DOCSLIB.ORG

Disgust and the Human Ecology of Insect Consumption: Examining the Barriers to Anthropo-Entomophagy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Disgust and the Human Ecology of Insect Consumption: Examining the Barriers to Anthropo-Entomophagy University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Anthropology Senior Theses Department of Anthropology Spring 2014 Disgust and the Human Ecology of Insect Consumption: Examining the Barriers to Anthropo-Entomophagy Christen Jun-Li Chan Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/anthro_seniortheses Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Chan, Christen Jun-Li, "Disgust and the Human Ecology of Insect Consumption: Examining the Barriers to Anthropo-Entomophagy" (2014). Anthropology Senior Theses. Paper 158. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/anthro_seniortheses/158 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Disgust and the Human Ecology of Insect Consumption: Examining the Barriers to Anthropo-Entomophagy Abstract With growing threats to food security worldwide, academic and popular literature has increasingly highlighted the prospect of using insects, given the attractive nutritional profile and productive efficiency of many species, as a protein source for humans. This project adopts anthropological and psychological perspectives to understand both the acceptance of and reluctance to using insects as food, as they continue to be traditional foodstuffs in many cultures. To do so, the project overviews in-depth case studies of traditional insect consumption in Mexico, Japan, and New Guinea. To complement this ethnographic inquiry, survey responses from adults in the United States and India are analyzed to help identify predictors of willingness to consume insects. Integrating these secondary and primary research insights underscore the prominence of disgust as a mediating factor in the acceptability of insect foods. Implications for policymakers and future researchers to transform attitudes and verify sustainability are discussed, given this prevalent cultural and psychological barrier. Disciplines Anthropology This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/anthro_seniortheses/158 DISGUST AND THE HUMAN ECOLOGY OF INSECT CONSUMPTION: EXAMINING THE BARRIERS TO ANTHROPO-ENTOMOPHAGY By Christen Jun-Li Chan In Anthropology Submitted to the Department of Anthropology University of Pennsylvania Thesis Advisors: Dr. Katherine Mattison Moore and Dr. Paul Rozin 2014 ! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my advisors, Dr. Katherine Mattison Moore and Dr. Paul Rozin, for their unending support, feedback, and insight throughout this entire thesis project. I could not have done it without either of you and am so thankful for everything along the way. Dr. Moore, your knowledge and passion for the anthropology of food has inspired me since my spring semester freshmen year, and I am so grateful to have had your mentorship in my final year of college. It was such a privilege to learn from you, and I appreciate all of your time, thoughtfulness, and patience. Dr. Rozin, your food seminar is the reason this project exists and I cannot thank you enough. It was such an honor to have learned from you as well, and I admire your love of research and discovery very deeply. You are a truly inspiring mentor. Thank you for everything, including the support to deploy our survey instrument and collect the Mturk data. To Dr. Matthew Ruby for his additional perspectives and the countless things I have learned from him. I appreciate all of your help in scrutinizing the survey design and analyses and in showing me how to compute the appropriate statistics on SPSS. It was a pleasure to have met you and to have had your insights throughout this research process. Many, many thanks. To the Institutional Review Board for approving use of data originally collected for classroom purposes and its speedy approval of the primary research aspects of this project. To all my PSYC 070 classmates for making the seminar such a formative part of my college experience. A special thanks to Lois Lee who was directly involved in the survey-side of the class research project and helped to develop the first version of the survey coding last spring. To my friends and family for supporting me throughout this entire process. Special thanks to Cathy Wang, Junia Zhang, Mia Garuccio, Eddy Bueser, the entire MUSE crew, and my mom, dad, and sister for their encouragement and patience. Much love and happy reading! ! i! ABSTRACT With growing threats to food security worldwide, academic and popular literature has increasingly highlighted the prospect of using insects, given the attractive nutritional profile and productive efficiency of many species, as a protein source for humans. This project adopts anthropological and psychological perspectives to understand both the acceptance of and reluctance to using insects as food, as they continue to be traditional foodstuffs in many cultures. To do so, the project overviews in-depth case studies of traditional insect consumption in Mexico, Japan, and New Guinea. To complement this ethnographic inquiry, survey responses from adults in the United States and India are analyzed to help identify predictors of willingness to consume insects. Integrating these secondary and primary research insights underscore the prominence of disgust as a mediating factor in the acceptability of insect foods. Implications for policymakers and future researchers to transform attitudes and verify sustainability are discussed, given this prevalent cultural and psychological barrier. ! ! ! ii! TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Background 6 In-Depth Case Studies Mexico – Aquatic Abundance 16 Japan – Nostalgic Nibbles 24 New Guinea – Grubs Galore 32 Case Study Analysis 38 Survey Design and Implementation Survey Design and Method 47 Description of Survey Sample 51 Survey Results and Analysis 59 Discussion 97 Conclusion 126 Appendix Section A – Overview of Typical Diets in the US and India 132 Section B – Survey Questions 137 Section C – Additional Analyses for Sample Description 160 Section D – Supporting Analyses for Survey Results 164 References Cited 195 ! ! iii! INTRODUCTION A World Fraught with Risks In 2012, Earth became home to seven billion humans, almost triple the 2.5 billion figure from 1950 and approximately double the 3.7 billion figure from 1970 (Alexandratos and Bruinsma 2012:1). With the United Nations projecting a world population between 8.3 and 10.9 billion by 2050, international leaders face an alarming reality that this rapid growth will require current food production to increase twofold (Van Huis et al. 2013:ix; United Nations 2013:xviii). However, under current agricultural circumstances and dietary patterns, there are scarce and ever-dwindling resources to meet such requirements (Yen 2009). Given concerns for existing nutritional challenges, as 14 percent of humans worldwide already face chronic hunger, addressing food insecurity is a critical issue, more salient than ever, for international leaders (Van Huis et al. 2013:ix). Indeed, from a Malthusian, maximal-load perspective, scientists and policymakers alike acknowledge that, given the inequities arising from existing economic, cultural, and political realities, the planet’s carrying capacity may soon be exceeded as available food, habitat, water, and other necessities are abused, depleted, and mismanaged (Hui 2006; Looy et al. 2013). Without significant innovation in food production systems, these trends threaten to exacerbate current food inequalities while further jeopardizing our planet’s environmental wellbeing. For instance, global demand for agricultural products is expected to increase at 1.1 percent per year until 2050 (Alexandratos and Bruinsma 2012:3). Worryingly, agrarian activities can be very destructive to the environment, contributing to deforestation and land degradation. Combined with changing climates, growing urbanization, and water shortages, heightened demand for agricultural products can have a devastating ecological impact (Yen 2009). However, 1 it is of particular concern that developing countries are increasingly adopting larger amounts of animal protein into their diets as their economies prosper (Steinfeld et al. 2006:16). Livestock production occupies 70 percent of agricultural land (amounting to 30 percent of the Earth’s land surface), either for direct grazing or for growing feed (Steinfeld et al. 2006:xxi). Raising livestock is notoriously harmful to the environment, contributing to 18 percent of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions (and disproportionately so to particularly problematic compounds like nitrous oxide and methane) (Steinfeld et al. 2006:xxi). Indeed, Van Huis (2013) notes that agriculture produces almost all of the world’s “anthropogenic atmospheric ammonia emissions, [which are] responsible for eutrophication of surface water and acidification of soils,” with livestock production contributing to two-thirds of these harmful emissions (565). Finally, livestock production entails a relatively inefficient transformation of plant food to animal food, collectively requiring 77 million tons of plant biomass to produce 58 million tons of animal biomass for human consumption (Steinfeld et al. 2006:270). Steinfeld et al. (2006) note that, “in terms of dietary energy, the relative loss is much higher” (270). The Promise of Insects Given the overall unsustainability of conventional animal-based foods for both existing and future populations, alternatives must be evaluated to avoid even greater hunger and ecological predicaments. In this vein, insects are ideal candidates for augmenting and replacing conventional protein sustenance to more sustainably
Load more

Recommended publications
  • GAZETTE Guantanamo Bay Golf
    I Vol. 60 No. 16 Friday, April 18, 2003 What's Inside OTMO SOY! (AND GIRLS) OF SUMMER With the softball season, also comes the beginning of a season of possible sports related injuries that can often be avoided. The GTMO Safety Office has contributed an article pinpointed the most often reported injuries and some steps that can be taken to avoid the "agony of defeat." See page 4 Alcohol Awareness Month Getting set for the "bigs" by learning the skills needed to play America's game, the boys and girls of GTMOs T-Ball league April is Alcohol Awareness Month got their first taste of the and with that comes the plea to take a 2003 season Friday. hard look at what, when and why you Many of the players are may take a drink. Alcohol can and does getting their first taste of destroy lives and here you will find team sports. some of the questions that will help you More on page 6 avoid those pitfalls. See Page 4 j GUANTANAMO BAY Force Make/Model Color Plate 1971 Ford Ranchero Blue C-2244 Protection Ve lie Volvo Black C-9835 Nissan Stanza Gold Unknown Local 1988 Chevy Celebrity White C-4511 instructions CIAmiAls Chrysler Pick-up Yellow C-1478 Ford Escort Gray A-6213 prohibit leaving Dodge Polaris Green C-1901 young children Ford Escort Red C-0425 The NA VSTA Security Dodge Colt Red A-5131 alone or Department, Logistics Dodge Plymouth Yellow C-1478 unattended. Be Division has the Dodge Omni White C-6926 Chevy Citation II White C-8159 certain they are following vehicles in its Chevy Cavalier Blue C-1135 in the care of a impound lot.
    [Show full text]
  • I Why Study Food?
    I WHY STUDY FOOD? Tell me what you eat and I will tell you what you are. Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin (1755-1826) What is food to one man may be fierce poison to others. Lucretius (99-55 BCE) History celebrates the battlefields whereon we meet our death, but scorns to speak of the plowed fields whereby we thrive; it knows the names of the King's bastards, but cannot tell us the origin of wheat. That is the way of human folly. Jean Henry Fabre (1825-1915) Welcome to food studies! Food is the first of the essentials of life, the world's largest industry, our most frequently indulged pleasure, the core of our most intimate social relationships. It's very hard to imagine a positive social experience that does not involve the sharing of food - whether a simple cup of tea with an acquaintance, a lunchtime "bite" with colleagues, or a sumptuous lobster dinner with a lover. On a broader level, civilization itself is impossible without food: with the invention of agriculture some ten thousand years ago came city states and empires, art, music, and organized warfare. Agriculture remade the world, both physically and culturally, transforming landscapes and geography, subsidizing soldiers and poets, politicians and priests (Diamond 1999: 236). For French epicure Brillat-Savarin, we are what we eat- and for Lucretius, we are what we won't eat. Our tastes are as telling as our distastes. To be a member of the Parakana people of the Amazon rain forest is to relish roasted tapir and to despise monkey meat, while the neighboring Arara feel quite the reverse (Rensberger 1991: A3).
    [Show full text]
  • Locusts in Queensland
    LOCUSTS Locusts in Queensland PEST STATUS REVIEW SERIES – LAND PROTECTION by C.S. Walton L. Hardwick J. Hanson Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the many people who provided information for this assessment. Clyde McGaw, Kevin Strong and David Hunter, from the Australian Plague Locust Commission, are also thanked for the editorial review of drafts of the document. Cover design: Sonia Jordan Photographic credits: Natural Resources and Mines staff ISBN 0 7345 2453 6 QNRM03033 Published by the Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Qld. February 2003 Information in this document may be copied for personal use or published for educational purposes, provided that any extracts are fully acknowledged. Land Protection Department of Natural Resources and Mines GPO Box 2454, Brisbane Q 4000 #16401 02/03 Contents 1.0 Summary ................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Taxonomy.................................................................................................................. 2 3.0 History ....................................................................................................................... 3 3.1 Outbreaks across Australia ........................................................................................ 3 3.2 Outbreaks in Queensland........................................................................................... 3 4.0 Current and predicted distribution ........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Torix Rickettsia Are Widespread in Arthropods and Reflect a Neglected Symbiosis
    GigaScience, 10, 2021, 1–19 doi: 10.1093/gigascience/giab021 RESEARCH RESEARCH Torix Rickettsia are widespread in arthropods and Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gigascience/article/10/3/giab021/6187866 by guest on 05 August 2021 reflect a neglected symbiosis Jack Pilgrim 1,*, Panupong Thongprem 1, Helen R. Davison 1, Stefanos Siozios 1, Matthew Baylis1,2, Evgeny V. Zakharov3, Sujeevan Ratnasingham 3, Jeremy R. deWaard3, Craig R. Macadam4,M. Alex Smith5 and Gregory D. D. Hurst 1 1Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK; 2Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; 3Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada; 4Buglife – The Invertebrate Conservation Trust, Balallan House, 24 Allan Park, Stirling FK8 2QG, UK and 5Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Summerlee Science Complex, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada ∗Correspondence address. Jack Pilgrim, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. E-mail: [email protected] http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2941-1482 Abstract Background: Rickettsia are intracellular bacteria best known as the causative agents of human and animal diseases. Although these medically important Rickettsia are often transmitted via haematophagous arthropods, other Rickettsia, such as those in the Torix group, appear to reside exclusively in invertebrates and protists with no secondary vertebrate host. Importantly, little is known about the diversity or host range of Torix group Rickettsia.
    [Show full text]
  • COMMON QUESTIONS ABOUT EGGS by Jacquie Jacob and Tony Pescatore
    PUB NUMBER (if applicable) COMMON QUESTIONS ABOUT EGGS By Jacquie Jacob and Tony Pescatore Question: Since eggs contain cholesterol, should I avoid eating eggs? No. Eggs are an excellent source of easy to digest, high quality protein that can play an important role in the diet of most Americans. It is true that high blood cholesterol levels have been shown to aggravate heart problems, but research has also shown that the presence or absence of eggs in the diet of most Americans is not likely to in- crease blood cholesterol levels. Only a small minority of people cannot regulate blood cholesterol levels. These people need to avoid high-cholesterol foods. One large egg contains about 213 milligrams (mg) of cholesterol—all of which is found in the yolk. The American Medical Association (AMA) recommends that, as long as you are healthy, you should limit your dietary cholesterol intake to less than 300 mg a day. If you have cardiovascular disease, diabetes or high LDL (or "bad") cholesterol, you should limit your dietary cholesterol intake to less than 200 mg a day. Therefore, if you eat an egg on a given day, it's important to limit or avoid other sources of cholesterol for the rest of that day. If you like eggs but do not want the cholesterol it contains, use egg whites which do not contain cholesterol. You can also use cholesterol-free egg substitutes, which are made with egg whites. If you want to reduce cholesterol in a recipe that calls for eggs, use two egg whites or 1/4 cup cholesterol-free egg substitute in place of one whole egg.
    [Show full text]
  • Entomophagy: a Narrative Review on Nutritional Value, Safety, Cultural Acceptance and a Focus on the Role of Food Neophobia in Italy
    Review Entomophagy: A Narrative Review on Nutritional Value, Safety, Cultural Acceptance and A Focus on the Role of Food Neophobia in Italy Elisabetta Toti 1,* , Luca Massaro 1, Aisha Kais 1, Paola Aiello 2,3, Maura Palmery 2 and Ilaria Peluso 1 1 Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), 00142 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (L.M.); [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (I.P.) 2 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (P.A.); [email protected] (M.P.) 3 Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-06-51494624 Received: 24 April 2020; Accepted: 1 June 2020; Published: 3 June 2020 Abstract: In recent years, the consumption of insects, or entomophagy, has produced an increasing interest amongst scientists and ecologists as a potential source of animal protein. Eating insects is also interesting in terms of low greenhouse gas emissions and low land use. In contrast to tropical countries, where most of the 2000 edible insect species are traditionally consumed, the concept of eating insects is still new to Western culture and diet. Culture and eating habits exert a great influence on what is considered edible in the Mediterranean area, especially in Italy, where the preservation of culinary traditions is a predominant factor affecting dietary behaviour. The purpose of this narrative paper is to provide an overview of the main topics related to entomophagy.
    [Show full text]
  • ASSESSMENT of COASTAL WATER RESOURCES and WATERSHED CONDITIONS at CHANNEL ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA Dr. Diana L. Engle
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Technical Report NPS/NRWRD/NRTR-2006/354 Water Resources Division Natural Resource Program Centerent of the Interior ASSESSMENT OF COASTAL WATER RESOURCES AND WATERSHED CONDITIONS AT CHANNEL ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA Dr. Diana L. Engle The National Park Service Water Resources Division is responsible for providing water resources management policy and guidelines, planning, technical assistance, training, and operational support to units of the National Park System. Program areas include water rights, water resources planning, marine resource management, regulatory guidance and review, hydrology, water quality, watershed management, watershed studies, and aquatic ecology. Technical Reports The National Park Service disseminates the results of biological, physical, and social research through the Natural Resources Technical Report Series. Natural resources inventories and monitoring activities, scientific literature reviews, bibliographies, and proceedings of technical workshops and conferences are also disseminated through this series. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Park Service. Copies of this report are available from the following: National Park Service (970) 225-3500 Water Resources Division 1201 Oak Ridge Drive, Suite 250 Fort Collins, CO 80525 National Park Service (303) 969-2130 Technical Information Center Denver Service Center P.O. Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225-0287 Cover photos: Top Left: Santa Cruz, Kristen Keteles Top Right: Brown Pelican, NPS photo Bottom Left: Red Abalone, NPS photo Bottom Left: Santa Rosa, Kristen Keteles Bottom Middle: Anacapa, Kristen Keteles Assessment of Coastal Water Resources and Watershed Conditions at Channel Islands National Park, California Dr. Diana L.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetarianism and World Peace and Justice
    Visit the Triangle-Wide calendar of peace events, www.trianglevegsociety.org/peacecalendar VVeeggeettaarriiaanniissmm,, WWoorrlldd PPeeaaccee,, aanndd JJuussttiiccee By moving toward vegetarianism, can we help avoid some of the reasons for fighting? We find ourselves in a world of conflict and war. Why do people fight? Some conflict is driven by a desire to impose a value system, some by intolerance, and some by pure greed and quest for power. The struggle to obtain resources to support life is another important source of conflict; all creatures have a drive to live and sustain themselves. In 1980, Richard J. Barnet, director of the Institute for Policy Studies, warned that by the end of the 20th century, anger and despair of hungry people could lead to terrorist acts and economic class war [Staten Island Advance, Susan Fogy, July 14, 1980, p.1]. Developed nations are the largest polluters in the world; according to Mother Jones (March/April 1997, http://www. motherjones.com/mother_jones/MA97/hawken2.html), for example, Americans, “have the largest material requirements in the world ... each directly or indirectly [using] an average of 125 pounds of material every day ... Americans waste more than 1 million pounds per person per year ... less than 5 percent of the total waste ... gets recycled”. In the US, we make up 6% of the world's population, but consume 30% of its resources [http://www.enough.org.uk/enough02.htm]. Relatively affluent countries are 15% of the world’s population, but consume 73% of the world’s output, while 78% of the world, in developing nations, consume 16% of the output [The New Field Guide to the U.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Impact of Desert Locust to Nutrition Security in SOMALIA
    POTENTIAL IMPACT OF DESERT LOCUST Emma Apo Ouma TO NUTRITION SECURITY IN SOMALIA WHAT IS THE CURRENT SITUATION? •Triple threat of Desert Locust, Gu flooding and COVID-19, •April and June 2020, an estimated 2.7 million people across Somalia are expected to face Crisis and deteriorate to 3.5 million between July and September 2020 WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR NUTRITION SECURITY? CROP AND PASTURE DAMAGE Threat to current Gu season crop production and may also threaten pasture availability and crop cultivation across Somalia through the following 2020 Deyr (October-December A swarm can eat enough food in one day to feed 34 million people. FALLING LIVESTOCK PRICES •Livestock diseases •Poor livestock nutrition; increased price of livestock feed •Reduced quality of livestock products eg milk, meat LOSS OF LIVELIHOODS •Disruption of food systems; critical value chains have been affected e.g. livestock, cereals such as sorghum, maize •Loss of wage and employment opportunities e.g. labor in the fields, value chain actors •Increase in livelihood based coping strategy: eg selling last breeding animal, spent savings, begging, reduced expenditure on livestock and agriculture •Reduced spending on non-food needs health care, education FOOD CONSUMPTION AND DIETARY DIVERSITY •With poor harvests, there is likelihood of poor food consumption at hhd level •Depletion of food stocks •Food Prices have increased •A majority if households rely on markets for food: increased reliance on purchased and processed foods •Compromise the nutrition of the most vulnerable: children less than 5, PLW, elderly, adolesents •Increased rates of acute malnutrition ONGOING EFFORTS Household Level Screening and referral of acute malnutrition cases Targeting of the most vulnerable (UCT) Community level ▪Burying locusts, setting fires, and making noise to scare them off.
    [Show full text]
  • Embryonated Duck ("Balut") Eggshell Aspiration in a One -Year -Old Boy
    Case Report Singapore Med J 2009; 50(5) : e170 Embryonated duck ("balut") eggshell aspiration in a one -year -old boy Lapeña J F Jr ABSTRACT A one -year-old boy with two months' chronic cough and dysphonia, unresponsive to therapy for pneumonia, had a radiopaque, wedge-shaped tracheal foreign body noted on anteroposterior, but not lateral radiographs, and he eventually became aphonic. Laryngoscopy yielded a subglottic embryonated duck eggshell. Foreign body aspiration should be considered in the presence of chronic cough. Radiopaque airway R foreign bodies may be metallic or calcific. The patient was fond of sucking soup from a partially - shelled embryonated duck egg. The last occasion occurred immediately before the onset of cough. The hard egg white of the same delicacy is a commonly -ingested oesophageal foreign body in the Philippines, but the preceding slurping of the Fig. I Frontal radiograph shows a radiopaque subglottic foreign body. amniotic fluid predisposes one to unusual eggshell aspiration. With the continuing global migration of overseas workers and their families, healthcare CASE REPORT providers with Asian and Southeast Asian Two months prior, a one -year-old boy began coughing, clients should consider such cultural practices in with hoarseness and loss of appetite after a few days. assessing symptoms suggestive of aerodigestive He was treated for pneumonia twice, with worsening foreign bodies. hoarseness and stridor evolving into an aphonic cry five days before admission. He was referred to us Keywords: "balut", embryonated duck egg, with the impression of a "tracheal metallic object" eggshell, foreign body aspiration, laryngotracheal on chest radiograph. Repeat radiographs confirmed a foreign body radiopaque, calcific, subglottic foreign body (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Insects for Human Consumption
    Chapter 18 Insects for Human Consumption Marianne Shockley1 and Aaron T. Dossey2 1Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA, 2All Things Bugs, Gainesville, FL, USA 18.1. INTRODUCTION The utilization of insects as a sustainable and secure source of animal-based food for the human diet has continued to increase in popularity in recent years (Ash et al., 2010; Crabbe, 2012; Dossey, 2013; Dzamba, 2010; FAO, 2008; Gahukar, 2011; Katayama et al., 2008; Nonaka, 2009; Premalatha et al., 2011; Ramos- Elorduy, 2009; Smith, 2012; Srivastava et al., 2009; van Huis, 2013; van Huis et al., 2013; Vantomme et al., 2012; Vogel, 2010; Yen, 2009a, b). Throughout the world, a large portion of the human population consumes insects as a regular part of their diet (Fig. 18.1). Thousands of edible species have been identified (Bukkens, 1997; Bukkens and Paoletti, 2005; DeFoliart, 1999; Ramos-Elorduy, 2009). However, in regions of the world where Western cultures dominate, such as North America and Europe, and in developing countries heavily influenced by Western culture, mass media have negatively influenced the public’s percep- tion of insects by creating or reinforcing fears and phobias (Kellert, 1993; Looy and Wood, 2006). Nonetheless, the potentially substantial benefits of farming and utilizing insects as a primary dietary component, particularly to supplement or replace foods and food ingredients made from vertebrate livestock, are gain- ing increased attention even in Europe and the United States. Thus, we present this chapter to
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Species-Specific Primer Targeting on D-Loop Mitochondrial
    Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research ISSN 2311-7710 (Electronic) http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e275 September 2018 A periodical of the Network for the Veterinarians of Bangladesh (BDvetNET) Vol 5 No 3, Pages 361-368. Short Communication The use of species-specific primer targeting on D-loop mitochondrial for identification of wild boar meat in meatball formulation Rien Larasati Arini1, Dwiky Ramadhani1, Ni wayan Pebriyanti1, Sismindari 2 and Abdul Rohman 2,# • Received: June 4, 2018 • Revised: July 18, 2018 • Accepted: July 21, 2018 • Published Online: August 6, 2018 AFFILIATIONS ABSTRACT 1Faculty of Pharmacy, Gadjah Mada Objective: The study was intended to design the new specific primer targeting on University, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta mitochondrial D-Loop gene (D-Loop 443 primer) combined with a real-time 55281, Indonesia. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the analysis of wild boar meat (WBM) in food products of meatball. 2Departement of Pharmaceutical Materials and methods: The primer was designed and subjected to primer-basic Chemistry, Gadjah Mada University, local alignment search tool using National Center for Biotechnology Information Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, software. Validation of real-time PCR using designed primer was performed by Indonesia. evaluation of several performance characteristics which included specificity, sensitivity, repeatability, linearity, and efficiency. Results: The results showed that the D-loop primer could be attached at 60.7°C and no amplification was detected against other species confirming the specificity of the primers. The limits of detection were found to be 4.68 ng and 2.34 ng using DNA extracted from WBM and that extracted from wild boar in meatball product.
    [Show full text]