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Corruption and Anti-Corruption in the Justice System

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Corruption and Anti-Corruption in the Justice System CORRUPTION AND ANTI-CORRUPTION IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM About the author: Cristi Danilet is 34 years old and has been a judge since 1998. Since 2003, he has been a member of a number of different organisations defending the independence of the justice system and promoting the integrity of judges: The Association of Magistrates of Romania (member of the Steering Committee of the Cluj branch 2003 – 2004), The Society for Justice (founding member since 2005, President since 2009), Transparency International Romania (member since 2004, elected on the Steering Committee in 2007) and The National Union of Judges of Romania (member since 2008). The author has been a member of the working group put together by the Superior Council of Magistracy in 2006 and assigned the task of preparing a ‘Profile of the Magistrate in the Romanian Legal System ’. He has co-authored the work 'Pressure factors and conflicts of interests in the justice system. A Handbook for Judges (The Society for Justice, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, 2007). From 2005 to 2007 Cristi Danilet served as a member of the Council of Europe European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice. There, he translated the relevant recommendations of the Committee of Ministers, which were compiled into the composition ‘ Effectiveness and Fairness of Justice – European Standards ' (The Romanian Institute for Human Rights, 2008), also available on the website of the Council of Europe: www.coe.int/cepej. In March 2007 Cristi Danilet represented Romania on the meeting of experts from the UN member states who contributed to the preparation of the paper ‘ Commentary on the Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct’ , which represents the most important code of ethics for judges ever developed. Aspects of this study have been the subject of presentations Cristi Danilet has made during various events: the international symposium 'Professional Ethics and Culture: A Multidisciplinary Approach’, held by the Faculty of History and Philosophy of the Babes-Bolyai University in Cluj-Napoca, on the 5-6 October 2007; an extracurricular conference intended for an audience consisting of first-year students organised at the National Institute of Magistracy on the 9 October 2007; the address given at the Autumn School within the project ‘Journalists’ Network for the Defence of Human Rights ’, organised by the League for the Defence of Human Rights – the Cluj branch in partnership with the Cluj Association of Journalism Professionals, held in Baisoara, County of Cluj, on 19-20 October 2007; the address given within the training programme for journalists ‘Media and Justice – In Search of Dialogue’, organised by Freedom House Romania in Sinaia, on the 22 – 24 of February 2008. A summary presen- tation of this study was initially published by the League for the Defence of Human Rights – the Cluj branch in the 'October – December 2007 Newsletter’, to be subsequently detailed in Copoeru, Ion and Nicoleta Szabo (coordinators) comps. ‘ Etica şi cultura profesională’ (Professional Ethics and Culture), Cluj-Napoca: Editura Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2008, 218-255. In the area of judicial corruption and anti-corruption, the author received an award from the National Institute of Magistracy for his essay ‘Corruption Seen from Within’, in October 2008. He has also attended a training programme on ‘Building judicial integrity’ organised by the CEELI Institute in Prague, in November 2008. Numerous analyses on corruption, the independence of the judiciary, and the reform of the justice system can be found on the author’s blog, at http://cristidanilet.wordpress.com. Cristi Danileţ CORRUPTION AND ANTI-CORRUPTION IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM EDITURA C.H. BECK Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României DANILEŢ, CRISTI Corruption and anti-corruption in the justice system / Cristi Danileţ. - Bucharest : Editura C.H. Beck, 2009 Bibliogr. ISBN 978-973-115-771-9 343.352 Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. Tiergartenstrase 35 D-10785 Berlin Germany Tel.: +49 30 269 96 453 Fax: +49 30 269 96 555 Website: www.kas.de Rule of Law Program South East Europe Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. 50 Plantelor Street Sector 2 RO-023975 Bucharest Romania Tel.: +40 21 323 31 26 Fax: +40 21 326 04 07 e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.kas.de/rspsoe Edited by: Dr. iur. Stefanie Ricarda Roos, Director, Rule of Law Program South East Europe Corina Rebegea, Project Coordinator, Rule of Law Program South East Europe Translation: Veronica Vasilescu This is a free-distribution publication. The Rule of Law Program South East Europe of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation declines any responsibility concerning the content of this publication. The content of this book is the sole responsibility of its author. MOTTO : ‘ Every man invested with power is apt to abuse it’ (Montesquieu) Our thanks go to Prof. Dr. Ion Copoeru from the Faculty of Philosophy of the Babes-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, on whose original idea this book is based. List of Acronyms ANI – National Integrity Agency ANP – National Prison Administration CCJE – Consultative Council of European Judges ECHR – European Court of Human Rights ECEJ – European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice CoE – Council of Europe SCM – Superior Council of Magistracy DGA – Anti-corruption Directorate General DGPA – Directorate General for Anti-corruption Protection NAD – National Anti-corruption Directorate GRECO – Group of States against Corruption HCCJ – High Court of Cassation and Justice MAI – Ministry of Administration and Interior MJ – Ministry of Justice UN – United Nations Organisation SIPA – Independent Protection and Anti-corruption Service SRI – Romanian Intelligence Service TI – Transparency International TI-RO – Transparency International Romania EU – European Union UNDP – United Nations Development Programme UNODC – United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime VII Table of Contents Preface................................................................................................. XI Foreword........................................................................................... XIII Part I. GENERAL NOTIONS ON CORRUPTION .........................................1 1. The three ‘I’-s ...................................................................................... 1 2. What is corruption? .............................................................................. 2 2.1. Public opinion ................................................................................ 4 2.2. Dictionary definition ....................................................................... 4 2.3. International regulations ................................................................. 5 2.4. National regulations ....................................................................... 8 2.5. What is not corruption .................................................................... 9 3. The justice system and corruption ........................................................ 10 PART II. WEAKNESSES IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM..................................13 1. Public confidence in the judicial system ................................................. 14 2. Judicial corruption in opinion polls......................................................... 15 3. Prosecutions and penalties for judicial corruption.................................... 17 4. Weaknesses in the justice system......................................................... 20 4.1. Types of decisions in the justice system.......................................... 21 4.2. Weaknesses in the judiciary and judicial administration .................... 23 4.3. Weaknesses in administration........................................................ 37 5. Diagnosing corruption in the justice system ........................................... 41 5.1 Causes of corruption...................................................................... 41 5.2 Forms of corruption....................................................................... 48 5.3. Vehicles of corruption ................................................................... 50 5.4. Means of corruption...................................................................... 51 5.5. The purpose of corruption ............................................................. 51 5.6. Effects of judicial corruption .......................................................... 52 5.7. Types of corruption ...................................................................... 54 PART III. STANDARDS OF JUDICIAL INTEGRITY..................................59 1. Worldwide regulations and efforts......................................................... 59 2. Council of Europe instruments ............................................................. 74 3. European Union instruments ................................................................ 82 4. Other anti-corruption and public integrity programmes............................ 85 PART IV. ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICIES IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM........95 1. Components of anti-corruption policies ................................................ 96 2. Defining features of anti-corruption policies.......................................... 97 3. Current anti-corruption framework...................................................... 97 4. Preventing corruption in the justice system ........................................ 101 5. Combating corruption in the justice system........................................ 132 IX CONCLUSIONS....................................................................................179
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