 1969. ' There is no objection to this bill from Mr. Speaker, the purpose of H.R. 10107 the interested departments and agen­ as introduced by our colleagues on the The bill was ordered to be engrossed cies; nor was objection received from Committee on Ways and Means, the and read a third time, was read the third any other source. Honorable JAMES B. UTT, of California, time, and passed, and a motion to re­ The committee is unanimous 1n rec­ and the Honorable JACKSON E. BETTS, of consider was laid on the table. ommending enactment of this legisla­ Ohio, is to continue until the close of tion. September 5, 1972, the existing suspen­ COLLECTION OF FEDERAL Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. Mr. Speak­ sion of duty on processed istle fiber. Istle UNEMPLOYMENT TAX er, I support H.R. 10016, a bill extending fiber is one of the best known and most for a 2-year period-until June 30, widely used of all vegetable brush fibers. Mr. MILLS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ 1971-the existing suspension of duties The duty on processed istle fiber has mous consent for the immediate con­ on scrap metals. The continuation of the been suspended on a temporary basis sideration of the bill (H.R. 9951) to pro­ suspension of duty on metal scrap pro­ since September 4, 19:57. At the time of vide for the collection of the Federal vided by this bill applies principally to the initial suspension of duty, there was unemployment tax in quarterly install­ metal scrap of iron and steel, aluminum, no domestic production of raw istle fiber ments during each taxable year; to make magnesium, nickel, and nickel alloys. and an insignificant production of the status of employer depend on employ­ The scrap of nonferrous metals-­ processed fiber from imported raw fiber. ment during preceding as well as cur­ whether domestic or imported-repre­ The objective of the suspension of the rent taxable year; to exclude from the sent a very small part of the supply of duty was to reduce the burden of higher computation of the excess the balance in such metals. Scrap of ferrous metals-­ prices on domestic users of the fiber and the employment security administration iron and steel-are utilized by the do­ of the finished product. account as of the close of fiscal years 1970 mestic iron and steel industries for the The Committee on Ways and Means through 1972; to raise the limitation on production of steel by the open-hearth is informed that conditions continue to the amount authorized to be made avail­ process. The U.S. Tariff Commission has warrant the suspension of this duty. able for expenditure out of the employ­ advised the committee that the condi­ The committee has received no ob­ ment security administration account by tions upon which suspension has been jection to the 3-year extension of the the amounts so excluded; and for other based throughout the years in the case duty suspension on processed istle fiber. purposes, which was unanimously re­ of scrap metals have not materially The committee is unanimous in recom­ ported to the House by the Committee on changed. The continuation of present mending the enactment of H.R. 10107. Ways and Means. rules is therefore advisable. The com­ Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. Mr. Speak­ The Clerk read the title of the bill. mittee received no objections to the leg­ er, I support H.R. 10107, a bill to continue The SPEAKER. Is there objection to islation from the interested departments for a 3-year period-until September 5, the request of the gentleman from and was unanimous in recommending 1972-the existing suspension of duty on Arkansas? enactment of the bill. processed istle fiber. In the absence of Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. Mr. Mr. Speaker, I withdraw my reserva­ this bill, the present suspension of duty Speaker, reserving the right to object-­ tion of objection. on processed. istle fiber will expire on Sep­ and I shall not object-I do so in order The SPEAKER. Is there objection to tember 5 of this year. to yield to the gentleman from Arkansas, the request of the gentleman from Istle fiber is a vegetable brush fiber the chairman of the Committee on Ways Arkansas? used principally in the United States in and Means, for an explanation of this There was no objection. the manufacture of brushes. Crude istle bill. I yield now to the gentleman from The Clerk read the bill, as follows: fiber has been admitted duty free since Arkansas. the Tariff Act of 1930. Processed istle Mr. MILLS. Mr. Speaker, I thank my H.R.10016 fiber is subject to a 20-percent ad va­ friend, the gentleman from Wiscons~ Be it enacted by the Senate and House of lorem duty under the Tariff Act, but that for yielding. Representatives of the United States of duty has been suspended pursuant to America in Congress assembled, That (a) Mr. Speaker, the purpose of H.R. 9951 item 911.12 (relating to articles other than legisla.tion enacted in 1957 and period-' is to provide relief for an immediate copper waste and scrap and articles of cop­ ically renewed since then. problem with respect to funding the op­ per) of the Tariff Schedules of the United Since the suspension of duty on istle eration of the employment security pro­ States (19 U.S.C. 1202) is amended by strik­ fiber in 1957, there has been no produc­ gram. This program carries out the dual ing out "6/ 30/ 69" and inserting in lieu tion of crude istle fiber in the United operation of administering the unem­ thereof "6/ 30/ 71". States and an insignificant production of ployment insurance system and the em­ (b) The amendment made by subsection the processed fiber from imported crude ployment service. (a) shall apply with respect to articles en­ tered, or withdrawn from warehouse, for fiber. This situation continues to prevail Although Congress determines the ac­ consumption, after June 30, 1969. today. The purpose of duty free treat­ tual amounts that may be spent by Fed­ ment in this case is to reduce the prices eral and State agencies in administer­ The bill was ordered to be engrossed of brushes and products made from istle ing the unemployment insurance and and read a third time, was read the third fiber to consumers in the United States. the employment service programs time, and passed, and a motion to re­ In order to continue to attain these ob­ through annual appropriations, the consider was laid on the table. jectives the committee unanimously rec­ source of funds to pay these expenses is ommends enactment of this legislation. limited by law to a portion of the Fed­ No objection was received from the in­ eral unemployment tax. EXTENSION OF TEMPORARY DUTY terested departments and agencies to this According to estimates of the Depart­ SUSPENSION ON CERTAIN ISTLE legislation and I recommend its favor­ ment of Labor, the program's adminis­ Mr. MILLS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ able consideration by the House. trative expenses, under President Nix­ mous consent for the immediate consid­ Mr. Speaker, I withdraw my reserva­ on's revised budget for fiscal year 1970, eration of the bill (H.R. 10107) to con- tion of objection. will exceed revenues from the Federal ( May 13, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 12341' Unemployment Tax Act available to fi­ ficiency will increase in succeeding fiscal such day being in a different calendar week, nance these operations by about $26 years. compute the tax imposed by section 3301 for each of the first three calendar quarters in million. The present bill will resolve the prob­ the calendar year, and The bill we are now considering would lem for fiscal years 1970 through 1972 "(2) if paragraph (1) does not apply, com­ provide temporary relief for this prob­ by requiring that the Federal tax be de­ pute the tax imposed by section 3301- lem by means of a permanent change in posited quarterly by covered employers. " (A) for the period beginning with the the law which I believe is desirable in Under present law the employer pays the first day of the calendar year and ending itself. The bill calls for a shift from the tax for the entire calendar year when he with the last day of the calendar quarter present method of collecting unemploy­ files his return for that year in the fol­ (excluding the last calendar quarter) in ment taxes on an annual basis at the lowing January. This legislation would which such person becomes such an em­ ployer, and end of each year to quarterly collections require employers whose tax in a calen­ "(B) for the third calendar quarter of during the year. dar quarter exceeds $100 to deposit the such year, if the period specified in sub­ The bill specifically exempts from the amount of tax due on a quarterly basis. paragraph (A) includes only the first two quarterly payment requirement any em­ However, the employer would continue calendar quarters of the calend~r year. ployer whose tax liability for a collecting to file his return annually in the Jan­ The tax for any calendar quarter or other period does not exceed $100. Thus, no uary following the close of the calen­ period shall be computed as provided in sub­ employer would be required to make a dar year. section {b) and the tax as so computed shall, quarterly payment until he owes more As in the past when the committee has except as otherwise provided in subsection than $100 in Federal unemployment enacted legislation to make taxes pay­ ( c) , be paid in such manner and at such taxes. time as may be provided in regulations pre­ able on a more current basis, the com­ scribed by the Secretary or his delegate. The changeover from annual to quar­ mittee has phased in the new rules. Un­ "(b) COMPUTATION OF TAX.-The tax for terly payments would be gradually der this bill an employer will pay only any calendar quarter or other period referred phased-in over a 3-year period under the one-third of his taxes on a quarterly to in paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (a) bill in order to ease the financial impact basis in 1970, two-thirds of his taxes on shall be computed by multiplying the on employers. In the first year, an em­ a quarterly basis in 1971, and not until amount of wages (as defined in section ployer with a tax liability in excess of 1972 will all of his Federal unemploy­ 3306(b)) paid in such calendar quarter or $100. would deposit only one-third of his ment taxes be paid on a quarterly basis. other period by the number of percentage quarterly tax at the end of the first three points (including fractional points) by During this period the amount not paid which the rate of tax specified in section quarters and would pay the remainder on a quarterly basis during the calendar 3301exceeds2.7 percent. of his tax with his annual return at the year will be due when the Federal un­ " ( C) SPECIAL RULE FOR CALENDAR YEARS end of the year. In the second year, the employment tax return is filed in the fol­ 1970 AND 1971.-For purposes of subsection quarterly tax payment would be in­ lowing January. (a), the tax computed as provided in sub- · creased to two-thirds of the quarter's This legislation represents an improve­ section (b) for any calendar quarter or other tax and beginning in the third year and ment in the law that will insure that our period shall be reduced (1) by 66% percent thereafter, the full quarterly amount Federal-State unemployment system is if such quarter or period is in 1970, and (2) would be paid at the end of each quarter. by 33% percent if such quarter or period adequately financed in the near future. is in 1971." Mr. Speaker, this legislation will not I urge that the House take favorable ac­ {b) AsSESSMENT AUTHORITY.-Section 6201 result in increasing the unemployment tion on this bill. (b) of such Code (relating to assessment tax liability of employers. It will, how­ Mr. Speaker, I withdraw my reserva­ authority) is amended to read as follows: ever, through the speeding up of collec­ "(b) AMOUNT NOT To BE AsSESSED.- tions, provide additional funds to finance tion of objection. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to " ( l) ESTIMATED INCOME TAX.-No unpaid the employment security program dur­ amount of estimated tax under section 6153 ing the next 3 years. During that time, the request of the gentleman from Ar­ or 6154 shall be assessed. Congress will have an opportunity to kansas? "(2) FEDERAL UNEMPLOYMENT TAX.-No un­ explore the alternatives for achieving There was no objection. paid amount of Federal unemployment tax: a more permanent solution to the prob­ The Clerk read the bill, as follows: for any calendar quarter or other period of a lems of funding the program. Indeed, H.R. 9951 calendar year, computed as provided in sec­ tion 6157, shall be assessed." this is a matter which I have discussed Be it enacted by the Senate and House of at some length on several occasions with Representatives of the United States of (c) TREATMENT OF QUARTERLY PAYMENT OF representatives of the Interstate Con­ America in Congress assembled, That sec­ FEDERAL UNEMPLOYMENT TAX.-Subchapter B ference of Employment Security Agen­ tion 3306(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of chapter 64 of such Code is amended by of l954 (relating to definition of employer) adding at the end thereof the following new cies, and one which they are continuing is amended to read as follows: section: to study in cooperation with the U.S. De­ " (a) EMPLOYER.-For purposes of this "SEC. 6317. PAYMENTS OF FEDERAL UNE~1PLOY­ partment of Labor. chapter, the term 'employer' does not include MENT TAX FOR CALENDAR QUAR- Mr. Speaker, the committee unani­ any person unless on each of some 20 days TER. mously recommends enactment of this during the taxable year or during the preced­ "Payment of Federal unemployment tax legislation. ing taxable year, each day being in a differ­ for a calendar quarter or other time period Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. Mr. ent calendar week, the total number of in­ within a calendar year pursuant to section Speaker, I support H.R. 9951, a bill to dividuals who were employed by him in em­ 6157 shall be considered payment on account provide for the collection of the Federal ployment for some portion of the day of the tax imposed by chapter 23 of such {whether or not at the same moment of calendar year." unemployment tax in quarterly install­ time) was 4 or more." ments during each taxable year, and to (d) TIME TAX CONSIDERED PAm.--Section SEC. 2. COLLECTION OF FEDERAL UNEMPLOY­ 6513 of such Code (relating to time return provide for the use of additionE-1 funds MENT TAX ON QUARTERLY OR OTHER deemed filed and tax considered paid) is resulting therefrom. TIME PERIOD BASIS. amended by adding at the end thereof the The administrative costs attributable (a) QUARTERLY PAYMENT OF FEDERAL UN­ following new subsection: to the Federal-State employment secu­ EMPLOYMENT TAX.-Subchapter A of chapter "(e) PAYMENTS OF FEDERAL UNEMPLOY­ rity program have been increasing along 62 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 MENT TAx.-Notwithstanding subsection (a), with other costs in recent years. In the (relating to place and due date for payment for purposes of section 6511 any payment of near future, Congress will have to con­ of tax) is amended by redesignating section tax imposed by chapter 23 which, pursuant sider the long-range financing needs of 6157 as 6158, and by inserting after section to section 6157, is made for a calendar quar­ 6156 the following new section: ter or other period within a calendar year the Federal-State unemployment system, shall, if made before the last day prescribed and in that connection will want to care­ "SEC. 6157. PAYMENT OF FEDERAL UNEMPLOY­ for filing the return for the calendar year fully review the various administrative MENT TAX ON QUARTERLY OR (determined without regard to any extension costs of the unemployment system to OTHER TIME PERIOD BASIS. of time for filing), be considered made on which the Federal unemployment tax is "(a) GENERAL RULE.-Every person who such last day." devoted. However, the system is present­ for the calendar year is an employer (as de­ (e) INTEREST ON UNDERPAYMENTS OR NON­ ed with an immediate problem in that fined in section 3306 (a) ) shall PAYMENT OF TAX.-Section 6601 Of such Code the program's administrative expenses " ( 1) if the person in the preceding calen­ (relating to interest on underpayment or will exceed the revenues from the Fed­ dar year employed 4 or more employees in nonpayment of tax) is amended by redesig­ employment (within the meaning of section nating subsection (k) as subsection (1) and eral unemployment taxes by about $26 3306 {c) and {d) on each of some 20 days by adding a new subsection (k) to read as million in fiscal year 1970, and the de- during such preceding calendar year, each follows:

\ / 12342 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 13, 1969 "(k) EXCEPTION AS TO FEDERAL UNEMPLOY­ marks at the end of the preceding line in Forces who is killed in action while in MENT TAx.-This section shall not apply to such matter. any failure to make a payment of tax im­ active service in a combat zone or who posed by section 3301 for a calendar quarter The committee amendments were dies as a result of wounds, disease, or or other period within a. taxable year re­ agreed to. injury suffered while in active service in quired under authority of section 6157." The bill wa.s ordered to be engrossed a combat zone. (f) TECHNICAL AND CLERICAL AMEND­ and read a third time, was read the third Fourth, and finally, Mr. Speaker, pres­ MENTS.- time, and passed, and a motion to recon­ ent section 7508 of the code provides (1) The table of sections for subchapter A sider was laid on the table. for an extension of time for performing of chapter 62 of the Internal Revenue Code various actions such as filing tax returns, of 1954 is amended by striking out paying taxes, or filing a claim for credit "Sec. 6157. Payment of taxes under provi­ TAX TREATMENT OF INDIVIDUALS or refund of tax applicable to any indi­ sions of the Tariff Act." SERVING ON U.S.S. "PUEBLO" vidual who is serving in the Armed and inserting in lieu thereof Mr. MILLS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ Forces or in support thereof in a combat "Sec. 6157. Payment of Federal unemploy­ zone or who is hospitalized outside of ment tax on quarterly or other mous consent for the immediate con­ time period basis." sideration of the bill (H.R. 8654) to pro­ the United States as a result of an injury received while serving in a combat zone. "Sec. 6158. Payment of taxes under provi­ vide that, for purposes of the Internal sions of the Tariff Act." Revenue Code of 1954, individuals who Mr. Speaker, the applicability of the four provisions I have just enumerated (2) The table of sections for subchapter B were illegally detained during 1968 by of chapter 64 of such Code is amended by North Korea shall be treated as serving is conditioned on the person being in adding at the end thereof the following: in a combat zone, which was unani­ service in a combat zone. A combat zone "Sec. 6317. Payments of Federal unemploy­ mously reported to the House by the under present law is defined as an area ment tax for calendar quar­ Committee on Ways and Means. which the President designates by Ex­ ter." The Clerk read the title of the bill. ecutive order as an area in which the SEC. 3. EMPLOYMENT SECURITY ADMINISTRA­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to U.S. Armed Forces are engaged in com­ TION ACCOUNT. the request of the gentleman from bat. Vietnam and adjacent waters is the (a) Paragraph (3) of section 901(c) of the Arkansas? only area currently designated by the Social Security Aot is amended to read as Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. Mr. President as a combat zone. As a result, follows: the four tax provisions discussed above "(3) For purposes of paragraph (1) (A), Speaker, reserving the right to object-­ the Uinitation on the amount authorized to and I certainly do not intend to object-­ currently are applicable only with re­ be made available for any fiscal year is an I do so in order to yield to the gentleman spect to service in Vietnam or adjacent amount equal to 95 percent of the amount from Arkansas, the chairman of the waters. estimated and set forth in the budget of the Ways and Means Committee, for a brief Mr. Speaker, in view of the hardships, United States Government for such fiscal explanation. maltreatment, and loss of life incurred year as the net receipts during such year Mr. MILLS. Mr. Speaker, I thank my by the Pueblo crew during their deten­ under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act; tion by North Korea and the obvious except that this limitation is increased by friend, the gentleman from Wisconsin, any unexpended amount retained in the em­ for yielding. comparability of the hazards of combat ployment security administration account in Mr. Speaker, the purpose of H.R. 8654, to the risks to which they were subjected, accordance with section 901 (f) (2) (B). Each as reported by the Committee on Ways the Committee on Ways and Means be­ estimate of net receipts under this paragraph and Means, is to afford members of the lieves it is appropriate to extend to the shall be based upon a tax rate of 0.4 percent." crew of the U.S.S. Pueblo, who were il­ Pueblo crew the same tax benefits which (b) Paragraph (2) of section 901(f) or legally detained by North Korea, the are available with respect to service in such Act is amended (1) by striking out same treatment for purposes of the tax a combat zone. H.R. 8654, therefore, pro­ "The" and inserting in lieu thereof "(A) vides that the crew of the Pueblo are to Except as provided in subparagraph (B), laws as if they had served in a Presi­ the", and (2) by adding at the end thereof dentially designated combat zone during be treated as serving in a Presidentially the following: the period of their detention by North designated combat zone during the pe­ "(B) With respect to the fiscal years end­ Korea. riod that they were illegally detained by ing June 30, 1970, June 30, 1971, and June 30, Mr. Speaker, under present law four North Korea. They therefore would re­ 1972, the balance in the employment security tax benefits are provided for members of ceive the four tax benefits that presently administration account at the close of each our Armed Forces who are in active attend service in a combat zone. such fiscal year shall not be considered ex­ Mr. Speaker, the Committee on Ways cess but shall be retained in the account for service in a Presidentially designated use as provided in paragraph (1) of sub­ combat zone: and Means is unanimous in recommend­ section (c) ." First, section 112 of the Internal Rev­ ing approval of H.R. 8654 by the House. SEC. 4. EFFECTIVE DATE. enue Code presently provides an income Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin. Mr. (a) The amendments made by the first tax exclusion for pay received for active Speaker, I yield to the gentlewoman from two sections of this Act shall apply with service by a member of the Armed Forces Washington

I \ May 13, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 1n this area and to explain the reasons The risks and sacrifices endured by the the request of the gentleman from this speeial legislation is necessary. Pueblo crew during their incarceration Arkansas? I first became aware of the situation in required a sacrifice on behalf of both There was no objection. March of this year when I received a the crew and their families that was as letter from the father of one of the re­ great as any they would be subjected to turned crewmembers. A few telephone if the crew had served in a combat zone. THE MYSTERY OF THE 77-DAY calls to the Navy Department and the The circumstances under which the SALE OF SECRETARY KENNEDY'S Internal Revenue Service verified what Pueblo crew was imprisoned in Korea are STOCK OPTION the sailor's father had told me. The 82- the kind of circumstances that are con­

I ? 12344 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 13, 1969 lie when he issued his news release on Mr. Speaker, I do not think that this Not many of us consider money depos­ April 29. Mr. Eggers said: Congress can allow a Secretary of the ited in a bank account and 11 months Mr. Kennedy exercised the option and Treasury and his General Counsel to en­ later "returned" or repaid in equal within a few days thereafter sold all the gage in hoodwinking the public about .amount to be money that was "not ac­ shares so acquired. these issues without some sort of specific cepted." The distinotion between "ten­ Now what Mr. Eggers was pulling was accounting. I intend to get to the bottom dered" and "accepted" is one that does a fast shuffie of dates. He was using some of this matter and to learn all the facts not make sense to me or to the public. of the technical aspects of the stock about this stock option. I hope these Whether or not Justice Fortas' statement transaction to indicate that Secretary facts come to the Banking and Currency represents an accurate portrayal of his Kennedy had legal right to the 30,855 Committee on a voluntary basis and I subjective thought processes is immate­ shares for only a few days. What Mr. hope that President Nixon will do what­ rial, because millions who read it are Eggers was referring to was an actual ever is needed to see that this informa­ generally convinced thait he is not tell­ physical delivery of the option on April 7 tion is furnished. ing the truth. And I am convinced that and the actual sale on April 9. Mr. Speaker, today I have discussed we cannot afford, or at least we need But, what Mr. Eggers leaves out-in only the stock option which Secretary not afford, to have a man sitting on the an attempt to mislead-is that Secretary Kennedy has engaged in since he took Supreme Court whom the general pub­ Kennedy decided to exercise that option office. As I have noted elsewhere, the lic believes to be untruthful. on January 22 and so notified the bank Secretary has many other ties to the Unfortunately, experience has proven by telegram. He did not sell that stock Continental-Illinois National Bank. All that our society and present institutions "a few days thereafter" the January 22 of these ties should be severed if he de­ can withstand general public awareness date as alleged by Mr. Eggers. He sold sires to continue as Secretary of the of impropriety and even illegality on the it 77 days later. Treasury. part of prominent members of the exec­ Why does Secretary Kennedy persist utive and legislative branches. I have in playing this misleading game with the never felt that we should accept this and THE PARAMOUNT IMPORTANCE have fought for higher ethical standards Congress and the public? Why does he THAT JUDICIAL INTEGRITY OF not tell all the facts with dates, places, since my election to the House of Repre­ THE SUPREME COURT BE EN­ sentatives. Now .at a time when the Su­ and times? And most important, why TffiELY ABOVE SUSPICION does he not tell us who handled the preme Court, the highest symbol of law transaction and who bought the stock?

) I 12346 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 13, 1969 already been spent to pull together the tran­ The greatest error of all in this destruc­ I point up these matters to indicate sit plan. which has the support of the whole tive idea, however, is the apparent notion that a Commission on Government for region. Actual construction could begin that the inner city does not have to worry the District of Columbia has a huge task within 75 days of the date Congress releases about its communications with the suburbs. the funds. This program must be allowed to Actually, the future well-being of Washing­ ahead of it and to point up the fact that go ahead. ton depends upon a steadily increasing de­ our primary purpose in establishing such In the effort to revive the highway pro­ gree of regional cohesion-in transportation a Commission is to seek the best and most gram, there are other distortions and mis­ no less than in housing and employment. responsible government possible for our understandings which also need to be set The District cannot survive in isolation. Nation's Capital City. To make it possible straight. for the Congress to act in the public Council Chairman Hahn has been saying, interest, we are asking this proposed · for instance, that the "real issue" posed by A COMMISSION ON GOVERNMENT Commission to take a broad-based view Congress' 1968 directive is between freeways FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA of the present government of the District and housing, the implication being that the (Mr. NELSEN asked and was given city must choose one or the other. On the and to recommend to us structural same theme he says that the council's main permission to address the House for 1 changes that would complement its pro- . concern is the proposed North-Central road minute and to revise and extend his posals for a greater degree of responsible between the District and Maryland. remarks.) self-government. The citizens of the Dis­ But the fact is that two of the four projects Mr. NELSEN. Mr. Speaker, today I am trict of Columbia should have a mean­ which Congress ordered last year involve no introducing for the entire Republican ingful voice in the affairs of our city gov- · housing displacement--and a third is al­ membership of the District of Columbia ernment, but I know we all recognize ready under way. As to the North-Central Committee and for our distinguished that the mere provision for self-govern­ proposal, Congress specifically authorized a minority leader, the gentleman from ment is no end in itself, and to accomplish period of further study. Its construction at R. the moment, in other words, is not even at Michigan (Mr. GERALD FORD), a bill to our overall objectives we must emphasize issue. establish a Commission on Government the broad approach to the question of The freeway opponents make one point, for the District of Columbia. This is the how to provide the best, the most efficient, especially relating to housing, which is valid, proposal referred to by President Nixon and most responsible government pos­ and with which we agree. For too long, urban in his message to the Congress laying out sible for Washington, D.C. freeways have been built merely to serve the his program for the Distlict of Columbia. single purpose of moving vehicular traffic. It is the purpose of our bill to establish But there is no reason why modern freeways this Commission with the duties and JOINT MEETING ON SPECIAL COM­ need be merely ribbons of concrete. Indeed, responsibilities to study and determine MITTEE ON SCIENCE POLICY OF properly planned, they need not decrease the ways in which the structure of the gov­ THE CANADIAN SENATE AND total supply of city housing by a single ernment of the District of Columbia may MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE dwelling unit. Through the utilization of air ON SCIENCE AND ASTRONAUTICS space, through ingenious architectural design be improved and the methods by whicb and through the coordination of public high­ the residents of the District of Columbia (Mr. MILLER of California asked and way and housing programs, new freeways have may achieve a greater voice and respon­ was given permission to address the the potential to produce positive social and sibility in their local government. This House for 1 minute, to revise and extend economic values which cities desperately purpose is in accord with the statement his remarks and to include extraneous need. This thought, which is not new, has in the President's message wherein he been very slow in maturing. But it is not matter.) too late for Secretary Volpe, if he will do it, said: Mr. MILLER of · California. Mr. to use the vast technological resources avail­ My aim is to increase the responsibility and Speaker, I deem it well worth noting that able to Transportation Department to de­ efficiency of the District of Columbia's new on last Thursday, May 8, a joint meeting velop and apply this concept in the Washing­ government which has performed so ably took place between 15 members of the ton area. during its first perilous years. Special Committee on Science Policy of The first responsibility of the administra­ Our Nation's Capital City is certainly the Canadian Senate and members of tion, however, is to pull together a proposal unique among cities in the Nation in that , the Committee on Science and Astro­ which will enable the Washington area's it is constitutionally the seat of our Na­ nautics, which I have the honor to chair. circulatory system to develop as it should. So Chairman Hahn argues, quite absurdly, tional Government. This fact in itself far as is known this was the first that the District government is powerless to r~sults in peculiar problems and condi­ meeting of its kind, although it was not comply with Congress' freeway directive tions which are of interest and concern a formal proceeding of the Congress. since the City Council and the National to the Congress and to all citizens who The Canadian committee was headed Capital Planning Commission formally recognize Washington as their Nation's by Chairman Maurice Lamontagne, of adopted a thoroughfare plan last December Capital. Naturally, this Federal interest Quebec, and met with the Science Sub­ which specifically rejected some of the proj­ contributes to the unique problems of the committee of the House Committee on ects ordered by Congress. He cites, in partial Science and Astronautics, headed by the defense of this claim, a provision of a 1962 government of the District of Columbia. federal highway law requiring that freeways It is in this area that the Reorganization gentleman from Connecticut, Represent­ must comply with "comprehensive" plans. Plan of 1967 left some questions unan­ ative DADDARIO, and other members of One fallacy of that argument is that the swered, and I trust that this Commission the committee. 1962 requirement related specifically to pl.ans when it is established will do a complete The legislators of the two committees of a regional nature in urban areas, not to study of the conflicting agencies and au­ discussed a variety of mutual problems those of central cities alone. Last February, thorities which have been established as well as legislative mechanisms for in fact, the Washington area's duly consti­ handling the great potentials and dan­ tuted regional transportation planning independent of the District Government agency adopted a resolution accusing the Dis­ itself and the proper role they should play gers posed by a rapidly developing tech­ trict council and planning commission of in the affairs of our city. These would in­ nology. I should like to emphasize my improperly precluding regional review of clude such agencies as the National belief that, as this meeting and our space their December plan. And in mid-March, the Capital Housing Authority, the National efforts have shown, the unique character Department of Housing and Urban Develop­ Capital Planning Commission, the Na­ of science makes it a useful tool for the ment-whose grants to the District and other tional Caipital Transportation Agency, assistance of diplomatic missions as well local areas are supposed to be contingent on the Redevelopment Land Agency, just to as for intrinsic merit. compliance with regional plans-also ques­ tioned the legality of the council plan. name a few. Sir Hugh Enor, Secretary of the De­ Whatever the facts may be as to the legal Unique as our National Capital City partment of Education and Science of argument, however, the council's plan is may be in some respeots, I am sure we all Australia, also attended the meeting, and wrong in concept. recognize that it is not unique at all in we were most grateful that our distin­ It is based essentially on the supposition the various metropolitan problems which guished minority leader, the gentleman that, if no more freeways are built, no more do exist here. We know something of the from Michigan (Mr. GERALD FORD), took automobiles will come into the District. A crime rate here, of the problems of the time out from his busy schedule to join lack of freeways, of course, would not stop educational system, the transportation with us. the automobiles. They would continue to flow in, and they would saturate existing system-or lack of it-housing problems The meeting evolved from a series of city streets to the inevitable detriment of es­ and various other municipal matters informal discussions held with Canadian tablished residential and commercial neigh­ which are common to all the major cities and State Department officials over the borhoods. in the Nation today. past several years-and is the first time May 13~ 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 12347 a Canadian Senate committee has con­ and I assure you gentlemen, that I have been (c) Judges shall have precedence and ferred outside its own country as a keenly aware of how heavy that responsi­ preside according to the seniority of their group. bility can be. I believe that we have used commissions. Judges whose commissions bear science and its products as responsibly as the same date shall have preceden ce accord­ Members of Parliament present were frail and fallible men could possibly do. I ing to seniority in age. Maurice Lamontagne, committee chair­ also believe that Americans, Canadians, DUTIES OF THE COURT man; Donald Cameron, vice chairman; Australians and the other nations of our Rhea! Belisle, Maurice Bourget, Chesley world community must continue the never­ SEC. 5. (a) The court shall hear complaints ending search for knowledge on how our gov­ of u n ethical conduct by Federal officers and Carter, Allister Grosart, Mary Kinnear, employees if it determines that such a hear­ Louis Giguere, James Haig, Frederick ernments can turn the fruits of research toward the creation of a world filled with ing is of sufficient public interest and impor­ McGrand, Orville Phillips, Joseph Sul­ hope and blessed by peace. tance to be warranted. Such complaints shall livan, and Paul Yuzyk. be based on standards of conduct established Committee Research Directors Gilles by law or resolution, including those pro­ Pacquet and Philip Pocock accompanied SUPREME COURT PROBLEMS EM­ vided in t itle 18, United States Code, and the group, as well as Patrick Savoie, in the concurrent resolution passed July 11, PHASIZE NEED FOR A COURT OF 1958 (72 Stat. B12). After hearing a com­ committee clerk. ETHICS FOR ALL GOVERNMENT plaint of unethical conduct in the Govern­ We regretted very much the fact that SERVICE ment service, the court shall render a deci­ the Speaker was prevented from joining (Mr. BENNETT asked and was given sion on whether proper ethical principles h ave been violated and shall state all of its us due to the untimely death of a loyal permission to address the House for 1 friend and servant who served with you findings of fact, opinions, and the reasons minute, to revise and extend his remarks, for such decision. If the court determines for so many years. With the permission and to include extraneous material.) there is probable cause for believing that any of the House, I should like to include in Mr. BENNETT. Mr. Speaker, I have person is guilty of an act or omission which the RECORD at this time the remarks for several years supported the idea of constitutes a violation of any law of the which the Speaker had planned to make establishing a Court of Ethics to make United States it shall forward a. copy of its at this occasion and which were pre­ decisions on alleged improprieties in decision and all facts pertinent thereto to the sented to the Canadian group on his Government--legislative, executive, and Attorney General of the United States. (b) If the court determines that ethical behalf: judicial. principles have been violated (1) by an officer STATEMENT BY SPEAKER MCCORMACK Theoretically, cases of serious misbe­ or employee of an agency of the Federal Mr. Chairman and my colleagues of the havior are supposed to be handled by Government it shall forward a copy of its House: I am indeed delighted to be here impeachment. As a practical matter, only decision to the head of such agency; (2) by a this morning and to join with you in wel­ questions of very grave consequence are Member of the House of Representatives or ooining our fellow legislators from the great usually so handled; and it has become an officer or employee thereof it shall forward nation of Canada to this meeting of the almost customary to consider impeach­ a copy of its decision to the Speaker of the members of our Committee on Science and House of Representatives; (3) by a United ment to be limited to cases of moral tur­ States Senator or an officer or employee of Astronautics and the Senate Committee on pitude. The American peop~e deserve bet­ Science Policy of the Canadian Parliament. the Senate it shall forward a copy of its deci­ I also want to extend a warm welcome to ter oversight of the deportment of Gov­ sion to the President of the Senate; (4) by an Sir Hugh Enor, Secretary of the Department ernment offici,als than that. officer or employee of the judicial branch of of Science and Education of the Australian Problems now present in the Supreme the Federal Government, it shall forward a Parliament, who is going to sit with us today. Court are in my opinion of the sort that copy of its decision to a judge of the court I am particularly pleased by the fact that s:1ould be handled by a Court of Ethics concerned; (5) by a person who may be im­ an internaitional meeting of political lead­ peached it shall forward a copy of its decision such as I have suggested in House Joint to the Speaker of the House o·f Representa- ers deeply concerned with the relationship Resolution 116, which reads as follows: tives. · of soience and government is taking place. ·H.J. RES. 116 It is an indication of steady growing aware­ ( c) Each person advised of a violation of ness throughout world on the part of gov­ Joint resolution to establish a Court of Ethics ethical principles under this subsection may ernment leadership of profound importance to hear complaints of unethical conduct in take such disciplinary action with respect to in scientific research and applied technology Government service the officer or employee guilty of such viola­ tion as such person may deem appropriate to the welfare and continµe~ progress of Resolved by the Senate and House of Rep­ people everywhere. resentatives of the United States of America and as is permitted by law. I think it is singularly apropos to our time in Congress assembled, That the Congress (d) The court may render advisory opin­ in history and the deep social unrests of so­ hereby affirms and declares that public office ions when requested to do so by the head of ciety we are witnessing that we join together is a public trust which requires the exercise any Federal agency. here in a. serious discussion how best to bring of high ethical standards in the official con­ As used in this subsection- the great benefits of science to our fellow duct of Federal employees and officeholders. ( A) the term "agency of the Federal citizens. The tasks involved in such an en­ To achieve and maintain the ethical stand­ Government" includes any department, deavor for your country and mine are indeed ards in Government to which the American agency, independent establishment, commis­ of enormous dimension and extreme com­ public is entitled, there is need for a per­ sion, administration, authority, board, a plexity, and they will ever be insofar as we manent court charged with the responsibili­ bureau of the United States, or a corporation can perceive the future. ties specified in this joint resolution. in which the United States is a majority Science has given us enormous power. It ESTABLISHMENT OF A COURT OF ETHICS stockholder; and (B} the term "Member of the House of has given us a wealth of knowledge which SEC. 2. The President shall appoint, by cannot possibly be fully comprehended. No Representatives" means a Member of the and with the advice and consent of the Sen­ United States House of Representatives and nation can morally justify the hoarding or ate, a chief judge and two associate judges the withholding of that knowledge from who shall constitute a court of record known the Resident Commissioner from Puerto other peoples who wish to lift themselves up as the United States Court of Ethics. Not Rico. out of poverty, disease and despair. Meetings more than two of such judges shall be ap­ SESSIONS such as these are the first steps that can pointed from the same political party. SEC. 6. The Court of Ethics may hold court be taken by enligtened governments such as TENURE AND SALARIES OF JUDGES at such times and places as it may fix by rule. yours and mine to attack the problem of es­ QUORUM tablishing intelligent and workable policies SEC. 3. Judges of the Court of Ethics shall that can be formulated in establishing the hold office during good behavior. Each shall SEC. 7. Two judges of the Court of Ethics role of government in the use and applica­ receive a salary of $30,000 a year. constitute a quorum. The concurrence of two tion of science. DUTIES OF CHIEF JUDGE; PRECEDENCE OF JUDGES judges is necessary to any decision of the For many years during my tenure in the SEc. 4. (a) The chief judge of the Court of court. House, I have been deeply concerned with Ethics, with the approval of the court, shall RULES OF PROCEDURE such meetings. I can look back over long supervise the fiscal atfairs and clerical force SEC. 8. The proceedings of the Court of and often difficult periods in which this of the court. The chief judge shall assign or Ethics shall be conducted in accordance with country has been confronted by the awe­ reassign, under rules of the court, any case such rules of practice and procedure as the some responsibility of world leadership. It for hearing, determination, or both; and Court of Ethics may prescribe and in accord­ has been our tremendous strength made pos­ promulgate dockets. ance with the rules of evidence applicable in sible by industry through science that has (b) The chief judge shall have precedence thrust that leadership upon us. As a legisla­ trials without a jury in the United States and preside at any session of the court which District Court for the District of Columbia.. tor and a Member of the House of Repre­ he attends. If he is temporarily unable to sentatives for 44 years, I have had the duty perform his duties as such, they shall be PUBLICATION OF DECYSIONS of participating in the creation and passage ~erformed by the judge in active service, who SEC. 9. All decisions of the Court of Ethics of many Acts of Congress that have had a is present, able and qualified to act, and shall be preserved, published, and open to in­ direct bearing on the creation of that power, next in precedence. spection. 12348 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 13, 1969 COURTS OF REVIEW oceanography. And I might add that this and a long time in the planning stage. SEC. 10. The United States Courts of Appeal investment and this confidence has Now, finally, this bill represents the cli­ shall have exclusive jurisdiction to review the grown despite the Federal Government's max of a program that has, in one form decisions of the Court of Ethics, except as lack of aggressive nature in the field of or another, been consistently approved provided in section 1254 of title 28 of the oceanography. United States Code, in the same manner and by Congress since 1958. That program to the same extent as decisions of the district But now even the $3 million set aside is for the construction of a rapid rail courts in civil actions tried without a jury; for leasing of submersibles apparently is transit system within the District of Co­ and the judgment of such court shall be final, marked for the chopping block. I think lumbia and the adjoining States of Vir­ except that it shall be subject to review by this will have an adverse effect on in­ ginia and Maryland, forming the area the Supreme Court of the United States up­ dustry's faith in the Federal Govern­ known as the National Capital region. on certiorari, in the manner provided in sec­ ment's interest in ocean work. The $3 I do not believe that I need to tell you tion 154 of title 8 of the United States Code. million will not make nor break any of today why this legislation is important. EXPENSES OF THE COURT the almost 20 companies which now have I am sure that each and every Member of SEC. 11. There are hereby authorized to be submersibles for lease. That is not the this House who drove to Capitol Hill this appropriated such sums as may be necessary question. to carry out this joint resolution. morning saw for himself the reasons why It would mean that the Government is it is essential to build a rapid rail transit canceling all marine work which in­ system. As we looked around us this LEASING OF MANNED volves the use of submersibles other than morning we saw thousands upon thou­ SUBMERSIBLES those which the Navy now has outside sands of motor cars attempting to squeeze of lease arrangements. through the traffic bottlenecks surround­ (Mr. ROGERS of Florida asked and There is a great demand for the use of ing the center city, then trying to drive was given permission to address the on the bottlenecks that we call city House for 1 minute and to revise and submersibles, as witnessed by the re­ quests of more than 1,600 for the common streets. Let us not forget that this city, extend his remarks.) lease pool funds. The Government is en­ our Nation's Capital, is slowly but surely Mr. ROGERS of Florida. Mr. Speaker, being strangled by traffic congestion. 1n reviewing the proposed budget for the gaged in many activities which need the Defense Department, I was both sur­ service of submersibles and we should Your Nation's Capital suffers as almost prised and concerned to find that the not completely terminate our efforts. no other urban area in this land su:ff ers entire program for leasing of manned I feel it would be a grave error to allow from congestion; not alone does it have submersibles has been eliminated. all funding to halt in this area. When the normal work-hour peak loads of traf­ In the way of background, the Office the Government should be taking strides fic but all through the day, particularly of Naval Research requested $3 million to move our oceanographic effort, this at this season of the year and continuing to be used for leasing of submersibles for budget cut represents a giant step back­ until the late fall, you will see constant oceanographic work for :fiscal year 1970. ward. streams of buses and visiting cars from I would point out that this sum is not It would mean, in theory, that when every district in the Nation. People come for use by Navy programs alone. The we are prepared to resume Sea Lab III here to their Nation's Capital wishing to money represents a common pool and operations, the Government would be enjoy it, wishing to take home with them was to be used for all Government de­ without funds for a submersible to survey a spiritual reawakening for having come partments and agencies in addition to and monitor those operations. And I to the heart of their homeland. Only too universities and private institutions, as would remind that the Deep Star 4000 frequently do these visitors, people from well. Through this type of pool arrange­ was the first to spot the helium leak in your district and my district, go home ment, the money and programs involved earlier Sea Lab m operations. disillusioned and disappointed because would be more coordinated and effective. And it was Government-leased sub­ th) streets of their Nation's Capital have Duplication, we had hoped would also be mersibles which helped find the lost bomb become little more than one great series minimized if not eliminated. off the coast of Spain. Industry has de­ of slow-moving parking lots. This is what Within 30 days after the notice of veloped these vehicles because there are we must correct. This is our responsibil­ intent went out, more than 1,600 requests definite needs. ity. The Congress must correct this. were filed with the Office of Naval Re­ If we are to look into the condition of Resulting also from this congestion is search. Even with the $3 million, it is oil pipelines in the Gulf of Mexico and the new city disease called urban blight. estimated that only between 300 and 400 off the coast of California, what will the The center city cannot long maintain its dives could have been made. Department of the Interior use if there growth when transportation breaks I think we all agree that tight budg­ are no funds for leasing of submersibles? down. The center city is not just a place etary measures are needed in all areas The United States presently is the un­ where people work. It is not just a place of the Federal Government. disputed leader in deep ocean work and to which people come in the morning and But in the case of the submersible pool, the development of submersibles. We from which they go at night. The center the budget does not cut to the prover­ have arrived at this point because of the city is a place where other thousands live' bial bone, the budget amputates an en­ investment and confidence of industry in and work, where they have their homes tire limb which is vitally needed to the the future of oceanography. where they seek their recreation, wher~ present and future development of Mr. Speaker, I think that the program their children must go to school in an oceanography and marine-related pro­ of leasing submersibles is a vital one and atmosphere that is strangled by a trans­ grams. I am writing the President, the Secretary portation breakdown. And of course what As we moved to unify our oceano­ of Defense, and the Vice President, who so seriously affects the center city will graphic efforts, we found that programs as Chairman of the Council on Marine spread into the surrounding suburban relating to oceanography were scattered Science, Engineering, and Resources, is in areas as well. in more than 20 governmental agencies a position of leadership, urging they Oh, to be sure, traffic congestion­ and departments. The common submers­ closely examine and reconsider the pro­ tramc problems are not the sole cause. ible leasing pool was one of the first posed elimination of this program from No indeed. But the failure to solve traffic efforts to unify and consolidate these the budget. congestion 1s a major contributing fac­ efforts. tor to the breakdown of the city. The · This program is not a subsidy program. purpose of this bill is to create a 97.7-' It is not research and development for RAPID RAIL TRANSIT SYSTEM mile rail rapid transit system including 37.7 miles of service in the District of the sake of improving industry's capa­ Ort the bonding program together with titude of the Soviets as evidenced by their the local tax contributions will provide unprecedented cancellation of the traditional approximately 55 percent of the gross ARMS CONTROL TALKS BETWEEN display of military power in their May Day cost of the subway system. The Federal THE UNITED STATES AND THE parade; and Government would provide the remain­ SOVIET UNION Whereas the successful development of a ing 45 percent through grants. multiple, independently targeted reentry AMERICAN LEAGUE transportation system. We have not hesi­ further escalation of the arms race. An UMPIRES tated to spend billions of dollars to carve immediate freeze on U.S. development of out a path to the moon and to other MIRV's, on the other hand, would elim­ The SPEAKER. Under a previous stars but, Mr. Speaker, we need to carve inate the possibility that potential United order of the House, the gentleman from out a path for the people who, right here States-Soviet arms talks-could be sub­ New York Baseball He has said that the local governments circulating among various Members of League umpires Al Salerno and Bill of Virginia and Maryland· have already the House a resolution calling for imme­ Valentine. pass~d bond referendums or taken other diate deferment of further development Following this statement we will­ appropriate action to finance their con­ and testing by the United States of First, commence an intensive cam­ tributions of $347 million. But action by MIRV's until every effort has been ex­ paign to enlist additional congressional Congress is needed to authorize grants hausted to reach a mutual MIRV freeze support for the effort to obtain reinstate­ sufficient to cover the $1.1 billion Federal agreement with the Soviets. I intend to ment of Salerno and Valentine; two-thirds share of the net project cost introduce this resolution with cosponsors Second, undertake an immediate and capital contribution of $216 million shortly. In the belief that it will be of study to determine if congressional re­ for the District portion of the local one­ interest to a substantial number of Mem­ view of baseball's "privileged" status is third share. bers, a copy of the draft resolution is warranted; and The President and all of the other res­ included below. Third, endeavor to bring to the atten­ idents of the National Capital region are DRAFT OF ARMS CONTROL RESOLUTION tion of the American people, through looking at us today and urging us to pro­ Whereas the present is an especially propi­ factual disclosures, the plight of two vide them with a modern rail rapid tious time for Soviet-American arms control men whose professional careers were transit system so that our Nation's Cap- negotiations because of (1) the approximate abruptly halted because they sought, 12350 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 13, 1969 through an orderly process, to unify dom of sufficient national interest to Salerno and Valentine were still on the their colleagues in the quest for im­ warrant coast-to-coast attention. outside looking in. It was during this pe­ proved working conditions. The Salerno-Valentine case was differ­ riod, what we refer to as our first phase We follow this course confident that ent. These two men were leading an· ef­ of quiet representations, that behind­ the American sense of !airplay will fort to organize their American League the-scenes efforts were made in an at­ prompt many others to share our indig­ colleagues in the formation of an Um­ tempt to obtain the only fair settlement nation about the manner in which um­ pires Association similar to one estab­ of this dispute-the reinstatement of the pires Salerno and Valentine have been lished by their National League brethren two umpires. treated. However, we are realists. We in 1963. Just 3 days prior to the astound­ We were after headway, not headlines. know that despite the important prin­ ing dismissal announcement from League Statements to the news media were in­ ciple involved-the right of workers to President Joe Cronin, Salerno had met tentionally avoided because we recog­ organize for the purpose of collective with the National League umpires group nized Mr. Cronin's position. Obviously, if bargaining-a groundswell of public to lay the foundation for an identical we hammered away by focusing continu­ opinion in support of this cause is venture in his league. ing attention on what we feel was his unlikely. It did not require a sixth sense to rec­ unwise and unfair decision, it would Umpires are nameless men in blue who ognize the journalistic value of the firing have made it more difficult for him to are always wrong when they call a deci­ episode. Veteran reporters knew that a reverse that decision. We were search­ sion against the home team. They are hot pennant race with an uncertain out­ ing for an "understanding," one that constantly low men on the popularity come was headed for the wire, a situa­ would allow certain individuals to save totem pole. They are frequently subjected tion requiring experienced men in blue. face and yet accomplish the desired re­ to verbal, even physical, abuse. They They also knew that Salerno had been a sult in the form of reinstatement for must work under constant pressure and, big league umpire since 1961; Valentine Salerno and Valentine. like all of us, are far from perfect. · since 1962. And they realized that the Unfortunately, the American League All this is no secret to millions of base­ season-and the expiration of the um­ president summarily dismissed our in­ ball fans across the country. We count pires' contract--was only 2 weeks away. terest in the case in much the same way ourselves in that number and therefore All this combined to prompt incredulous he discharged the two umpires. We then recognize from the beginning that what writers to question the motive for long­ had but one alternative and that was to we are doing--ehampioning the cause of distance telephone calls from the league take the matter to the commissioner of two umpires who find themselves on the president to tell two of his senior men baseball. receiving end of a "bum decision"-will they were through. Not just for the sea­ The commissioner's post was vacant probably serve only to develop an aware­ son. Through. Period. for several weeks and it was not until ness of the merit of this effort. We ask Quickly Salerno's organizing activities early this year that there was someone no more than that. and Valentine's forthright support of with whom a dialog could be initiated. Before proceeding with our narrative, those activities were discovered. Further In the interim, the attorney for the we wish to stress that we have no desire checks revealed the widespread dispari­ Umpires Association, Mr. John Reynolds, to be interventionists with respect to the ties in the compensation received by contacted the American League presi­ day-to-day operations of organized, pro­ umpires in the two leagues, with the dent's office on several occasions. At­ fessional baseball. American League crew coming out on the tempts were made to secure provisional It has been suggested by at least one short end of every comparison. reinstatement for Salerno and Valentine. noted columnist that by mentioning the Interviews unearthed more pertinent The appeal was simple: give them a possibility of congressional hearings to information. The organizing effort had trial, if they perform, fine, if not, that consider baseball's exemption under been a topic of discussion among Ameri­ is it, no complaints. The response was antitrust laws, we are threatening those can League umpires for several months, negative. from whom we seek a favorable decision but no major step in that direction had However, apparently someone in Bos­ on our bid for the umpires' reinstate­ been taken until Salerno's move, 72 ton began to have second thoughts on ment. As this sword of Damocles version hours before the click of a telephone r.e­ the matter. Perhaps conscience prompted goes, the two factors are totally un­ cei ver put an end to his 7-year career. the offer, no one really knows, but soon related, hearings are warranted or they The immediate reaction was to go to a counteroffer, involving only Salerno, are not warranted; the unjust dismissal the source, Joe Cronin. The twofold was forthcoming. It was suggested that of Salerno and Valentine should not be question asked of him: "Why the sudden he might be a.n effective American a consideration. We disagree. dismissals and did they relate to the or­ League umpire scout, one that could In the past, each of us, at one time or ganizing activities?" His reply: "They search the minor leagues for needed another, has been closely identified with were inefficient, no." The American talent. This was an unusual develop­ baseball. We remain ardent fans. Our League president claimed the organizing ment--a man who was told he was fired understanding of the game and our ap­ because he was "inefficient" suddenly was effort was "news" to him. He further ob­ aJCljudged the proper candidate to de­ preciation of its unusual business aspects served that he did not know what the under normal circumstances would lead National League umpires were making. termine the efficiency of other men com­ us to conclude that organized, profes­ peting for the job from which he was In short, inquiring reporters were told discharged. And the offer came from the sional baseball is unique and therefore the firing and the organizing activity deserving of its "privileged" status. man who dismissed him in the first place. were completely unrelated, a coincidence. Salerno, maintaining that he was im­ The case in question does not involve To put it in the mildest of terms, we normal circumstances. It is our feeling properly discharged and hoping that his find the so-called coincidence extremely claim would eventually be judged on its that the exemption from coverage under hard to accept. Locker room jargon would our antitru5t laws is merited only as long merits, thereby permitting his return to probably put it in more colorful, less the umpire ranks, declined the offer. as the problems that arise within base­ diplomatic language. ball are resolved without disregarding Finally, reaching an impasse, counsel the rights of the individual. Human The initial shockwave created by the advised the umpires to bring their case values are most important. We cannot questionable dismissal of Salerno and to the National Labor Relations Board close our eyes and permit the blatant Valentine made interesting copy for a where it is now pending. NLRB pro­ disregard for those rights knowing that if few days but the excitement of the pen­ ceedings are lengthy and involved, and a "privileged" exemption under the law nant race and the thrilling World Series anyone familiar with the Board's his­ did not exist those rights would be pro­ eventually farced the sequels to less tory knows that baseball has long had a tected. prominent positions. Soon football and privileged status in connection with its basketball took over and the umpires, responsibilities under Federal statutes. The summary firing of umpires Saler­ like the spikes and gloves, were put on no and Valentine was the lead sports With this in mind, we continued our story for all news media last Septem­ the shelf. efforts to contribute to an early and sat­ ber 17. The "incident" had special in­ A grave injustice to another, especially isfactory settlement, one that would not terest to rate such extensive coverage. someone far removed, is soon forgotten. tarnish the image of our national It was so much more than just another Although the American League's Um­ pastime, but yet one that would bring report of men losing jobs. Such accounts, pires Association for which they fought justice to the fore. unfortunate though they may be, are sel- was to become a reality, the martyred The new b~eball commissioner, Bowie May 13, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 12351

Kuhn, was on the job and we stressed to A. PROGRAM PROLIFERATION AND THE ABSENCE OF scarce instructors and other personnel him, through several telephone confer- LONG-RANGE MANPOWER PLANNING unwilling to work in an atmosphere ences, the sincerity of our conviction and Despite congressional enactment and characterized by uncertainty and ten­ the firmness of our resolve. We requested, Federal budgetary support, it is mislead­ sion. Without the project-by-project ap­ f or the good of baseball, that he become ing to speak of Federal manpower pro­ proach however the Federal Government personally involved and lend the weight grams. As Garth Mangum points out in has little means of controlling the qual­ and prestige of his office to our effort. "The Emergence of Manpower Policy"- ity of services and assuring that the tar­ On Tuesday, April 29, in my office, forthcoming-with minor exceptions, get population is served. As a result of we conferred for more than an hour manpower programs are initiated and ad­ these concerns, funds for outreach can with the commissioner and his coun- ministered by State and local agencies. now be sought from nine manpower pro­ sel, Mr. Paul A. Port8"r. We stressed . The manpower development and train­ gram sources, adult basic education from to these two gentlemen our ·position ing program and the Vocational Educa­ 11 funding groups, prevocational and in the case and urged the commis- tion Act of 1969 are administered skill training from five programs, and sioner to thoroughly review all of the by long-established State agencies. supportive services from nine sources. facts and take decisive steps which The MDTA experimentation and Just as there are numerous Federal would lead to the reinstatement of the demonstration and the Economic Op­ sources for funding each manpower two umpires. The commissioner .was non- portunity Act programs have bypassed service, no State or community has a uni­ commital, but he agreed to contact us "in the States and local government agen­ fied manpower planning or operating a day or two." cies, showing a preference for ad hoc organization. The development of State Regretfully, Mr. Kuhn elected to re- community groups and private nonprofit and local projects has depended upon the main detached and not become involved. organizations. Each Federal funding initiative of a diverse group of agencies, We learned of his decision through a source, in turn, has generated its own and all services have emanated from a telephone report from Mr. Porter. local constituency encouraging prolifera- bewildering assortment of sponsors. It These are but the highlights of what tion at that level. may be that all of the participating has happened during these past months. Competition among agencies in the agencies are making valuable contribu­ There is more to the story that would development and implementation of pro­ tions through their manpower efforts, not be appropriate to reveal at this time. grams can stimulate improvement in the but iot seems clear that the talents and Subsequent statements will be issued as quality of services provided to the indi­ energies of all these agencies would be the occasion warrants. vidual. Until recently such competition far better utilized if they were part of a We conclude by reemphasizing the sin- in the manpower field has proven bene­ systematic plan spelling out the man­ cerity of our conviction and the firmness ficial. There comes a point however power needs and goals of the community of our resolve. In the interest of justice, where excessive duplication of services and how each program would help to in the interest of baseball, Salerno and endangers progr~m effectiveness and achieve those goals. Valentine should be reinstated. where the costs m economy and effi- B . PROGRAM PROLIFERATION AND THE NEEDS OF ciency of implementation outweigh the THE COMMUNITY benefits of competition among programs. The proliferation of programs at the The advantages of such competition are THE CASE FOR A COMPREHEN- particularly questionable when admin- national and local levels is also encour­ aged by a number of widely divergent SIVE MANPOWER POLICY istrative and legal obstacles prevent views on the appropriate responsibilities The SPEAKER. Under a previous order agencies from competing on an equitable and relationships of Federal, State, and of the House, the gentleman from Wis­ basis but at the same time do not pre­ local governments in social policy. Man­ consin (Mr. STEIGER) ls recognized for vent any of the agencies involved from gum has descrtbed six models of Federal­ 30 minutes. thwarting development of a national State-local relationships mutually co­ Mr. STEIGER of Wisconsin. Mr. manpower policy. existing in the administration of man­ Speaker, on May 5, I introduced the Various combinations of Federal, power programs. They are: First, the Comprehensive Manpower Act of 1969 State, and local agencies are now en­ vocational educational-vocational reha­ into the RECORD together with a section­ itangled in a confusing and frustrating bilitation grant-in-aid model providing by-section analysis and additional ex­ competition to serve the same man­ Federal funds for discretionary State planatory material. Today I rise to elab­ power clientele. Funds from the older use within legislatively prescribed limits orate further upon some current prob­ programs are distributed by Federal but with little Federal guidance or con­ lems encountered in the development and agencies to the States on the basis of trol; second, the Employment Service implementation of an effective national fixed formulas, but the budget of the trust fund model with full Federal fund­ manpower policy and the remedies I pro­ Economic Opportunity Act program is ing but State operation, though with pose in my bill to offset those problems. disseminated largely at administrative somewhat more stringent Federal guide­ PROBLEMS CONFRONTING OtrR CURRENT MAN­ discretion. Even with fixed formulas, lines for allocation of funds; third, the POWER EFFORTS Mangum observes, some of the laws pro­ MDTA model consisting of Federal de­ The rapid development of new man­ vide that unused funds available under termination of objectives and guidelines power programs in recent years has gen­ programs requiring initial local appli­ but State initiative in planning projects erally reflected a healthy period of inno­ cation can be redistributed at the dis­ for Federal approval, allocation of funds vation and progress in the manpower cretion of Federal administrators. Fur­ by formula but reservation of a portion field. We have identified and to some ex­ thermore, some communities receive for Federal discretion and the right to tent explored the needs of groups out­ more than their share of funds on the recover and reallocate funds not com­ side the labor force, developed more ef­ basis of their population and need, while mitted within a prescribed length of fective educational techniques to prepare others, less skilled at "grantsmanship," time; fourth, the OEO model bypassing trainees for today's, rather than yester­ have difficulty gaining equal access to the States and often local governments day's jobs, and provided a whole gamut available funds. At the same time, where to make grants and contracts with ad of services for those applicants whose formulas are fixed and appropriations hoc community organization; fifth, th e needs extend beyond matching the man not reallocable, allocations to unaggres­ CEP model with Federal choice of target and the job. At the same time we have sive-though not less needy-States areas deserving priority and Federal de­ now reached a point where program pro­ have often remained unused. Those termination of available funds but con­ liferation is interfering with the develop­ communities adept at hauling in Fed­ siderable local, and no State, discretion ment of long-range manpower planning, eral moneys have proven considerably in their use; and, sixth, the work in­ hampering the efforts of State and lo­ less skillful in using those funds to piece centive model which apparently will in­ calities to adapt national programs to together effective and comprehensive volve a federally specified package of local manpower programs. services which State and local agen­ the widely differing circumstances with­ Project-by-project approval of these in each community, and acting as a bar­ cies will deliver as nondiscretionary new programs remains cumbersome and contractors. rier to the effective linking together of time consuming. Delays have discour­ Much of the impetus for this prolifera­ educational, manpower, health, and oth­ aged State and local program develop­ tion of programs and models stems from er services needed by numerous indi­ ment and caused the curtailment of well­ the dilemmas which confront a Federal viduals prior to employment. conceived projects because of the loss of agency, as it attempts to deal with State 12352 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 13, 1969 and local jurisdictions. On the one cannot continue to treat each such :fluc­ that the manpower institutions operate; hand, disbursement of funds through tuation as signaling the need for yet it is there that they must be designed in State governments reduces the number another program. At some point we must relation to the economy they serve. ~ of required Federal contact points and come to grips with the nature of the But the challenge extends beyond the the need to become directly involved in delivery system itself. development of community manpower local problems; on the other hand, a It is difficult to think of any manpower systems as the primary objective of a number of States have proved disap­ service which could not be found some­ comprehensive manpower policy. If such pointing in their lack of responsiveness where within the complex structure of a policy is to succeed, new administra­ to community, particularly large urban, current laws and practices. Yet only in tive approaches must be adopted. Uni­ problems. On the one hand, funding on the vocational rehabilitation program, formity in the design of local programs a project basis often excludes communi­ do we even make available to a particu­ must give way to :flexibility. Federal ties with the greatest need but the least lar client all of the services for which agencies must shift their emphasis from energetic leadership; on the other hand, he is eligible. Until all manpower pro­ a reviewing and approving role to a con­ formula allocation may tie up limited grams are dissolved into a single pro­ sultative role. Federal agencies must find funds in the hands of the apathetic gram encompassing all budgets without ways to feed into the State and local while the more capable and aggressive earmarking for particular services, the planning process their general advice and States are neglected. necessary :flexibility will not be achieved. technical information, their more cos­ On the one hand, project-by-project If services are to be available to clients mopolitan perspective, and their eval­ funding provides a Federal agency with in accord with their need, then Mangum uation data on local experiments. The leverage to force appropriate action and is fully justified in concluding: focus of Federal concern must be upon in some cases to bypass various layers National decisions cannot be made which the procedures comprising State and lo­ of State and/ or local bureaucracy; on the arbitrarily fix the combinations of services cal program planning and operation thus other hand, the vast number of cities, to be available in states and communities. assuring that all relevant interest groups counties, and other jurisdictions far ex­ Small nonindustrial States may have are involved in the decisionmaking proc­ ceeds the limited capacity of Federal little use for on-the-job training but ess and that adequate technical ar.d agencies to negotiate, monitor, and might benefit from an expanded insti­ planning capacity are available. The evaluate contracts. tutional training program. Cities with substantive content of programs how­ These dilemmas will not even begin to considerable heavy industry and high ever must remain strictly within the be resolved until we begin asking the demand for semiskilled workers have area of local and State jurisdiction. questions: "What can Federal, State, different needs from those urban areas A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO A NATIONAL and local governments and related pri­ which are predominantly white collar. MANPOWER POLICY vate agencies each do best?" and "How In adapting manpower programs to the A single comprehensive manpower bill can we strengthen the capacity of each needs of the particular State, city, and would not solve all of these administra­ level of government to perform its role individual, there is no substitute for a tive problems but it would alleviate many more effectively?" Authority and funds State and local manpower planning and of them. must be placed in the hands of State and implementation mechanism. The authority and budgets included local public and private agencies. More THE CHALLENGE OF A COMPREHENSIVE in the Comprehensive Manpower Act of extensive training must be conducted to MANPOWER POLICY 1969 would be the total of those funds prepare additional personnel to admin­ currently allocated to the remedial man­ ister and work in State and local man­ According to the national manpower policy task force : ~ power programs--those programs ad­ power programs. The concept behind the dressed to the problems of people already cooperative area manpower planning The present challenge is to apply the les­ through school and in or on the verge system, consisting of area, State, and sons of the early 1960s to develop a coherent manpower policy, not just for the moment of entry into the labor market. This regional coordinating committees work­ but for the 1970s and beyond. would encompass the present MDTA and ing closely with the Secretary of Labor the manpower programs under the Eco­ and with the Secretary of the Depart­ It is time now to build upon the ttends nomic Opportunity Act, a total of $1 ment of Health, Education, and Welfare already underway to strengthen the ca­ billion in fiscal year 1969. Vocational on educational matters is sound, but until pabilities of communities and States to education, though a vital part of a na­ funds, staff, and decisionmaking respon­ plan their own manpower programs to tional manpower policy is ess~ntially sibility are vested in such groups, the re­ implement national objectives with the preventive rather than remedial and co­ sulting agreements will serve merely as financial support and technical assist­ ordination of vocational education with paper documents which alienate those ance of the Federal Government. remedial manpower program is left, State and local officials who took them The central administrative question therefore, to the discretion of the States seriously from working in the future on remains however, as James Sundquist and localities. such program plans with the Federal points in the Brookings Institution's In response to the problems confront­ Government. Program proliferation is in "Agenda for a Nation": ing our current manpower efforts, the ob­ . part a reaction to the inability of some Whether the federal government will allow jectives of the Comprehensive Manpower States and localities to tailor a series of any local system to work. So far, it has fol­ Act of 1969 are: First, to facilitate long­ programs well designed to meet the par­ lowed an ambiguous course. range planning; second, to adapt the ticular needs of a community. But pro­ On the one hand, local decisionmaking manpower program mix to community gram proliferation has itself now become circumstances; and, third, to allow pack­ so great in the manpower field, that it mechanisms such as the CAA's, CAMPS, and CEP's are instituted to coordinate aging of services according to individual stands as a major barrier to the develop­ need. The legislation proposes an admin­ ment of a concerted, :flexible Federal­ program activities at the community level. On the other hand, programs are istrative policy which would strengthen State-local response to the demands and the State and local role while maintain­ needs of the local community. launched at the same time which bypass these structures and make many of the ing Federal guidance. C . PROGRAM PROLIFERATION AND THE NEEDS essential decisions without prior consul­ The Federal agency would issue guide­ OF THE INDIVIDUAL tation or clearance. lines each year much as is presently done The ultimate consideration in the As Sundquist stresses: under the cooperative area manpower structure and administration of man­ planning system-CAMPS. The guide­ power programs must be the packaging The federal government cannot have it lines would undertake to detail the out­ and delivery of all services needed by the both ways. look for the year ahead and provide over­ individual. These needs will vary by It must decide whether the complex of all employment estimates for the next 3 community, target group, and individual, manpower and related programs is to be years. They would estimate the total and rapid changes may occur both in the conceived -and operated as a predomi­ manpower funds available throughout intensity and the nature of manpower nantly national system or whether those the Nation and by State. They would problems. The unemployment rate may programs are to be treated as federally forecast the economic climate, describe shift rapidly or concern may in a short aided community programs that have to the existing and foreseeable manpower period of time shift from the plight of the be meshed by local and State leadership situation, and identify national man­ worker displaced by automation to the into community systems. The choice is power priorities for the coming year and needs of the hard-core unemployed. We patently clear. It is in the communities for the next 3 years. Important con- May 13, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 12353 siderations concerning such matters a.s funds-30 percent-would preserve the most of his audience that a nuclear chain target groups and program mix would be Federal role in research and demonstra­ reaction could not be established. and had very sound reasons for this view which have, included along with the criteria by which tion and allow funding of interstate, of course, been proved entirely erroneous. program performance would be judged. regional, and national programs. Where Dr. Wigner might have noted also, but did Performance would be evaluated annu­ a State fails to meet its responsibilities, not, that Dr. Robert Oppenheimer, t he " fa­ ally and the following year's budget the resulting program vacuum would be ther" of the atomic bomb, did not believe would vary according to the extent to filled by the Federal Government using in t he feasibility of the thermonuclear reac­ which State and community objectives the State's allocation but channeling it tion of the hydrogen bomb largely because were achieved. Funds are allocated to the through public and private contractors. in his heart he hoped it could not be made States by formula but with the provision The impetus behind the Comprehen­ to work. sive Manpower Act of 1969, Mr. Speaker, The Princeton physicist could have re­ that where a State has failed to come called also, but he did not, that a large part forward with an acceptable plan, the is my conviction that if we did things a of the scientific community saw no sense in money should be spent within the State little more rationally, they would turn out the Russian development of the fantastically by the Federal agency using either State a little more rationally. destructive 50 megaton warhead. But the or local public agencies or private institu­ u tilit y of that warhead is now seen in its tions as con tractors to provide the de­ capabilit y of destroying American Minut e­ sired services. ABM "NONEXPERTS" SHOULD man missiles sites. The guidelines would be implemented HEED PHYSICIST Dr. Wigner's arguments were profound and by a State planning group, appointed by well beyond the comprehension of the aver­ The SPEAKER. Under a previous order age layman or the average congressman. But the Governor with Federal approval of of the House, the gentleman from Mich­ he made two very strong points which can the structure but not the personnel. This igan (Mr. GERALD R. FORD) is recognized readily be understood. planning group would have staff and for 5 minutes. First, the Soviet Union is overtaking us budget supplied from the manpower pro­ Mr. GERALD R. FORD. Mr. Speaker, in general nuclear capability, not withstand­ gram allocation. Included among the it is highly disturbing to me that oppo­ ing t he soporific statements of two Demo­ planners would be representatives of all sition to President Nixon's Safeguard cratic secretaries of defense, Robert S. Mc­ State agencies involved in the delivery of missile defense system has taken on the Namara and Clark M. Clifford. Russia is mov­ services under the federally funded man­ ing into that range of nuclear capability nature of a movement in which little or which could cause its more extreme leaders power programs, closely related private no attention is being paid to the great to think that they could win an all-out nu­ agencies, representatives of labor and weight of distinguished scientific opin­ clear confrontation with the United States. management and the public and the ion favoring deployment of the Safeguard This condition is brought about in large Governor's designees. However, the deci­ system. Instead, we find that many non­ part by its own nuclear defenses, not alone sions of the Governor would prevail in experts are seeking to persuade the its ABM deployment but its extensive and the absence of consensus. The State American people that their judgment is massive plans and training in civil defense planning group in turn would prepare "the last word" on the subject of missile which extend down to the lowest levels in the similar guidelines for the local commu­ public school system and which are un­ defense. Columnist Richard Wilson has known in this country. nities. done an excellent commentary on this Second, the assumption that the deploy­ Community and neighborhood centers situation. I invite all of my House col­ ment of a defensive system by the United would bring representatives of all partic­ leagues to read his column as it appeared States would serve as a provocation to the ipating agencies within reach of client Monday, May 12, 1969, in the Washing­ Soviet Union is illogical to a dangerous de­ groups. The relative assignments to vari­ ton Evening Star. gree and contrary to the official position of ous agencies would be determined by the The column follows: the Russian government that defensive meas­ ures do not accelerate the arms race. State plans, requiring only that at least ABM "NONEXPERTS" SHOULD HEED "One could almost claim," said Dr. Wigner, one agency in each city and in the State PHYSICIST have the responsibility for giving per­ "that the absence of true defense is consid­ (By Richard Wilson) ered provocative by the USSR. Doing nothing sonal counseling to and developing an It is puzzling why Congress and the coun­ in the face of the by-now alarming USSR individualized plan for each client. This try listen to nuclear non-experts like Sen. military buildup would give the impression agency need not be responsible for de­ Edward M. Kennedy and Hubert H. Hum­ that the leadership of the country does not livery of services to that client, though it phrey on the ABM issue and pay no atten­ consider defense to be important." should be his advocate in assuring the tion to a very substantial body of expert We have become accustomed in this coun­ quality of the services provided. That scientific opinion on the other side. try to think of ourselves as having nuclear agency would probably, in most cases, be By all indicators the country is quite exer­ superiority over the Russians. This is thought the Employment Service, but that deci­ cised on this issue, equating the ABM with of as our ultimate protection. All that has the Vietnam war as a disgraceful manifesta­ changed during the period since Stalin's sion would be left largely in the hands of tion of American militarism which is out­ deat h when every American president, dating the Governors and would presumably de­ raging world opinion and robbing the nation back to 1953, has sought a new era in Rus­ pend upon what agencies are providing of desired social gains. Therefore, it should sian relations. The nuclear balance has manpower services most effectively. do no harm to know that there are very able shifted toward the Russian side during t his The differences between this approach men, equally as "involved" as Kennedy's period and now we a.re faced by new and and the current manpower policy are team of scientists, who firmly state views ex­ ominou s conditions. incremental but important. Federal actly opposite and vigorously support deploy­ guidelines are currently issued under ment of the Safeguard system. One of them is a Nobel prize winner and AMERICANIZATION DAY CAMPS but they are so detailed in terms the only physicist to have been awarded the CELEBRATION of characteristics of enrollees and pro­ four highest honors a physicist can receive: gram mix that they leave few decisions the Nobel prize for physics, the National The SPEAKER. Under a previous to be made at the State and local levels. Medal of Science, the Fermi Award, and the order of the House, the gentleman from The Federal agencies currently enjoy Atoms for Peace award. He is Prof. Eugene New Jersey me of in case of war. · vision, U.S. Army Reserve on the occa­ them. Majors Carmine P. Giordano and Rounding out the Army Reserve strength sion of the 38th annual Americanization J. Leonard Hornstein. are the 262,000 members of the Standby and Day parade, and two news stories which This month is a special occasion for us. 235,000 members of the Retired Reserve. appeared in the Hudson Dispatch and We are celebrating Community Month in These men and women, who do not train the Jersey Journal, two leading news­ April to pay tribute to the communities in with any units, can be called to active duty papers published in the 14th District of which we live, to our employers and our in time of war or national emergency de­ families, neighbors and friends. clared by Congress. New Jersey. We feel that people are paying tribute to Perhaps the most outstanding character­ Mr. Speaker, as a citizen of Jersey us throughout the year by accepting the in­ istic of the men and women in the Army City, I am very proud to associate my­ conveniences caused by our being members Reserve is the large reservoir of special skills self with this great event and look for­ of the Army Reserve. Our friends and fami­ and experience they represent. Many officers ward each year to participating in it. lies, for example, often have had to hold and non-commissioned officers, as well as It is a great day for all of us from Hud­ reunions and barbecues without us because many enlisted men in the lower grades, hold son County, N.J., and it shows that old­ we were spending a weekend training at civilian occupations that correlate with their (mention name of training site). Our em­ military duties. This is evident right here in fashioned patriotism still exists in our ployers have had to operate shorthanded, our community. part of the Nation. My constituents came at times, because we had to be away during At the beginning of this talk, I mentioned from every part of the world. The only a particular two-week period for annual the fact that we in the Army Reserve are real common denominator is that they training. celebrating the month of April as Com.:. all love this Nation and its traditions and We appreciate everyone's support and want munity Month. We hope that you will join are proud to be Americans. to salute them this month. us in this celebration by visiting the Army I salute the Fisk Post and the city gov­ While the general store has given way to Reserve Training Center so that you can see, the supermarket and shopping center ... and in person, who we are . . . what we do . . . ernment for its part in making April 27, the town green as a communications center and with what equipment we train. We hope 1969, a great day for Jersey City. has been made obsolete by mass media, the that you will also join us in other activities The material referred to follows: tradition of the citizen-soldier has probably we will be voluntarily sponsoring during this REMARKS BY MA.r. GEN. JOHN G. CASSIDY, taken on greater significance during the past month. COMMANDING GENERAL OF NEW JERSEY'S three decades than ever before in .America's In closing, I would like again to thank 78TH DIVISION, U.S. ARMY RESERVE, ON THE history. you-our neighbors, our employers, our OCCASION OF THE 38TH ANNUAL AMERICANI­ A shrinking world ... together with an families and friends-for your support and ZATION DAY PARADE IN JERSEY CITY, N.J., increasing amount of greed on the part of encouragement throughout the year. APRIL 27, 1969 certain nations .•. have combined to make We in the Army Reserve are dedicated to Honorable Gr.and Marshal Mayor John V. the threat to national security an everyday the proposition of providing strength to our Kenny, Reverend Clergy, distinguished peo­ matter of concern. As a nation, however, we national security through a strong Army Re­ ple on the dais, friends and loyal Americans have continued to adhere to our principle serve. Without hesitating we make personal all. It is my extreme pleasure to be here to­ of fielding a relatively small standing Army sacrifices to meet this cominitment. And, we day to again participate in this magnificent with strong dependence upon Reserve forces hope, as a result, this will be a better display of patriotism and loyalty to our in times of emergency. world ... a better nation ... a better com­ country, the greatest country in the world, Since 1941, the United States Army Re­ munity in which to live. the United States of America. serve has responded four times to the call of the national emergencies. [From the Hudson (N.J.) Dispatch, Apr. 28, As a past grand marshal in the Americani­ During World War II, 26 out of the 82 1969] zation Day parade I feel doubly proud to divisions formed for combat were mobilized act today as an aide to the grand marshal of SOME 30,000 PARADE FOR UNITED STATES OF from the ranks of the Army Reserve. AMERICA this 38th .annual Americanization Day pa­ Almost a quarter of a million men of the rade, Mayor John V. Kenny of Jersey City. Army Reserve were called to active duty Former Mayor John V. Kenny yesterday led He is a true patriot and a fighter for the during the Korean Conflict. a stirring demonstration of patriotism and rights and freedoms of all peoples. As a for­ During the Berlin Crisis of 1961, 75,000 loyalty to country and flag as the grand mer resident of Jersey City and Union City, Army Reservists were mobilized. And, during marshal of the 38th annual Americanization I can remember vividly his courageous fight 1968, with the Vietnam build-up, thousands Day Parade in Jersey City. More than 30,000 in May of 1949. He won that battle and has of members of the Army Reserve were called marched and nearly 75,000 lined the streets been victorious ever since. ·to active duty by the President. In addition, cheering every contingent enthusiastically. I salute you, John V. Kenny, as .a man almost 80 percent of the officers and warrant Sponsored by Capt. Clinton E. Fisk Post who has fought for the rights and liberties officers serving in Vietnam today hold Army 132, Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the City of of peoples and for the veterans of our coun­ Reserve commissions or warrants. Jersey City, the parade was hailed as "a tre­ try and for our flag for these more than 50 I am proud to say that both local members mendous display of patriotism and a tribute years. Congratulations to the Capt. Clinton and units of the Army Reserve have re:. to Mayor Kenny and Jersey City," by Brig. E. Fisk Post, 132 of the VFW and the city sponded to our nation's call to duty during Gen. William C. Doyle, national commander of Jersey City for once again producing the these four build-ups. · of American Legion. Others who called the most spectacular display of patriotism and You might think that the almost con­ parade "the greatest ever" included Maj. loyalty to flag and country ever in the coun­ tinuous threat to our national security ..• Gen. J-0hn G. Cassidy, the commanding gen­ try. You can feel justly proud. with frequent call-ups ... might discourage eral of 78th Division (Training), U.S. Army I would also like to thank the city of men and women from joining and remaining Reserve; Rep.- Dominick V. Daniels, Mayo_r Jersey City and the Fisk Post Parade Com­ in the Army Reserve and might affect the Thomas J. Whelan and State Sen. Fran;k J. mittee and in particular my friend Sam readiness of our units. Guarini Jr. Barda.ch, the Parade's general chairman and The day was perfect as 30 bands and Nothing is further from the truth. Mayor Thomas J. Whelan of Jersey City-for marching units took part. The assembly dedicating this 38th annual Americaniza­ Today, the nation can boast of having the point was at Kennedy blvd. and Belmont av., tion Day Parade to the "Army Reserve's April strongest, best trained and best equipped Jersey City, and then along the boulevard Community Month" program and the Army Army Reserve force in its history. It is more to the reviewing stand at Pershing Field. Reserve's 61st annivernary. The members of than one million strong. Forming the nucleus At the reviewing stand, more than 5,000 were the Army Reserve and New Jersey's 78th Divi­ of the Army Reserve are 3,478 highly trained present as Kenny reviewed the parade. He sion (training) also express their deep grati­ Ready Reserve units which includes 45 units also presented trophies to band groups. tude. mobilized in May 1968. More than 260,000 Kenny, who addressed a luncheon crowd This weekend, as on almost every other men and women are members of these units of 250 at the Holiday Inn, Jersey City, prior weekend of the month, men and women who which vary in type to include combat, com­ to the parade, said he was deeply honored to have spent their weekdays at desks, drawing bat support and combat service support. be named grand marshall and called th.e boards, behind store counters and in clasl>­ These include training divisions, maneuver assignment "one of the cherished highlights rooms and factories will gather in groups in area commands and infantry brigades, or­ in his life." cities and towns all over the country. ganized and equipped to fight in. sustained In his address, Kenny added, "In this day combat in any part of the world. These gatherings won't be ~or weekly bowl­ of rebellion ag~i~st the principles of democ­ ing sessions, friendly poker games or to dis­ An additional 738,000 men and women are racy, we, in Jersey City, will prove today to cuss the stock market or the baseball team. assigned to the Individual Ready Reserve the nation that patriotism and loyalty to and, in case of war, would be used to rein­ country and flag still exist. We are a freedom­ Thelse men and women are citizen-soldiers force units of the Army, Army Reserve and who, pecause of their dedication to the loving people and America is the greatest Army National Guard. Some of the officers country, today, _tomorrow and forever." preservation of the nation's defense, are assigned to the Individual Ready Reserve members of the United States Army Reserve, have been pre-selected, because of civilian WITH WOLFE, HAHN this nation's largest Reserve component. specialty or military training, to fill an au­ Kenny rode in a car ·from the assembly They are also your neighbors . . . your thorized position at a selected Army head­ point with Freeholder Walter W. Wolfe and employees . . . your fellow businessmen .•• quarters. These officers, called mobilization Judge Frank G. Hahn of Union City. Preced- May 13, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 12355 ing him in the line of march were Jersey Others who hailed the parade included Maj. U.S. Army Reserve Community Month. Sam City's mounted police, state police escorts, Gen. John G. Cassidy, commanding general Bardach was the parade's general chairman the 730th Air Force Band from McGuire Air of the 78th Division (Training), U.S. Army for the 10th straight year. Assisting was Force Base, a Hercules missile .and .a Marine Reserve; Rep. Dominick V. Daniels, Mayor Arthur and Evelyn Dovey, Commander Wil­ color guard. Directly behind the grand mar­ Thomas J. Whelan, and State Senator Frank ber Phelps, Michael Berger of the Fisk Post. shal were hls aides: Medal of Honor recipients J. Guarini, Jr. Sgt. George Bradley and Sgt. Michael Berger John "Chuck" Meagher, Jersey City, Steve It was bright and sunny as 30 bands blared assisted the grand marshal. Rev. Chester A. Gregg, Bayonne, and Nick Oresko of Ber­ in spectacular fashion along the parade Wing of the Second Reformed Church, Jer­ genfield; Gens. Cassidy and Doyle, Lt. Col. route which began at Belmont and Kennedy sey City said the invocation and Rev. William Charles F. Kenny, Maj. Carmlne P. Giordano, Boulevards and proceeded north along the O'Gorman of Our Lady o( Fatima North Lt. Col. Philipp Kunz and Maj. Erwin E. Boulevard to the reviewing stand at Persh­ Bergen gave the benediction at the luncheon. Pollack. ing Field. Kenny reviewed the parade at Judge Hahn acted as master of ceremonies Pershing Field. at the luncheon where the grand marshal Kenny, addressing a luncheon crowd of 300 was the guest of honor. Guests at the lunch­ at the Holiday Inn in Jersey City prior to the THE rNJTED STATES-A MORE eon included notables from the state. parade, said he was never before so honored. GENEROUS CREDITOR TO FOR­ They included the grand marshal's aides, He called his grand marshal assignment "one EIGN NATIONS THAN TO AMERI­ Thomas Flaherty, president of Jersey City of the cherished highlights of his life." "In CAN CITIZENS Council, and Councilmen Evelyn Holender, this day of rebellion against the principles of Fred Martin, Frank Culloo, John Kela.her, our democracy and the revolt of dissendent ne of sufficient of industrial efficiency we would do well to Tariff Commission was called upon for a look about us. We have good cause to ques­ survey to determine the difference between i T. C. Publication 181, July 1966. See pp. tion productive efficiency as the supreme so­ the American selling price and foreign value 6-16. cial good, no less than the forces that press 1:2362 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 13, 1969 relentlessly in that direction, including low­ The obsolete litany continues even though THE MANNED SUBMERSIBLE cost imports. the automotive industry, the steel industry, SAFETY ACT The coal industry in the early 'fifties the electronic industry, the manufacturers found. itself beset by lethal competition from of typewriters and footwear, sewing machines

I / :12364 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 13, 1969 community and a threat of mass resignations tween deans for larger budgetary allowances tire business bore a direct relation to civil from the faculty. for their colleges, between chairmen of de­ rights. Two premises will haunt professors Between these extremes lies the largely un­ partments in division of college funds, and of history from now until eternity if they do trodden way of firm, impartial and strict ap­ between professors for ever higher salaries. not recognize and deal with them: plication of the institution's own code of Great inequities exist in all areas. 1. The bitter crusade of deunciation and conduct. Suspension of the rules is, in reality, Herein lies the deadly virus that has done vilification of President Lyndon B. Johnson a great disservice to the activist students. more to weaken and destroy independent and his Vietnam policy was begun by men College life is, after all, supposed to provide teaching and research than all other things who had never lifted their voices in sup­ some preparation for real life. And although combined. port of civil rights, who were suspected of some academic communities have demon­ There never has been a revolt without the strong racist tendencies, and who aimed at strated a tolerance that threatens the encouragement and assistance of a portion confusing and confounding the entire civil destruction of the institution, society will not of the faculty. It is precisely in those ~reas rights movement. greet the graduate with any such permissive which have been neglected and suffer the 2. They were aided and abetted by pseudo­ attitude. inequities that trouble starts. liberals, who were frightened by progress of Perhaps the major tragedy of the present Today, students, who know nothing at all the crusade for equality of Negroes and agony on America's campuses is that the vio­ about anything much, also are demanding whites, dared not openly oppose it, and lence has drawn attention away from the and are getting membership on all policy­ sought to retard it by attacking the Presi­ fact that grievances do exist. There is a dan­ making boards and committees. dent who had done more in six years for the ger that the entire focus of concentration UNWIELDLY MASS Negro a.nd the poor and the underprivilged will be on the ugly and dangerous symptoms than all the other Presidents combined while the causes are neglected. If that hap­ Disaster first struck when we were com­ pelled to educate, or try to educate, a great since the founding of the Republic. pens, then r~gardless of how effectively the We might have tried with as much suc­ violence is curbed today, tomorrow will bring unwieldy mass of young men and women who had no definite objective in a system cess to brush back the tides with whisk a repetition. brooms as to bring order out of the chaotic The university and the college should designed, organized, operated with reason­ able success for an intellectually elite or at situation at that point, and the worst was properly be a place where a full and frank yet to come. We were entering the fourth interchange of opinions between the genera­ least culturally oriented and carefully se­ lected minority. area of conflict. The black militants were on tions can take place. The students, who have the march. reached their physical and in many cases Barriers dropped or requirements lessened perceptibly. Students came without language Negro students began with a demand for their mental maturity, should be active full integration, passed to a demand for participants in the total life of the com­ equipment, without any ability to write in­ telligent English, without adequate prepara­ courses in Negro history, and ended with a munity. demand for autonomy and separation. Along And yet, in too many cases, the young men tion in subject matter, and worst of all without manners. the way they made many demands con­ and women are treated as children. The size forming to the various stages of the power of the big universities has too often reduced Almost before anyone knew what was hap­ pening, a group generally considered riffraff struggle going on among the Negro popu­ the student to a punch card for the institu­ lation. tion's computer system. The questions of showed up. Disreputable characters who dressed like tramps, smoked incessantly, Black power is the battle cry: Black col­ this most inquisitive and doubting of genera­ leges in the cultural complex of a university; tions go unanswered. The sense of alienation used drugs, seldom bathed. They had no apparent respect for themselves, for any­ black professors; courses designed for and grows. by black students; admission without re­ Today the academic world is ablaze. The thing, or for anybody. They had nothing in fact, did nothing quirements, as if blackness removed all :first order of business must be to bring that handicaps to the understanding of higher conflagration under control before the sys­ useful, but wanted every experience in life in a day and a night and took what they mathematics, political theory, or genetics. tem is destroyed. But putting out the fire They had no program but shifted from should not entail quenching sparks of honest wanted. They thought no one before them ever had any problems or any experience, one demand to another day by day. They had dissent. There is room for improvement in no proposed curriculum of studies and our institutions of higher learning, and stu­ ever did very much, or ever did anything right. wanted none. dents have a proper and constructive part to They wanted to invade and participate in play in bringing about the needed changes. What we soon had to deal with was an oligarchy of ignorance, conceit and plain faculty meetings. They wanted college and immorality. university funds to spend running around [From the Washington (D.C.) Sunday Star from one campus to another, to import May4, 1963] The second area of conflict embraced per­ sonal conduct. The age of drug addiction, speakers, many of whom have deliberately AN ANGRY SCHOLAR SPEAKS OUT ON CAMPUS sexual promiscuity, and nudity was upon us. violated the law and thumbed their noses RIOTING The demand was for all restraints by faculty at the courts, and to publish and distribute (By Dwight L. Dumond) or administrative officials pertaining to stu­ propaganda. dent behavior to be abandoned. They wanted separation but white money. NoTE.-The author of this article ls a dis­ They wanted autonomy but the benefits of tinguished professor emeritus of history at If they wanted to have sexual relations In university degrees. They were supported in the University of Michigan. He 'Specialized lounges or university buildings or in the all of these demands by a small but violent in the history of the American South and rooms of men's dormitories; if they wanted minority of white students and intruders on taught that subject at Michigan for 35 years. to use drugs to release all inhibitions; if the campus. As a student of Southern slavery and its they wanted to hurl obscenities at profes­ aftermath, Dr. Dumond wa.s a liberal pioneer sors; if they wanted to come to class half MISLED AND DECEIVED in the fight for freedom of the black man in naked; or if they wanted to put on plays Who are these youngsters that demand America. He has written several definitive while nude or show publicly films formerly the very segregation and alienation that works on the abolitionist movement and the found only in bawdy houses or stag par­ generations of their forebears fought to over­ anti-slavery origins of the Civil War. ties-if these or other acts ordinarily con­ come? Most of them know little or nothing He ts now professor of American Insti­ sidered immoral and degrading plea.sed them, about the work of Walter White, or Roy Wil­ tutions at Colgate University. then no one should interfere. kins, or Thurgood Marshall. They know of The article first appeared in the Detroit They said that God was dead and religious Martin Luther King because in their im­ News Sunday "Passing Show" section. tenets were no longer respectable. petuous ignorance they destroyed him and Rioting on college campuses in the United WAR PROTEST abandoned his philosophy of nonviolence. States has now become such a disgrace that They know nothing abOut how black and we may well be caught in the tentacles of The third area of confilct was that of for­ white men working together in mutual re­ worldwide revolution. eign and domestic policy as related to the spect and understanding overcame lynch­ We are dealing with a unique institution: Vietnam war. This was a legitimate, perhap.s ings, secured abandonment of segregation by It is the most precious establishment in a compelling subject for investigation and dis­ law in education, in housing, in public ac­ democratic society, so fragile as to be an al­ cussion in the halls of learning at the proper commodation, or about the painful struggle luring temptation to every would-be dicta­ time and place. for support of Negro colleges in the South. tor and· -propagandist spawned in a free We started out with proper seminar dis­ They have been misled and deceived. They society. cussions, but degenerated to desecration of demanded black colleges, black teachers, and It consists of two essential elements: pro­ the fiag, insults to and about men who had black studies--other names for subordi­ fessors and students. But 1! present disrup­ died in the service of their country, demands nation, ghettos and apartheid. . tions continue, we may have to turn more for the end of ROTC training, cancellation Black power is not a thing of virtue. The and more to research institutes, unburdened of all recruitment. and research, obstruction true basis of power is economic, political, in­ and unencumbered by hordes of students. of the shipment of war supplies, invasion of tellectual, moral. The highways to achieve­ There ts a deep cleavage between adminis­ official conferences with government author­ ment run along these lines. There are no . trators and professors. It worries the admin­ ities, and sit-downs in court rooms and leg­ other roads. Division of the country or any istrators, annoys the professors, confuses the islative halls. part of it, or any of its institutions on the students and destroys morale. All of this, vulgar ·as it was, pales into basis of color, is no more possible than di­ The arrogance and power of administrative insignificance beside the source and purpose vision of freedom. officers depends largely upon their control of of the' initial agitation. There is no such thing as black freedom, fina~ces. T~ere is enormous competition be- Not all, but a substar>:ttal part of the en- or white freedom. Everyone is going to have May 13, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 12365 tt or no one is. No person _ever was accepted, the law. In fact one of our most precious jorit y of the students from going about their or evaluated, or elevated .to power ·for long . rights is to live. under the rule of law. business of getting an education . because he belonged to a group--0nly on To make martyrs out of men who violate Militant students who call themselves the basis of ability, knowledge, and individ­ the law is to invite anarchy. The legal princi­ Afro-Americans are -devotees of black pow­ ual achievement. . ple must be sustained on the college campus er. To many it means unity in everything: I am not an amateur in the writing or . as elsewhere. Why, then, has there been so to act as a black person though elected as teaching of history, or on the lecture plat­ much delay in correcting this serious and a delegate to a political convention, ap­ form, and few men have done more in the disgraceful business? pointed to a teaching position, given pub­ area of human relations or for the cause of Agitators are not interested in discussion lic office, and so forth. racial equality, but a leader of the militants or reform, but in destruction and domina­ It means no longer to be a responsible at Howard University dared to say to me in tion. They have no intention of making the person but a member of a group in politics the classroom, "I don't want to hear any educational process a continuing and ever­ in business, in education, in religion. Their more about your constitutional democracy"; changing one. professed objective is a worthy one, of giving and, after a public lecture at Colgate Uni­ The idea is to create havoc, confusion, to black people a sense of dignity, of belong­ versity, one white student called me a destruction. Whether the basic motives can ing, the need of which may well be over­ "damned radical" and a black student called be classified as communist, facist, or plain emphasized, but the value of which cannot me "another one of those -- liberals." anarchy, the actual program is plainly iden­ be denied. This is what we have come to in our uni­ tifiable as destruction of educational insti­ What then has been the result of these versities: a composite of intolerance and tutions rather than reform of educational campus disorders? What has it all gained? ignorance. processes. What are the losses? Rejecting integration, young Negroes talk The militants follow a practice of staying Those things which militants among the of black history, art, economics, political ac­ away from classes and public lectures; and of students want are not within the province tion, leadership, nationalism and capital­ mutilating books, magazines, and manu­ of anyone to give. The structure of a uni­ ism. They say they will go it alone. Black scripts which do not conform to their mo­ versity cannot be changed overnight, in all racism and white racism are equally bad and mentary mood. probab111ty should not be changed a:t all. both are beyond the pale of respectability. They check out thousands of books to dis­ Teaching methods, the content of admis­ The young Negroes in the universities are rupt the learning process, but never bring sion requirements, the intellectual attain­ being misled by power-hungry men who ex­ a precious tome to class; instead, they bring ments which justify conferring degrees-all ploit their gullibility for personal reasons of coffee and doughnuts, hamburger sand­ of these elements in the educational process money and power. wiches and soft drinks. Some of them come are constantly under scrutiny and revision by The demands· of black militants are sup­ to classes in pajamas, and with everything college faculties. There is always intellec­ ported by many white students through from garlic to cigarettes on their breath. tual ferment, though not always change be­ ignorance, a desire for segregation, an im­ They cannot speak without obscenities. cause change does not always denote prog- pulse to help a minority group regardless of They cut great holes in desks, write erotic ress. merit, or their own gain. It may have ele­ notes on desks at which decent people have EXTREME REACTIONARIES to sit after them, and burn holes in the ments of exaggerated self-pride, of in­ The militants are not progressives, not lib­ feriority complex, of narcissism, of budding carpets and cork floors. They have revolted erals. They are reactionaries of the most ex­ masculinity. against everything that is decent and respect­ treme sort. They seek to destroy, not to build, They talk about doing their "thing", thus able. Their study habits are irregular or nonexistent. and they are achieving little except chaos revealing an intellectual poverty and sub­ and retardation. When the revolution has servience to ignorant leadership. Faculty members have become so accus­ consumed its leaders, as always happens, and They want power without knowledge. tomed to these things and so intimidated by colleagues who go along with the stu­ the wreckage is cleared away, we will be Those who come from wealthy homes, and about where we were before the trouble many do, say over and over again that they dents' behavior that they cease to be con­ cerned if someone throws a brick through started. never have to work if they don't want to, and Those responsible have: intend to create such widespread fear by the window. Professors have a long tradition of con­ Destroyed academic freedom. rioting and destruction that people will get Betrayed the educational process by seek­ down to the serious business of creating the cern for the dignity and security of the stu­ dents and educational process. They know ing objectives through ultimatums, threats kind of society they, themselves, want. They of force, and destruction of property. are adventurers and revolut ionaries, and that some of the students• complaints are legitimate. In fact, they know more about Infringed upon the rights of others to im­ happily so. prove their talents and skills. University administrators, totally unpre­ that than anyone is willing to admit. Too many administrators and faculty Greatly retarded understanding and peace pared and uninformed, were paralyzed into between people of ditrerent colors by de­ inactivity when the rioting began. students members, also, have been more interested in their own security and advancement than in manding separation instead of integration. who seize university officials and buildings, Fostered in their own minds and others a disrupt faculty meetings and conferences, the students. Just a.s some of the problems of the cities false idea of achievement, inculcating the resort to arson and bombings, and make it idea that the road to progress is obstruction, impossible for law-abiding students to go lie in the poverty and illiteracy of the rural South whence the immigrants came, so do destruction, threats of fear. about the business of getting an education the problems of the universities lie in the Allowed themselves to resort to mob action, for which they paid, are guilty of crimes planned and well coordinated, until no one sufficient to send them to prison for life. homes, the public schools, and the churches. Youngsters coming to college have never been knows whether the upheaval, with its over­ Every one of them who attacked police, tones of racism, portends social revolution or security officers, and National Guardsmen disciplined. This is a permissive society. Our cultural level is in steady decline. war; or whether the disorders are evidence of with weapons could have been killed in the Children have never been fatled in pub­ smoldering emotions or first steps in a specific melee and it would have been due process of lic schools, since there are no standards for program of world-wide revolution. law. promotion froµi year to year. They have Insured a level of mediocrity in the educa­ I am not saying that severe repression is never been taught respect for persons and tion of bla.cks and whites alike by demands wise, or advocating resort to it, but facts are property. Universities cannot in a few for adoption of pass-fail, abolition of require­ facts; and when law enforcement officials months make up the deficiencies of parents, ments for admission and graduating, and ap­ are called upon to perform their primary pointment of professors on other bases than Junction of protecting persons and property schools, churches, and public officials over a period of 16 to 18 years; and they have quality. someone is certain to get hurt. more sense than to try to do it by repres­ Strangled financial support for higher edu - RULE OF LAW sion. cation from private donations and taxes. In many respects the situation is more Governors, legislators, even congressmen Turned distinguished scholars and admin­ serious than crime on the streets. In every and the President shun the problem and istrators away in utter disgust. case, militant students have demanded com­ find justification for their inaction in the It takes 100 years to build a university fac­ plete immunity from law enforcement: No peculiar nature of educational institutions, ulty of distinguished scholars, even longe1· one should be arrested, otrenders should be or in the structure of the federal system to establish for it a reputation which merits released from jail, excused from trials, and which lodges police power in state and local the full support and atrection of the people. reinstated in school without being disci­ government. Schools like Harvard and Michigan and plined. This is anarchy, and when mobs at­ This is not a local matter. There is revo­ California belong to the world. They are the tack public officials it approaches planned lution involved, and the campus disorders most precious institutions of a people's cul­ insurrection or treason. are calculated, whether by design or not, to ture, reaching far into the distant past and Universities alone cannot handle this contaminate the vast reservoir of moral and on into an endless future. They can be de­ problem of law enforcement, but they can intellectual power which is the great strength stroyed in a day, and I wonder how close it expel those students who are involved and and security of a democracy. is, for Robinson Jeffers· must have been thlnk­ dismiss participating faculty members. Law The right to dissent does not mean the ing about what I am thinking now, when enforcement agencies have their responst­ dissenters' views must prevail. Militant stu­ he wrote: billties as do parents. dents say it does, that their demands sre "The day will come when the earth will Students do not lose their rights as indi­ not negotiable. It does not include a right scratch itself and rub otr humanity, and then .vidua.ls when they ent.er a university, but. to destroy property, to prevent by obstruc­ the world will blossom with passionate stars, neither do they shed their obligation to obey tion, noise, physical violence, the vast ma- sunset rocks and uncontaminated grass, the 12366 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 13, 1969 pure and impersonal 'beauty of things which dents did not have an opportunity to attend. this aspiration and ability creates many in­ is the face of God.' although there will be Now they have been offered scholarships, or ternal confusions. none to recognize it." special cases have been made to encourage "Therefore one is often tempted, instead Negro students to come on campus. of fighting that confiict through to revert to [From the Washington (D.C.) Evening Star, "It is therefore all the more tragic that, one's self, to look inward. • • . So that if I May 2, 1969] instead of taking advantage of the oppor­ set up courses myself I'll set them up so I RUSTIN RAPS "SOFT" COLLEGES tunity for learning, they are reducing the can pass them. And that, you see, is what I (By Brian Sullivan) situation to a series of courses that cannot mean when I say there should be lots of really prepare them for the kind of life money and energy spent in helping the NEW YoRK.-Bayard Rustin, long-time Ne­ which they have to live when they get out of young Negro over the psychological barrier. gro civil rights leader, says colleges are taking college. Now here again I'm all for studying There's only one way to do that. That ls to a cheap way out by agreeing to Negro stu­ in an integrated manner. Just as I'm for give him enough tutoring, enough remedial dents' demands for black studies programs. integrating whatever contributions Jews and work so that when he does finish college, he Instead, he says, colleges need to develop Irish and Italians made into our whole his­ will finish on a par with all other students." massive-but expensive-remedial projects to tory, I'm for integrating the contributions improve the scholastic level of Negro students of blacks. However in the long run, what one [From the U.S. News & World Report, May and to enable them to make their academic has to come out of college with, is a degree 19, 1969] way. which prepares one to do something signifi­ THE REAL CRISIS ON THE CAMPUS: A NOTED In a question-and-answer session with a cant in the society. We need doctors, we need reporter on Negro unrest on the campus, EDUCATOR SoUNDS A WARNING-EXCLUSIVE lawyers, we need people with degrees in eco­ INTERVIEW Rustin deplored violent protests and said it nomics and sociology and a myriad number was humiliating to see college administra­ of things. People ought to use their time in (NoTE.-Sidney Hook, professor o! philoso­ tors and faculty submitting to Negroes with college really to specialize and to be able to phy and formerly department head at New guns. make a contribution. York University, is regarded-at home and abroad--as one of the leading American phi­ They wouldn't submit to "Ku Klux Klans­ "Q. There were reports that black students men coming on campus with guns,'' he said, at Cornell armed themselves from fear of an losophers of his time. Now 66, Dr. Hook has and suggested this indicated the college offi­ imminent attack by some white students. championed civil liberties and left-wing cials didn't really consider Negroes equal to You mentioned psychological stress that the causes, in writings and speeches, since the whites. ghetto student is under when he is dropped late 1920s.) "They say, well, it's only Negroes behaving into an Ivy League school. How are you go­ Q. Dr. Hook, have campus disorders brought that way. They wouldn't tolerate this from ing to resolve this? universities to a turning point in their his­ tory? white students,'' he said. "A. That is a police matter or, better still, Rustin, who organized the March on Wash­ A. Yes. Recent events on American cam­ a matter for the university to take care of. puses have precipitated a genuine crisis in ington in 1963 and now is executive direc­ If the university cannot take care of it, then tor of the A. Philip Randolph Institute, said it's a police matter. I think there's been higher education. Because of events at Har­ Negroes had made substantial gains in edu­ brutality to Negroes for centuries. We have vard, Cornell and other institutions, it is no cational opportunities. been able to mount a concern about brutality exaggeration to say that American higher ed­ "It is therefore all the more tragic that to Negroes precisely because people were ucation is confronted with the most funda­ instead of taking advantage of the oppor­ fairly convinced that Negroes were not en­ mental challenge to its basic principles in tunity for learning, they are reducing the sit­ gaged in aggressive violence. history. And by its basic principles, here, I uation to a series of courses that cannot real­ mean the principles of academic freedom. "It's going to be increasingly difficult now After all, the demand on the part of stu­ ly prepare them for the kind of life they have when people see pictures of young Negroes to live." dents to determine not only the nature of carrying guns for us to get attention called the curriculum but who is to teach them, The interview ranged over a spectrum of to that degree of brutality which ls stlll left Rustin's views on campus problems, Negro in our society. People wlll get the notion that and who is to be hired and fired, implies an militancy, and faculty reactions and conces­ abandonment of the traditions of academic Negroes are engaged in aggressive violence, freedom. sions. The questions and answers: and therefore, that the brutality may be "Q. How do you view the efforts to estab­ Q. Just how do you define academic free­ justified. So I think these people are doing dom? lish separate black studies departments? us a grave disservice with these guns. And I "A. I am very much opposed to separation simply do not believe that there are organized A. It is the freedom of professionally quali­ under any circumstances and I'm also op­ groups of white college students on campus, fied individuals to inquire, to discover, to posed to black studies. And I believe it is a publish and teach the truth as they see it, at this point, which are prepared to attack independently of any controls except the grievous mistake that there has not been the Negro students with violence and guns. If study of Negro culture history, but I'm op­ Negro students continue to carry guns, that standards by which conclusions or truths are posed to it as black studies, because I believe may very well happen later. established in their discipline. there should be the integration of Negro con­ Therefore, the principles of academic free­ tributions into the American historical Q. How are we going to resolve this, given dom require that, once a teacher ls certified forces, into the economic forces, and into the feelings of the black militants? by his peers as professionally competent, other forces. For example, I don't think you A. The college administrations will have to there should be no interference with his should study the American Revolution with­ be honest with themselves, and first Of all, right to reach and teach any conclusions in out studying Crispus Attucks. believe that Negroes are equal to other people the field in which he ls an expert. This prin­ "But in this country, to try to separate and treat them accordingly. If Negroes and ciple obviously no longer applies with respect the black experience from the American ex­ any other students engage in this kind of to black studies, because it is quite clear perience, ls ridiculous. behavior, something must be done to pre­ that, if black students disagree with the posi­ "Q. Do you think that the college mili­ vent it. tion of the teacher, they have the right to tants, black or white, have a valid protest? And I think the college administration veto him. They have already moved in that "A. I think there are valid reasons for pro­ needs to stop playing young Negroes cheap. direction in several institutions. testing. I think administrations have been Now everybody knows that the ghetto A year ago at Cornell, black students in­ insensitive to the needs of college students. schools and high schools are basically in­ vaded the office of the chairman of the de­ I think that in a society where we have war, ferior. Efforts to get more youngsters into partment of economics and demanded an racism and poverty, young people are justi­ college and through college ls a goOd idea, apology, and later dismissal, of a lecturer be­ fied in protesting. but it must not be done in a cheap way.... cause he expressed conclusions about Africa "Q. What kind of demonstration would you "Let me put it another way. There is no of which they disapproved. At UCLA [Uni­ lead on a campus in a protest you consider Italian history of the United States. There's versity of California at Los Angeles], a course justified? no Jewish history, there's no black history, in race was canceled at their demand. "A. I believe people have the right to with­ there ls American history and whatever role Now, if this right to determine the nature draw. They have the right to go on strike, Jews, Italians and blacks have played in it of a black-studies curriculum and to select but not to interfere with other people. They ought to be written as it occurs and inte­ its teachers is given to black students, the have the right to refuse to get to classes, they grated into the whole picture. Therefore, you natural thing will be to give white students have the right to carry on any form of non­ have American history. The problem 1s we the same right. Otherwise, it's an expression violent protest. have not yet had American history, because of racism. Otherwise, the implication would "Q. Do you think Negroes have made sig­ blacks have been excluded. You don't deal be: "Well, black studies are so unimportant, nificant gains in the past few years, within with that problem of American history by one can let black students determine what the education system? doing the opposite thing now. they want to be taught. But where white "A. I think there has been a number of " Q. In summary, what 's the root of the students are concerned, one must recognize important gains. The U.S. government ex­ campus problems? traditional standards." This would be not pects that by 1975 there will be 400,000 Negro "A. One of the problems is that young only absurd but invidious. college students. The fact is in 1969 there are Negroes are facing the shock of integration. If the practice is legitimate with respect over 400,000. We are way ahead of schedule­ They have been partially integrated, but to black students, why not for white largely because of the education bill which there is a distance in their minds between students? President Johnson introduced and Congress what they aspire to be and what the condi­ This demand is already part of the pro­ passed. There are many, many campuses tions they have lived under makes it now gram of the Students for a Democratic so­ where only three or four years ago Negro stu- possible for them to be. The conflict between ciety. A few years ago it issued literature

... } May 13, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 12367 demanding that students have equal rights may be even more severe than the threat right to question, to sent, to develop with the faculty in determining what should from the so-called "left." points of view of their own. And, by and be taught and who is to tea.ch it. Later on, Q. Does this point to civil strife-even gun large, I should say that students in this in some places, it contended that students battles--ahead on the campus between com­ country are freer with respect to the right should have preponderant power. peting factions? to dissent than they ever have been in the Now that Harvard has recognized the prin­ A. I am not convinced that there will be history of the country. They're freer here ciple that students can determine the con­ civil war on the campuses. The failure of the than they are in most other countries. tent and personnel of instruction, the de­ educational authorities to implement their Recall the students who wrote and pro­ mand is sure to be made by white students own rules will probably lead the civil au­ duced "MacBird." That was a play in which in various fields. Only a few days ago, at the thorities to step in. If universities refuse to t he President of the United States was ac­ University of Colorado, an assembly of stu­ govern themselves, the government will have cused of complicity in a conspiracy to assassi­ dents passed a resolution condemning a pro­ to take over. It cannot permit assault, arson, nate his predecessor. Now, there isn't a single fessor of anthropology for having published possible loss of life merely because adminis­ country in the world where students would an article on the American Indian which they trators--and the faculties-are cowardly. have been permitted to publish or produce regarded as racist. They rebuked him. Some The betrayal by the faculties, particularly a play of this sort. And yet, on American demanded his dismissal. at Cornell, of the principles of liberalism is campuses they have complete freedom to do It is quite clear that the epoch-making what ls so significant. It goes to the very so. decision Harvard took will bring in its wake heart of our agony, of our tragedy. The However, "academic freedom for students" a demand by white students to control thei r faculty at Cornell originally repudiated the might be defined as freedom to acquire an curriculum and teachers. capitulation of its dean and president in education. To this freedom there may be However, this is only the beginning. What the face of armed threat, and upheld the great obstacles: prejudice, poverty, abSence happens next will parallel what has hap­ earlier decision made by a regularly consti­ of educational facilities. Their removal ls the pened with respect to black studies. The con­ tuted committee of faculty and students to task of all citizens of a democrat ic com­ trol of black studies today in most institu­ censure certain students for violent acts. munity. tions is in the hands of black nationalists They then reversed themselves. In what Traditionally, we have looked to the uni­ who are committed to separatism. They de­ did this betrayal consist? In the fact that versity as the source of nonpartisan author­ nounce people like Roy Wilkins, A. Philip these faculty members subordinated the ity-as an institution that studies and Randolph and Bayard Rustin. In controlling processes of deliberation and justice to an illumines problems and proposed solutions, what should be studied, they explicitly say opportunistic decision designed to get them but does not enlist itself in behalf of any that the curriculum must be organized in off the hook. partisan outcome. If it becomes a partisan such a way as to reinforce the truth of black Now, the essence of liberal civilization is political institution, it cannot escape politi­ nationalism. the belief in due process. It is belief in the cal retaliation when it backs political pro­ In other words, black studies have been importance of rational consideration and posals rejected by the community. politicalized. Partly by threats and partly evaluation of evidence in the hope of reach­ Q . Is "nonviolence" an excuse for such by actual coercion, in various places where ing a just conclusion. We have always taught actions? black studies are being taught and con­ that the process by which we reach conclu­ A. The forcible occupation of a building is trolled by black students we find only one sions ls much more important than any spe­ a lawless action, and is always accompanied point of view expressed. cific conclusion-just as in science, the by the threat of violence. It really ls immate­ This was already prefigured at a meeting method is more reliable than any particular rial whether the violence is actual or whether at Yale University in May, 1968, when Ron conclusion, because the method of science the violence is threatened. At Harvard, the Karenga and Nathan Hare {black militants] ls self-corrective. We have always held that spectacle of dea.ns being carried out on the indicated that "genuine" black studies must although man may be wrong in his belief, so shoulders of students as though they were be organized and taught by blacks-and only long as the rational process ls not tampered so many sacks of potatoes was grim evidence by blacks committed to the ideals ot black with, so long as the evidence is not "cooked,'' of violence. At other places, like San Francisco nationalism. This is equivalent to saying that so long as there is honest inquiry, in time State, much worse has occurred-arson, if there are Jewish studies on campus, they he wm reach truth. bombing, maiming for life. must be taught only by Zionists and not by Similarly, for the administration of jus­ Q. Have faculties in many places aided dis­ any other Jews or by gentiles. tice: We have believed that once we follow orders? Now, when white students take over and due process, we can correct any inequity that A. The truth is that the faculty has the demand the same rights, the SDS or the develops. The alternatives are mob rule and power to curb and to prevent student violence Peace and Freedom Party will demonstrate­ lynch law. and the attendant outrages against academic as they already have in some places--agalnst But the Cornell faculty abandoned the freedom. some teacher of economics or history or an­ process by which its own committee reached The faculties have more power over edu­ thropology or even some scientist on the a conclusion. On a Monday, it sustained its cational curriculum and, ultimately, over ground that his conclusions, in their exalted committee; on a Wednesday it reversed-on discipline than any other group on the wisdom, are "imperialist" or "class-biased." the very same evjdence. campus. But the faculties of this oountry, They will then demand he be dismissed. Secondly, what is unforglveable in the by and large, have been loath to exercise it. This will definitely spell the end of aca­ action of the Cornell faculty is the reason Notice how few the expulsions have been It for actions far worse than actions in the past demic freedom. If the faculties of this coun­ it reversed itself-and yielded to force. try do not organize themselves now to resist acted in panic, out of sheer fear of the conse­ that brought expulsions for offending stu­ this mass assault against the principles of quence of adhering to its own principles. dents. academic freedom, the end result will be the Finally, what kind of example did this At the University of California at Berkeley, politicalization of the American university in yielding to the threat of terror set their stu­ the faculty voted down motions that con­ the style of the universities of Asia and dents? These men are supposed to represent demned the forcible occupation of Sproul South America, many of which have been the rational life and its integrities. Instead Hall. Therefore, students elsewhere were en­ politicalized to a point where little study they sacrificed principle for safety. What couraged to emulate this lawlessness. actually takes place. kind of example was this to set their fellow At Columbia, the faculties have, in effect, citizens who subsidize education, pay them amnestied the students for actions that were It's not accidental that when South Amer­ their salaries because they look to the uni­ criminal in character. ican and Asian students want a thorough versity as the center of courageous objec­ Now it is obvious-especially after what has education in any particular field they go to tivity-only to witness the faculty panic in happened at Cornell-that the faculties, by other countries. What they can get at their cowardly folly? and large, have been trying to buy peace by own institutions ls a political education­ This bodes ill for the future of higher edu­ capitulating to threats of violence and to and a partisan one at that. cation. It will contribute to a growing dis­ the forces of unreason. They will discover Maybe something can be said for the polit­ content on the part of citizens with univer­ that the logic of appeasement ls the same in lcalization of universities in authoritarian sities and faculty members. It wlll intensify education as it is in politics: It only whets countries where there ls little opportunity for antiintellectualism in the country. Already the appetite of the students to make more political opposition. But in our own country, too many bills to curb c ~ ..m.pus disruption and more unreasonable demands. where opportunities abound for the ex­ have been introduced in State legislatures. If Harvard ls the "Munich" of American pression of differing political points of view, Q. Does academic freedom extend to stu­ education, Cornell is its "Pearl Harbor." to make the university a political instrument dents? Of course, what I'm saying is not true for ls educational genocide. A. When we talk about "academic freedom all members of the faculty. I must confess, What I am saying is that the tendency for students," the problem is to give it some however, to intense disappointment with my legitimized by Harvard and by Cornell may acceptable meaning. It could mean the right colleagues, since I believe in the principle result in a continuous purge of universities to go to school or not to go to school, which of faculty control. I had hoped that faculties by students who have become pollticalized. they have; the right to go to one college or would have more gumption and guts than Even the high schools are becoming atfected. another college, depending upon their inter­ they have displayed in many institutions, At the moment we hear a great deal from ests; or the right to choose one course of and especially at Harvard and Cornell. "revolutionary" or "left" students. But be­ study rather than another within any par­ At the turn of the century, there was an fore long there will be a reaction to these ticular college. By and large, students have English lecturer wh-0, having visited the students. and we will hear demands for po­ this right. American universities, returned to England liticalization from the "right!' This backlash Academic freedom could also mean the with the observation that there were three 12368 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 13, 1969 sexes in America: men, women and college adults would be aroused about social and so powerful that peaceful methods won't professors. He obviously meant to call atten­ political affairs, then youth would not be work? tion to the absence of simple moral courage aroused. This is demonstrably false. After A. No, Marcuse is simply muddle-headed. on the part of the faculties. all, adults today are more aroused about so­ What he is saying is this: Democracy has I had assumed that this failing-if it ever cial and political affairs than they ever have failed because people choose things of which existed-had been overcome. Alas, there is been in the past, but students are not less Marcuse disapproves. He is a Prussian type heart-sickening evidence that many faculties violent but more. who believes that we should force people are more interested in buying peace at any Secondly, he fails to explain why, in the to be free, force them to love each other. price than in defending academic freedom. past, when adults were not aroused, youth Marcuse has publicly declared that he would The great irony is that American faculties was apathetic. Aging scientists, their crea­ rather that Negroes didn't have the right often condemned German faculties that re­ t ive work behind them, like aging business to vote than choose wrongly by voting like fused to stand up to those who trampled on tycoons become "elder statesmen"-and with white workers for the values of a consumer academic freedom when resistance might have the same qualifications. society. Credit where credit is due! He cer­ meant the loss of their lives and those of The trouble with such "statesmen" is that tainly has the courage of his confusions. their families. But, in the United States­ they don't bring to the consideration of so­ For Marcuse, error has no rights. This confronted with a threat that doesn't begin to cial and political affairs the same conscien­ goes back to Augustine's dictum. Those who compare in seriousness with the threat of tiousness, the background of knowledge and believe they have the absolute truth, you totalitarians-faculty members have yielded sense of logical form and evidence th~t is see, don't accept the experimental methods in the hope that, if they gave the students second nature to them when they are in the of democracy, which is skeptical of absolute what they demanded, the students would be laboratory. truth. The "right to be wrong" is not only "reasonable." They only get kicked harder. But not only scientists wander afield. Take necessary in order to be a person; it some­ THE WORST EXCESSES a theologian like Robert McAfee Brown of times is necessary in order to reach the truth. Q. Is the present structure of the univer­ Stanford, who maintains that, in the name of In science, we make progress by eliminating sity as an institution outmoded--especially human freedom, academic freedom should errors. Very often the hypothesis which is the large, so-called "multiversities"? be sacrificed. He seems unaware of the fact refuted furthers our knowledge. A. What has happened has happened not that academic freedom is a human freedom DEMONSTRABLE NONSENSE only at large universities but at small. Look too. Robespierre might have spoken in th~ vein that Dr. Brown did when the French Q. What about statements that we should what occurred at Swarthmore, a small college listen to the students-that they are trying where the president died of a heart attack in Revolutionary terrorist decreed the guillotin­ ing of Condorcet [progressive philosopher], to tell us something? the midst of student turmoil. Look what hap­ A. Of course, we should listen to stu­ pened at Oberlin, where students got out of for Robespierre identified human freedom with "the health of the Revolution." dents-and the truth is that we have been hand and violated the procedures established listening to students. But the best way to by faculty-student committees. One would have expected a theologian with insight to have recognized that acac: ::nic communicate what one wants is through No. It is interesting to observe that the words, arguments, programs-forms of dem­ worst excesses have occurred at the most freedom is so fundamental because the real problem is the conflict of freedoms. The rea­ onstration that are reasoned and reasonable. liberal universities, large or small. This is A blow never communicates when we reach overlooked by some people in positions of son we've stressed academic freedom is that we believe that the knowledge, the detach­ for understanding. Power may come out of a political authority whose academic qualifica­ gun barrel-not insight or truth. Those who tions are rather dubious. ment, the objecti,vity which flows from aca­ demic freedom helps us expand other human say students are merely "trying to commu­ For example, here is Robert Finch, our Sec­ nicate" are unaware of the fact that they retary of Health, Education and Welfare, who freedoms as well as resolve the conflicts among them more readily. have communicated quite well. But some maintained that many universities have students' conception of whether they're lis­ brought troubles on themselves because of I• HOW AMERICA HAS CHANGED tened to is simply whether faculties will rigid administrative procedures and out­ Or take those who in discussing student yield to any demands they make. moded attitudes and because they pay too violence always refer to the violence of the When students say that they want to de­ little attention to students. American Revolution to prove how authenti­ termine the nature of the curriculum and This is true of some institutions, but is it cally American violence is. Someone should have the right to hire and fire professors, we the cause of student disorders? If Secretary Finch were right, the worst disorders and ex­ tell them we've already won the American understand very well what they are saying. cesses would have occurred at the most au­ Revolution-that we already had our Boston What they are saying is demonstrable non­ thoritarian universities. But this is not the Tea Party. And we had them because at the sense, because to make such a demand is to case. Secretary Finch is talking through his time there did not exist the politicaJ institu­ equate experience and inexperience, maturity and immaturity, knowledge and ignorance. hat. tions by which we could settle grievances peacefully. If a student wants to learn medicine to be The truth is that at Harvard, Cornell, San. a doctor, the fact that he wants to learn in­ Francisco State the administrations were very Today we have them. We can settle our political differences through the ballot rather dicates that he hasn't got the authority to much concerned with students. There existed determine what he should study in order to committees on which faculty and students than through riots. And what nonsense to hear otherwise intelligent men cite approv­ become a good doctor. There is an authorita­ were represented. Yet it was there that the tive, as distinct from an authoritarian, aspect students were guilty of some of the worst ex­ ingly Rap Brown's discovery that "violence is as American as cherry pie"-as if that made to the teaching relationship which :flows cesses. At Columbia the situation worsened from the superior knowledge, the tested after vast reforms. At Cornell, it was a violence or everything American as good as cherry pie. Lynching is American, too. But methods, the objective evidence which the faculty-student committee that decided, teacher relies on. This is true even if you horror of horrors, that three Negro students does that make it good? Examine remarks like those made by John consider the student as an apprentice were to be censured-censured/ Some punish­ teacher-or assume even that every student ment! Yet the result was a resort to arms. D. Rockefeller III who, in a recent speech, called down blessings upon the young because some day will be a professor, which is a very Secretary Finch's remarks imply that be­ large assumption. After all, in what field does cause none is free from fault, all are equally of their concern with social and political af­ fairs. I don't know where John D. Rockefel­ the apprentice have the same authority as guilty-that student violence can be equated his teacher to determine what he should with administrative ineptitude. ler III gets his information about what's hap­ pening on American campuses. Whoever sup­ learn in order to become a master journey­ Now that the season for political silliness man? ls over, we are in for its educational variant. plies it to him obviously can't distinguish between intellectual dissent and the exercise What the st udents are trying to com­ In New York City, Mayor John V. Lindsay municate when they make these demands is has denounced student violence in the high of violence. The Nazi students in the '30s were also something which is absurd on its face, and schools and has vowed that he would prevent even more absurd upon analysis. But, hav­ it. Hurrah for him! But lt is the same Mayor "concerned" with social and political mat­ ters when they trampled on the rights of ing communicated this and having failed to Lindsay who in a speech at Princeton Uni­ convince any reasonable person that this is versity two years ago hailed the "Berkeley Jewish and socialist professors. But anybody who merely or mainly praised them for their desirable, they then resort to occupation of rebels," at the University of California, as buildings, to assault, to the language and providing a pattern for the rest of the stu­ " concern" at that time would either have been considered a Nazi sympathizer or a po­ violence of the gutter. If their argument dents in the country to emulate. They have. wasn't persuasive before they used violence, Whoever wrote that speech for Mayor Lind­ litical cretin. And to find somebody today who praises violent disrupters because they're what makes it more persuasive--the violence? say was actually putting words in his mouth Is might going to determine not only what is to encourage students to do precisely the "concerned" with social and political issues, who doesn't understand that their violent right, but what is true? This goes beyond the things that they're doing today-in high Orwellian world of 1984. schools, too-which he is deploring. What methods are far more important than any "concern" they are showing, seems to me The issue is not the ideals mouthed in the makes Mayor Lindsay an authority on the easy rhetoric of the students, but the means colleges? t o be irresponsible--to put it very mildly­ they use to achieve these ideals. Scientists often rush in to talk about these because it encourages violence by the "con­ As John Dewey [educator and philosopher] matters as if they wish to illustrate that cerned." pointed out, "Anybody can proclaim high and there is no transference of training from one Q. What about the claim of the "New mighty ideals, but the world that comes into field to another. A famous biologist and No­ Left" philosopher Herbert Marcuse that au­ existence is a consequence only of the means bel Prize winner at Harvard claims that, if thority in today's society is so diffuse and used to achieve these ideals." When black

' May 13, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 12369 students and SDS radicals use the same er good. There is no sane political alternative tlict. There is no status quo in human· rela­ methods Nazi students employed to destroy to the policy of the lesser evil. tions and institutions per se. the Weimar Republic aDd trample into the Q. Are many Americans tending to look on AGE OF FLUX dust traditional ideals of academic freedom, student rebels as being somehow pure and then no matter how different their rhetoric innocent? Is a kind of-youth worship causing Who will deny that we live in an era m ay be, fundamentally both are enemies of some to condone student violence? marked by profound changes in diverse areas t he rational process and of those values of A . There is a large measure of truth in of human living? Changes in the world scene, civilization which have developed over the this. There are people who seem to believe for example, have brought about the estab­ centuries against the forces of obscurantism that youth can do no wrong-perhaps be­ lishment of 65 new nations since the end of and barbarism. cause they hope thereby to recapture their World War II, :!'or a total of 136 nations in the world today. This political and geographical WHY STUDENTS ARE DELUDED own youth. Foolish parents coddle their dar­ ling young rebels in a vain hope to keep them fiux in it self has given more than a. billion Q . Are students especially honest and from flying the nest. people the possibilities of deciding their own moral people rebelling against dishonest and In my experience, there is nothing intrin­ destinies. Within the underdeveloped coun­ immoral elders? sically wise about age. There is nothing in­ tries of the world the people are increasingly A. This view that the students are suffer­ trinsically virtuous about the young. What is aware that the other half of the world's ing from an excess of virtue, whereas their more important than youth or age is intel­ population enjoys the benefits of scientific, elders are intellectually dishonest, is a lot of ligence-intelligence tested by experience. political, economic, and educational progress. horsefeathers. The truth is that the students After all, it was the young Nazis who They rightfully wish to share in the progress, are completely unhistorical. They have no burned books, marched into battle, consti­ and a social upheaval known as the revolu­ perspective upon events. They do not com­ t u t ed the elite of the SA and SS [Brown tion of rising expectations is expressing that pare the situation today with what it was Shirts and Black Shirts]. desire. like in the past. They expect overnight trans­ Lewis Feuer's masterly book on "The Con­ Anot her vast change is called the knowl­ formations which in the nature of the case flict of Generations" proves that most youth edge explosion. It has been estimated that, can't take place if one understands history movements have aided reaction. And the st arting with the time of Christ, the first and the elements of human psychology. F ascist hymn, " Giovinezza"--or "Youth"-is doubling of knowledge occurred in 1750; the In my own lifetime, I have seen changes a very good illustration of the fact that the second in 1900; the third, 50 years later, in in the position of the Negro and in the posi­ glorification of youth can blossom into a 1950; and the fourth only ten years after the tion of the worker which I would have re­ glorification of cruelty and arrogance. third, in 19-60. This knowledge explosion has garded as almost fantastic in the 1920s. Be­ This, I think, is profoundly true today, had its impact on our daily lives, in our cause there are still abuses, discrimination, especially in the United States. Those who schooling, in our occupations and professions, problems created in virtue of past progress, uncritically identify with the young overlook on the streets, and even in the privacy of our doesn't mean that the progress made in 30 its callowness, its insensitiveness. They tend homes. Much more is yet to come. Scientists or 40 years is minimal or immaterial. After to become apologists for brutality and terror. advise they will learn as much in the next all, our judgment of a situation should rest 15 years as in all preceding centuries, so that on whether it is growing better or growing BATTLE IS NOT YET LOST scientific developments will rapidly infiuence worse-not whether it is absolutely good Q. Is there a possibility that many profes­ living in the future. or absolutely bad. sors, rather than continuing to teach in sit­ We have with us also as a change-pro­ These students who claim that they are uations like those at Cornell or Harvard, will ducing force, the population explOSion. It has opposed to hypocrisy because they demand become discouraged and leave the teaching been estimated that by the year 2000 the all injustices to be abolished overnight field and go to other fields, such as founda­ world's population will have jumped from its probably would denounce those who wrote tions? 3 billion mark to 7 billion. As a result of the Declaration of Independence as hypo­ A. There is no doubt that many people this dramatic !ncrease, there will be need of crites. Why? Because slavery existed at the will leave the academy rather than teach expansion in our resources relating to food, time. under existing conditions. education, medicine, science, housing, em­ Now, would you call those who wrote the But I think that they would do better to ployment, and religious and social institu­ Declaration of Independence hypocrites stay and fight. The battle is going against us, tions. when they proclaimed all men were born free but it is not yet lost. I still have faith that, Changes, of their very nature, produce and equal at a time when some had slaves? 1f we keep on fighting, our colleagues will challenges, and today on the international No. The significant thing is that this princi­ rally to us. That is why we have organized. level we see a foremost challenge from the ple was enunciated-at a time when all other University Centers for Rational Alternatives Soviet and Mao versions of communism. On countries of the world accepted the practices and are soliciting support from all who wish the national level we are also facing chal­ of elite rule and leadership. The new prin­ to defend the free university. lenges to our freedoms, traditional principles, ciple had a powerful role in the ultimate If our good faith ls a vain hope, then we accepted values and historic goals. These abolition of slavery. have to go down fighting. For freedom and challenges come from various groups beyond self-respect are nonnegotiable. Those who think like unhypocritical stu­ the pale of the vital center of moderation dents would have rejected not only the Dec­ in our land. The strident strivings of the laration of Independence but the Magna CIVIL DISORDER IN ACADEMIC COMMUNITIES extremist left, black nationalist, and white Charta, which is regarded as the charter of (By Assistant Director William C. Sullivan, hate groups present a threat that our society English liberties. Federal Bureau of Investigation, at the may be polarized ino a confusion of bitter, If one reads the Magna Charta, he finds fifth national conference, Associated Stu­ hatred-ridden, and barbaric segments. The explicit discrimination against Jews and dent Governments of the United States of confrontation and conflict between ideas and against women. The students would say this America, Washington, D.C., Nov. 27, 1968) people-that we in this country have been makes it a hypocritical document. But any­ J. Edgar Hoover: "Dissent is one of this suffering for some years-have as we all know body with a knowledge of history and con­ Nation's priceless values. It must be pro­ brought varying degrees of civil disorder in text, and with common sense, would say that tected at all times and in all areas of thought academic communities in the United States.:i the Magna Charta recognized principles and action, be it in time of peace or in time MAJOR ISSUES that were new at their time-that became of war. But this dissent, of its very nature, The major issues underlying civil disorder the basis for expanding liberties in England, requires law for both its expression and its fall into three categories, each of which even though they were wrung from King preservation." has several related questions. John by barons for their own interest. At the center of my remarks tonight lies The first category is universit y reform. This You see, the student radicals pass judg­ a concern for the growing incidence of civil relates in the main to the right of st udents ment on social and political affairs as if they disorder in the American educational com­ to share in all administrative functions of were born yesterday. In effect, they are saying munit y. Civil disorder, as it applies to the the university, including the drawing up of that they can understand social and political academic community, may be defined as the school budget s and the planning for future affairs because they are "sincere." But it is actions of certain college-oriented ele­ expansion. The right to sponsor campus not sincerity, it's foolishness to overlook the ments 1-young as well as old-which are speakers; to distribute any type of literature fact that you cannot escape history. And the deliberately committed and aimed at dis­ on campus; to publish any paper or other history of the United States has been a his­ rupting not only the functions of educa­ literature free of censorship; and to have a. tory of slavery, of the Civil War, of Recon­ tional institutions but also the functions of voice in the hiring and firing of teachers and st ruction. It has also been a history of fanati­ our social system. the admissions policies for students are also cism-for example, of people who, thinking At this point, I would also like to refer to points at issue, as are demands that univer­ like these students, prevented the adoption the observation that the current shock of sity student files be closed to all agencies, of Lincoln's proposal for the liberation of our age is the discovery that concepts and unless student permission is -provided for slaves by purchase as an alternative to the pat terns of action of a more secure past no their review; that students' rooms not be Civil War and its more horrible and continu­ longer fit present reality. searched; that dormitories be open to both ing costs. Why is this true as I believe it is? It is male and female students; and that local Politics is usually the choice of the lesser true because of what might be called the evil. Those who glorify the students because three "C's"-Change, Challenge, and Con- ~ Civ il disorders outside of academic com­ they are not hypocrites are actually saying it munities are of even graver concern. How­ is hypocritical to choose the lesser evil. But 1 Civil disorder at the high school level will ever, they are also beyond the scope of this why? Lesser evil, in a sense, may be the great- not be included in t he scope of this lecture. lecture 12370 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 13, 1969 police departments not be allowed on the Columbia University In April, 1968, stated persons or property. Many have been initi­ campus. There is strong opposition to lec­ in a letter dated April 12, 1968, to the Presi­ ated or sponsored by the Students for a tures, to the grading and examination sys­ dent of Columbia University "You are quite Democratic Society. Probably the most widely tems ·and to the view that teachers are right in fearing that the situation is poten­ publicized campus disorder in 1968 was the arbiters of the truth. tially dangerous. If we win, we will take con­ student take-over at Columbia University in students also complain that their needs trol of your world, your corporation, your April. Led by Mark Rudd, head of the SDS are not being given equal consideration with university and attempt to mold a world in chapter at Columbia, "activists"-both stu­ the needs of faculty members; that there is which we and other people can live as human dent and nonstudent-seized five campus too much research and too little good teach­ beings. We will have to destroy at times, even buildings and held them for eight days. The ing; that there are too many narrow spe­ violently, in order to end your power and your demonstrators demanded that Columbia stop cialists among faculty members and too few system-but that is a far cry from nihilism." construction of a new gylllllasium in a nearby model professors to emulate; and that edu­ It is noted this letter was written before the ghetto area; end its ties with the Institute cational institutions and their faculties are actual riots took place at Columbia Univer­ for Defense Analysis; grant a.m.nesty to all "self-serving, self-justifying, and self-en­ sity. demonstrators; revoke the prohibition closed." They further charge that the current Thomas Hayden, a founder of SDS, in an against demonstrations; and hold public educational system places them in a position interview on May 21, 1968, stated among other hearings on disciplinary actions. of "debilitating dependence" and that the things, that if college administrators do not University officials were forced to utilize system is more concerned with preparing make themselves subordinate to students the New York City Police Department to them to earn a living than it is with making "We will close them (the colleges) all down." clear the seized campus buildings. The dem­ their "lives.'' Hayden stated that rather than ending the onstrators resisted this action, With the re­ The second category is opposition to the war in Vietnam or furthering civil rights, the sult that 109 demonstrators and seventeen war in Vietnam. This has served as a catalyst true aim of the campus disruption is student police officers were injured. During the Co- in drawing together student protestors who control of universities. 1umbia disorders, 696 persons were arrested have demanded that the U.S. withdraw from Michael Klonsky, an SDS official speaking and the demonstrators caused an estimated the war in Vietnam; that the universities at Western Michigan University on October $250,000 damage to university property. and colleges end defense-related research; 21, 1968, stated that students should tear With regard to the part played by Mark that the universities refuse to cooperate with down the power structure and replace it Rudd in the Columbia disturbances, it is the Selective Service System; that universi­ with "people power." In addition, he pro­ interesting to note that in October, 1967, he ties publicly disclose details of all contracts posed that students would then control the prepared a position paper on disruptive ac­ with the United States Government; that universities and workers would operate the tivity at Columbia which called for a sit-in military and other Government recruiters factories. To destroy the old system, Klonsky and a general university strike. not be allowed on the campus; that the Re­ stated, it would be necessary to develop a Civil disorders on cam.puses have occurred serve Officers' Training Corps be abolished; worldwide movement. from one end of the country to the other. and that firms engaged in defense-related In 1967, at a rally sponsored by the anti­ At Brooklyn College in New York, for ex­ research or manufacturing be barred from war Vietnam Day Committee at the Univer­ ample, fifty persons who were identified as the campus. sity of California at Berkeley, Bettina Ap­ members of the Student-Faculty Coalition The third category deals with social prob­ theker Kurzweil, a Communist Party, USA, Against Racism staged a sit-in in the Reg­ lems such as university construction in national committee member, condemned co­ istrar's Office in May, 1968. This group of ghetto areas and the demands of minority operation between the university, the FBI, demonstrators, which included members of student groups on campuses. These minority and CIA. She called on professors to join the the SDS and the W.E.B. DuBois Clubs of demands have been concerned with the es­ campaign to "drive them off the campuses." America, a communist youth group, de­ tablishment of separate facilities, the teach­ An SDS spokesman later in 1967 discussed manded admission of Negro and Puerto Rican ing of courses of special interest; admission the SDS nationwide effort to prevent recruit­ students to the College by the Fall . of 1968 of minority group members as students, ers from the military services, CIA, and the and the hiring of minority group faculty regardless of qualifications; and the hiring Dow Chemical Corporation from entering members. Forty-two of the demonstrators of large numbers of instructors from these campuses. In addition, he stated that SDS were arrested and expelled from the College minority groups. In addition, at some pre­ also sought an end to research on campuses when they refused to leave the Registrar's dominantly black schools, there have been for Government-sponsored projects on war­ Office. Also, the University of Hawaii chapter demands for the creation of black campuses related subjects. of the SDS in may, 1968, staged a sit-in to by the exclusion of all white students and At a rally sponsored by the Student Mobili­ demand that a University professor who had faculty members, thereby creating another zation Committee in New York City on April been active in protest activity be granted form of segregation. . 15, 1967, Nick Egleson asked the audience to tenure. Many of the demands made in the above refuse to go to war and "join us in acts of A sit-in was held at American University categories have been advocated in terms of disobedience if the war continues." here in Washington, D.C., under the spon­ legitimate and orderly dissent. However, Shortly prior to the October 21-22, 1967, sorship of the SDS in May, 1968. The demon­ much of that dissent has changed drastically demonstration at the Pentagon at Washing­ ·strators, who consisted of a very small minor­ through the irrationality of many students ton, D.C., Jerry Rubin, former cochairman ity on the campus, demanded p~rsonal pri­ and sympathizers in recent years. Now, much of the Vietnam Day Committee and coordi­ vacy for students, the abolishment of cur­ of the protest movement involving students­ nator of the demonstration stated "the peace few regulations and mandatory University the so-called new left-have been trans­ movement is no longer one of mere protest housing, and a student voice in all policies formed into emotional and at times fanatical, and demonstration. We are now in the busi­ concerning academic action and faculty as­ resistance-type elements that openly espouse ness of wholesale and widespread resistance signment and dismissal. And at California disruption, nihilism, and violence as shown and dislocation of American society. We, the State College, Long Beach, California, on in their statements and actions. American people, are going to have to close June 3, 1968, the SDS sponsored a demonstra­ STATEMENTS ON CAMPUS ISSUES down the Pentagon, the universities, the tion to protest the refusal of California au­ banks---all the institutions that use and de­ thorities to allow an exhibit of obscene sculp­ The record reveals numerous statements by stroy human beings and values." tures. One hundred fifty persons entered the new left spokesmen relating to reforms in the administration building of that college and academic community, the war in Vietnam, Michael Klonsky, ·of SDS, in his October, 1968, speech at Western Michigan University, demonstrated for approximately one hour. and social issues of today. A representative stated that there must be an armed struggle Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, was sampling will indicate that they advocate for personal liberation and that the heart the scene of a sit-in demonstration on No­ disruption and even violence to achieve their of American fascism is the military estab­ vember 13, which was called by the SDS and ends. lishment. Instead of avoiding military serv­ a group known as the Black United Students. The Students for a Democratic Society ice, radicals should go into the military and The purpose of this demonstration was to (SDS), a nat ionwide group that shows a "split" taking with them any servicemen who protest campus recruiting by two police of­ propensity for disruption, violence, and semi­ could be persuaded to desert. ficers from the Oakland, California, Police anarchy, has urged for several years that Greg Calvert, an SDS spokesman who has Department. The demonstrators prevented universities must be ·reconstructed because traveled in the Midwest to speak before vari­ the officers from leaving the University place­ they are part of the ' '. corporate liberal so­ ous SDS chapters, was quoted as describing ment office for several hours. ciety." Student power has been advocated in SDS motives and goals in society today in the Student protests against the war in Viet­ terms of the abolition of the grading system, following statement: "We are trying to build nam have been widespread, and have led,

I - 12372 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 13, 1969 Oliver Goldsmith: "Who can direct when all to make the reasoned thought and conduct of buzzing activity replaced quiet thought. And pretend to know?" To be self-governing is the majority of students prevail decisively on the other hand, the new activities sub­ to recognize, among other things, our own over the fanaticism of a tyrannical academic jected the university to the normal criticism Jlmitations. It ls to recognize the rights of minority. that the public has a right to level at its others, so necessary to civil order. If this is achieved-and it can be-stu­ service centers. The university became a · · Fifth, is the student's capacity to be edu­ dents, professors, and administrators will common target, an object of complaint, pres­ cated-not only intellectually, but morally then be able to say to each other: "Come sure, and demand. By its nature, it could not and spiritually. It is suggested that only a now, and let us reason together ..."This ls fight back. It was vulnerable and it fell. balanced education·can make any substantial the fundamental requisite for all progress, contribution to preventing civil disorder on justice, tranquility, and mutual understand­ IV campus. In fact, it can be maintained that ing. What, then, is the true idea of the uni­ certain inadequacies in various educational versity? How does it best serve society? By institutions have created ment alities and sticking to its double role: to learn and to OUTLINE OF STATEMENT ON UNIVERSITIES, BY teach. Students learn; teachers teach and conditions facilitating the development of JACQUES BARZUN, THE UNIVERSITY PROFES­ civil disorder. I am reminded of a contempo­ learn more. The idea Of the university is SOR, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, MAY 9, 1969, BE­ study. There is no limit to what can be rary American philosopher who has opined FORE THE SPECIAL SUBCOMMITTEE ON EDUCA­ that for many years in the field of education studied at a university, provided the subject TION is capable of being reduced to principles, we have staked everything on the intellect I only to learn painfully now that it is in­ which can then form the basis of training. tegrity, character and rational conduct which Among the causes of unrest today, it ls im­ The university produces trained minds, and win in the end, and without which no na­ possible to overlook the general disaffection they of course can go and apply concretely tion can endure. with society which exists in the western and usefully to all sorts of problems what Sixth, is the student's capacity for cease­ world. It ls based on a sense of futility and they have learned from the broadest and less, dynamic individual development. There stagnation in the face of social difficulties, deepest possible survey of reality. If, for ex­ will be no solution to the problem of civil urban, racial, international. The contrast ample, there are rational solutions to urban disorder in our academic communities with­ between the immense power that man can and minority problems, they will arise from out the realization that ultimately all de­ wield-theoretically-and his apparent pow­ study of this kind. pends on individual development and growth erlessness to cope with urgent needs stirs up They are not likely to come by asking uni­ in keeping with the values of a law-oriented and feeds blind resentments. versities to improvise action centers made but free .and open society. No person ex­ On this account, many adults who are not up of scholars and scientist, no matter how pressed this truth more succinctly than did consciously radical or destructive, are un­ much foundation money is behind them. The Justice Louis D. Brandeis: "What are the consciously favorable to the student rebels, desire to do something, at once, without American ideals? They are the development and enjoy seeing something being smashed. forethought, is the very opposite of the idea of the individual for his own and the com­ In other words, the frustrations arising out of a university. Yielding to this impatient mon good; the development of the individual of industrial-democratic life, when the in­ desire for the last 25 years has weakened through liberty and the attainment of the dividual is surrounded by "big impersonal the fabric of the universities and laid the common good through democracy and social bureaucracies" are relieved by seeing an in­ ground for their present destruction. Note justice." The importance of these American stitution defied and destroyed. It is there­ in passing that asking universities to serve ideals to the solution of the problem of civil upon assumed that it too was big and imper­ immediate purposes is the exact parallel to disorder has been most perceptibly summed sonal and a bureaucracy, that it was full of students demanding Relevance. up in the lines of Edwin Markham: a.buses and needed reform. What are the v facts? What about these student demands-jus­ "We are all blind until we see II tified, unjustified? The demands they do not That in the human plan The American University was perhaps the make or make only in passing are the justi­ Nothing ls worth the making fied ones: better teaching, a stronger grip If it does not make the man. freest institution ever concevied, and its his­ tory for the past 75 years is a record to be on their minds and emotions by the tasks set "Why build these cities glorious proud of. To maintain the proper conditions before them. If man unbuilded goes? for science and scholarship, all legitimate The demand for student power or even In vain we build the world freedoms were protected. Faculty tenure pro­ participation-whatever that may mean­ Unless the builders also grow." tected scholars from trustees and adminis­ seeIUS to me rooted in a tangle of miscon­ tration and from one another. Students had ceptions and impracticalities. To suggest Will the student builders grow? This is only one: if a student is in fact capable of the question. Are students destined to dream freedom too: they enjoyed easy and informal access to faculties, had a wide choice of pro­ framing curricula, he should be given a di­ great enterprises and see these dreams shat­ ploma, not a voice. tered because of lack of growth in them­ graIUS, were saved from wasted time and en­ ergy by the transferability of credits, and had Besides, this and other demands they make selves? Will the rise and decline of their ac­ are vitiated by the way they make them. complishments be always attributed to the the right to publish, criticize, and hear out­ side opinions ad lib. The administration For example, anything having to do with failure of the individual student to deepen, curriculum or faculty appointments cannot to broaden, to grow in integrity and vision? served and did not command; it was the buf­ fer between trustees and faculties, interpret­ be dealt with by physical obstruction and "For where there is no vision, the people destruction, nor can they be worked out or perish." ing each to the other, and both to the alumni. It worked largely with faculty ad­ agreed upon overnight. The methOd of the Of course, only the future contains the ultimatum and the sit-in yield nothing but linal answer to this question. I have men­ vice and consultation. We should note the great cases of presidents defending threat­ disaster. The very term "nonnegotiable" tioned the word "future." Do you not agree defines the protesters as what they are in that it is an intriguing word? Why? I sug­ ened teachers, from Lowell of Harvard in fact: people who hope to gain their ends by gest that it is intriguing because the word 1916 to Brewster of Yale in 1968. University intimidation and blackmail. Anyone who future calls to the mind of every student administrators came from faculty ranks for thinks this can lead to a better life for stu­ the fascination of uncertainty, the quest of the most part and were responsive to faculty dents and a better university does not know the unknown, the lure of distant horizons, needs. In confiicts, the American Association what a university is. the challenge of high peaks as yet unscaled­ of University Professors could be counted on As for demands for changing the world via lntellectual, moral and spiritual-and the to intervene and protect academic freedom. the university, they are equally unreal. The dangers inherent in the ascent. The American University, in short, was university has no such power except through In the word "future" is packed all the governed by influence, not power. Its acts did study, discovery, the slow work of mind upon drama and excitement of youth, of student not spring from arbitrary decision-making difficulty, which requires peace and quiet -existence. but from deference to the common interest. and which is stopped by guerrilla warfare. You know what the past h as been_ You Its principles were rationality and civility. Youthful idealism is no excuse for the lack know what the present is, but you do not _All this was shattered when the first bull- of imagination which fails to take what the know what the future is going to be from horn was heard on the campus. conditions of solid work are, have been, and one hour to another. Yet, you cannot ignore III always will be. or fiee from your future. You must face it How did the deterioration take place? In There are those, finally, who plan revolu­ every moment and make an individual de­ the first instance, by the university's own tion and think they are beginning the over­ -cision as to how to embrace it and mold it mistaken desire to enlarge its role in the throw by toppling colleges and universities. ·and gitre to it the direction you believe in public service. Inevitable in time of war, t his These rebels too are going about it in an ir­ · the depth of your being it should have. enlargement continued after 1945. It turned relevant way in an irrelevant place. They can Because ci'vil disorder in our academic the universit y into a catch-all institution, bring about the shutdown of every univer­ -communities is a serious and wasteful prob- · ready t o do what government, industry, foun­ sity in the land; but they will still fa<:e the · 1em today, b~cause it stands astride of your dations, and private donors wanted. With showdown with troops on the streets and the ·academic road to the future, it is incumbent the best intent ions, faculty members became hillsides. The terrorization of the University · upon the great majority of students to make globe-trotters and project-directors. The of Tokyo led to nothing but th;, elimination rationality prevail over irrationality, legality end-results were unexpected: on the one of a seat of learning. over illegality, peace over violence, order over hand, the university's true service to society VI disorder, freedom over oppression, tolerance was obscured and damaged by these new and Are there remedies to t he American situa ­ over intolerance, good will over hatred, and multiplying services; teaching was neglected; tion that may avert comparable results

I< May 13, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 12373 here? They are not as clear as the diagnosis, -change the parallel that universities then teaches very little self-discipline compared and those that suggest themselves are not and now were forced to :r;nake decisions in to even very recent times. The expectation ls pleasant to take. But first one thing must respect to the race of students, rather than that education can hand over knowledge and be clear. Talking of remedies implies that on the basis of disregard of racial origin. To skills, and this nearly instantly. There is this country wants to save its colleges and use only one example, German universities widespread feeling that if students do not do universities. If it does not, the simplest began to cave in when students coerced fac­ well in school, this ls the falling of the edu­ thing to do is to let events go on as they ulties to appoint professorships in Bassen­ cational system, not due to their lack of ap­ have. When people make no move to save wissenschaft, that is, professorships devoted plication. With each year in school, this feel­ what they care for, they must not complain to teaching the special aspects, merits, ing becomes stronger in those who do not when it is torn to pieces in front of their achievements, of · one race versus others, do well academieally. And with it, the sys­ eyes. rather than concentrating in their .teaching tem becomes the enemy which deliberately If a rescue operation is to be undertaken, on contributions to knowledge, whatever the withholds from them which they believe it must aim at restoring on the campus its origin of the person who made the contri­ could so easily be given to them by it, hence characteristic way of life-the way of dis­ bution. the hatred of the system. cussion, civility, and decent behavior. It is Professor Laqueur (2) says, "National To understand why pressures erupt in not true that campus disruption is a lawful Socialism came to power as the party of adolescence on a growing sea.le nowadays, parallel to labor disputes, even though many youth.'' Its cult of youth was as pronounced and why controls seem to grow weaker, we people, including a former Solicit-or General as that of Italian fascism whose very hymn must recognize that adolescent revolt is not of the United States, believe the analogy cor­ was called "Youth" (Giovinezza). Hitler in­ a stage of development that follows auto­ rect. The relationships are utterly different. sisted all along that his movement was a matically from our natural makeup. What It is not true that the tyrannical misdeeds revolt "of the coming generation against all makes for adolescent revolt ls the fact that a of universities justify any amount of van­ that was senile and rotten with decay in society keeps the next generation too long dalism by students. What are these misdeeds German democratic society." Professor Gay dependent in terms of mature responsibility and tyrannies? Where has a list of them ap­ (1) stresses the prevalence in pre-Hitler days and a striving for independence. peared? The promiscuous name-calling and of an ideology that pitted the sons against Years ago, when schooling ended for the the imputation that universities abet the the fathers, an insistence that the genera­ vast majority at fourteen or fifteen, and world's evils do not fulfill the specification of tions cannot understand each other, are thereafter one became self-supporting, got a list of grievances. deadly enemies; in short, in this respect they married and had children, there was no need Rather, the grievances are on the side of said exactly the same as do our rebellious for adolescent revolt. Because while puberty the universities and colleges--work disrupted, students who insist that nobody over thirty is a biological given, adolescence as we know property defaced, libraries damaged, schol­ ls trustworthy. it with its identity crises, is not. All chil­ ars manhandled, their research papers Thus, then as now, these rebellious stu­ dren grow up and become pubertal. By no burned, the thought and speech of everyone dents were pictured as the new generation, means do they all become adolescents. To be contaminated and debased; these are offenses disgusted With the complacency of their adolescent means that one has reached and that cannot be condoned as a lark or ac­ parents, fighting courageously for a better even passed the age of puberty, is at the very cepted as a legal form of free expression. The world. And what were then the mass media height of one's physical development­ American universities will not recover from often depicted them as idealists, as young healthier, stronger, even handsomer than these blows for decades, but if they are to people concerned With the real issues of so­ one has been, or will be, for the rest of one's la.st that long, it will have to make use of ciety. In short, they were in their time the life-but must nevertheless postpone full strong means, even if-as the Declaration of wave of the future. And leftist student ac­ adulthood till long beyond what any other Independence says, it entails "organizing its tivists in 1968 burned books they did not like period in history has considered reasonable. powers in such form as to them shall seem in the same manner and at the same place, And their educational experiences in the most Ukely to effect their safety and happi­ Berlin, as did Hitler's equally youthful fol­ home and school prepare only a small mi­ ness." Under the new student despotism, "it lowers in 1933. nority well for such a prolonged waiting, for is their right, it is their duty, to throw off After having stressed these parallels, and being able to control their angry impatience such governance and to provide new guards some others which I shall mention at the end, while engaged in such waiting. for their future security." I quote the Dec­ one must recognize the vast differences be­ And it is this waiting for things-for the laration of Independence, because I believe tween the present student rebelliousness, real life to come-which creates a climate in in independent universities. which a sizable segment of students can, at and that of pre-Hitler Germany. It is these least temporarily, be seduced into following differences which should permit us to work the lead of the small group of mmtants. It STATEMENT OF DR. BRUNO BETTELHEIM, BE­ towards an entirely different outcome. seems to give them a chance to prove them­ FORE THE HOUSE SPECIAL SUBCOMMITTEE ON If I read the signs of the time correctly, I selves as real men. Thus it ls an empty wait­ EDUCATION, MARCH 20, 1969 do not think that the rebellious students in ing for real life to come, which makes for The problems to society which originate in and by themselves are a serious danger to student rebellions. This can be seen from the the students' rebellions are so manifold and the country, though they are a real danger to fact that most rebellious students, here and have such far reaching implications that in the universities. abroad, are either undergraduates, or those a short presentation only a very small selec­ The danger I fear ls rather an opposite studying the social sciences and humanities. tion of them can be alluded to. I shall, one: that the disgusting behavior of a very There are no militants among students of therefore, concentrate ( 1) on ·the parallels small group of students--the overwhelming medicine, engineering, the natural sciences. to the German situation before Hitler; (2) majority of our students are sound, and They are busy with doing things that are im­ on a few of the factors which contribute to Wish nothing more than to take advantage portant to them, they are working in the the widespread unrest among relatively large of the opportunities higher education offers laboratory and at their studies. It is those numbers of students, black and white; (3) them-will arouse a severe counter-reaction, students who do not quite know what they on the small group of leaders who, by mak­ so much so that their left radicalism may are preparing themselves for, and why, the ing skillful use of the general unrest, suc­ lead to a fascist type of backlash. This I students who sit around waiting for exam­ ceed in doing damage way beyond the im­ believe is the greatest danger inherent in inations rather than doing active work, portance of this group because of their tac­ their efforts to create chaos. In desperation­ which form the cadres of the student rebel­ tics of intimidation and coercion and due and they try to test and exhaust the patience lion. to the publicity they receive; (4) the par­ of what they call the establishment and thus One example may stand for many: In a ticular difficulties of some black students do succeed in creating desperation-and to class I am presently teaching, a student was which are exploited by the SDS; (5) the prevent such chaos, repressive measures close to the activists. He gave me a very hard fascination with extreme positions, and (6) might be embraced which would be danger­ time in class at first. Two months later he what all this does to the universities and ous to our democratic institutions. It is be­ was one of the most interested, cooperating higher education. cause of this danger that I believe the stu­ students. I asked him what happened. He an­ 1. While history does not repeat itself, and dent rebellions must be dealt with in the swered: "A few weeks ago I got a job which while the present U.S. situation is radically best interest of all of society, including that interests me, and I also began to be interested different from that of pre-Hitler Germany, of the rebelling students themselves. But in my classes; that did it." given these vast differences, some of the sim­ they can be dealt with intelligently and con­ In my opinion there are, today, far too ilarities between the present student rebel­ structively only 1f the measures taken are many students in the colleges who essen­ lion and what happened in the German designed to do away with the cause of the tially have no business to be there. Some are universities which spearheaded Hitler's rise Widespread discontent of college students. there to evade the draft, many others out to power are striking. Of course, the German 2. In order to understand this discontent of a vague idea that it wm help them to student rebels embraced politically the ex­ one has to realize that so many more go to find better paying jobs, though they do not treme right, while here they are of the ex­ college than ever before, and hence many know what jobs they want. And again many treme left, but what ls parallel is the deter­ more are much less well prepared for this ex­ go to college because they do not know mination to bring down the establishment. perience. Taking advantage of college, and what better to do and because it is expected In Germ.any the philosophy which gained being satisfied with this experience rather of them. Their deep dissatisfaction With them a mass following was racist and di­ than being defeated by it, requires a con­ themselves and their inner confusion ls pro­ rected against a discriminated minority (the siderable amount of self-discipline, and a jected against the institution of the uni­ Jews), while here the radical students in- .high degree of satisfaction With what can be versity first, and against all institutions of . tend to help a discriminated minority. While . derived from developing one's intellect. Pres­ society secondarily, ·which are blamed for this ls an important difference, it does not ent day education both in home and school their own innet weakness. 12374: CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 13, 1969 To make matters worse, our institutions tauts want--not to engage in study and re­ present brand of campus revolutionaries, who or higher learning have expanded much too search, but in political battles. are of anarchist and nihilist persuasion, are fast, have under public pressure for more The reason we didn't have student revolts so much more dangerous is that they can education for everybody increased enroll­ before is partly because only those went to point to success after success of their disrupt­ ment beyond reason. The result is far too college who wanted to be educated, and ing tactics. Here, too, nothing succeeds like large classes. Many classes in our large uni­ partly because those students who had to put success. As early as 200 years ago Immanuel versities a.re taught by teaching assistants themselves through school, by the very fact Kant warned that we shall never be able to some of whom, out of their own inner dis­ that they could do that, of their own control violence if it is rewarded. "It is far satisfaction and insecurity, tend to side with strengths, could prove their early manhood­ more convenient,'' he wrote, "to commit an the rebellion. All this led to the anonymity, at least to some degree. act of violence, and afterwards excuse it, then the impersonal nature of student faculty I think many of the rebellious students laboriously to consider convincing arguments contacts about which many students rightly are essentially guilt-ridden individuals. They and lose time in listening to objections. This complain. And since many of them are es­ feel terribly guilty about all the advantages very boldness itself indicates a sort of con­ sentially not interested in the intellectual they had. And there's also the guilt of their viction of the legitimacy of the action, and adventure, the knowledge which the faculty exemption from the draft, which is a serious the God of success is afterwards the best ad- · can convey to them is not what they want. guilt. Only again, they cannot bear to live vocate." The greatest danger, then, is pres­ They want essentially group therapeutic ex­ with their guilt. They try to destroy society ently the readiness with which violence is periences which will help them to become or certain institutions rather than deal afterward excused, and the seemingly con­ mature, secure, to find themselves. But col­ with their owh inner guilt, because they have vincing arguments which are brought forth · leges are not mass therapeutic institutions, it so good. to justify it before and after the act. Worst and hence disappoint the students where the I think, from these remarks, it should be and most dangerous of all, there seems to be greatest need lies. obvious which, I believe, may be some of the a tendency in our society to legitimize the In addition because of such vast expansion remedies. Firstly, all too many who now go results of violence so that, as Kant put it, the in numbers, tlie old methods to give co­ to college have little interest, ability, and God of success afterwards serves as advocate herence to the college experience, and to use for what constitutes a college education. for the violent action that preceded it and offer students a life geared to the needs of They would be better off with a high level suggests its future use. On our campuses the late adolescent ·age group have disinte­ vocational education which is closely linked those committed to violence, (to quote Kant grated. This the fraternities and sororities to a work program which gives scope to their again) "lose no time on considering argu­ used to do, which group homes easing the needs for physical activity and visible, tan­ ments, or on listening to objections." They transition from home to society at large. gible achievement. The complaint of many simply refuse to be rational about their They no longer can contain the vast number of these students is that nobody needs them. grievances and through using violent means of students. And here the demands of some They feel para.sites of society, and hence insist on having their way, no matter what. black students for separate black housing, come to hate a society which they think And if they get their way, as Kant already etc. has to be understood as the consequence makes them feel this way. Here we should knew, their success then legitimizes their dis­ of their feeling lost in the anonymous mass not be beyond learning from the communist ruptive actions. of students. Only most of the white students countries where studies are combined with And they gain their success by arousing a are similarly lost until such time as they work in factories and in the fields. I believe sizeable number of students through the tac­ find themselves in their work and study this to be a much better arrangement for tics of confrontations, and by universities' experience. all those who do not feel a deep commitment fear of such confrontations. Confrontations Also, the old rituals which enhanced stu­ to the intellectual enterprise, that is to study have one important aim-to use the reaction dent life and bound them to each other, and and research, and these will always be only of those they provoke to generate a feeling to their college, such as football rallies, a relatively small segment of this age group. of new unity among the demonstrators. This homecomings etc., all have lost most of their As a matter of fact, I would suggest a youth has been used in its most direct form by mili­ meaning and have not been replaced by any­ service program (civilian peace corps, or tants, who stand in front of policemen and thing but the excitement the sit-ins and re­ such) of a couple of years' duration where denounce them as pigs and wait until the bellions provide. The spirit of intimate com­ young people work on socially significant man in uniform hits out. The art of demon­ radeship that used to prevail in a fraternity projects while earning pay for it, and receiv­ strating then lies in seeing that the blows are house ls now found by all too many students ing at the same time, higher vocational train­ directed against the less commlttetl demon­ in their sit-ins, where they feel closely bound ing. After this period only those would go to strators and, if possible, against completely together, important as at no other time, do­ universities who really wish to do so, while uninvolved persons. This then provides the ing things together which they deep down the rest would feel a much greater stake in mass following they need for their success. know they do also for the emotional satis­ a society that they helped rebuild. At the A whole system of provocations has been factions they derive from such being to­ least, because of the training they received, worked out for this purpose. gether, whatever high sounding issues they they would be well prepared for permanent Speaking of the small group of leaders of think are motivating their actions. jobs. the radical left, it has been observed that In this context, the symbolic meaning While a need for an army draft exists, such most of them come from well educated, very should not be overlooked of students' in­ program should be an alternative to it: only liberal families. From my own observations I vading the dean's or president's office, vio­ those young men who wish to do so should would like to add that those whom I got to lently, or by means of sit-ins, big in age and serve in the armed forces, which then would know might be characterized by having had size, who inwardly feel like little boys, and be a voluntary army. And I am convinced their intellectual abilities developed very hence need to play big by sitting in papa's big if every able-bodied person would have to highly at much too early an age, but at the chair. They want to have a say in how things serve two years in some such program, there expense of their emotional development. are run, want to sit in the driver's seat, not would be no scarcity of those who wish to Very bright as they often are, emotionally because they feel competent to do so, but spend these two years in the armed forces some of them remained fixated at the age of because they cannot bear to feel incom­ instead, particularly if they would, for ex­ the temper tantrum. It is this discrepancy petent. ample, receive some advantages in pay, or between great intellectual maturity and ut­ I think it is unnatural to keep a young other special advantages such as at the end ter emotional immaturity which is so bailing, person for some 20 years in dependency, and of armed service. This would also do away often even to the universities, where some attending school. This might be a way of life with the exemption of college students which, members of the faculty fail to see behind for that small elite which always in the past in connection with the war in Vietnam, is the obvious intelligence the inability to act went to universities. They were those who behind so much of the student unrest. For rationally, and most of all, the inability to could go to school for 20 years. But they were example, if I am exempt from service when act responsibly. It is one of the weaknesses never more than a small percentage of the others are not, I can live in peace with my­ of university faculties that, as persons com­ population. In the past, the vast majority of self only if I am convinced this is a vile war. mitted to value most highly intellectual abil­ young people were actively meeting life, 3. I feel I can be shorter about the very ities, they are captivated by the intelligence proving themselves as men or women. And in small group of leaders of the student rebel­ of these students to the degree as to be ready this way they found themselves as real, lion because were it not for the widespread to excuse, or make little, of their disruptive- strong human beings. Now the tremendous student discontent which I discussed above, ness and intellectual arrogance. . push that everybody should go to college has they would find scant following, and if they As for these students themselves, psycho­ brought an incredibly large number into should break the law, without such followers, logically I always found them hating them­ the university who do not find their self­ they could be readily dealt with. It is the selves as intensely as they hate the estab­ realization through study, or through the mass following they can arouse because of the lishment, a self-hatred they try to escape by intellectual adventure. But they still need to widespread discontent which alone makes :fighting any establishment. Obviously they find their early manhood. They try to change them dangerous. I therefore think we should need help in overcoming their emotional dif­ the university to something where they can concentrate in our thinking and planning ficulties, and punishing them is hardly the find it through engaging in an active, some­ not on these very few, but on what needs to way to do it. If we bring them to the uni­ times even violent battle against the existing be done so that they won't :find ready fol­ versities, we should provide facilities for order or all of society. Only that would lowers. helping them. I believe it is their emotional change the university so that it would be no There were always a small percentage of immaturity that explains both their call for longer an institution dedicated to the intel­ persons bent on destroying society, and on immediate action, and the retreat of the lectual virtues, to the frontiers of knowledge, fomenting a revolution. In previous genera­ dropout and the hippy into utter non-action, but one dedicated to a belligerent reshaping tions they were the Wobblies, later there were because each one masks an inability of these of society. And this is exactly what the mili- the campus communists. The reason why the very intelligent young people to take time to May 13, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 12375 think things out first. Essentially these mili­ militants as emotionally disturbed, as does lnated not only in the justified feeling that tants must want to destroy the universities their hatred for their parents who failed to one must be familiar, and proud of one's own because they do not want to be students. give them direction, set them against the background, but to a large degree in the feel­ Because to be a student means to prepare world, by exposing their immature minds to ing that such studies would be easier, that oneself to do something more worthwhile in criticism of all that could have given mean­ such faculty wou.ld have greater under­ the future. The militant student's ccy is for ing to their lives. standing for this difficulty. action now, not preparation for action later. It is their hatred of society that makes it The fact is that some black students are In this real sense he is no longer a student so easy for the small group of militant lead­ induced to go to college whose preparation at all, since he clearly rejects knowledge as ers to make common cause with another for it is inferior to that of the majority of a precondition of any meaningful activity. small group that provides temporary leader­ the college population. While the faculty is Truth, moreover, is no longer sought, but ship for some of the rebellions: outright ready to make allowances for this, it runs "revealed"; the contempt for free speech and paranoid individuals. I do not believe the counter to the self-respect of the black stu­ free thought is demonstrated as much in his number of paranoids among students is dent, who rightly does not wish to be made actions as in his words. Were he ever to cap­ greater than their number would be in any to feel like a second class citizen. But if he ture the university, it would cease to be a comparable group of the population. They cannot compete successfully with those stu­ university at all. become dangerous again because of their dents who had had so many advantages In their inability to think things out be­ high intelligence, which permits them to educationally and socially, he is in a terri­ cause they cannot delay action for thought, hide more successfully the degree of their ble confilct. He was brought to college to do both right and left extremists, the militants disturbance from the nonexperts. Having as well as the others, but if he fails to do so, of all colors, are brothers under the skin. This worked professionally with some of them for his background does not permit him to ac­ is among the reasons why in history it hap­ years, I know that student revolt permits cept that this is because of his lack of prep­ pened that the young followers of the extreme them to act out their paranoia to a degree aration, because this would make him feel right can very easily become those of the ex­ that no other position in society would per­ second class, while he is in college· to get out treme left, or the other way round. Because mit them. How understandable, then, that of such a position. So when because of lack the mainspring of their action is their wish all paranoids who oan, do flock into the of background and preparation-though in­ to prove themselves strong, and less any ranks of these militants. Unfortunately, most tellectually able to make the grade-he has particular political conviction, which is nonexperts do not know how persuasive difficulty in adjusting, he feels that the very super-imposed on their self-doubt and a. paranolcs can be, at least for a. time, until place that promised to make him equal fails hatred of a society that they feel left them they are recognized as such. The persuasive­ to do so. Disappointed, he rages against the out in the cold. There were reasons why, in ness of a Hitler or Stalin ls now recognized institution that makes him once more feel Germany, the National Socialists and the a.s the consequence of their own paranoia, inferior. And efforts to help him by means Communists voted together, worked together and their unconscious appeal to the vague of special programs only makes this inferior­ to bring down the democratic Weimar gov­ paranoid tendencies that can be found ity even more obvious. The many black stu­ ernment. There is a reason why former Nazis among the immature and disgruntled. I have dents who are well able to hold their own could easily become active in the Commu­ no doubt that the ranks of the militants con­ with the best of the rest feel they must not nistic government of Eastern Germany. tain some would-be Hitlers and Stalins, desert their fellow black comrades and hence But there is also reason why mainly the hence again their dangerousness. feel obliged to make their burden their very children of leftist parents become hippies, or (4) Paranolcs always make a persuasive own. student revolutionaries in our society, as in appeal to any group of the population who I believe the answer to this problem does other places or times the children of con­ rightly or wrongly feel persecuted, and they not rest with the colleges and universities. servative parents, when the similar emotional seek out such groups because they are most If we want to bring a large number of black conditions prevailed in their families, spear­ likely to view their paranoia as true under­ students into our universities, as we should, headed rightwing radicalism. It was the chil­ standing of this group's particular predica­ I am convinced we have to start much dren of conservative German parents, for ment. Which brings me to the particular earlier. I believe from high school age on, it example, who first embraced the Emperor's problems of some of the black students who, would be necessary to educate a larger num­ War and enthusiastically went to their death, fortunately, seem to recognize ever more than ber of them, together with white youngsters because they felt a need to lay "their bodies the SDS is using them, rather than helping from culturally deprived background, in true on the line," as it were, for ideas their parents them. They are not quite as successfully to prep schools, so that they will enter college had only lukewarmly held. This way they see through the motives of some of the in every respect as well prepared academi­ could prove themselves strong, while at the paranoid student leaders. Their feeling per­ cally and socially as the rest of the college same time proving their parents weak, wishy secuted because of their emotional disturb­ population. washy, not worthy of true respect. They felt, ance "feels" more congenial because of the (5) There ls a fascination In society at too, this was a rebirth, a way to revitalize an black students' experience with discrimina­ large with sex and violence, with drugs and ossified society, to create a new society, one of tion. insanity which both influences the student true authenticity and confrontaiton. All these Still, the overwhelming majority of the militants and provides them with a note­ were the main tenets of academic mtler black students desire exactly the same for worthiness which they exploit to the full. If youth, as they are now those of our student themselves as does the overwhelming ma­ students protest because of an idea or po­ left. jority of the white students: a rightful place sition and do so in orderly and rational form, Thus, while the emotional constellations in this society. And only a vecy small minor­ they do not receive ·much public attention. which make for very different student revolts ity of them wishes to destroy it, as do the But if they shed all their clothes and walk are strangely familiar, the specific political few rebellious white students. Thus if they around naked, this makes news all over the content of a student revolt depends to a very could be convinced that there is a good place nation, whatever the case they may, or may large degree on the beliefs of their parents. for them in society, their attitude would not have had. It is part of a dangerous fasci­ Because in many ways, it is a desperate wish change and they all would part ways with nation with youth and its extreme positions. to do better than the parent, exactly where he the SDS, as many of them have already done. What passes for modern literature which seemed weak in his belief. In this sense it But here the difficulty is that many of the these youngsters read already in junior high is also a desperate desire for parental ap­ black students, just because of the nature school intoxicates their minds with the ap­ proval. But even more it is a desperate wish of the commitment of the university, do not peal of drug induced madness, with sexual that the parent should have been strong in feel that being a student is necessarily the acting out and with violence. his convictions that motivate many of their best way for them to find their rightful place The universities, because of their intellec­ actions. This ls the reason why so many of in society. Here our wish, and theirs, that tual prestige, give the student activists a our radicals embrace Maoism, why they chant they should become part of the elite, runs prestige for their revolutionary claims which in their demonstrations "Ho Ho Chi Minh" afoul of what for many of them is their real­ they otherwise could never achieve. For ex­ exactly as another generation of students ity. Many of the black students who are ample, for days not more than some 20 to chanted at their football rallies. These are brought into our colleges are often ill-pre­ 30 students occupied the administration strong fathers, with strong convictions, who pared academically, and lacking in the skills building of the University of Chicago. They pt>werfully coerce their children to follow required for making a go in college. At the got headlines evecyday, and were promi­ their commands. While consciously they de­ same time they have been imbued with the nently featured on radio and TV. If some 30 mand freedom and participation, uncon­ notion that it is the fault of the establish­ people would have demonstrated in any other sciously their commitment to Mao and ment that they are disadvantaged. While th]s place, they would have found no attention other dictatorships suggests their desperate is true to some degree, being aware of such whatsoever. This the SDS knows, that is why need for controls from the outside, since truth is an easy way out if one does not suc­ it concentrates on the universities. The con­ without it they are unable to bring order into ceed. trast between an institution devoted to the their inner chaos. All students find the transition from home highest achievements of reason, and the ob­ Thus while these militant students need to college difficult. In past times this was scenity and violence perpetrated there, makes controls, such controls must not be imposed blamed by the student on himself, and most it all the more fascinating. It ls this fascina­ punitively, nor for the benefit of others. They of them therefore tried to do something tion on which they try to build their revo­ must be controls that clearly and definitely about themselves and sooner or later suc­ lutionary success. An idea in itself may be benefit the person himself, so that he will ceeded. Today both white and black stu­ next to nothing, but it becomes news by eventually make them become his own inner dents tend to blame the faculty for the diffi­ interfering with something else which is con­ controls. culties they encounter in adjusting to a dif­ sidered, for one reason or another, to be of It ls this, their inability to wait and work ferent way of life and study. public importance. In themselves a couple hard for long range goals, which marks these The demand for black study programs orig- of hundred demonstrators, somewhere in CXV--779-Part 9 12376 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 13, 1969 New York or Chicago would mean very little, Thus I believe efforts should be· concen­ campuses who have given up on American but if some fifty s_:t;udents march into a trated on strengthening the wm of the col­ society and its institutions. Many of these large lecture hall, take control of the po­ leges and universities to resist disruption are unimaginative, and not untyplcally dium, and broadcast their ideas to people and coercion. If we succeed in doing so, I rather fanatical young people whose pro­ who came to hear something quit e different, believe we shall have little need to take fessed aim is to bring down the "Establish­ t hen they have made news. recourse to punitive measures; beyond set­ ment" as a preliminary to ushering in-they Here, too, is where the function of po­ ting into practice that those who do not believe-a new and better order of individual lit ical phraseology becomes operative. I! wish to have any part of our universities freedom and gratification. These groups and someone advocates urinating on graves as the should have their will: they should not be their atrocious activities constitute the Fugs did, or if a few girls dress up as witches permitted to be, live and work at a place they source of our immediate problem. Though and put curses on professors, as they did hate, not as a punishment, but because to their numbers are not great, they have man­ in Chicago, if they would do so without i·ef­ remain at a place they hate and despise aged to bring about an incredible amount of erence to politics, people would rightly won­ serves no good purpose, and is detrimental disturbance. Yet is not they, so much as der about their sanity; but if they do so as t o their emotional well being. the response they have won from other young a condemnation of the Viet Nam war, or BIBLIOGRAPHY people who should refuse to follow. their take clothes off while claiming to be demon­ lead, which constitutes the most serious 1. Gay, Peter. We i mar Culture; the Out­ problem. strating for some good progressive cause, sider as Insider . New York and Evanston: they have the support of many of the older Harper and Row, 1968. This latter problem-which is, I think, liberals and enlightened radicals, who will 2. Laqueur, Walter Z. Young Ger many. basic-can be dealt With only quietly 1n rea­ inevitably consider it all to be very socially New York: Basic Books, 1962. sonable analysis and discourse, over a long significant. I! you are a teenager wrestling 3. Mosse, George L. The Cr isis of German period of time. The immediate task, there­ With the police and you say you are doing Ideology. New York: Grosset and Dunlap fore, is to make clear within academic com­ lt because of the moral superiority of a fu­ 1964. • munities that revolutionaries insofar as they ture social order, you cannot fail to get the insist on using tactics of violence, disrup­ sympathetic attention of the editors of radio tion and coercion in pursuit of their goals and TV stations rather than psychiatrists. STATEMENT BY NATHAN M. PuSEY, PRESIDENT have no rightful place, and wlll not be tol­ The ritualistic invocation of ideology is thus OF HARVARD UNXVERSITY, BEFORE THE SPECIAL erated. If academic communities are to sur­ both an alibi and a defense. SUBCOMMITrEE ON EDUCATION, MAY 8, 1969 vive-or at any rate are to survive healthy (6) Perhaps it all has made too many In my judgment there is little likelihood and free-they must insist on this primary headlines, perhaps it has been talked about that the current disturbances and ms which requirement of their existence. too much for people to accept the fact: but plague college and university campuses can Militant radicals have been winning vary­ the truth of the matter is that these rebel­ be helped by new legislation at the local, ing degrees of sympathy from a much wider lions can and do paralyze the universities. state or federal levels. I have believed group of concerned and troubled young peo­ And they do this not only because classes strongly-and nothing that has happened at ple. The amount of support the latter give are interrupted and buildings occupied, not Harvard in recent weeks has caused me to changes with the issues--goes up and down only because faculty must devote all their change my opinion-that a correction for our almost from day to day. The revolutionaries energies to calming things down, but much manifold present difficulties can only come search continuously for issues t-0 win sup­ more so because all the time and energy from within the academic communities port from their nonmilitant colleagues 1n which should be devoted to more lasting thelllSelves. Let me hasten to agree, however, order to increase their own following and to achievements has to be concentrated on pre­ with what I take to be the view of many achieve their basic purpose, which they ac­ paring for and on forestalling new confronta­ concerned people outside the universities knowledge quite frankly is simply to ex­ tions. Here a last comparison with pre-Hitler tht>.~ a correction is clearly overdue. ' tend "the movement." By this they mean days: Then in Germany, as Professor Mosse Very serious injury is being done to the to foster a revolution which they assume (3) puts it "professors tended to be either academic enterprise 1n this country as in they are leading. They have been fairly suc­ scholars who withdrew into their own spe­ many other countries, by the disruptions cessful in recent years in finding issues and ciality, taking scant notice of the world now being experienced in university commu­ so have gained not only tolerance but a a.round them, or men who attempted to play nities. In the very period of the world's great­ great deal of active sympathy for them­ the role of prophets. The first kind of aca­ est need for education, the number of lnstitu­ selves. demic wanted only to be left in peace . . . ti ~ms of higher learning being shut down, or But if we are to understand this latter la­ The professor as prophet, with very few ex­ in which scholarly work ts made virtually mentable phenomenon we must recognize ceptions indeed, was to be found on the side impossible, for varying periods of time here and keep in mind that young people do have of the revolting students." Of the students and abroad, ls a scandal. The hours and days legitimate cause for worry and dissatisfaction. he says, "They had found a basis for action and terlllS wasted in turmoil and emotional They have suddenly become acutely aware that opposed existing authority yet remained distress by students and faculty are beyond of many blemishes in American life, within independent of any political movement di­ calculation. On many campuses for long pe­ universities and even more 1n the·world out­ rected by their elders." And of the faculties riods of time learning has almost ceased; and side. They cannot understand why adults in that they "failed to provide any opposition, research if it has moved at all, has only our society-their parents, you and I-do failed to use administrative powers, and limped along. Serious intellectual work can­ not appear to be equally concerned, nor why failed to organize effective alternative groups not be accomplished in a violent revolution­ we have not already made substantial ad­ of students. At best they displaced a detached ary atmosphere. We need serious intellectual vances toward correcting the many abuses of passivity . . . at worst they joined in the work. And we need those serious people­ which they have become conscious-such harassment." happily there are still many-who have not abuses as the war, poverty, blighted cities, Like ln pre-Hitler faculties, so in our uni­ lost their faith and interest in this kind of distorted values for living, and overconcern versities today we can see efforts of faculty activity and want to get on with the job. In with getting and gaining, an absence of lov­ members to remain aloof from it all, while the offing too are the new generations of ing and caring-these and others. others try to anticipate even the most radical young people waiting and needing to learn. In It is easy to say these young people with student demands, so as to avoid confronta­ the light of these considerations the one un­ their lack of experience as to the true world blinkable conclusion, which I take it I share situation and of the conditions of adult life, tions. Worse, there are no efforts made to have an inadequate understanding of how organize effective alternative groups of stu­ with you, is that the turmoil and violence on our campuses must stop. diftlcult it is to effect constructive change, dents. And most of all, many are so intimi­ of how slowly tmbstantial improvements are dated tha.t they cave in even before the stu­ My firm conviction is that the campus won when they are won, how much effort, dents exercise any pressures. It is the continu­ communities themselves are the only instru­ concern, dedication and patience are required, ous worry about what the militant students ments by which the desired end can properly how much knowledge and trained skill are may do next, the anxious efforts to give them be effected. If the desired result is to be needed, and how many conscientious efforts no offense, which saps the universities of achieved, students, facUlties, administrative have been and are even now being made. It their strength so that they become paralyzed. officers, governing boards and alumni all to­ ls also easy to fault the revolutionaries This anxious avoidance of taking a firm stand gether must now say, "Enough· ls enough," among them for such things as their mani­ gives not only these militants, but also many and beyond this, they must mean it and show fest egotism and self-righteousness, their un­ non-committed students the feeling that by their actions that they mean it. And­ willingness to listen, the impatient orthodoxy they have the faculty on the run, because though some of you wm find it hard to of their so-called· radicalism, their superior these adults a.re not sure about their values. believe-it is my opinion that academic com­ moral attitude, the tendency of the quickest If the colleges and universities would feel munities are going to measure up to this among them to equate brightness with wis­ sure about themselves, take a determined task. Signs are multiplying of a growing dom and articulateness with understanding, stand against any coercion and intimida­ readiness on the part of faculty and students their failure to see that the business of living tlon-though always not only open to, but to assume this strange, unexpected and un­ ls essentially a compromise with imperfectl­ inviting, reasonable, non-coercive discussion wanted responsib111ty. b111ty, their arrogance and shameless vul­ about how things could be improved (and What has been happening on our campuses garity, and their belief that action ls more much improvement ts needed, as I suggested is both difficult and not dlftlcult to under­ important than competence, and feeling all along)-then I believe student rebellions stand--difficult in its deeper causes, not rea­ (they call it "caring") more important than could be so reduced as to no longer threaten sonably clear as revealed 1n the surface events understanding. . the universities and, because of the conse­ . which engender disruption. There are .small But the present milita-nt young will not quences, possibly even ail of society. groups of active revolutionaries on most li~ten to explanations or accept excuses from May 13, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 12377 us. They want results; and they want them lative program and any special orders The motion was agreed to; accord­ now. The mood is widespread. And were it heretofore entered, was granted to: not for its impatience, and the lack of ingly (at 1 o'clock and 15 minutes p.m.), charity it engenders because of its imperfect (The following Members vern­ cipitate legislation at this time, though rec­ Mr. CUNNINGHAM. ment-owned airports under the jurisdiction ognizing your desire to be helpful. Clari­ Mr. COUGHLIN. of the Secretary of Transportation, and for fication is on the way. Wills and resolve are Mr. ASHBROOK. other purposes; to the Committee on Inter­ stiffening. Those who understand learning Mr. SCHNEEBELI. state and Foreign Commerce. and care for it are coming together. Aca­ Mr. COLLINS. 763. A letter from the Secretary of Trans­ demic communities move slowly to defend portation, transmitting a draft of proposed themselves. They are almost endlessly tol­ (The following Members (at the re­ legislation to amend the act of September erant. But the new barbarism will be re­ quest of Mr. CAFFREY) and to include 7, 1950 (relating to the construction of a pulsed. Our institutions will not be sur­ extraneous matter:) public airport in or near the District of rendered. In a sense universities live for Mr. BIAGGI in two instances. Columbia), to authorize arrests for offenses dissent. In less anxious times they encourage Mr. O'HARA in two instances. committed on Federal lands acquired to pro­ and welcome it. But they are not so com­ Mr. AnDABBo in two instances. vide access to the airport, and for other pur­ placent or other-worldly that they do not poses; to the Committee on Interstate and know when their lives are threatened, and Mr. BOLAND in two instances. Foreign Commerce. I am confident as they come to recognize Mr. FLOWERS in three instances. 764. A letter from the Secretary of Trans­ the evil which has recently been permitted Mr. KASTENMEIER. portation, transmitting a draft of proposed through indulgence to grow in their midst Mr. DINGELL in two instances. legislation to amend the act of October 9, they will respond, and again assert the uni­ Mr. CHARLES H. WILSON in two in- 1940 (54 Stat. 1030), in order to increase the versity's true character. stances. periods for which agreements for the opera­ My plea is that in the interest of our Mr. GIAIMO. tion of certain concessions may be granted national well-being you retain faith in the Mr. VANIK in two instances. at the Washington National Airport, and for vast majority of our young people and per­ other purposes; to the Committee on Inter­ mit the institutions which exist to foster Mr. PODELL in three instances. state and Foreign Commerce. their education to get on with their very Mr. WILLIAM D. FORD. 765. A letter from the Director, Office of difficult task in ways which will seem to Mr. EILBERG. Science and Technology, Executive Office of them appropriate, and which alone, I be­ Mr. EDWARDS of California in two in- the President, transmitting a report on the lieve, can be counted on to be productive. stances. national atmospheric ·sciences program; to Mr. McFALL. the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Mr. CONYERS in three instances. Commerce. LEAVE OF ABSENCE Mr. RARICK in three instances. 766. A letter from· the Executive Director, Federal Communicati_ons com.nltssion, tran.S­ By unanimous consent, leave of ab­ Mr. GoNZALEz in three instances. mitting a report on the backlog· of pending sence was granted to Mr. KEE (at the re­ Mr. GIBBONS in three instances. applications and he·aring cases in the Federal quest of- Mr. SLACK), for May 13 through Mr. SHIPLEY. Communications Commission as of March 31, May 16, on account of official business in Mr. DE LA GARZA in three instances. 1969, pursuant to the provisions of" section Mr. MATSUNAGA: 5(e) of the Communications Act, as amended; his congressional di.Strict. Mr. FEIGHAN. to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. · 767. A letter from the Administrator, Na­ SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED ADJOURNMENT tional Aeronautics and Space Administration, transmitting a report listing certain ·infor­ By unanimous consent, . permission ·to Mr. CAFFERY; Mr. Speaker, I move mation on contracts negotiated· under 10 address the House, following the legis- that the House do now adjourn. U.S.C. 2304(a) (11) and {16) during the 12378 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 13, 1969 period July 1 through December 31, 1968, ciary. H.R. 3166. A bill for the relief of Alek­ and families; to·the Committee on Ways and pursuant to the provisions of 10 U.S.C. 2304 sandar Zambeli (Rept. No. 91-225). Referred Means. ( e) ; to the Committee on Science and As­ to the Committee of the Whole House. H.R. 11175, A blll to permit the States and tronautics. Mr. EILBERG: Committee on the Judi­ District of Columbia. to deny welfare assist­ 768. A letter from the Director, Bureau of ciary. H.R. 3167. A bill for the relief of Rys­ ance to persons who have not resided within t he Budget, Executive Office of the President, zard Stanislaw Oba.oz (Rept. No. 91-226). the State or District from which they seek transmitting a. report on the operation of Referred to the Committee of the Whole assistance for at least 1 year preceding their section 201(g) of the Revenue and Expendi­ House. application for assistance; to the Committee t ure Control Act of 1968 on the number of Mr. MESKILL: Committee on the Judi­ on Ways and Means. civilian officers and employees in the execu­ ciary. H.R. 3172. A bill for the relief of Yo­ H.R. 11176. A bill to amend title XVIII of tive branch of the Government for the quar­ landa. Fulgencia Hunter; with amendment the Social Security Act to provide payment ter ended March 31, 1969, and for the period (Rept. No. 91-227). Referred to the Com­ for optometrists' services under the program of the law's operation to that date, pursuant mittee of the Whole House. of supplementary medical insurance bene­ to the provisions of that act; to the Com­ Mr. DENNIS: Committee on the Judiciary. fits for the aged; to the Committee on Ways mittee on Ways and Meant. H.R. 3188. A bill for the relief of Cho and Means. Johnny; with amendment (Rept. No. 91- H.R.11177. A bill to amend title XVIII Of 228) . Referred to the Committee of the the Social Security Act to pro\!lde payment REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PUB­ Whole House. for chiropractors' services under the program LIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Mr. RODINO: Committee on the Judi­ of supplementary medical insurance benefits ciary. H.R. 3376. A blll for the relief of Marla for the aged; to the Committee on Ways and Under clause 2 of rule xm, reports of da Conceicao Evaristo (Rept. No. 91-229). Means: committees were delivered to the Clerk Referred to the Committee of the Whole By Mr. BINGHAM: for printing and reference to the proper House. H.R. 11178. A bill to amend chapter 89 of calendar, as follows: Mr. RODINO: Committee on the Judi­ title 5, United States Code, relating to en­ Mr. CAHILL: Committee on the Judiciary. ciary. H.R. 3560. A bill for the relief of Harry rollment charges for Federal employees• H.R. 3666. A blll to amend section 336 ( c) of Bush; with amendment (Rept. No. 91-230). health benefits; to the Committee on Post the Immigration and Nationality Act (Rept. Referred to the Committee of the Whole Office and Civil Service. No. 91-215). Referred to the House Calendar. House. H.R. 11179. A bill to amend the Interna.1 Mr. RODINO: Committee on the Judiciary. Mr. DENNIS: Committee on the Judiciary. Revenue Code of 1954 to provide a basic $5,000 H.R. 3667. A blll to amend section 312 of the H.R. 5107. A bill for the relief of Miss Marla exemption from income tax for amounts re­ Immigration and Nationality Act; with Moslo; with amendment (Rept. No. 91-231). ceived as annuities, pensions, or other retire­ amendment (Rept. No. 91- 216) . Referred to Referred to the Committee of the Whole ment benefits; to the Committee on Ways and the House Calendar. House. Means. Mr. COLMER: Committee on Rules. House Mr. RODINO: Committee on the JUdlclary. H.R.11180. A bill to permit officers and Resolution 406. Resolution for consideration H.R. 6389. A blll for the relief of Visitacion employees of the Federal Government to of S. 1011, an act to authorize appropriations Enriquez Maypa; with amendment (Rept. elect coverage under the old-age, survivors, for the saline water conversion program for No. 91-232). Referred to the Committee of and disability insurance system; to the Com­ fiscal year 1970, and for other purposes (Rept. the Whole House. mittee on Ways and Means. No. 91-237). Referred to the House Calendar. Mr. DOWDY: Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. BRASCO: Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts: COmmit.­ H.R. 9979. A bill for the relief of Choi Sung H.R. 11181. A bill to establish the Federal tee on Rules. Resolution 407. Resolution for Joo; with amendment (Rept. No. 91-233). Medical Evaluations Board to carry out the consideration of H.R. 4152, a blll to authorize Referred to the Committee of the Whole functions, powers, and duties of the Secretary appropriations for certain maritime programs House. of Health, Education, and Welfare relating to of the Department of Commerce (Rept. No. Mr. FEIGHAN: Committee on the Judici­ the regulation of biological products, medical 91-238). Referred to the House Calendar. ary. S. 256. An act to confer U.S. citizenship devices, and drugs, and for other purposes; posthumously upon La.nee Cpl. Theodore to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Daniel Van Staveren (Rept. No. 91-234). Re­ Commerce. ferred to the Committee of the Whole House. By Mr. BURKE of Massa~husetts: REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PRI­ Mr. FEIGHAN: Committee on the Judi­ VATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS H.R. 11182. A blll to promote health and ciary. S. 537. An act for the relief of Noriko safety in the building trades and construc­ Under clause 2 of rule xm, reports of Susan Duke (Nakano) (Rept. No. 91-235). tloµ industry in all Federal and federally fi­ committees were delivered to the Clerk· Referred to the Committee of the Whole nanced or federally assisted construction for printing and reference to the proper House. projects; to the Committee on Education and calendar, as follows: Mr. FEIGHAN: Committee on the Judi­ Labor. ciary. S. 648. An a.ct for the relief of Ernesto By Mr. CELI.ER: Mr. DENNIS: Oommittee on the Judiciary. Alunday (Rept. No. 91-236). Referred to the H.R. 11183. A bill to amend title II of the H.R. 1462. A bill for the relief of Mrs. Vita Committee of the Whole House. Social Security Act so as to liberalize the Cusumano (Rept. No. 91-217). Referred to conditions governing ellgiblllty of blind per­ the Committee of the Whole House. sons to receive disability insurance benefits Mr. CAHILL: committee on the Judiciary. PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS thereunder; to the Committee on Ways and H.R. 1707. A bill for the relief of Miss Jalileh Means. Farah Salameh El Ahwal; with amendmen·t Under clause 4 of rule XXII, public By Mr. COLLIER: (Rept. No. 91-218). Referred to the Commit­ bills and resolutions were introduced and tee of the Whole House. H.R. 11184. A blll to adjust the postal rev­ Mr. DOWDY: Committee on the Judiciary. severally referred as follows: enues and to afford protection to the public H.R. 1948. A bill to confer U.S. citizenship By Mr. ADAMS (for himself, Mr. DIGGS, from offensive intrusion into their homes posthumously upon Pfc. Joseph Anthony Mr. F'RASER, Mr. HUNGATE, Mr. JACOBS, through the postal service of sexually ori­ ented mall matter, and for other purposes; Snitko (Rept. No. 91-219). Referred to the and Mr. Knos) : Committee of the Whole House. H.R.11170. A bill to establish a Commis­ to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Mr. MFBKILL: Committee on the Judici­ sion on Government for the District of CO­ Service. ary. H.R. 2208. A bill for the relief of James lumbla; to the Committee on the District of H.R.11185. A bill to allow a deduction for Hldeaki Buck; with amendment (Rept. No. Columbia. income tax purposes of certain expenses in­ 91-220). Referred to the Committee of the By Mr. ANNUNZIO: curred by the taxpayer for the education of Whole House. H.R.11171. A blll to amend the Immigra­ a dependent; to the committee on Ways and Mr. DOWDY: Committee on the Judiciary. tion and Nationality Act, and for other pur­ Means. H.R. 2224. A blll for the relief of Franklin poses; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. CORMAN: Jacinto Antonio; with amendment (Rept. No. By Mr. BELL of California: H.R. 11186. A bill to authorize appropria­ 91-221). Referred to the Committee of the H.R. 11172. A bill to authorize the appro­ tions for the Civil Rights Commission; to Whole House. priation of additional funds necessary for the Committee on the Judiciary. Mr. EILBERG: Committee on the Judi­ acquisition of land at the Point Reyes Na­ H.R. 11187. A bill to reclassify certain po­ ciary. H.R. 2536. A blll for the relief of Fran­ tional Seashore in California; to the Com­ sitions in the postal field service, and for cesca Adriana Faitta (Mlllonzi); with amend­ mittee on Interior and Insular Affairs. other purposes; to the Committee on Post ment (Rept. No. 91-222). Referred to the By Mr. BIAGGI: Office a.nd Civil Service. Committee of the Whole House. H.R. 11173. A bill providing for the issu­ By Mr. DELANEY: Mr. FEIGHAN: Committee on the Judi­ ance of a special postage stamp in honor of, H.R. 11188. A bill to amend title n of the ciary. H.R. 2890. A bill for the relief of Rue­ and as a tribute to, the courageous men who Social Security Act so as to liberalize the ben Rosen (Rept. No. 91-223). Referred to served on the U.S.S. Pueblo; to the Commit­ conditions governing eligiblllty of blind per­ the Committee of the Whole House. tee on Post Office and Civil Service. sons to receive disability insurance benefits Mr. RODINO: Committee on the Judi­ H.R. 11174. A bill to amend the Internal thereunder; to the Committee on Ways and ciary. H.R. 3165. A bill for the relief of Mar­ Revenue Code of 1954 to make extensive re­ Means. tin H. Loeffier (Rept. No. 91-224). Referred forms in the income tax law, with emphasis By Mr. EDWARDS of California: to the Committee of the Whole House. on reforms which will be of particular bene­ H.R. 11189. A bill· to increase the avail­ Mr. EILBERG: Commit tee on the Judi- fit to middle- and low-income individuals ·ability of guaranteed home loan financing for May 13, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 12379 veterans and to increase the income of the ported" at all stages of distribution until Social Security Act to provide disability in­ national service life insurance fund; to the delivery to the ultimate consumer; to the surance benefits thereunder for any individ­ Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Committee on Agriculture. ual who is blind and has at least six quarters By Mr. F.SCH: H.R. 11203. A bill to provide for improved of coverage, and for other purposes; to the H.R. 11190. A bill to establish a National employee-management relations in the Committee on Ways and Means. Economic Conversion Commission, and for postal service, and for other purposes; to By Mr. REUSS: other purposes; to the Committee on Inter­ the Committee on Post Office and Civil H.R. 11218. A bill to amend part B of title state and Foreign Commerce. Service. XVIII of the Social Security Act to include By Mr. FALLON: H .R. 11204. A bill to amend the Internal drugs requiring a doctor's prescription H.R. 11191. A bill to provide for the more Revenue Code of 1954 to provide the same among the medical expenses with respect to efficient development and improved manage­ tax exemption for servicemen in and around which payment may be made under the pro­ ment of national forest commercial timber­ Korea as is presently provided for those in gram of supplementary medical insurance lands, to establish a high-timber-yield fund, Vietnam; to the Committee on Ways and benefits for the aged; to the Committee on and for other purposes; to the Committee on Means. Ways and Means. Agriculture. H.R. 11205. A bill to amend title II of the By Mr. RHODES: By Mr. FOLEY: Social Security Act so as to liberalize the con­ H.R. 11219. A bill to change the definit ion H.R. 11192. A bill to authorize the Secre­ ditions governing eligibility of blind persons of ammunition for purposes of chapter 44 of tary of Agriculture to make indemnity pay­ to receive disability insurance benefits there­ title 18 of the United States Code; to t he ments to certain beekeepers; to the Com­ under; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Committee on the Judiciary. mittee on Agriculture. By Mr. MORGAN: H .R. 11220. A bill to afford protection to By Mr. FUQUA (for himself, Mr. NEL­ H.R. 11206. A bill to increase the increase the public from offensive intrusion into their SEN, Mr. BROYHil.L of Virginia, Mr. limitations governing payment of pensions homes t hrough the postal service of sexually HAGAN, Mr. FRASER, Mr. HORTON, Mr. under the Veterans' Pension Act of 1959; to oriented mail matter, and for other purposes; ADAMS, Mr. CABELL , Mr. GUDE, and the Committee on Veterans' Affairs. to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Mr. HOGAN); By Mr. MORSE: Service. H.R. 11193. A bill to authorize a Federal H.R. 11207. A bill to authorize the Secre­ By Mr. ROTH: contribution for the effectuation of a transit tary of Housing and Urban Development to H .R. 11221. A bill to deny tax-exempt development program for the National Capi­ make loans for the provision of urgently st atus to private foundations and organiza­ tal region, and to further the objectives of needed nursing homes; to the Committee on tions engaging in improper transactions with the National Capital Transportation Act of Banking and Currency. certain Government officials and former Gov­ 1965 (79 Stat. 663) and Public Law 89-774 H.R. 11208. A bill to amend title I of the ernment officials, and impose an income tax (80 Stat. 1324); to the Committee on the Housing Act of 1949 to authorize loans to of 100 percent on income received by such District of Columbia. assist older persons who have been displaced officials and former officials from such foun­ By Mr. GIBBONS: from their homes by urban renewal projects dations and organizations; to the Committee H.R. 11194. A bill to amend title II of the to purchase comparable homes, free of addi­ on Ways and Means. Social Security Act to provide under the re­ tional debt; to the Committee on Banking By Mr. SCHWENGEL: tirement test a substantial increase in the and Currency. H .R. 11222. A bill to authorize the Secre­ amount of outside income permitted without H.R. 11209. A bill to prohibit arbitrary dis­ tary of Commerce to conduct research and loss of benefits, but with a requirement that crimination in employment on account of development programs to increase knowledge income of all types and from all sources be age, and for other purposes; to the Commit­ of tornadoes, squall lines, and other severe included in determining the amount of an tee on Education and Labor. local storms, for prediction and advance individual's income for purposes of such By Mr. MOSS: warning, and to provide for the establish­ test; to the Committee on Ways and Means. H.R. 11210. A bill to amend titles 10 and ment of a National Severe Storms Service; to . By Mr. GONZALEZ: 37, United States Code, to provide equality of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign ' H.R. 11195. A bill to enable citizens of the treatment for married female members of Commerce. United States who change their residence to the uniformed services; to the Committee on By Mr. STAGGERS: vote in presidential elections, and for other Armed Services. H.R. 11223. A bill to amend the Public purposes; to the Committee on House Ad­ H .R. 11211. A bill to amend the Civil Rights Health Service Act to extend for 3 years the ministration. Act of 1957 to extend the duties of the Civil programs of assistance for medical libraries; By Mr. HALPERN: Rights Commission; to the Committee on the to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign H.R. 11196. A bill to promote health and Judiciary. Commerce. safety in the building trades and construc­ H.R. 11212. A bill to provide equality of By Mr. STEIGER of Arizona: tion industry in all Federal and federally treatment for married women employees of H.R. 11224. A bill to amend title 13, United financed or federally assisted construction the Federal Government, and for other pur­ States Code, to increase the penalties for projects; to the Committee on Education and poses; to the Committee on Post Office and wrongful disclosure of information by em­ Labor. Civil Service. ployees of the Bureau of the Census; to the H.R. 11197. A bill to amend the Federal H.R. 11213. A bill to amend the Civil Serv­ Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to include a ice Retirement Act to provide equality of By Mr. TAFT: definition of food supplements, and for other treatment with respect to widows and widow­ H .R. 11225. A bill to provide Federal finan­ purposes; to the Committee on Interstate ers of certain employees who die in service; cial assistance to opportunities industriali­ and Foreign Commerce. to the Committee on Post Office and Civil zation centers; to the Committee on Educa­ By Mr. HAMMERSCHMIDT: Service. tion and Labor. H.R. 11198. A bill to amend chapter 73 of H .R. 11214. A bill to amend title 38 of the By Mr. UTT: title 38, United States Code, to make a career United States Code to provide equality of H .R . 11226. A bill to prohibit mineral leas­ in the Department of Medicine and Surgery treatment for married female veterans; to the ing and geologic or geophysical surveys of more attractive, and for other purposes; to Committee on Veterans' Affairs. certain submerged lands on the Outer Con­ the Committee on Veterans' Affairs. By Mr. NELSEN (for himself, Mr. tinental Shelf off the coast of California; to By Mr. JACOBS: GERALD R. FORD, Mr. SPRINGER, Mr. the Committee on Interior and Insular Af­ H.R. 11199. A bill to amend the Federal O'KONSKI, Mr. HARSHA, Mr. HORTON, fairs. Aviation Act of 1958 in order to establish Mr. BROYHILL Of Virginia, Mr. WINN, By Mr. UTT (for himself and Mr. Bou certain requirements with respect to air traf­ Mr. GUDE, Mr. STEIGER of Arizona, WU.SON): fic controllers; to the Committee on Inter­ Mrs. MAY, and Mr. HOGAN): H.R. 11227. A bill providing an exemption state and Foreign Commerce. H .R. 11215. A bill to establish a Commis­ to the Revenue and Expenditure Control By Mrs. MINK: sion on Government for the District of Co- Act of 1968; to the Committee on Ways and H .R. 11200. A bill to amend the Agricul­ 1um bia; to the Committee on the District of Means. tural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937 to Columbia. By Mr. WALDIE: authorize marketing agreements providing By Mr. NELSEN (for himself, Mr. GER­ H.R. 11228. A bill to provide for improved for the advertising of Hawaiian papayas; to ALD R. FORD, Mr. SPRINGER, Mr. employee-management relations in the postal the Committee on Agriculture. O'KONSKI, Mr. HARSHA, Mr. HORTON, service, and for other purposes; to the Com­ By Mr. MIZE: Mr. WINN, Mr. GUDE, Mr. STEIGER of mittee on Post Office and Civil Servlce. H .R . 11201. A bill to amend title 5, United Arizona, Mrs. MAY, Mr. HOGAN, and By Mr. WINN: States Code, to authorize consolidation of Mr. QuIE); H.R. 11229. A bill to authorize the Secre­ Federal assistance programs, and for other H.R. 11216. A bill to establish, in the House tary of Commerce to conduct research and purposes; to the Committee on Government of Representatives. the office of Delegate development programs-to increase knowledge Operations. from the District of Columbia, to amend the of tornadoes, squall lines, and other severe By Mr. MOLLOHAN: District of Columbia Election Act, and for local storms, to develop methods for detecting H .R. 11202. A bill to amend the Federal other purposes; to the Committee on the storms for prediction and advance warning, Meat Inspection Act to require that imported District of Columbia. and to provide for the establishment of a meat and meat food products made in whole By Mr. PATTEN: National Severe Storms Service; to the Com­ or in part of imported meat be labeled "im- H .R . 11217. A bill to amend t itle II :Jf the mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. 12380 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 13, 1969 By Mr. WYATT: By Mr. Wll..LIAMS: PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS H.R. 11230. A bill to amend the Commu­ H. Con. Res. 253. Concurrent resolution, nications Act of 1934 to establish orderly support of gerontology centers; to the com­ Under clause 1 of the rule XXII, pri­ procedures for the consideration of applica­ mittee on Education and Labor. vate bills and resolutions were intro­ tions for renewal of broadcast licenses; to By Mr. PERKINS (for himself, Mr. duced and severally referred as follows: the Committee on Interstate and Foreign THOMPSON of New Jersey, Mr. DENT, By Mr. COWGER: Commerce. Mr. PuCINSKI, Mr. DANIELS of New H.R. 11231. A bill for the relief of Surjeet By Mr. ANNUNZIO: Jersey, Mr. BRADEMAS, Mr. O'HARA, Singh Dhanjal; to the Committee on the H .J. Res. 715. Joint resolution proposing an Mr. CAREY, Mr. HAWKINS, Mr. Wu.­ Judiciary. amendment to the Constitution o! the LIAM D. FORD, Mr. HATHAWAY, Mrs. By Mr. GUBSER: United States relative to equal rights for Ml:NK, Mr. SCHEUER, Mr. MEEDS, Mr. H .R. 11232. A bill for the relief of Michael men and women; to the Committee on the BURTON of California, Mr. GAYDOS, R. Marino; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Mr. STOKES, Mr. CLAY, and :Mr. Judiciary. By Mr. FOLEY: POWELL): By Mr.HALL: H.J. Res. 716. Joint resolution proposing an H. Res. 405. Resolution to express the sense H .R. 11233. A bill for the relief of Dr. Eligio amendment to the Constitution of the of the House regarding the shutdown of Job C. Cruz; to the Committee on the Judiciary. United States relative to equal rights for men Corps installations before congressional au­ By Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts: and women; to the Committee on the Judi- thorization and appropriation actions; to H.R. 11234. A bill for the relief of Lino ciary. the Committee on Education and Labor. Veramessa; to the Committee on the By Mr. JACOBS: Judiciary. H.J. Res. 717. Joint Resolution authorizing the President to proclaim the week of Sep­ MEMORIALS tember 28, 1969, through October 4, 1969, as PETITIONS, ETC. "National Adult-Youth Communications Under clause 4 of rule XXII, memorials Week"; to the C-0mmittee on the Judiciary. were presented and referred as follows: Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions By Mr. VANIK: 163. By the SPEAKER: Memorial Of the and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk H.J. Res. 718. Joint resolution to authorize Legislature of the State of Washington, rela­ and referred as follows: the President to proclaim the first week of tive to restoration of funds to implement 106. By Mr. MIZELL: Petition of the Board August of each year as "American Youth construction of a pilot plant to determine of Aldermen, city of Winston-Salem, N.C., Week"; to the Committee on the Judiciary. the engineering and financial feasibility of opposing any Federal legislation which would By Mr. DONOHUE: building two commercial plants to process deny or limit tax exemption of municipal H. Con. Res. 250. Concurrent resolution bituminous coal from the State of Washing­ bonds; to the Committee on Ways and Means. relative to the orderly withdrawal of troops ton; to the Committee on Appropriations. 107. By the SPEAKER: Petition of County from S-Outh Vietnam; to the Committee on 164. Also, memorial of the Senate of the Council, county of Hawaii, State of Hawaii, Foreign Affairs. State of Washington, relative to the closing relative to the antiballistic-missile system; By Mr. PATMAN: of the Crispus Job Corps Center, Randle, to the Committee on Armed Services. H. Con. Res. 251. Concurrent resolution to Wash.; to the Committee on Education and 108. Also, petition of Antonio Escalera, require France to pay its World War I debt; Labor. Santurce, P.R., relative to redress of griev­ to the Committee on Ways and Means. 165. Also, memorial of the Legislature of ances; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. PATTEN: the State of Hawaii, relative to automatic 109. Also, petition of Edward Vieira, Jack­ H. Con. Res. 252. Concurrent resolution, increases in annuities for retired civil serv­ sonville, Fla., relative to a memorial of the support of gerontology centers; to the Com­ ice employees; to the Committee on Post Legislature of the State of Florida; to the mittee on Education and Labor. Office and Civil Service. Committee on the Judiciary.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS ACCELERATED PROGRAM FOR RE­ ident Nixon's order for Federal assistance in GRAND MASTER WILLIAM F. BOOTH BUll.DING RIOT DAMAGED AREAS rebuilding riot-damaged areas of 20 major American cities. Speaking for the Forest Industries Coun­ HON. ROBERT N. GIAIMO HON. HOWARD H. BAKER, JR. cil-FIC-R. R. Edgar said- OF CONNECTICUT OF TENNESSEE "The Forest Industries Council strongly supports the statement by the President Of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES the United States in which he placed a new Tuesday, May 13, 1969 Tuesday, May 13, 1969 emphasis on rebuilding the scarred neigh­ borhoods of our major cities. President Nixon Mr. GIAIMO. Mr. Speaker, I am proud Mr. BAKER. Mr. President, it has has forcefully reminded. the Nation of its to report that William F. Booth, a native come to my attention that a spokesman responsibilities to provide all citizens with son of New Haven, Conn., has been in­ !Or the Nation's timber and forest prod­ decent shelter and environment. The Forest stalled as Grand Master of the Grand ucts industry has spoken out in strong Industries Council, composed of the four Lodge of Masons in the State of Con­ support of President Nixon's accelerated major national timber and forest products necticut. program for rebuilding areas of our ma­ associations, believes in allocating our ener­ jor cities damaged by riots in recent gies and resources so that our fellow Amer­ Affectionately known as "Billy," Mr. icans who are in most need gain our first Booth is the brother of legendary Yale years. attention. The council will do whatever is football star Albie Booth, but this fact During the past few years we have all appropriate in this great effort. We are alert­ become increasingly aware that the ma­ has not dimmed the luster of his own ing all our member companies at the local accomplishments. As a fitting tribute to jor domestic problems confronting this and regional levels to heed President Nixon's Nation cannot be solved by Government call of concern." the dedication and sacrifice this man action alone. The vigorous support of all The FIC is a coordinating committee rep­ has shown in his 40 years as a Mason, elements of the private sector are essen­ resenting four major national associations-­ I should like to include his biography, tial to an effective attack on those prob­ the National Forest Products Association, the as printed in the May 1969 issue of Con­ American Paper Institute, the American necticut Square and Compasses, in the lems. I am delighted to see this evidence Pulpwood Association, and the American of vigorous involvement on the part of RECORD at this point. Forest Institute. The article is as follows: timber-related industries. In recent weeks Mr. Edgar and other in­ I ask unanimous consent that an dustry representatives in testimony before How PRoUDL Y WE HAU. April 9 release reporting the remarks of House and Senate committees urged an in­ Every community has a handful of people Mr. R. R. Edgar be printed in the Ex­ crease in the availability of federally-owned it treasures-people who have done more tensions of Remarks. timber and long range programs that would than make their own way. There are people There being no objection, the remarks assure adequate continued support for Fed­ who have been unafraid to cut through to eral and State forest services. the core of a problem and then do something were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Mr. Edgar, president of the American Pulp­ about it. There are people who have as follows: wood Association and vice president of cherished their Masonic heritage and have REMARKS OF R. R. EDGAR Bowaters U.S. Corp., Calhoun, Tenn., said borne it to others as a gift. WASHINGTON, D.C., April 9.-A spokesman the FIC is vitally concerned with all pro­ It is not necessary to write a book to in­ for the Nation's timber and forest products posals that aid the country in meeting its troduce Most Worshipful Grand Master, industry today gave strong support to Pres- housing goals. William F. Booth, to the people of Connecti-

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