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Bush Meat Harvesting and Human Subsistence Nexus in the Oban Hill Communities of Nigeria

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Bush Meat Harvesting and Human Subsistence Nexus in the Oban Hill Communities of Nigeria © Kamla-Raj 2012 J Hum Ecol, 38(1): 49-64 (2012) Bush Meat Harvesting and Human Subsistence Nexus in the Oban Hill Communities of Nigeria E. E. Obioha1, P. N. Isiugo2, S. O. Jimoh3, E. Ikyaagba4, R. Ngoufo5, B. K. Serge6 and M. Waltert7 1Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa 2Department of Sociology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria 3Department of Forestry Resources Management, University of Ibadan, Nigeria 4Federal University of Agriculture, Markurdi, Nigeria 5University of Younde I, Cameroun 6University of Dschang, Cameroun 7Georg-August-Universitat, Gottingen, Germany KEYWORDS Wildlife Extraction. Livelihood. Taboos. Conservation. Sustainability. Nigeria ABSTRACT Wildlife is an important socio-cultural and economic resource in West and Central Africa. The declining wildlife population in the recent time is as a result of a combination of factors, namely, increased access and demand for wildlife resources by rural and urban dwellers, population growth, improved hunting technology and lack of protein alternatives in many households.. This paper investigates the contribution of bush meat extraction to household’s livelihood (income, health, nutrition, etc); the role of beliefs and taboos in wildlife conservation and the attitude of community members towards wildlife hunting and conservation in Oban Hills, Nigeria. Data for the study were generated through a triangulation of qualitative and quantitative methods using primary and secondary sources. It was revealed that majority of the people of Oban Hills are farmers although some also engaged in quarry business, civil service, trading, lumbering and hunting. However, there has been a decline in income generated from hunting and dependence on bush meat as protein source due to restrictions on hunting in and around forests in the protected area. It was also observed that beliefs and taboos in form of totems played a major role in wildlife conservation in the past; therefore involving existing cultural institutions in conservation efforts will facilitate sustainable wildlife exploitation in Oban Hills. However, the involvement of the cultural institution in the conservation agenda and the integration of these values into the overall conservation strategy will be achieved through a formal process of recognition and consultation by the responsible government agencies. INTRODUCTION forest wildlife declines in Africa (Bennet et al. 2007). Exploitation as a phenomenon is noted to West and Central Africa are experiencing a be on the increase as a result of growing human fast decline in wildlife populations due to the populations, improved access to undisturbed increasing trade in bushmeat, as well as prob- forests, changes in hunting technology, and lems of forest encroachment from farmers and scarcity of alternative protein sources (Robinson large-scale plantation development. This de- and Bodmer 1999; Bennett and Robinson 2000; crease in wildlife populations has been acknowl- Fa et al. 2002). Fa et al. subsequently enunciated edged as a major concern not only by conserva- that bushmeat depletion in the Congo Basin in tionists but also by local inhabitants (Akumsi real existence and supply may lead to 81 percent 2003). Previous studies have demonstrated that drop in less than 50 years, if current rates of bush meat consumption is an integral part of the harvest continue, which may further aggravate livelihood both as protein requirement and im- the dramatic increase in protein malnutrition (Fa portant source of supplementary income but it et al. 2003). There is no doubt in concluding that is also of a major socio-cultural importance (de overexploitation of wildlife for bushmeat in West Merode et al. 2003). Over exploitation of various and Central Africa is a serious issue which can species has been found to be the key reason for lead to local, national or worldwide extinctions of targeted species, with tragic ecological and Address for correspondence: economic repercussions. Sustaining various Professor Emeka E. Obioha species of wildlife both for future economic and Department of Safety and Security Management, social reasons therefore becomes an important Tshwane University of Technology, P.Bag X680 Pretoria 0001, South Africa point of direction if the balance in the ecosys- E-mail: [email protected] tem must be sustained invariably. 50 E. E. OBIOHA, P. N. ISIUGO, S. O. JIMOH ET. AL. Thus, effective wildlife management models indigenous beliefs and practices are treated with need to be developed to secure bushmeat as utmost disregard and suspicions, especially resource and make it available for future genera- from the western scholars who appear either not tions. While wildlife resources in some coun- to understand the basis and functions of vari- tries in Africa is communally owned, in most ous socially accepted cultural practices and countries, wildlife is a state property and hunt- knowledge patterns in Africa or ignorant of their ing often illegal, leading to a situation of low benefits. The demonstration of cold attitude of ownership and non-recognition of user rights the western scholars or disinterest in under- by the communities and even criminalisation of standing the fundamental elements of social use in the extreme cases . In order to address values in many aspects of African life stems from this situation, many countries are seeking ways the much suggested ethnocentrism and euro to devolve and cede user rights to communities centrism with little or no regard to post modern- to create an incentive to invest in the long-term istic approach to understanding of human soci- sustainable use of resources (Pailler 2005) in the ety. In this regard a critical explication of the form of community wildlife management arrange- functions and limits of taboos and customary ment (CWM). It is therefore a scientific guess practices attached to wildlife harvesting among that community wildlife management (CWM) Oban hills communities of Nigeria will illuminate models may be one of the key mechanisms to sufficiently on what the society stands to gain engender support for attempts to make the from various taboos and how these taboos can bushmeat harvesting more sustainable. The fo- be constructively repositioned to achieve ulti- cus of this is on enhancing the livelihoods of mate conservation of natural resources, wildlife the people living in and around the forest that species for example. are often the resource poor farmers and most Specifically, the study examined the contri- marginalised in their country who engage in butions of bushmeat extraction to household’s other subsistence livelihood strategies. (Ashley livelihood (income, health, nutrition, among oth- et al. 2002). CWM is a strategy that is based on ers), document the role of beliefs and taboos in wildlife conservation and investigates local com- the assumption that it is possible to improve munity members’ attitudes towards wildlife hunt- rural livelihoods, conserve the environment, and ing and conservation.The major questions that promote economic growth (Roe 2001). However, guided this study include:- What long-term live- detailed analyses combining socio-economic and lihood benefits could local communities have ecological data on forest wildlife hunting are few from sustainable exploitation? How can social and it is debatable if such systems can serve beliefs and taboos have a long-term influence both economic and ecological purposes under on wildlife management systems? current conditions (Songorwa et al. 2000). The Korup-Oban Hills region of Cameroon MATERIALS AND METHODS and Nigeria, particularly the Oban hills forest area of Cross-River in Nigeria is a very impor- Study Area Description tant conservation region with unique bio-diver- sity, with many endangered species being con- The Cross River National Park (CRNP) is lo- fined to this region. Several communities have cated in Cross River State, Nigeria, which situ- depended solely on these forest resources for ates 8o 35.00' East 5o 25.00' North. It was created centuries. The region was also the first trans- by Act Nos. 36 and 46 of 1991 and 46 of 1999 boundary conservation initiative in the Guinea- respectively. The park is made up of two sectors Congolian forest zone, which contains a net- namely, Oban and Okangwo. The present study work of protected areas of various status and a was carried out at the Oban Hill sector.. The Oban huge amount of scientific reports have been pre- Hill Sector of the National Park was carved out pared by researchers in the past.. While of Oban group Forest Reserve in 1991. The total bushmeat trade and marketing has already been area is 3,000km2 and it shares boarder with Korup subject to research, the extent to which wildlife National Park, Cameroon in the east and about resources and bushmeat extraction play impor- 42km from Calabar. It could be accessed through tant roles in the peoples’ daily livelihood and the Ikom-Calabar high way. The Oban sector of subsistence strategy is yet to be substantiated. CRNP is further divided into two corridors: the The researchers are concerned that most often, Obong/Nsan corridor and Oban corridor. The BUSH MEAT HARVESTING AND HUMAN SUBSISTENCE NEXUS IN THE OBAN HILL 51 predominant ethnic group is Ejagham with Ibibio pant observations, focus group discussions, migrant form Akwan Ibom state settling in some village meetings and in-depth interviews. Stake- places. The following are the four villages and holders who were considered to have direct in- the population where this study was carried out; fluence on the management of the park were iden- Old-Netim (3,750), (1,221); Oban town (2,163); tified and various levels of interaction were car- Aking (1,614) and Osomba (471). These villages ried out. These include: households, hunters, have relatively large amount of tropical high for- CRNP staff, Non Governmental Organizations; est and also consists primarily of hills and staff of Cross River Forestry Commission and swamps. The terrain is rugged with hills ranging Community leaders. Personal interviews were from 100 to more than 1,000 meters above sea held with community leaders, key members of level.
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